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OF SILVER WITH MERCURY, ARSENIC, ANTIMONY, AND CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL AT THE HUANCAVELICA DISTRICT, PERU
DONALD C. NOBLE

Mackay School of Mines, Universityof Nevada-Reno, Reno,Nevada89557

AND CSAR E. VIDAL

PerubarS.A., Juande Arona 830, SanIsidro, Lima 18, Peru

Introductionand GeologicSetting native mercury are closely associated with pyrite, realgar, orpiment, arsenopyrite, and stibnite and, loThe Huancavelica districtin centralPeru (Fig. 1) cally, with hydrocarbon and/or bituminous material is the largest producer of mercury in the western by hydrothermalsolutions. This hemisphere and one of the moreimportantmercury clearly transported occursmainly as impregnations districtsin the world. The geologyand ore deposits mineral assemblage of the district have been describedby Yates et al. in the quartzite of the Gran Faral16nMember. In additionto the mercury occurrences, polyme(1951), Fernandez-Concha et al. (1952), andMcKee brecciaare et al. (1986), who togetherprovidea comprehensive tallic veinsand bodiesof hydrothermal knownin the Huancavelica district(Fig. 1), and a bibliography. number of narrow Pb-Zn-Ag veins are present in surMostof the ore, including that of the Santa Brbara rounding areas. Pyrite and tetrahedrite are the most mine, the mostimportantin the district (Fig. 1), is Farhostedby steeply dipping quartz sandstone of the important mineralsin the veinsat Ccollccemina, Early Cretaceous Gran Faral16n Member of the Goyl- al16n,and Yanamina(Fig. 1; see alsoMcKee et al., arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, larisquizga Formation.A number of smallerdeposits 1986). Galena,sphalerite, jamesonitc, stibnite, quartz, barite, and hydrocarbon in the districtare hostedby limestone of the Pucar with these and MachayFormations of Jurassic andEarly Creta- and/or bituminousmaterialare associated optical emission spectroceousages,respectively; the replacement deposits of minerals.Semiquantitative graphic analysis has shown the presence of 10 to 100 the Botija Puncomine are the best exampleof this ppm Hg in several specimens from these veins; Bi and ore type. Minor fracturefillings in lateMiocenedacite Sn were detected at the same level of concentration lavasand volcaniclastic sandstone of early Miocene Wall-rock materialconage (McKee and Noble, 1982; McKee et al., 1986) in a samplefrom Yanamina. sists of argillically altered dacite lavaof late Miocene are alsopresent;sucha cinnabarvein is exposed in age at Ccollccemina; at Yanamina the veinsare hosted the Espafiola mine.The lavas presumably are volcanic equivalents of high-levelintrusivebodiesthat drove by sandstone. Bodiesof hydrothermal brecciawere recognized the severalhydrothermalsystems from which the by Yates et al. (1951) and Fernandez-Concha et al. mercuryand associated metalsof the deposits of the (1952). The bodies at Cabramachay, Modelohuayco, districtwere deposited (McKeeet al., 1986). (Chircoromojo) (Fig. 1) have been The minesof the Huancavelica district,and par- and Nifiabamba ticularlythe SantaBrbaramine,were workedinten- studiedin more detail by Vidal and Cabos(1984). and Modelosivelyfor hundredsof years,typicallyby very low The breccia bodies at Cabramachay huayco are polymictic, with variably rounded fragcostlabor.For thisreason andbecause in manycases ments of Cenozoic volcanic and Mesozoic sedimentary the distribution of mercury is irregular, in many verticaltransport. Wall-rockcontacts formerworkings it is difficultto find megascopically rockindicating are irregular and gradational, with fracturedbut invisiblecinnabar in outcrop. Intensehandminingdurterlocking blocks of limestone or volcanic rockgrading Spanish Colonialtimesexplains boththe generally low Hg valuesobtained on samplingof the Chacla- ing inward to polymictic breccia. The matrix is comrock fragments cemented by tacanaopen pit and the lack of success of recent at- posedof comminuted quartz, chalcedonic silica, and clay. Traces of barite, temptsof bulk mining. marcasite,galena, and sphaleritewere observedin Mineral Associations places,and large bodiesof iron-manganese gossan As described by Yateset al. (1951) andFernandez- with associated zones of carbonaceous material are Conchaet al. (1952), cinnabarand lesseramounts of presentin the Cabramachay brecciabody. Between
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NORTH

pErU/y '

MOELOHUACO

\ x'

SANTABARBARA
MINE

Chaclatocono Open Pi

FIG.1. Mapofa partoftheHuancavelica district, largely generalized from Yates et al.(1951)and Fernandez-Concha et al. (1952) showing the location of the Santa Btrbara mine,the Chaclatacana openpit, andothermines andfeatures referred to in thetext.

brecciabody.The part of the Be16n 10 and 1,000 ppm of Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Hg, Sb,andAs Cabramachay is locatedabout 100 to 300 m west were spectrographically detectedat Cabramachay; tunnel sampled traces of Au were detectedin onespecimen fromthis of and 100 m below the SanRoque mine, in which ore occured in relativelyfiat-lying shoots parallelto body.
Geochemical Data

bedding in the hostMachay Limestone (Fig. 1).

A total of 128 horizontal channel sampleswere

The presence of As,Sb,Hg, andcarbonaceous ma- taken from the central part, which exhibitedthe concentration ofHg,As,andSbminerals, of terial suggested the possible presence of gold, and greatest openpit. Thesesamples, whichin several phases of geochemical sampling andgeologic the Chaclatacana were taken over lengthsof five meters, study werecarried outto evaluate thedistrict. Results mostcases

amounts of Ag andHg were horizontalchannelsampling of benches in the Chac- andHg. Determinable in allsamples (Fig.2). Median values forthe latacana openpit (Fig. 1), whichaccesses the upper reported

by AlfredKnight(Lima)for Au, Ag, of general interest wereobtained froma program of were analyzed

analyses were 0.35 oz/tonAg and 156 part of the underground workings of the old Santa Chaclatacana in only12 samples, and Brbara mine. Samples were alsotaken from a 180- ppmHg. Goldwasdetected tonAu reported. The m sectionof the accessible outer part of the Be16n in onlyfivewas>0.1 g/metric
tunnel,an oldtunneldrivenmainlyto access the lower

Ag/Au weight ratios ranged from about 102to 104.

resultsobtained for the samples workings of the SantaBrbaramine, and from the The geochemical

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lO

than about 1 oz/ton Ag. With one exception, the Hunter results for the sevenChaclatacana specimens were about twice as high (0.8-27.7, median4.0 oz/ ton) asthe Knight values.Silver to gold ratios for the sevenspecimens rangefrom about 500 to >5,000,
with a median of about 2,500.

The results of reanalysis of ten specimens fromthe Cabramachay breccia body (Table 1), moreover, strongly suggestthat the Knight analysesgreatly overestimate the Ag contents of specimens containing traceamounts of thiselement.Thisconclusion is supported by the results of subsequent comparative studies carried out to evaluatethe precisionand aco.1 curacyof Peruviananalytical laboratories andby the lack of covariance betweenAg andHg in specimens for whichlessthanabouti oz/tonAg were reported by Knight (Fig. 2). OOl 10 100 1000 10000 Silveris not readily extractable from the Huancav$ 9 (pprn) elica specimens by cyanidemethods (Noble, 1984). Standard cyanide extractable precious metal analysis FIG. 2. Plot of silver(oz/short ton) versus mercury(ppm)for pulpsdissamples fromthe Chaclatacana openpit of the Santa Bfirbara mine by Hunter of sevenof the Chaclatacana
i i i1111 L i iiiiii i i i1111 J t ] 1

(circles)andthe Be16n tunnel (stars).

cussed above resulted in the removal of less than two

percentof the contained silver,andeffectivecyanide concentrations ten timesgreaterthan normalresulted in the extractionof only 3 to 13 (median6) percent from the Belfntunnelwere similarto, although on of the silverpresent(Table1). Thisbehaviormayrethe average lower than, thoseobtained for the open flect the occurrence of silverlargelyastetrahedrite pit (Fig. 2); detectable goldwasreportedin onlyone and/orpossibly the presence of highlyactivecarbon. sample.One hundredand fourteenchannelsamples MetallogenicComparisons and Discussion collectedfrom the Cabramachay brecciabody were alsoanalyzedby Alfred Knight. Most of the results The mercury depositsof the Huancavelicadistrict were between0.1 and 0.4 (median0.26) oz/ton Ag havesomesimilarities to, anda numberof significant and between 10 and 50 (median24) ppm Hg, with differences from,precious metalhot spring andepino detectable Au. thermaldeposits associated with mercuryand mafic Twenty-two of the totalof 280 channel samplesvolcanism, basalt-associated mercury deposits,and analyzed wereduplicate samples takenalong thesame sedimentary rock-hosted precious metaldeposits. section of benchor tunnelor in the same part of the Mercury and gold are closelyassociated in certain traverses across the breccia body.Agreement for both partsof the Coast Ranges of California, a regionhostAg andHg wasacceptable. Goldwasdetected in only ing a numberof previously important mercury-proonesample from the setsof duplicate samples. Mer- ducing districts. Perhaps thebestexample isprovided cury, however,shows more than an order of magni- by the McLaughlin hot spring Au-Agdeposit of Quatude greaterrangeof concentration thansilverin the ternaryage(Lehrman, 1986, 1987). At McLaughlin combined Chaclatacana-Belndata set, and below goldis associated with Ag, Sb,Hg, As,T1,andBa.All about0.5 to 1.0 oz/ton Ag the data exhibitlittle or elementsshowstrongvertical zoning,with Au and no correlation betweenAg and Hg (Fig. 2). As dis- Hg increasingupward and silver increasingdowncussed below,theserelationships largelyappearto ward. Silverto goldratiosrangefrom about0.75 at represent a systematicpositive overestimationby the surface to >60 at depth. Knightof silvercontents belowabouti oz/ton. The Huancavelica districtalsoshowsimportant Sevenpulps from a relatively silver-richzone at geochemicaldifferencesfrom the McDermitt mine,

by HunterMiningLaboratory, Inc. (Sparks, Nevada) of the northern Great Basin of the western United by fire-assay methods (Table1). Agreement between States (Yates,1942; Fisk, 1968; MiningMagazine, theKnight andHunter data ispoor. Hunter Minin 1982;Hetherington andCheney, 1985;McCormack, Laboratory obtained appreciably highersilvercon- 1986). Although antimony is common, little arsenic tentsthandid Knightfor specimens containing more is present,and the McDermitt and nearbyCordero

Chaclatacana, tenpulps fromthe Cabramachay brec- whichduring the past decade wasthemost important cia body, and three specimens from the Modelo- producing mercury minein the western hemisphere, huayco breccia bodywere reanalyzed for Ag andAu andothermines andprospects of theOpalitc district

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TABLE

1.

Analyses for Silver, Gold, and Mercury in ChannelSamples from the Huancavelica Mercury District, Peru
HM
FA

Laboratory
Method

HM
CN

HM
CN 10

AK

HM
FA

HM
CN

HM
CN 10

AK

AK

Hg

Sampleno.
Modelohuaycobreccia body
1053 1054 2.31 0.27

Ag (oz/ton)

Au (oz/ton)

(ppm)

0.47 0.06

0.88 0.09

0.13 0.29

0.023 0.001

0.018 <0.003

0.023 <0.003

n.d. n.d.

1055

0.65

0.44

0.47

0.71

0.002

<0.003

<0.003

n.d.

Chaclatacana open pit (bench 335W)

1060 27.53 <0.03 3.59 27.73 <0.001 <0.003 0.009 0.103 983

1061 1062

17.74 7.28

0.26 <0.03

0.58 0.44

7.87 3.95

0.004 0.001

<0.003 <0.003

<0.003 <0.003

n.d. n.d.

512 275

1063
1064 1065 1066

10.61
1.76 7.29 1.39

<0.03
<0.03 <0.03 0.03

0.82
0.18 0.47 0.09

5.09
0.83 3.99 0.80

0.017
<0.001 0.003 0.003

<0.003
<0.003 <0.003 0.003

0.023
<0.003 <0.003 <0.003

n.d.
n.d. n.d. n.d.

1,900
330 896 1,190

Cabramachay breccia body

1560 1567 1574 1576 1581 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.05 <0.01 <0.03 0.03 -0.03 -0.03 0.03 -0.03 ------0.20 0.23 0.31 0.23 0.29 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.003 <0.003 -<0.003 -<0.003 <0.003 -<0.003 -n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 46 14 12 21 25

1582
1583

0.12
0.01

---

0.35
0.28

<0.001
<0.001

---

---

n.d.
n.d.

17
14

1594 1773 1776

<0.01 <0.01 <0.01

----

0.17 0.28 0.23

<0.001 <0.001 <0.001

----

----

n.d. n.d. n.d.

7 31 29

Abbreviations: AK = Alfred Knight, Lima, Peril; CN = standard cyanideextraction-atomic absorption analysis; CN10 = cyanide extraction-atomic absorption analysis usinga cyanideconcentration ten times that normallyused;FA = fire assay; HM = Hunter Mining Laboratory,Reno,Nevada;n.d. = not detected;-- = not determined

cal1986; Percival et al., 1988), althoughin somecases material appears to havebeen modera complex are devoidof both goldandsilver.Pre- the carbonaceous ciousmetalsare alsoabsentat the Almadenmercury bilized prior to golddeposition. Relativelysilver-rich mine, Spain(Saup, 1973). Uranium deposits andlo- sedimentaryrock-hosteddepositsalso exist (e.g., cal concentrations of lithium are also found within Havenstrite,1983; BagbyandBerger, 1985; Alvarez the McDermitt caldera complex, which hosts the and Noble, 1988; Wallace, 1989; Cox and Singer, mercury deposits of the district (Rytubaand Glanz- 1990; Nutt et al., 1990), and a better case can be man, 1979; Wallace and Roper, 1981; Rytuba and made for the closegenetic association of the more McKee, 1984). Thesefeatures, aswell asthe abundant silver-richdepositsto porphyry systems sensulato chlorine (in the mercury mineral corderoite),are than can be made for sedimentary rock-hosted deconsistentwith the very large amountsof highly posits with very low Ag/Au ratios(AlvarezandNoble, evolvedperalkaline rhyoliteof the McDermitt caldera 1988; Hofstra et al., 1990). The clean quartz sandstone host rock at the SantaBtrbaramine, similar to complex(Noble et al., 1988). Sedimentaryrock-hosted or Carlin-type deposits that of the Almadendeposit in Spain(Saup6,1973), of the GreatBasin regionof the westernUnited States differsmarkedlyfrom the thin-beddedimpure cartypicallyhaveAg/Au ratiosof less than 1, andin some bonaceous carbonate rocks and calcareous and carcases0.1 or less, elevated As, Sb, Hg, and T1, and bonaceous siltstones that are typical host rocksfor very low Cu, Pb, andZn contents andcommonly con- the low Ag/Au sedimentary rock-hosted deposits of tain appreciableamounts of introducedand/or con- the westernUnited States. Anotherdifference isdepth centratedcarbonaceous material(e.g., Radtkeet al., of formation, with a growing bodyof data(e.g.,Bagby 1980; BirakandHawkins,1985;TingleyandBonham, and Cline, 1990; Sillitoe and Bonham, 1990, and ref-

mines and other localities within the McDermitt

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erencescited therein) indicatingthat mostsedimentary rock-hosted precious metaldeposits are formed at depthsof a kilometeror more. An importantdifference betweenthe Huancavelica district'and the deposits discussed aboveis the occurrenceof silverwith mercuryinsteadof the association of goldwith mercury or mercury withoutpreciousmetals.This appearsto be in part empirically explainable in termsof geologic setting andthe nature of spatially andtemporally associated, andpresumably genetically related,igneous rocks,but wouldalsoappearto requirefavorable conditions of metaltransport and deposition. Althoughsomenotablegolddiscoveries havebeen madeduringthe pastdecade,it hasbeenrecognized for a long time that silverpredominates over goldin the myriadpolymetallicand precious metal deposits of the highlands of Peru (e.g., Petersen,1965). One example, as pointed out by Noble and Silberman (1984), is providedby the enargite-andtetrahedritebearing veinsof Julcani,Cerro de Pasco,and other similardeposits, whicharethe silveranalogues of enargite-gold- or acid-sulfate-type depositssuch as
Goldfield, Nevada, and Summitville, Colorado. Minor

1985), zonestrongly upward to verylowAg/Auratios. In contrast, adularia-sericite-type epithermal systems containing significant amounts of base metals typically havemuchhigherAg/Auratiosandmayzoneupward andoutwardto higherAg/Au ratios(e.g., Clarkeand Titley, 1988).The mercury deposits of the Huancavelicadistrict maybe anextreme distal example of this commonhigh basemetal zoningpattern. More complexprecious metalzoning patterns, in partprobably reflectinghost-rock chemistry,have been observed (e.g., AlvarezandNoble, 1988).
Such dif[rences in relative metal abundance and

zoningrequireselective transportation anddeposition of silverandgold.The verylowAg/Auratios of certain Carlin-type sedimentary rock-hosted golddeposits has been explained by Hofstraet al. (1990) by transport in relatively HS--rich and chlorite-poorsolutions, with gold precipitation being caused in part by removal of reduced sulfur from solutionby sulfidation of iron presentin the hostrock. Possibly the highAg/ Au ratiosof the Chaclatacana specimens in part reflect high ratiosof C1- to noncomplexed reducedsulfurin the distal,mercury-rich hydrothermal solutions.
Acknowledgments

occurrences of mercury, moreover, are foundin variousof the polymetallicdistrictsof centralPeru, for
example, at the HuachocolpaPb-Zn-Ag district 25
km south of Huancavelica, where mineralization took

We thankBuenaventura Ingenieros,S. A. and Sociedad Minera E1 Brocal for permission to publish, GaryFetchkofor advice onanalytical procedures and

place at nearly the same time as at Huancavelica comments on the resultant data, Ulrich Petersen for (McKee et al., 1975; Birnie andPetersen,1977; Bruha helpful commentson the manuscript,and Alberto et al., 1982). Benavides Q. for hiswholehearted support of our onAswith the manysilver-dominant polymetallic de- goingstudiesof mineral deposits in Peru. positsof central Peru, the presenceof silver in the REFERENCES Chaclatacana open pit appearsto reflect its spatial, temporal, and probably genetic association with a Alvarez A., A., and Noble, D.C., 1988, Sedimentaryrock-hosted majorpulseof strongly calc-alkalic subduction-related disseminatedprecious metal mineralization at PurisimaConcepci0n,Yauricochadistrict,central Peru: ECON.GEOL.,v. 83, volcanic andplutonicactivityof middleto late Miop. 1368-1378. cene age (Noble and Bowman, 1976; McKee et al., Bagby,W. C., and Berger, B. R., 1985, Geologiccharacteristics of sediment-hosted, disseminated precious-metal deposits in the 1986; McKee and Noble, 1989; Noble et al., 1989). The McLaughlin,McDermitt, andAlmadendeposits, western United States:Rev. Econ. Geology,v. 2, p. 169-202. W. C., and Cline, J. S., 1990, Constraints on the pressure in contrast, are closely associated with basalt or basalt- Bagby, of formationof the Getcheil gold deposit,Humboldt County, derivedintermediaterockseruptedin extensional or Nevada, as interpreted from secondary-fluid-inclusion data transformtectonic settings(McLaughlin and Donlabs.l:Geol. Soc.Nevada-U.S. Geol. Survey,GeologyandOre Depositsof the Great BasinSymposium, Reno-Sparks, Nevada, nelly-Nolan,1981; Noble et al., 1988; Rytubaet al., 1990, Program with Abstracts,p. 70. 1989). Basaltic, rather than intermediate to silicic Birak,D. J., andHawkins, R. B., 1985, The geology of theEnfield calc-alkalic, magmas appearto havebeen the source BellmineandtheJerrittCanyon district, ElkoCounty,Nevada: of the mercury, andprecious metals, wheredeposited U.S. Geol. SurveyBull. 1646, p. 95-105. U., 1977, The paragenetic association (e.g.,McLaughlin), hadrelatively low, albeitvariable, Birnie,R. W., andPetersen, and compositional zoningof lead sulfosalts at Huachocolpa, Ag/Au ratios. Peru: ECON. GEOL., v. 72, p. 983-992. Nevertheless, the Ag/Au ratiosof the Chaclatacana Bruha, D. J., McKee,E. H., andNoble,D.C., 1982, Paragenetic, ores appeartoo high to explainsimplyby geologic fluid-inclusion andgeochronological studyof the Teresitavein setting.Low base metal adularia-sericite-type episystem,Huachocolpa district, Peru labs.l:Geol. Soc.America Abstracts with Programs, v. 14, p. 152-153. thermalandhotsprings systems such asBorealis, Bond Clarke, M., and Titley, S. R., 1988, Hydrothermalevolutionin Gold Bullfrog,Bodie, Delamar, Oatman,and Round the formationof silver-gold veinsin the Tayolita mine, SanDiMountainhave relatively low Ag/Au (Heald et al., masdistrict,Mexico:ECON.GEOL.,v. 83, p. 1830-1840. 1977) ratiosandsome, for example, McLaughlin and Cox,D. P., andSinger, D. A., 1990, Descriptive andgrade-tonnage modelsfor distal disseminated Ag-Au deposits: A supplement the Gooseberry system in westernNevada(Sprecher,

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to U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693: U.S. Geol. Survey Open-File Rept. 90-282, 8 p. Fernandez-Concha,J., Yates, R. G., and Kent, D. F., 1952, Geo-

Noble, D.C., McCormack, J. K., McKee, E. H., Silberman, M. L., and Wallace, A. B., 1988, Time of mineralization in the evolution of the McDermitt caldera complex, Nevada-Oregon,
and the relation of middle Miocene mineralization in the north-

logladel distritomercurffero de Huancavelica, Per6:Peru,Inst.

Nac. Inv. Fomento Mineros Bol. 5, 56 p. Fisk, E. L., 1968, Corderomine, Opalite miningdistrict,in Ridge, J. D., ed., Ore depositsof the United States, 1933-1967 (Graton-Sales vol.): New York, Am. Inst. Mining Metall. Petroleum Engineers, p. 1573-1591. Havenstrite,S. R., 1983, Geology and ore deposits of the Taylor miningdistrict,White Pine County,Nevada:NevadaBur. Mines Geology Rept. 36, p. 14-26. Heald, P., Foley, N. K., and Hayba, D. O., 1977, Comparative anatomy of volcanic-hosted epithermal deposits:Acid-sulfate and adularia-sericite types:ECON.GEOL.,v. 82, p. 1-26. Hetherington,M. J., andCheney,E. S., 1985, Origin of the opalite brecciaat the McDermitt mercurymine, Nevada:ECON.GEOL., v. 80, p. 1981-1987. Hofstra, A. H., Landis, G. P., Leventhal, J. S., Northrop, H. R., Rye, R. O., Doe, T. C., and Dahl, A. R., 1990, Genesisof sed-

ern Great Basinto coeval regional basalticmagmaticactivity:

ECON. GEOL., v. 83, p. 859-863.

Noble, D.C., Eyzaguirre,V. R., andMcKee, E. H., 1989, Preciousmetal mineralization in the Andes of Per6, in Ericksen, G. E.,

CariasPinochet,M. T., and Reinemund,J. A., eds., Geologyof the Andesanditsrelationto hydrocarbon andmineralresources: Houston, Texas, Circum-Pacific Council Energy Mineral ResourcesEarth Sci. Ser., v. 11, p. 207-212. Nutt, C. I., Thorman, C. H., Zimbelman, D. R., and Gloyn, R. W., 1990, Geologicsettingand reconnaissance trace-elementgeochemistryof the Detroit mining district and Drum gold mine, Drum Mountains,west-centralUtah labs. I: Geol. Soc.NevadaU.S. Geol. Survey, Geology and Ore Depositsof the Great

Basin Symposium, Reno-Sparks, Nevada,1990, Programs with

Abstracts,p. 63-64. Petersen,Ulrich, 1965, Regionalgeologyand major ore deposits of central Peru: ECON. GEOL.,v. 60, p. 407-476. Percival, T. J., Bagby,W. C., and Radtke, A. S., 1988, Physical and chemical features of precious-metaldepositshosted by sedimentaryrocks in the western United States, in Schafer, R. W., Cooper, J. J., and Vikre, P. G., eds.,Bulk mineablepreciousmetal depositsof the western United States.Symposium proceedings: Reno, Geol. Soc. Nevada, p. 11-34. Radtke, A. S., Rye, R. O., andDickson,F. W., 1980, Geologyand stableisotope studies of the Carlin golddeposit,Nevada: ECON.
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1988, Geologyand geochemistry of the McLaughlinHotSpring precious-metaldeposit, California CoastRangeslabs. I, in Schafer, R. W., Cooper, J. J., and Vikre, P. G., eds., Bulk mineablepreciousmetal deposits of the westernUnited States. Symposiumproceedings:Reno, Nevada, Geol. Soc. Nevada, p.
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Rytuba,J. J., and Glanzman,R. K., 1979, Relationof mercury, uranium, and lithium depositsto the McDermitt calderacomplex, Nevada-Oregon:Nevada Bur. Mines Geology Rept. 33,
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McCormack, J. K., 1986, Paragenesis and origin of sedimenthosted mercury ore at the McDermitt mine, McDermitt, Nevada:Unpub. M.S. thesis,Univ. Nevada-Reno, 97 p.
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deformationin the Western Cordillera and high plateausof south-centralPeru: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 93, p. 657662.

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Rytuba, J. J., Hernandez, A.M., Rye, R. O., Dean, J. A., and Arribas, A., Sr., 1989, Genesisof Almaden type mercury deposits, Almaden, Spain labs. I: Internat. Geol. Cong., 28th Washington, 1989, Abstracts,v. 2, p. 2-741. Saup, Francis,1973, La gologie du gisement de mercured'Almadn: Sci. Terre, Nancy, Mm. 29, 342 p. Sillitoe, R. H., and Bonham, H. F., Jr., 1990, Sediment-hosted gold deposits: Distal productsof magmatic hydrothermal systems: Geology, v. 18, p. 157-161. Sprecher, T. A., 1985, Wallrock alteration, vein structure, and

BenavidesQ., A., 1975, Geochronologyof late Tertiary volcanismand mineralization,Huachocolpadistrict, central Peru:
ECON. GEOL., v. 70, p. 388-390.

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