PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE

AFF: S+ VERB
-S/-ES IS ADDED IN THE IIIRD PERSON
SINGULAR

NEG: S+ DO + NOT + VERB I

DO TURNS INTO DOES IN THE IIIRD
PERSON SINGULAR

INT: DO + S + VERB
DO TURNS INTO DOES IN THE IIIRD
PERSON SINGULAR

USE For something which is permanently true: - Water boils at 100 Co. For repeated actions or habits: - I get up at six o'clock every day. For planned moments in the future
-The

train leaves at 8.00.

Signal Words :
-usually, always, never, ever, often, seldom, rarely, sometimes, generally, occasionally

PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS

AFF: S + TO BE +VB + -ING

NEG: S+TO BE+NOT+ VB+- ING

INT: TO BE+S+VERB+ING?

USE: - For an action in progress now:

I'm reading a grammar book now

-For activities happening in the near future (planned future events). I am seeing my dentist tomorrow -For things that are happening around now ,but are temporary What are you doing these days? Signal Words

- always, now, at the moment

Verbs not used in the continuous aspect: -Perception: to feel, hear, notice, see, smell, taste. -Conditions: belong, cost, need, own, seem -Feelings: like, love, hate, want, wish -Beliefs: believe, feel, know, mean, remember, think, understand

Present Perfect Simple Aff: S+ HAVE/HAS + VB III

Neg: S+ HAVE / HAS + NOT + VB III

INT: HAVE/HAS+S+VB III

Usage: action that is still going on Ex: School has not started yet. action that stopped recently+ just Ex: She has just cooked dinner. finished action that has an influence on the present Ex: There has been an accident. Signal Words -already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now For -for the duration of an action Since -the beginning of an action

Present Perfect Continuous

Aff: S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + VERB+ -ING

NEG: S + HAVE/HAS +NOT BEEN+ VERB + - ING

INT:HAVE/HAS + S+BEEN+ VERB + -ING

USAGE: Puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result)
Ex: She has been writing for two hours.

Action that recently stopped or is still going on

Ex: I have been living here since 2001.

Finished action that influenced the present

Ex: I have been working all afternoon

Signal Words: -all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week

Past Tense Simple Aff: S+VB II /VB +ED Neg:S + DID + NOT + VB I Int: DID+ S+ VB I

Usage: -Completed Action in the Past Ex:I saw a movie yesterday -A Series of Completed Actions Ex:I finished work, walked to the beach, and
found a nice place to swim.

in the past taking place in the middle of another action Ex: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang. Signal Words -yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday

-Action

PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS AFF: S +WAS+ VB+ -ING NEG:S+WAS+NOT+VB ING

INT: WAS+ S + VB+ -ING

USE Two actions happening at the same time (in the past) Ex: While she was preparing dinner, he was washing the dishes. Action going on at a certain time in the past Ex: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang. Signal Words

when, while, as long as

Past Perfect Simple

Aff:S+ HAD+ VB III Neg:S+ HAD+ NOT+ VERB III Int: HAD+S+ VB III

USAGE: -Completed action before omething in the past Ex: I had never seen such a beautiful beach before. -Duration before something in the past Ex: We had had that car for ten years before it broke down. Signal Words:

already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day (with reference to the past, not the present) If- Type III (If I had talked, )

Past Perfect Continuous

Aff:S+ HAD+BEEN+ VB+ -ING

Neg:I+HAD+ NOT+BEEN +VB+-ING

Int:HAD + S+ BEEN+VB+ -ING

Usage:
-Duration before something in the past Ex:They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived -Cause of something in the past Ex: Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class. Signal Words: -for, since, the whole day, all day

IF CLAUSE TYPE I MAIN CLAUSE CONDITIONAL CLAUSE

PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE

IF

IF

IMPERATIVE IF

PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE

Ex:I will learn if I have time. I will go to the party if you invite me Learn more if you want to pass.

IF CLAUSE TYPE II MAIN CLAUSE IF CONDITIONAL CLAUSE

WOULD + VB I IF

PAST TENSE SIMPLE BE=WERE

Ex: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation I would go there if I had money If I were you I wouldnt do that.
.

IF CLAUSE TYPE III MAIN CLAUSE WOULD+ HAVE + VBIII IF CONDITIONAL CLAUSE PAST IF PERFECT

Ex:I would have passed the exam if I had learnt more. If I had learnt my vocabulary, I would have got a good mark. Had I left earlier ,I would have caught the train.

PASSIVE VOICE Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
Tense Subject Verb Object

Simple Present Simple Past Present Perfect

A Rita

writes

a letter. by Rita. a letter.

P A letter is written A Rita wrote

P A letter was written by Rita. A P Rita has written a letter. by Rita.

A letter has been written

Past Perfect

A Rita

had written a letter. by Rita

P A letter had been written A Rita

Present

is writing a letter. is being written by Rita.

Continuous P A letter

Past A Rita was writing a letter. Continuous P A letter was being by Rita. written

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE 'The' is used: 1. To refer to something which has already been mentioned. Ex: An elephant and a mouse fell in love. 2. When both the speaker and listener know what is being talked about, Ex: 'Where's the bathroom?' 'It's on the first floor.'

3. In sentences or clauses where we define or identify a particular person or object: Ex: The man who wrote this book is famous. 4. To refer to objects we regard as unique: Ex: the sun, the moon, the world 5. Before superlatives and ordinal numbers: Ex: the highest building, the first page, the last chapter.

6. With names of geographical areas and oceans: Ex: the Caribbean, the Atlantic 8. With decades, or groups of years: Ex:She grew up in the seventies

INDEFINITE ARTICLE A / AN A+ CONSONANT AN+ VOWEL Examples: a boy an apple an orange a house NOTE: an +h mute - an hour a car an opera

The indefinite article is used: -to refer to something for the first time: Would you like a drink? -with names of jobs: John is a doctor. -with nationalities and religions: John is an Englishman. -with musical instruments: I have a violin. -with names of days: I was born on a Thursday

-with singular nouns, after the words 'what' and 'such': She's such a beautiful girl. -meaning 'one', referring to a single object or person: I'd like an orange and two lemons please.

ZERO ARTICLE 1.Unique abstract nouns: Ex:beauty,love,music 2.Names of matter and colours: Ex:ink,silver,gold 3.individual nouns: Ex: man,women,society. 4:Individual proper names: Ex: John,Peter 5.Names of days of week, months, seasons, sports, school subjects: Ex:Monday,Easter,chemistry.

6.Singular geographic names; Ex:Europe,Great Britain 7.Titles of politeness,academics as well as titles of nobility: Ex: doctor John, sir John.