BI ODI VERSI T Y RAPI D ASSESSMENT

OF T HE L AGOA CARUMBO ARE A, LUNDA NORT E, ANGOL A

RAPI DA A VALI A O
DA BI ODI VERSI DADE DA RE A DA L A GOA DE CARUMBO,
LUNDA NORT E, ANGOL A

2011





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01234015
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Repblica de Angola
MINISTRIO DO
AMBIENTE



2


REPORT ON THE EXPEDITION

BIODIVERSITY RAPID ASSESSMENT OF THE LAGOA CARUMBO AREA, LUNDA NORTE,
ANGOLA

Brian J Huntley
(Compiler)
August 2011




CONTENTS

1.1 Resumo e destaques .... 3
1.2 Summary and highlights .6
1.3 The story of Lagoa Carumbo .7

2. Project outline

2.1 Project purpose . 9
2.2 Background to the project . 9
2.3 Project concept and planning . 11
2.4 Political endorsement . 11
2.5 Logistic and operational support . 11
2.6 Financial support . 12
2.7 Scientific team . 12
2.8 Field programme . 13

3. Acknowledgements . 15

4. References . 16

5. Annexes

1. Biophysical Profile of Lunda Norte, Angola. (B J Huntley) . 17

2. Biogeographical Overview of the Lunda Region, northeast Angola
(F.P.D.Cotterill) . 45

3. Report on the Rapid Botanical Survey of the Lagoa Carumbo region, Lunda Norte Province,
Angola, April/May 2011. (D. Goyder, I. Darbyshire, F. Chase and A. Gomes). 58

4. Birds of the Lagoa Carumbo area, Lunda Norte, Angola. (M. Mills) . 99

5. Report on the Ichthyofaunal Survey of the Lagoa Carumbo area, Lunda Norte, Angola. (E.
Swartz) . 110

6. Herpetofauna of the Lagoa Carumbo area, Lunda Norte, Angola. (W. Branch and
W. Conradie) . 118

7. Indicative list of Mammals of Lunda Norte, Angola. (F. P. D. Cotterill) . 129


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1.1 RESUMO E DESTAQUES


O Ministrio do Ambiente da Repblica de Angola, como Parte da Conveno da
Diversidade Biolgica, e fazendo cumprir com o que estipulado pela Conveno em
aumentar a percentagem de reas de Conservao de 6,6% a 15% do territrio nacional
at 2020. Quatorze reas com alto valor paisagstico e de Biodiversidade foram
identificados como possveis novas reas, incluindo a rea da Lagoa de Carumbo que
situa-se na Provncia de Lunda Norte.

A Direco Nacional da Biodiversidade, com apoio de uma especialista internacional em
Biodiversidade, orientou tecnicamente a Expedio para se realizar uma avaliao da
rea da Lagoa de Carumbo durante o perodo de 28 de Abril 10 de Maio 2011.

O propsito da Rpida Avaliao da Biodiversidade da rea da Lagoa de Carumbo foi o
de se preparar uma proposta com base tcnica-cientfica para a criao de uma nova
rea de Conservao que poder se denominar Lagoa de Carumbo, seguindo as
prioridades definidas na Estratgia e Plano de Aco Nacionais para a Biodiversidade
(NBSAP 2006) e o Plano Estratgico da Rede Nacional de reas de Conservao de
Angola (MINAMB 2011).

O Projecto que contou com a autorizao e anuncia de Sua Excelncia Senhor
Presidente da Repblica, Eng. Jos Eduardo dos Santos, Coordenado pelo Ministrio do
Ambiente e coadjuvado pelo Governo da Provncia da Lunda Norte, foi possvel com o
apoio logstico e operacional da De Beers Angola Prospeco, pela concesso de # 8911-
11 do Comit de Pesquisa e Conservao, e a Expedies da Sociedade Nacional
Geogrfica.

Os 18 membros que integraram a Equipe da Expedio incluram participantes de Angola,
Inglaterra, Portugal e frica do Sul. Foi montado um acampamento s margens do Rio
Luele, que fica a cinco quilmetros da Lagoa de Carumbo. Foi possvel fazer durante sete
dias pesquisas intensivas de campo na rea de Capaia, na zona de confluncia dos Rios
Luxico e Luele, e entre os planaltos e escarpas, bem como nos vales dos rios Luele,
Luxico e Lovua e na Lagoa Carumbo propriamente dita.

Resultados e Concluses-

1. A Biodiversidade da rea da Lagoa de Carumbo de importncia muito elevada por
trs razes fundamentais:
A rea da Lagoa de Carumbo, encontra-se situada entre duas interfaces principais
de divises biogeogrficas da frica central - as florestas da Guineo-congols e as
savanas e bosques Zambeziacos;
A rica diversidade de habitats inclui diversas espcies de plantas e animais, muitas
encontradas somente na rea da Lagoa de Carumbo;
A rea da Lagoa de Carumbo tem muito pouca ou quase nenhum assentamento
humano. Os habitats, incluindo as extensas galerias florestais, que esto em
condies tranquila e sem perturbao.


4

2. A pesquisa de plantas indica que a rea da Lagoa de Carumbo de interesse botnico
especial. Durante os sete dias de trabalho intenso foi possvel colectar trezentos e trinta e
oito (338) espcies de diversas plantas em duplicadas, que permitiu o estudo taxionmico
do material no Herbrio de Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew que culminou com uma
inventrio de quinhentos e trinta e sete (537) txons para a rea da Lagoa de Carumbo.
Destas trinta e seis (36) espcies so espcies novas descobertas para Angola. Treze
(13) espcies so possivelmente novas para a cincia, e trinta e oito (38) so
consideradas espcies de importncia especiais para a conservao.

A inventario das plantas da rea da Lagoa de Carumbo a listagem mais abrangente e
precisa para qualquer local em Angola e vrias vezes maior do que para qualquer uma
das reas Protegidas existentes em Angola, a maioria dos quais ainda precisam ser
pesquisados.

3. O levantamento feito para se saber o tipo de aves que habitam e ou co-habitam na
rea da Lagoa de Carumbo confirmou a importncia biogeogrfica da rea, pelas razes
apresentadas acima. A lista de aves para a rea inclui cento e noventa e cinco espcies,
das quais uma um novo recorde para Angola, treze espcies so muito raras e
conhecidos de menos de trs observaes anteriores, e sete so novos registos para a
provncia de Lunda Norte.

4. Os resultados semelhantes que obtivemos mas com menos espcies, foram
encontrados para os peixes vinte e cinco espcies; os anfbios dezasseis espcies e
rpteis dezanove espcies, foram colectados durante a pesquisa. A rea conhecida por
ser muito alta em diversidade de peixes e de rpteis, mas a Expedio teve lugar no final
das chuvas e incio da temporada de outono que mais frio, que foi um factor limitante na
colecta de amostras desses grupos. Apesar disso, vrias espcies de peixes, sapos e
rpteis, foram descobertos para a cincia e tambm novos registos para Angola.

5. O levantamento sobre os mamferos no foi realizado, mas os registos existentes, e as
informaes fornecidas pela populao local, indicam que pelo menos cento e quatro
(104) espcies de mamferos so conhecidos da rea e vinte e uma (21) espcies de
grande porte no so encontradas em reas Protegidas existentes de Angola.

Com base nos resultados da pesquisa da Biodiversidade, as seguintes recomendaes
podem ser feitas -

1. Uma rea de aproximadamente duzentos mil (200 000) hectares, incluindo a rea entre
os Rios Lovua no leste e Caluango no oeste, a partir de 7,15 graus da latitude sul e 8,40
graus de latitude sul, e albergando os Rios e Vales da Luele e Luxico, e bem com a
prpria Lagoa de Carumbo, devem ser considerados para a proclamao de uma nova
rea da Proteco, aps feita a auscultao e ou consulta publica com todos os
interessados. Os limites exactos precisam ser mais claramente definidos aps pesquisa
de campo.

2. A possibilidade de se realizarem outros inquritos sobre a Biodiversidade da rea da
Lagoa de Carumbo deve ser realizada em diferentes pocas do ano, especialmente
depois da poca de incndios, para ampliar o conhecimento existente nesta rea de
Biodiversidade muito importante.

Os detalhes do contexto e de planeamento da Expedio, a execuo, e os


S
reconhecimentos so dados neste relatrio.

Em anexos apresentamos detalhes sobre as caractersticas biofsicas e biogeogrficas da
Lunda Norte. Os resultados preliminares das avaliaes de plantas, aves, peixes
herpetofauna e dos mamferos tambm so fornecidos.

Os registos fotogrficos das paisagens, da fauna e flora da rea da Lagoa de Carumbo
colhidos foram devidamente seleccionados e apresentamos tambm em anexos.

As recomendaes detalhadas para a justificao tcnico-cientfico para a criao e ou
proposta de uma nova rea Protegida ser apresentada em um relatrio separado.



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1.2 SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS

The Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Angola, as a signatory of the Convention on
Biological Diversity, and in compliance with the Convention, aims to increase the cover of
Protected Areas from 6,6% to 15% of national territory by 2020. Fourteen areas of high biodiversity
and landscape value have been identified as possible new Protected Areas, including the area of
Lagoa Carumbo, in the province of Lunda Norte.

The National Directorate for Biodiversity, with the support of an international specialist, provided
technical guidance to an expedition that undertook a rapid biodiversity assessment of the Lagoa
Carumbo area during the period 28 April to 10 May 2011.

The purpose of the expedition was to prepare a science-based proposal for the creation of a new
protected area at Lagoa Carumbo, following the priorities set in Angola's National Biodiversity
Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP, MINUA 2006) and the Plano Estratgico da Rede Nacional de
reas de Conservao de Angola (MINAMB 2011).

The project, approved and supported by His Excellency the President of the Republic, Eng. Jos
Eduardo dos Santos, and coordinated by the Ministry of Environment with the assistance of the
Government of the Province of Lunda Norte, was provided with logistic and operational support by
De Beers Angola Prospecting, and by grant #8911 - 11 from the Research, Conservation and
Expeditions Committee of the National Geographic Society.

The 18 members of the expedition team included participants from Angola, Britain, Portugal and
South Africa. A base camp was established on the banks of the Luele River, five km from Lagoa
Carumbo, and seven days of intensive field surveys were conducted in the area from Capaia to the
confluence of the Luxico and the Luele rivers, on the plateaus and escarpments, and the Luele,
Luxico and Lovua river valleys and at Lagoa Carumbo.

The Expedition provided the following results and conclusions-

1. The Lagoa Carumbo area is of very high biodiversity importance for at least three reasons.
First, the area is situated at the interface of the two major biogeographic divisions of central
Africa - the Guineo-congolian forests and savannas; and the Zambesian savannas,
woodlands and grasslands. Secondly, the rich diversity of habitats each includes diverse
animal and plant species, many only found in the Lagoa Carumbo area. Third, the whole
area has very low or no human populations, with the result that habitats, including the
extensive gallery forests, are in an undisturbed and mostly in a pristine condition.
2. The survey of plants indicates that the area is of special botanical interest. In the seven
days available in the field, the botanists collected 338 species, and subsequent studies of
herbarium material in the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, resulted in a checklist of 537 taxa
for the area. Of these, 36 species are new discoveries in Angola with 62 species new to
Angola excluding Cabinda, 13 species are possibly new to science, and 38 are considered
of special conservation importance. The checklist for the plants of the Lagoa Carumbo area
is the most comprehensive and accurate listing for any site in Angola, and several times
larger than for any of Angola's existing Protected Areas, most of which have yet to be
surveyed.
3. The survey of birds also confirmed the biogeographic importance of the area, for the
reasons presented above. A checklist for birds for the area includes 195 species, of which
one is a new record for Angola, 13 are very rare and known from less than three previous
records, and 7 are new records for the province of Lunda Norte.
4. Similar results, but based on fewer species, were found for fish (25 species), frogs (16
species) and reptiles (19 species) collected during the survey. The area is known to be of
very high fish, frog and reptile diversity, but the timing of the Expedition, at the end of the
rains and start of the cooler autumn season, was a limiting factor in collecting specimens of


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these groups. Despite this, several species of fish, frog and reptile, either new to science or
new records for Angola, were discovered.
5. A survey of mammals was not undertaken, but exisiting records, and information provided
by local people, indicate that at least 104 species of mammal are known from or may be
expected to have occurred in the area, of which at least 21 of the larger mammal species
are not found in any of Angola's existing Protected Areas.

Based on the results of the biodiversity survey, the following recommendations can be made -

1. An area of approximately 200 000 ha, including the area between the Lovua and Luango
rivers, from x degrees south latitude to x degrees south latitude, and embracing the Luele
and Luxico valleys, and Lagoa Carumbo, should be considered for proclamation as a new
Protected Area, after due consultation with all stakeholders. The exact limits to be more
clearly defined following further field survey.
2. Further surveys of the biodiversity of the Lagoa Carumbo area should be conducted at
different times of the year, especially after the fire season, to extend the existing knowledge
of this highly important biodiversity area.

Details of the background to and planning of the Expedition, its execution, and acknowledgements
are given in this report. Annexes provide details on the biophysical and biogeographic
characteristics of the Lunda Norte province, and preliminary results on plant, bird, fish,
herpetofaunal and mammal assessments are provided. Selected photographic records of the
landscapes, fauna and flora of the area are included in the Annexes.

Detailed recommendations for a new Protected Area will be presented in a separate report.


1.3 THE STORY OF LAGOA CARUMBO

The existence of a relatively large lake (350 ha, unusually large for natural inland water bodies in
Angola - and the largest undisturbed lake in the country) immediately raises questions about its
formation as an isolated lake in the mid-course of the Luxico River. Local folklore explains the
lake's origin -

"Many millennia ago, a woman had been cast out by her people, and had wandered far and
wide in search of sanctuary. She came upon a riverside village, Nacarumbo, in the beautiful
valley of the Luxico River, and begged for a place to stay. The villagers chased her away, but
one family eventually took her in. One night she had a vision of the coming of a great flood,
and warned the villagers to move to higher ground, but none listened to her. The flood came,
forming Lagoa Carumbo, and drowning the whole community. Even to this day, the chatter
and village sounds of the community may be heard, on certain occasions. The spirits of the
lake must be respected.

This is the story of Lagoa Carumbo, called Nacarumbo by the people of the region, as told by the
village elders of Samuenge.

The seriousness with which the story is regarded in the area was demonstrated at the outset of the
project. The local traditional leaders insisted that a ceremony be held at the lake to appease the
spirits before our research could commence. A goat was bought, sacrificed, and together with
many other gifts, carried to the lake - across the Luele River, up the high ridge separating the
Luele and the Luxico - and down the escarpment to the lake. After a short ceremony attended by a
dozen of the local traditional leaders, the gifts were offered to the lake, and the solemn party
headed back home. Having completed the traditional tribute to the lake spirits, our work could
proceed.



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Fishing is not normally permitted at the lake, and there is no settlement or agriculture around its
shores - an extremely unusual situation in a resource poor region, where advantage would be
taken of the close proximity of fish, water and good agricultural soils. Lagoa Carumbo is located in
a sparsely populated area of Lunda Norte, a consequence of the very low nutrient status of the
region's Kalahari sands, and the very low nutrient levels of the streams and waters of the Luele
and Luxico drainages. The few villages in the area are small, with from 10 to 50 households, with
limited subsistence agriculture (manioc, groundnuts, mangoes) and with low returns on fishing in
the rivers, supplemented by bushmeat hunting for local consumption. Despite their humble socio-
economic status, the Chokwe/Lunda people of the Lagoa Carumbo region have a rich history, and
their knowledge of ecosystems, species and the uses of the region's biodiversity is impressive.





Team members and traditional leaders visiting Lagoa Carumbo




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2. PROJECT OUTLINE

2.1 Project purpose

The purpose of the Biodiversity Rapid Assessment of the Lagoa Carumbo area was to prepare a
science-based proposal for the creation of a new protected area at Lagoa Carumbo, Lunda Norte,
Angola, following the priorities set in Angola's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
(NBSAP), approved by government in 2006. The new protected area would significantly increase
the representation of key biodiversity-rich ecosystems to Angola's protected area network, adding
at least 200 000 ha towards achieving the national target of 15% of national territory under formal
protection by 2020.


2.2 Background to the project

Angola has one of the greatest diversities of WWF recognized 'ecoregions' of any African country,
yet most of these ecoregions have no formal conservation status in Angola. Angola's National
Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP, MINUA 2006) gives high priority to the need to
'conduct and widely disseminate studies on terrestrial and coastal habitats and ecosystems with
high biological value', specifically identifying the gallery forests of Lunda Norte Province as of high
importance.

The Province of Lunda Norte has no formally established protected areas, yet is a region of very
high biological diversity (details in Annex 1). It is also an area of high levels of landscape
transformation as a consequence of over ninety years of alluvial diamond mining. The limited
available information on the region's biodiversity resources indicates that priority should be given
to the field assessment of sites of high conservation value for consideration within the national
protected areas expansion strategy.

Extensive field surveys of Angola were undertaken in the period 1971 to 1975 in order to identify
areas of high importance for biodiversity conservation (Huntley 1973, 1974; Huntley and Matos
1992, 1994). During 2005, Golder Associates undertook a "Biodiversity and Social Scan of Lunda
Norte, Angola, (Golder Associates, 2006), on contract to De Beers Angola Prospecting Limited.
The study included a review of existing information on the region's biodiversity, as well as ground
and aerial surveys. The report made preliminary recommendations on possible new conservation
priorities in Lunda Norte, and identified three target areas for further action - Luia, Lagoa Carumbo
and the Luachimo River at Chitato.

The early surveys were supplemented by more recent field work in Huila, Namibe, Cuanza Sul and
Huambo, (Huntley 2009, Mills et al 2011) and synthesized in an 'Angolan Protected Area
Expansion Strategy - APAES' (Huntley 2010). The APAES report was submitted to the Angolan
Ministry of Environment (MINAMB) in 2010, and formed the basis for proposals presented by
MINAMB to the Angolan Conselho do Ministros in April 2011 (MINAMB 2011). Map 1 indicates the
position of the proposed new Protected Areas, including Lagoa Carumbo in the north-east of the
country (Huntley 2010).

The APAES describes approaches to the identification and prioritization of new protected areas on
the basis of their biodiversity importance, (richness, endemism, replaceability), urgency for action
(vulnerability to transformation pressures) and the presence of opportunities (political, financial,
logistic) to implement conservation actions.



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Map 1. Existing and proposed new Protected Areas and Protected Rivers in Angola



On the basis of the APAES approach, the Lagoa Carumbo area was identified as a national
priority, in accord with the recommendations of the approved National Biodiversity Strategy and
Action Plan as cited above. In order to collect more detailed information on which to make specific
recommendations for a new protected area in the Lagoa Carumbo area, a Biodiversity Rapid
Assessment was planned for execution in April/May 2011.

By happy coincidence, the APAES was approved by Angola's highest decision-making organ, the
Conselho do Ministros, on 28 April 2011, the day on which the Carumbo Expedition left for the
field.


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2.3 Project concept and planning

In terms of both the NBSAP and the APAES, a first requirement to identifying new protected areas
is the synthesis of available, and collection of new information on the biophysical and socio-
economic situation of the selected area within its regional and national context.

In view of the relative paucity of recent information on such key attributes for much of Angola, new
field-based observations are essential. Unfortunately, little field experience and taxonomic
expertise is available in Angola, as a consequence of the decades-long civil war that severely
reduced such resources. Recent collaborative studies, such as the 2009 field surveys in Huila and
Namibe Provinces (Huntley 2009), indicated that with careful planning, field research in Angola
may be successfully executed through collaboration between Angolan and foreign institutions.


Preliminary proposals for a 'Carumbo Project' were discussed by B. J. Huntley with potential
stakeholders during 2009 and 2010, with formal planning commencing in late 2010. Key to the
development of the plans was the early commitment of logistic support from De Beers Angola
Prospecting, political support from MINAMB, and towards the conclusion of the planning phase,
the financial support of the National Geographic Society's Research, Exploration and Conservation
Committee. Institutional support was also provided by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; the South
African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity; Bayworld/Port Elizabeth Museum; Birdlife South Africa;
and University of Cape Town.

2.4 Political endorsement

During 2010 a series of meetings with senior officials in the Ministry of Environment led to
agreement that a Biodiversity Rapid Assessment of the Lagoa Carumbo area would comply with
Ministry priorities. On 23 March 2011, the Environment Minister, Dr Fatima Jardim, signed an
official 'despacho', approving the project, with concordance from the Office of the President, Jose
Eduardo dos Santos signed on 14 April.

During the course of the expedition, meetings were held in situ with the traditional leaders of the
area, with the Administrador for the Comuna da Capaia, and with the acting Governor of Lunda
Norte at the Provincial capital, Dundo. At these meetings the purpose of the project, as defined in
the Ministerial 'despacho', was explained to the local leadership, and their approval for the work
plan obtained.


2.5 Logistic and operational support

The key challenge to undertaking biodiversity assessment fieldwork in Angola is the availability of
logistic support in remote areas. The Carumbo focus area lies 220 km north west of the village of
Lucapa, itself over 1000 km from Luanda, linked by poor roads and unreliable, and distant,
airports.

The project required the support of a highly experienced field team. This support was generously
offered by De Beers Angola Prospecting (DEBAP), which has operated in Lunda Norte for over a
decade. DEBAP undertook a preliminary feasibility assessment of the field operations needed in
2010, and selected the site for a 'fly camp' and communication and supply lines. The campsite, on
the banks of the Luele river, lies five km east of Lagoa Carumbo, and one km south of the
destroyed bridge across the Luxico river below its confluence with the Luele. DEBAP established a
tented camp with full logistic and operational support, including transport and accommodation to
and from their base camp at Lucapa, Lunda Norte.

An important aspect of the support provided by DEBAP was the attention given to health and
safety. Team members received a briefing on H&S policy and practice on arrival in Lucapa, and


12
the DEBAP H&S Director accompanied the team to Carumbo. The boat used for crossing the
Luele was provided with life-jackets, and all DEBAP staff had been fully trained in H&S protocols
and behaviour, including environmental management standards to be observed at the campsite.

Without the very significant logistic and operational support of DEBAP, the execution of a field
survey with 18 scientists and collaborators in as remote and inaccessible area as Lagoa Carumbo
would have been impossible.


2.6 Financial support

This project was rather unique in that it was developed through the voluntary contributions of all
participants, without a single institutional 'home', and with minimal financial support. Each
participant found institutional or private support to travel to Luanda, or in a few cases airfares were
drawn from the National Geographic Society grant # 8911-11. The provision of accommodation,
land transport and other logistic support by DEBAP considerably reduced direct costs, while the
costs of travel by road to Carumbo by the two Angolan teams was supported by the NGS grant.
The NGS grant also covered the costs of air travel for the visiting team from Luanda to Saurimo
and back.

In as much as the political support of MINAMB was critical to the approval of the project, and the
logistic and operational support of DEBAP was essential for its execution, the financial support of
the NGS made it possible for a strong collaborative team of Angolan and foreign scientists to
participate.


2.7 Scientific team.

Given the lack of prior biological surveys in the Lagoa Carumbo area, and the difficulty of access to
the site, it was decided that a core team of highly experienced specialists would be invited to
provide the scientific leadership to the project, and that colleagues from Angolan institutions would
complement the team, both to share their knowledge and to benefit from field experience with their
peers.

The team comprised Angolan, Portuguese, South African, and British specialists (ornithologists,
botanists, herpetologists, icthyologists, mammalogists) plus a small group of Angolan graduate
students. The team comprised 18 persons.

Angola
Aristofanes Ponte - forester - Ministry of Environment
Sanga da Sa - agriculturist - Ministry of Environment
Noe Pinto -botanist - Ministry of Environment
Filipe Kodo - botanist - Ministry of Environment
Pedro vaz Pinto - biologist - Fundacao Kissama
Sendi Baptista - biologist - Universdade Catolica, Luanda
Ninda Baptista - biologist - University of Lisbon
Amandio Gomes - botanist - Universidade Agostinho Neto

Portugal
Jorge Palmeirim - ecologist/mammalogist - Universidade da Lisboa


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South Africa
Brian Huntley - ecologist - University of Cape Town (expedition coordinator)
Michael Mills - ornithologist - Birdlife South Africa
Bill Branch - herpetologist - Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University
Ernst Swartz- icthyologist - SAIAB, Rhodes University
Woody Cotterill - ecologist - University of Cape Town
Werner Conradie - herpetologist - Bayworld, Port Elizabeth

United Kingdom
David Goyder - botanist - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Iain Darbyshire - botanist - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Francis Crawford - botanist - Royal Botanic gardens, Kew





Expedition members at De Beers Angola Prospecting base camp, Lucapa, Lunda Norte



2.8 Field programme

The international team arrived in Luanda on 27
th
April and departed for Saurimo by air on the 28
th
,
where they were met by the DEBAP team and driven to Lucapa that day. The Angolan team drove
from Luanda to Saurimo on the 28
th
, and joined the international team in Lucapa on the 29
th
, from
which the full team, with DEBAP support, continued to the fly-camp at Luele river, near Lagoa
Carumbo, arriving after a seven hour drive on the roads and tracks that end at the destroyed


14
bridge over the Luxico river. The camp, on the banks of the Luele, was at the site of a former
pontoon crossing which previously gave access to the road to Lagoa Carumbo, but which had
been destroyed in the early 1970s.

Using the fly-camp as base, the various teams radiated from this to collect in the diverse forest,
savanna, wetland and riverine habitats, mostly within walking distance of the camp. An aluminium
boat with outboard motor provided a ferry service across the Luele, and from the west bank, an
overgrown track led up the hill that divided the Luele from the Luxico and Lagoa Carumbo,
approximately five km distant. The absence of a bridge across the Luxico restricted the survey to
the immediate surrounds of the fly-camp, but several trips were made south along the main tract
back to Capaia. Plateau grasslands, savannas and dry forests, plus escarpment woodland, were
visited along this track. As a consequence, despite the very limited access to most of the area, all
key habitats could be sampled, with the exception of the lowland forests of the lower Luxico.

Seven days of fieldwork was possible, with one day spent on visiting the Provincial government
offices (and meeting with the acting Governor) in Dundo. Due to the continued closure of the
Museu do Dundo (which is undergoing renovations), it was not possible to visit this highly
important museum to examine the state of its scientific collections. One of the museum assistants
was able to confirm, however, that the collections were being well cared for.

On return to Luanda via Saurimo on the 7
th
May, collections were separated into material for
deposition with the Angolan institutions, and for transfer to other institutions for identification. On
the 8
th
and 9
th
May, debriefing meetings were held with the Minister of Environment, Dr Fatima
Jardim and officials at the Ministry of Environment, De Beers Angola Prospecting, and the Centre
for Fitogenetic Resources.



Rio Luele, immediately upstream of Expedition Base Camp


1S

3. Acknowledgements

This project was made possible by the generous support of many individuals and organisations. All
deserve our special thanks.

The encouragement and support of the Ministry for Environment was especially valuable. The
personal interest in the project, and support for its execution, provided by Her Excellency the
Minister for Environment, Dra Fatima Jardim, is gratefully acknowledged. The National Director for
Biodiversity, Dra Paula Francisco, gave her full support to ensuring that government endorsement
and support at the highest level was obtained for the project. She also selected and appointed a
team of professionals from the Ministry to participate in the expedition. Dr Soki Kuendikuenda,
Director of the National Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, gave early support to the project.

His Excellency the Vice Governor of Lunda Norte, Dr Moises Chingongo and the Administrador,
Comuna da Capaia, Snr Augusto Lupatchi, are thanked for their interest in the project.

The sustained interest and support of De Beers Angola Prospecting was critical at all stages. From
early discussions on the feasibility of the project, through the planning and preparation phase, to
implementation in the field, the DEBAP team was remarkably supportive. The Director, DEBAP, Dr
Charles Skinner, and the Technical Manager, Dr Gleuber Alves, provided their personal
encouragement and direct support in many ways. The team in Luanda - Snrs Adriano Brito,
Valdemar Mateus, Sra Cecilia Canzamba; and at Lucapa - Snrs Joao (Balas) Gonga - who played
a key role in all field logisitics, Facatino Mateus, Canga Xiaquivuila, Toni Gaspar; and at Carumbo
- Snrs Mario Fernando Muhunga, Amorim Francisco Lamba, Joao Miudo, and Snr Baptista -
provided their unstinting support to all activities. Without the logistic and operational support of De
Beers Prospecting Angola, the project would not have been possible.

Financial support for participation of Angolan team members, and the travel of some of the visiting
team, was made possible through grant #8911 - 11 from the National Geographic Society's
Research, Conservation and Expeditions Committee. The guidance of Dr John Francis, Ms Linda
Huffman, Ms Catherine Workman and Ms Barbara Moffet in the project application and
administration process is gratefully acknowledged.

Special thanks are also due to Snr Bras da Costa of the Angolan Consulate, Cape Town, for
assistance in attending to visa formalities.

The Angolan teams, under that leadership of Dr Aristophanes Ponte (Ministry of Environment) and
Eng. Pedro vaz Pinto (Kissama Foundation) provided energetic support and comradeship to the
visiting scientists.

The people of Lunda Norte, most especially those of the village of Samuenge, are thanked for their
warm friendship and support in the field. The brothers Nilson, Nilito and Manual Samuenge were
especially generous in sharing their intimate knowledge of the area.

Inspiration for this project results from early field surveys of the Lunda Norte facilitated by the late
Dr Antonio da Barros Machado, Director of the Laboratorio de Investigacoes Biologicos at the
Museu do Dundo. His contribution to Angolan biology deserves permanent recognition.


16

4. References (see also annexes)

Golder Associates 2006. Biodiversity and Social Scan of Lunda Norte, Angola.
Consultancy report to De Beers Angola Prospecting Limited, Luanda. 147 pp.

Huntley, B. J. 1973. Proposals for the creation of a strict nature reserve in the Maiombe forest of
Cabinda. Ecologist's report no. 16. Servicos de Veterinaria, Luanda.

Huntley, B. J. 1974. Ecosystem conservation priorities in Angola. Ecologist's report no. 26.
Servicos de Veterinaria, Luanda. 22 pp.

Huntley, B. J. 2010. Preliminary outline of freshwater ecosystem conservation priorities in Angola.
Report to MINAMB, Luanda, Angola.

Huntley, B. J. and Matos, E. 1992. Biodiversity : Angolan environmental status quo assessment
report. IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe. 55 pp.

Huntley, B. J. and Matos, E. 1994. Botanical diversity and its conservation in Angola. In - Huntley,
B. J. (ed) Botanical Diversity in Southern Africa. Strelitzia 1: 53 - 74.

Mills, M. S. L., Dean, W. R. J., Olmos, F., and Melo, M. (2011) The avifauna of the highlands of
Western Angola and the importance of conserving shrinking Afromontane forests at the proposed
Mount Moco Special Reserve. Bird Conservation International.

MINAMB 2011. Plano Estratgico da Rede Nacional de reas de Conservao de Angola,
Direco Nacional da Biodiversidade, Ministerio da Ambiente, Luanda.
35 pp.

MINUA 2006. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. Ministerio do Urbanismo e Ambiente,
Luanda. 54 pp.










17




Annex 1. (Repiouuceu fiom a iepoit to uoluei Associates, 2uu6)*



Biodiversity Profile of Lunda Norte, Angola
Brian J Huntley
May 2006



Contents

1. Overview

3. Biophysical Setting

2. History of Biodiversity Research in Lunda Norte

4. Biogeographic Divisions

5. Flora

6. Vegetation

7. Agricultural Potential

8. Birds and Important Bird Areas

9. Mammals

10. Conservation Priorities

11. Research Needs

12. References

13. Maps

14. Photographs

*Golder Associates 2006. Biodiversity and Social Scan of Lunda Norte, Angola. Consultancy report
to De Beers Angola Prospecting Limited, Luanda. 147 pp.




18
1. OVERVIEW

This report provides an overview of current knowledge on the biodiversity of Lunda Norte, in the
Angolan and African context.

Although very important biodiversity inventories resulted from the work of the Museu do Dundo,
Lunda Norte remains poorly known in terms of its major habitats and their fauna and flora. The
present study was limited to extensive aerial overflights and several hundred kilometres of ground
survey during a visit of four days in April 2006. Previous surveys of the region in 1971/75 provided
a background to this synopsis, which focuses on Lunda Norte, but which refers, in places, to the
'Lundas' as the two provinces were known before sub-division into two provinces after 1975.

Lunda Norte has a diversity of landscapes and ecosystems, a moderately rich flora and an
extremely rich freshwater fauna. Its mammal fauna has been greatly reduced in numbers and
species, while its rich bird life, frogs, reptiles and other animal groups are probably stable. The fish
fauna of those rivers subject to extensive open cast mining has probably been seriously reduced.

Land transformation through shifting cultivation has had significant impacts in the more populated
areas to the east of the Chicapa river, but extensive areas to the west of the Chicapa, especially in
the Luximo, Luele and Lovua river valleys and interfluves, are mostly free of transformation. These
valleys contain extensive, essentially pristine forest and wetland habitats of great biodiversity
interest.

A broad-based assessment of biodiversity conservation status and research needs is presented.

2. BIOPHYSICAL SETTING

Angola, a country of 1 246 700 km
2
, comprises a relatively narrow coastal plain leading to a steep
escarpment with an extensive interior plateau - the planalto - with 73% of the country's area lying
at over 1 000m. Lunda Norte lies in the far north east of the country, on a gently tilted plateau of
between 850 to 1050m altitude, dissected by northwards-draining rivers of the Cassai-Congo
basin, which drains approximately 20% of Angola. The geology of the Lundas, and indeed half of
Angola, is dominated by the extensive Tertiary Kalahari sands, up to 250m in depth, overlying the
diamondiferous gravels of the Cretaceous Calando group of the Karoo system, and the granites
and gneisses of the Precambrian. These earlier formations are exposed along the deeply incised
rivers. The Kalahari sands provide poorly developed soils of low fertility and rapid drainage, and
frequently contain bands of laterite, silcrete or calcrete at varying depths, creating locally perched
water tables with considerable influence on the vegetation.

The Karoo and Precambrian systems develop ferralitic soils with frequent bands of laterite, often
forming an indurated layer. The relationship between geology, soils, drainage and vegetation has
not been analysed in Lunda Norte, but the general patterns would be expected to follow those
described by Duvigneaud (1951) for the Cuango valley in neighbouring DRC, (Figure 1).

The climate of Lunda Norte comprises hot, wet summers and warm, dry winters. Records for
Dundo (Silveira 1973) give an average of 1 600mm per annum, with May to August accounting for
only 100mm of this total. The mean annual temperature at Dundo, 24,2C, ranges from monthly
means of 23,8 (June) to 24,5 (May). Relative humidity at midday ranges from 67% in November
to March, dropping to 35% in July.

Several writers (Redinha 1961, Gossweiler and Mendona 1939, Barbosa 1970) have remarked
on the desiccating effect of the hot dry winds from the interior, a feature of smoke columns in the
fire season, and the predominance of south easterly winds recorded at Dundo and Saurimo
(Silveira 1973).



19


Figuie 1. Piofile of geology, soils anu vegetation in the uppei Cuango, BRC, fiom south to
noith (fiom Buvigneauu 19S1)

Key: Stipple ! Kalahaii Sanus; White ! banu of the gies polymoiphe; Batcheu ! ieu clays of
the Kaiioo

Fe ! Wooulanu of !"#$%&'()*+#,'-.)"/+0+#; Fg ! ualleiy foiest; FT ! Noist foiest; Na ! Nixeu
uiy foiest (Nabwati); St ! uiasslanu, uiy oi moist; T ! wetlanus, with 1&"+'; SSt ! wooueu
giasslanu; Ni ! seconuaiy uiy foiest (Nikwati); Sav ! Seconuaiy wooulanu, with
2&3)0-$#"4+#



3. HISTORY OF BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH IN LUNDA NORTE

3.1 Introduction

Despite Angola's unusually rich biodiversity, including ecosystems ranging from the ultra-desert of
Namibe, the extensive savannas and woodlands of the vast interior plateau, and Afromontane
forests and open grasslands on the central highlands, to the rain forests of Cabinda, very little has
been published in English on this huge country's fauna, flora and ecosystems.

The inability of most English speaking biologists to read Portuguese, French and German, has
resulted in Angola remaining largely terra incognita, while even the papers in these languages
describe the country as it was prior to 1975, with no significant new field studies having been
undertaken since independence.


2u

3.2 The Laboratrio de Investigaes Biolgicas, Dundo

Without doubt, the biological knowledge base of Lunda Norte benefited enormously through the
vision and energy of a single dedicated scientist, Antonio de Barros Machado, who established, in
1953, the Laboratrio de Investigaes Biolgicas at Dundo, at the Angolan Headquarters of the
Compania de Diamantes de Angola (Diamang).

Diamang was founded in 1917, following the discovery by a Belgian prospector, of a diamond in
the Kasai basin in the neighbouring area of the then Belgian Congo, in 1907. A condition of the
concession granted to Diamang in 1921 was the requirement to study and report on the socio-
economic and cultural conditions and needs of the people of Lunda, and to collect, describe and
preserve information on its fauna and flora.

In the period 1953 to 1973, Barros Machado, assisted by his wife, Dora Lustig Machado, and his
technical assistant, Eduardo Luna de Carvalho, established the modest Museu do Dundo and its
collections as one of the most important centres of biodiversity exploration in Africa. Through his
active collaboration, with over 300 specialists from more than 30 countries, Barros Machado
distributed 80 collections of diverse species collected in the Lundas, which served as the base to
336 major publications, the majority of which (267) were published in the biological series of
Publicaes Culturais, the elegantly produced journal of Diamang (Barros Machado 1995).

The importance of Barros Machado's dedication to biodiversity surveys for the Lundas, Angola and
Africa cannot be overstated. The collections that he made with his small team resulted in the
description of 2 500 new African taxa, from family to variety, including 220 new genera and nearly
2 200 new species. All vertebrate groups (fish, frogs, reptiles, birds, mammals) were included,
plus many invertebrate groups, most especially insects. At the time he handed over the
Laboratrio de Investigacoes Biolgicas to the scientists of the new government in 1975, he left
collections of over 15 000 specimens of vertebrates and uncountable numbers of insects,
arachnids, etc., including many type specimens.

Barros Machado concentrated on animal groups, but facilitated the publication, by Alberto Cavaco
(1959) of the extensive collections of plants made by John Gossweiler (1873 - 1952), a Swiss-
born botanist who worked throughout Angola from 1899 to 1948.

The fact that most studies on the biodiversity of Angola, and particularly of the Lundas, have been
published in Portuguese, French and German, results in few of these publications being used or
even referred to by the largely English speaking, mono-lingual conservation scientists of the past
several decades. Consequently, despite the enormous contribution of Antonio de Barros
Machado, his work and that which he stimulated remains almost wholly unknown to the modern
researcher.

3.3 Botanical Research in Angola

Botanical research in Angola commenced with the description of Maerua angolensis, collected
near Luanda in 1824 (Gossweiler 1939). This contrasts with the much earlier collections, in 1597,
of the first plants from South Africa, and the very extensive collections made in the Cape during the
late 18
th
and early 19
th
century. Serious botanical collections only started in Angola on the arrival
of the Austrian naturalist, Friederich Welwitsch in 1853, who collected extensively, but not in the
Lundas, until 1861.

The first collections from the Lundas date from Pogge who visited in 1875 and 1880 - 1884, with
Buchner, another German, visiting the area in 1878. Other early collectors in the Lundas included
Buttner 1884-1886 and Marques 1884-1888.



21
In the 20
th
century, the most important collector was John Gossweiler, a Swiss botanist in the
employ of the government of Angola from 1902-1942, returning in 1946 and 1948 to make
collections in Lunda at the request of Diamang (Cavaco 1959). Cavaco provides a detailed
account of the material collected by Gossweiler and others in Lunda.

Gossweiler collected of 14 000 specimens in Angola. In addition to his contribution to our
understanding of the flora of Angola, Gossweiler was the first botanist to map the principal
vegetation units for the country (Gossweiler and Mendona 1939). Unfortunately Gossweiler tried
to apply the terminology of the Zurich-Montpellier school of phyto-sociology to the vegetation units
he defined for Angola, a decision which makes his classic work difficult to interpret, despite its
great value. Gossweiler's further classic contributions to Angolan botany are Flora Exotique
d'Angola (1950) and Nomes indigenes de Plantas de Angola, published posthumously in 1953.
This indefatigable botanist is remembered in a bronze statue erected by Diamang in the botanical
garden at Dundo.

Thirty one years after the publication of Gossweiler's Carta Fitogeogrfica de Angola, Barbosa
(1970) published his Carta Fitogeogrfica de Angola, using the classification and terminology
agreed on by African ecologists, and with greater detail due to a better understanding of the
taxonomy and distribution of the key Angolan genera Brachystegia and Combretum. All
subsequent accounts of Angolan vegetation have used Barbosa as their base, but most of them
add little detail to our knowledge of the Lundas.

The early collections from Lunda Norte, by Pogge and Buchner, were lost in the fire that destroyed
the Berlin-Dahlem herbarium during the Second World War. Other collectors during the 20
th

century include Young (1923), Carrisso and Mendona (1927) Carrisso and Exell (1937) described
in Exell (1938). Perhaps the most detailed plant ecological studies in Angolan vegetation were
those of Monteiro (1970), but the analysis of geomorphology, climate and vegetation at the
landscape scale done by Jessen (1938) was highly original for its time.

3.4 Zoological Research in Angola

Cabral and Mesquitela (1989) have synthesised the history of vertebrate collections in Angola
(excluding fishes) in a very valuable gazetteer of over 1 000 collecting sites.

The history of zoological research in Angola, like that of the flora and vegetation, is relatively
sparse. Notable exceptions are the great collectors of the 19
th
century (Anchieta, 1864-1897), and
the 20
th
century (Ansorge 1903-1909, Lynes, 1926-1931, Barros Machado 1948-1974, Rosa Pinto
1958-1974).

A series of expeditions by German (Pogge, von Mechow 1875-1884, Trense 1952-1954, Heinrich
1954-1958), Belgian (von Wissman 1884-1885), Portuguese (Capello and Ivens 1877-1878,
Carvalho and Marques 1884), French (Rohan-Chabot 1923-1914), South African (Shortridge
1924), American (Vernay 1925, Gray 1929, Pulitzer 1930-1931, Philips-Bradley 1932-1933), Italian
(Fenaroli 1930), British (Hall 1957) collectors provide the base of our knowledge of the Angolan
vertebrate fauna. Angolan institutions such as the Instituto de Investigao Cientifica de Angola
(Rosa Pinto 1958-1974, Crawford Cabral 1961-1974), Instituto de Investigao Medica de Angola
(Ribeiro 1963-1972) made major contributions, the most important relative to Lunda Norte was that
of the Museu do Dundo (Barros Machado 1948-1974).

Poll (1967), in describing the fish fauna of Angola, summarises the history of collections in the
country, of which the largest contributions came from Barros Machado and colleagues at the
Museu do Dundo.






22
3.5 Research Post-1975

Due to the difficulties created throughout the post-Independence period of civil war, which affected
much of Lunda Norte, little if any biological surveying has taken place in the province, or, indeed,
the rest of Angola, since 1975.

The return to normality now makes possible a new programme of biodiversity survey and research,
and it is expected that the results of this present biodiversity scan will initiate not only a new phase
of field work, but also a new generation of Angolan biologists.

4. BIOGEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS

Development planning for any sustainable socio-economic activity is dependent on accurate
knowledge of the nature and distribution of resources. This is as true for biodiversity conservation
as it is for mining exploration.

Over the past two centuries, a wide diversity of systems have been developed for classifying the
flora, fauna and habitats of the globe. Unfortunately, biogeographers, or chorologists as some call
themselves, burden the literature with cumbersome terminologies which are unhelpful to the
general reader. For review purposes, such studies relating to Lunda Norte, need brief comment,
but their usefulness in understanding the vegetation on the ground is mainly academic.

Africa was divided into the Palearctic Realm (from the Sahara desert northwards) and the
Ethiopian Realm (Africa south of the Sahara) by Wallace (1876), a major global classification that
is still widely respected. Today, the term Afrotropical is used for Wallace's Ethiopian Realm.

Within the Afrotropical Realm, botanists and zoologists have devised a variety of classifications for
their particular purposes.

White's (1983) phytochoria provides the most useful floristic classification, while Chapin (1932) is
usually followed by zoologists. Both these scientists had extensive field knowledge of the
biodiversity of tropical Africa, unlike many previous and subsequent writers.

White (1983) distinguished two Regional Centres of Endemism which embrace the whole of
Angola and Lunda Norte: the Guineo-Congolian regional centre of endemism (mainly lowland
rainforests) and the Zambezian regional centre of endemism (mainly savannas and woodlands).
Between these two regional centres of endemism, White (1983) describes the Guinea-Congolia/
Zambezia regional transitional zone, within which the whole of Lunda Norte lies.

Within Angola, two very different systems of vegetation classification have been followed at the
national scale. Gossweiler and Mendona (1939) followed the Zurich Montpellier system of
Brockmann-Jerosch and Rubel (1930) with its complex Latinized terminology, suitable perhaps for
Europe, but almost incomprehensible in Africa. Barbosa (1970) followed the tradition developed by
botanists working in central, east and southern Africa, using the Yangambi system (Anon. 1956)
which is well integrated into the rest of the region, and compatible with the broader scale synthesis
of White (1983).

At a local scale, the classification of vegetation and habitat units by the Chokwe people of Lunda
Norte (Redinha 1961) is most useful and will be referred to in the account on the vegetation units
below.

While botanists and zoologists use units such as realms, phytochoria, districts, noda, etc., a more
pragmatic approach is used by conservationists. Thus Huntley (1974) divided Angola into four
biomes and followed Barbosa's (1970) 32 vegetation types to evaluate conservation priorities.
Recent emphasis (Burgess et al. 2004) has been on ecoregions, defined as "large units of land or
water that contain a distinct assemblage of species, habitats, and processes, and whose


2S
boundaries attempt to depict the original extent of natural communities before major land use
change (Dinerstein et al. 1995).

Using this system developed by WWF, Africa is divided into 119 terrestrial ecoregions (Burgess et
al. 2004) and 93 freshwater ecoregions (Thieme et al. 2005). Of these ecoregions, 11 terrestrial
and 7 freshwater ecoregions fall within Angola. Lunda Norte comprises, primarily, the Southern
Congolian Forest-Savanna Mosaic terrestrial ecoregion and the Kasai-Congo Forest River
freshwater ecoregion.

The rich botanical knowledge of the people of the Lundas was recognised by Exell (1938) and
recorded in detail by Gossweiler (1953). Redinha (1961) provides a valuable account of the
classification of vegetation formations - on ecological, utilitarian and aesthetic grounds - in Lunda
Norte. Unfortunately, he provides very few scientific names to identify these units, but Barbosa
(1970) provides some guidance. Their terms are referred to in the vegetation descriptions that
follow and in Table 1. Their current use by the Chokwe people has not been verified in the field.


24

Table 1. Terms used by the Chokwe people to classify landscapes and vegetation formations
(Redinha, 1961)

The Upland, Plateau Areas (Cutunda), comprise:

Wooded Savannas and woodlands
a) Tchana - general term for open scrub and tree savannas
b) Ussaqui - tall, dry, dense semi-deciduous forest with good soils for cultivation
c) Tumba - evergreen forests of the plateaux, sacred forests, not cultivated
d) Mussengue or tchipapa - closed woodland (miombo)
e) Tchingulunga - glades at stream heads in woodlands
f) Tchissungo - an association or stand or "issungua - on rich soils and highly favoured for
cultivation
g) Tchicosso - an association or stand of "icosso, fertile soils
h) Tchirhuto - secondary growth on savannas, with Hymenocardia and Imperata

Open grasslands
a) Tchana - open treeless grasslands
b) Cabengui - extensive grasslands (Camissombo, Sombo, Corumbo)
c) Cuco or mabalabala - shallow rocky soils of escarpment

Lowland Areas (Camuanda) comprise:

Closed forests
a) Muchito - gallery forests
b) Damba or Tchimdamba - extensive evergreen forest
c) Tchissocola - secondary gallery forest, often on islands

Wetlands and river margins
a) Tenga - wetlands, often with standing pools
b) Tchinema or tchicuco - alluvial fans and river margins

Other Units
a) Casselena - bare, eroded patches
b) Lussanza - stands of the thatch grass "lussanza
c) Iculo - sites of old villages, secondary growth, with Imperata
d) Mucapacapa - communities of Borassus, especially near Luia



5. FLORA

The flora of Angola is estimated to comprise 5 185 species of higher plants with 1 260 endemics
(Pteridophytes, Angiosperms and Gymnosperms) (Bamps 1975) - a figure which is probably an
underestimate, given the relative scarcity of intensive botanical collections from the country.

White (1983) estimates the floras of the Guineo-Congolian and Zambezian regional centres
endemism at 8 500 and 8 000 species respectively, with the Guinea-Congolia/Zambezia transition
zone to have an impoverished flora of about 2 000 species.
No estimate is available for the number of species endemic to Lunda Norte, but given its position
at the transition from Guineo-Congolian to Zambezian regional centres of endemism, it is unlikely
that many local endemics would be limited to the province.

Knowledge of the flora of the Lundas is based on the intensive collecting done in the area by
Gossweiler in 1946 and 1948, with very little collecting undertaken thereafter. Cavaco (1959)


2S
provides a review of Gossweiler's collections from the Lundas. His treatment lists 268 species of
flowering plants, but appears to be incomplete, as significant species such as Brachystegia
spiciformis is not included. The flora of Lunda Norte almost certainly exceeds 500 species, given
its diversity of landscapes and ecosystems.

6. VEGETATION

A transect running from east to west across Lunda Norte will reveal a repeating series of
vegetation assemblages according to soil type, depth of the water table and position on the
landscape. Thus the plateaux are occupied by extensive open grasslands, grasslands with
scattered shrubs and trees, wooded grasslands, woodlands with a grass understorey, closed
woodlands, dry forests and in the north, areas of closed semi-deciduous to evergreen forest. The
escarpments carry open grassland to forest, dependent on soil depth and drainage, leading to
wetlands, swamp forests, gallery forests and blocks of evergreen lowland forest.

The region falls into Burgess et al. 2004 Southern Congolian Forest-Savanna Mosaic ecoregion.

The vegetation of Lunda Norte has not yet been studied, nor described in any detail. The
descriptions given by Gossweiler and Mendona (1939) (summarised in Airy Shaw 1947) and
Barbosa (1970) are very sketchy and at times confusing. The interpretation given by Redinha
(1961) of the Chokwe classification of Lunda vegetation remains the best local description.

Note: The absence of recent taxonomic reviews of the flora and fauna of Angola accounts for
possible inconsistencies in the scientific names used in this report.

6.1. Moist forests (muchito, damba)

Three forms of moist forest are sharply visible from the air in Lunda Norte. They are often invisible
from the main roads, which run along the crests of the interfluves, and in the most actively mined
areas, they have been cut down - either for mining operations or for cultivation. The forest
groupings found in Lunda Norte belong to White's (1983) 'Drier peripheral semi-evergreen Guineo-
Congolian rainforest'.

These forests, in the lower (northern) reaches of the Cassai tributaries, usually occur as narrow
galleries (muchito), but are not confined to the banks of rivers, and also occur on the fertile soils of
the rejuvenated land surfaces and are often several kilometres wide (damba or tchimdamba).

The largest trees, are up to 30m in height. Species recorded by Gossweiler and others include :
Alstonia congensis, Bombax reflexum, Brachystegia lujae, Canarium schweinfurthii, Ceibe
pentandra, Chlorophora excelsa, Corynathe stipulosa,Elaeis guineensis, Entandrophragma
angolense, Klainedoxa gabonensis, Prunus africana, Raphia sp., Uapaca guineensis, Mitragyne
macrophylla, Treculia africana, Xylopia aethiopica, Gilbertiodendron dewevrei, Memecylon sapinii,
Onkolea gore, Milletia acuticarina, M. eetveldeena, Celtis zenkeri, Musanga cecropoides.

In the valley bottoms, and on the perched perennial seepages on some escarpments, patches of
swamp forest occur, which include Ficus congicus, Mitragyna stipulosa, Spondias preussii,
Nauclea diderichii, Treculia africana, Symphonia globulifa, Bielschmidia hermannii, Syzyguim
cordatum, S. owarense, Xylopia aethiopica, Uapaca guineensis, Anthocleista scheinfurthii,
Phoenix reclinata, Raphia sp., Rauvolphia caffra, etc.


26
6.2 Woodlands (mussengue, tchipapa)

Grasslands, savannas and woodlands form an interdigitating mosaic in central southern Africa,
occasionally sharply defined along soil moisture or fire regime gradients, but usually grading
imperceptibly from one mix of species composition, density and height onto the next. At the ends
of this continuum, one finds the extensive open grasslands of Gossweiler and Mendona's (1939)
Chanas da borracha, at the other, the closed, tall dry forests of White's (1983) Zambezian dry
evergreen forest.

In the opinion of some authors, much if not most of the open savannas and woodlands of central
Africa were, in earlier times, closed woodland and forest. Over the past millennia, these have been
transformed by cultivation and fire from closed communities of fire sensitive, shade tolerant
species on more fertile soils to open, fire resistant, sun tolerant species on heavily leached soils
that result from shifting cultivation and hot, regular fires. Support for this view is provided by the
long-term burning experiments conducted at Ndola from the 1930s (White, 1983).

The impact of shifting cultivation and recurrent, intense burning is very obvious in Lunda Norte,
and the phenomenon incorporated into the terminology used by the Chokwe for various vegetation
formations. Satellite imagery also reflects the patterns of human induced land transformation
across the previously richer soils below a forest or woodland canopy, always selected first for
cultivation of manioc crops. The loss of nutrients by the cultivation, burning, ash production,
cropping and removal from this low nutrient pool is a common feature of the miombo and similar
woodlands across the breadth of Africa. The resultant mosaic of vegetation communities, of
varying age, height, composition and density, makes the fine-scale mapping of the region difficult.
Thus most botanists tend to use terms such as 'transition', 'complex', mosaic', undifferentiated' etc
as a compromise to drawing clear lines on the map.

In Lunda, the mix of the base set of species of these communities is very varied, with Burkea
africana, Hymencardia acida, Dialium engleranum, Combretum psidiodes, Diplorhynchus
condylocarpon, Erythrophleum africanum, Ochna pulchra, Parinari curatellifolia and Swartzia
madagascarensis being widely dispersed and common.

The following trees are also widespread in the woodlands of Lunda Norte : Albizia antunesiana,
Amblygonocarpus obtusanguls, Combretum zeyheri, Diospyros batocana, Lannea discolor,
Maproun Africana, Ochna pulchra, Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia, Pterocarpus
angolensis,Strychnos pungens, Terminalia sericea, and Vangueriopsis lanciflora.

In addition, Brachystegia longifolia, B. puberula, B. wangermeeana, Cryptosepalum pseudotaxus
and Julbernardia paniculata are found. But the typical miombo genera, such as Brachystegia,
Julbernardia and Isoberlinia are seldom dominant over large areas, in contrast to the greater area
of the Angolan planalto.

6.3 Dry evergreen forest (Ussaqui)

This rather unusual vegetation type is known as 'ussaqui' in Lunda Norte, 'muteshi' in Zambia,
'muhulu' in Shaba, and 'mabwati' in the DRC.

Dry evergreen forest, which rarely exceeds 25m in height, except for a few emergents, represents
part of a transition, both floristic and physiognomic, from Guineo-Congolian rain forest to
Zambezian woodland. It occurs on deep, water-retaining soils of the plateaux.

Dry evergreen forest is simpler in structure than rain forest and is relatively poor floristically. The
leaves of the dominant trees are more leathery than those of rain-forest species and few have
"drip-tips.



27
Zambezian dry evergreen forest varies greatly in floristic composition from place to place. There
are eight dominant and emergent tree species, namely, Berlinia giorgii, Cryptosepalum
pseudotaxus, Daniellia alsteeniana, Entandrophragma delevoyi, Marquesia acuminata, M.
macroura, Parinari excelsa and Syzgium guineense subsp. afromontanum. Although none of the
dominants occurs throughout, each overlaps considerably with most of the others. Fire seldom
penetrates these dry forests.
Both Redinha (1961) and White (1983) refer to sacred forests on the uplands (Tumba). Despite
searching for these, Barbosa (1970) could not find any examples.

6.4 Secondary woodland and wooded grasslands and shrub lands (tchirhuto)

Where regular fire or cultivation occurs, the dry evergreen forest and deciduous woodlands
degenerate into transformed vegetation types.

Trapnell (1943) applied the term chipya (from Bemba "cipya) to vegetation in which various trees
other than Brachystegia, Julbernardia and Isoberlinia grow mixed in very tall grass. Such
vegetation burns fiercely and the trees are remarkably fire-resistant. It occurs locally on suitable
soils on the Central African Plateau. In Lunda Norte it is represented by what Redinha (1961)
refers to as 'tchiruto', and what is known in the DRC as 'mikwati'.

It is now well established that chipya occurs on sites formerly occupied by forest or transition
woodland and owes its existence to cultivation and fire. Three herbaceous species, namely
Afromomum biauriculatum, Pteridium aquilinum and Smilax kraussiana, which are absent from
most types of miombo woodland, are almost universally present in chipya.

Chipya usually consists of a complex mosaic representing different stages of degradation and re-
establishment of the original vegetation, though in most places it is the more degraded phases that
predominate. At one extreme, it consists of tall, almost pure grassland, though coppice of many
fire-hardy trees may persist after the death of the original trunks by fire. At the other extreme the
canopy is virtually closed, evergreen species are plentiful, and the community is well on its way to
reverting to forest. The whole spectrum is treated as a single dynamic continuum and is classified
here as woodland only for convenience.

The fire-hardy trees in chipya, which are sometimes 20m or more high, include Albizia
antunesiana, Amblygonocarpus andongensis, Burkea africana, Erythrophleum africanum,
Parinaria curatellifolia, Pericopsis angolensis and Pterocarpus angolensis. Smaller trees are
Anisophyllea boehmii, Combretum collinum, C. celastroides, C. zeyheri, Diospyros batocana,
Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Heeria reticulata, Hymenocardia acida, Maprounea africana,
Ochthocosmus lemaireanus, Oldfieldia dactylophylla, Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia, Swartzia
madagascariensis, Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense, Terminalia sericea, Zylopia
odoratissima and Zanha africana.

The field layer is dense and usually between 2 and 3m high. The dominant grasses are
Hyparrhenia diplandra, H. familiaris, Loudetia arundinacea, Digitaria uniglumis, and Andropogon
gayanus.

6.5 Grasslands (tchana, cabengui)

The best known vegetation of Lunda Norte is the extensive tall grasslands, locally known as the
'chanas da borracha' after the rubber producing shrub Landolphia parvifolia var. thollonii - or, in
Chokwe 'cabengui' - which cover much of the plateaux of the interfluves.

The nutrient poor Kalahari sands on which it occurs, has often been redistributed by wind or water,
and is seasonally waterlogged. Trees are virtually absent and are replaced by rhizomatous short
shrubs most of which are closely related to forest or woodland trees or lianes, and are usually less


28
than 0.6 m tall. At least under present-day conditions, their stems are normally burnt back to
ground level every year. Flowering occurs early, before the end of the dry season, either from the
axils of fallen leaves at the base of the burnt-back shoots or on the new shoots before the latter
have completed their development. At this time the grasses are still dormant.

In the absence of fire, these specialised short shrubs (known as geoxylic suffrutices), in particular,
Landolphia parvifolia var. thollonii, Parinari capensis, are capable of a limited amount of upward
growth, but eventually their stems become moribund and die. The underground parts are usually
of massive proportions and the phytomass of the shrub rootstocks greatly exceeds that of the
grasses. The communities they form are really "underground forests (White, 1976), but for most
of the year they look like grasslands and are treated as such here.

Landolphia simplex is the dominant grass, but also common are Andropogon schirensis,
Hyparrhenia bracheata, H. diplandra, H. newtomii, Miscanthus teretifolius, Monocymbium
ceresiiforme, Setaria sphacelata, Themeda triandra and Trachypogon spicatus.

6.6 Wetlands (tenga)

In the bottomlands and floodplains of the main rivers, often extensive wetlands with ox-bow lakes
and marshlands and associated hydrophytes are common. These communities are characterised
by an abundance of Cyperaceae, Xyridaceae, Eriocaulaceae and Nymphaeaceae.

Grasses include Acroceras macrum, Echinochloa pyramidalis, E. scabra, Leersia hexandra,
Panicum repens and Vossia cuspidate.

7. AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL

A key factor determining the socio-economic development momentum of any region is its
agricultural potential, which in turn has impacts on biodiversity conservation. For this reason, a
brief summary, drawn from Castanheira Diniz (1991), is provided.

Due to the dominance of the very poor sands of the Kalahari throughout Lunda, agriculture, both
traditional and commercial, has contributed very little to its socio-economic development. Of 40
crops evaluated by Castanheira Diniz, only 10 (groundnuts, pineapple, banana, sweet potato,
lablab bean, pawpaw, manioc, mango, urena and voandzeira) were considered appropriate for
cultivation in Lunda Norte. Of these, only manioc is used as a subsistence crop, the others have
very minor production levels and no commercial activity.

In terms of animal production, most villages keep goats, chickens and pigs, with limited numbers of
sheep and cattle. During the 1950s to 1970s, Diamang maintained large herds of beef cattle, in
the order of 20 000 head, under intensive grazing systems in the Reserva Pastoril do Sanguege on
the chanas west of Lucapa. Similarly, dairy cattle provided milk for the mining towns around
Dundo, and vegetable gardens supplied most of the fresh vegetable needs of these villages.

8. BIRDS AND IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS

Angola possesses a rich avifauna of c. 912 species, of which c. 800 species breed or are assumed
to breed in Angola (Dean 2000). There are relatively few endemic bird species (13 compared to
166 for southern Africa), endemics occurring mostly on the western escarpment of Angola. The
avifauna of Angola, despite the singular work of Rosa Pinto (Pinto 1983), remains poorly known.

Dean, who undertook an extensive review of the literature and several field trips to Angola since
the 1970s, provides a modern synthesis on the Angolan avifauna (Dean 2000). In a further paper
(Dean 2001), he provides a brief survey of Important Bird Areas of Angola. The choice of areas
included several existing protected areas and additional sites of special conservation interest


29
described by Huntley on the basis of extensive field surveys undertaken in 1971 - 1975 (Huntley
1973, 1974; Huntley and Matos 1992, 1994).

Of the 23 Important Bird Areas identified by Dean (2001), three (Lagoa Carumbo, Luachimo, and
Luia) occur in the Lunda Norte. These coincide with sites suggested for new protected areas by
Huntley (1974).

Dean (2001) provides descriptions for each of these sites, plus the number of bird species for
which museum specimens are available for each site. Due to the paucity of accurate field
observations (or checklists) for most of Angola, the number of species determined on the basis of
museum records is very conservative. Thus Dean (2001) lists 156 species collected in Cuango;
109 species for Luia; 67 species for Lagoa Carumbo and 313 species for Luachimo. These
statistics reflect the level of field work by previous ornithologists in the various sites, not the real
diversity of the avifauna.

The above descriptions confirm the need for further intensive bird surveys in the Lundas,
especially ecologically diverse sites such as Lagoa Carumbo. Dean (2001), for instance, notes
that the 313 species recorded in the relatively small area around Chitato on the Luachimo include
18 species unknown (or very restricted) elsewhere in Angola.

9. MAMMALS: DISTRIBUTION AND RECENT STATUS

Huntley (1973, 1974) provides a synthesis of the distribution, abundance and conservation needs
for 80 species of larger mammals in Angola. A list of species occurring, or known to have occurred,
in Lunda Norte is given in Table 2. Barros Machado (1969) describes several new records of
species for Angola, mostly from Lunda Norte, while Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo (2005) gave
extensive details on the past distribution of the ungulate fauna of Angola. Since Huntley (1973)
surveyed the status of large mammals throughout Angola, it is probable that seven species: wild
dog, cheetah, elephant, eland, sable, Lichtenstein's hartebeest and Cape buffalo, have become
extinct in Lunda Norte, while most other species of larger mammals have been significantly
reduced in numbers.



Table 2: Mammals known to have occurred in Lunda Norte (names follow Stuart and Stuart
2000)

Order Primates Common name Habitat
Galago demidovi Dwarf Galago Gallery forests
Galago crassicaudatus Thick-tailed Galago Woodlands
Papio cynocephalus Savanna Baboon Woodlands
Cercocebus aterrimus Black Mangabey Gallery Forests
Cercopithecus ascanius Black-cheeked White-nosed monkey Gallery Forests
Cercopithecus neglectus De Brazza's Monkey Gallery Forests
Cercopithecus aethiops Vervet Monkey Woodlands
Colobus angolensis Angola Black & White Colobus Gallery Forests

Order Insectivora
Potamogale velox Giant otter shrew Rivers

Order Tubilidentata
Orycteropus afer Aardvark Grasslands and woodlands

Order Hyracoidea
Dendrohyrax arboreus Tree hyrax Forest


Su

Order Carnivora
Aonyx capensis Cape Clawless Otter Rivers
Aonyx congica Congo Clawless Otter Rivers
Lutra maculicollis Spotted-necked Otter Rivers
Canis adustus Side-striped Jackal Woodlands
Lycaon pictus Wild Dog Grasslands and Woodlands
Panthera pardus Leopard Widespread
Panthera leo Lion Woodlands and Grasslands
Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah Grasslands
Ictonyx striatus Striped Polecat Widespread
Poecilogale albinucha Striped Weasel Widespread
Mellivora capensis Honey Badger Widespread
Atilax paludinosus Water Mongoose Rivers
Ichneumia albicauda White-tailed Mongoose Woodlands
Mungos gambianus Gambian Mongoose Woodlands
Crocuta crocuta Spotted Hyaena Woodlands
Felis silvestris African Wild Cat Widespread
Leptailurus serval Serval Woodlands
Civettictis civetta African Civet Widespread
Nandinia binotata Tree Civet Forest
Genetta tigrina Large-spotted Genet Widespread
Genetta angolensis Angolan Genet Widespread
Galerella sanguinea Slender Mongoose Widespread
Herpestes ichneumon Large Grey Mongoose Widespread

Order Pholidota
Manis tricuspis White-bellied Tree Pangolin Forest

Order Lagomorpha
Lepus saxatilis Scrub Hare Woodlands

Order Rodentia
Atherurus africanus African Brush-tailed Porcupine Woodlands, Forest
Hystrix africaeaustralis South African Porcupine Widespread
Colomys goslingi Water Rat Rivers
Thryonomys gregorianus Giant Rat Widespread
Thryonomys swinderianus Giant Rat Widespread
Protoxerus stangeri Giant Squirrel Woodlands

Order Proboscidea
Loxodonta africana Elephant Forest, Woodlands

Order Artiodactyla
Hippopotamus amphibious Hippopotamus Rivers
Potamochoerus larvatus Bush Pig Forests and Woodlands
Taurotragus oryx Common Eland Grasslands
Phacochoerus africanus Warthog Woodlands
Tragelaphus spekei Sitatunga Woodlands, Wetlands
Tragelaphus scriptus Bushbuck Widespread
Hippotragus equinus Roan Antelope Woodlands
Hippotragus niger Sable Antelope Woodlands
Kobus ellipsiprymnus
defassa
Defassa Waterbuck Woodlands


S1
Kobus vardoni Puku Woodlands
Redunca arundinum Reedbuck Widespread
Alcelaphus lichtensteini Lichtenstein's Hartebeest Woodlands
Cephalophus silvicultor Yellow-backed Duiker Forest
Cephalophus dorsalis Bay Duiker Forest
Cephalphus nigrifrons Black-fronted Duiker Forest
Cephalophus monticola Blue Duiker Widespread
Sylvicapra grimmia Grey Duiker Grasslands
Syncerus caffer caffer Savanna Buffalo Widespread
Syncerus caffer nanus Red Buffalo Widespread

NB: Hyemoschus aquaticus (Water Chevrotain) is cited by Crawford Cabral and Verissimo (2005)
as having been recorded by De Seia (pers. comm.) from Lunda Norte, near the Cassai River. This
record is unverified and unlikely given the known distribution of this species.

10. CONSERVATION PRIORITIES

10.1 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

Any proposals on conservation priorities need to conform with national initiatives. The Angolan
government has recently approved its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP)
(Angola 2006) which builds on the framework provided by the Convention on Biological Diversity,
which Angola ratified in 1997. The NBSAP describes the constitutional, legal, institutional and
administrative arrangements relating to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in
Angola. It also identifies strategic areas and objectives and the associated actions, budgets and
timetables relative to their achievements.

In relation to Lunda Norte, several specific recommendations are made in the NBSAP. These
include, in summary form:

Strategic Area A: Research and communication of information.

A.1.5 a) Studies on the gallery forests of the Cassai, Luachimo and Cuango
A.1.9 Research in the biodiversity of the interior wetlands and associated drainage
basins
A.2.1 Assess the rate of deforestation and erosion
A.2.7 Study traditional ecosystem management systems
A.2.9 Study the state and trends of invasive alien species

Strategic Area C: Management of Biodiversity within Protected Areas

C.2.1 Identify and create protected areas to include ecosystems not yet protected, for
example the gallery forests of Lunda Norte

Strategic Area D: Sustainable Use of the Components of Biodiversity

D.4.1 Ensure that Environmental Impact Assessments are undertaken where
projects might have negative impact on biodiversity
D.4.2 Ensure that concession holders for the exploitation of diamonds are obliged to
formulate and implement Environmental Management Plans, to mitigate
impacts and rehabilitate disturbed areas
D.5.2 Implement a moratorium on the hunting of wild species threatened with
extinction
D.5.3 Control the exploitation of endemic, rare or threatened plants in terms of
national and international Red Lists



S2
Strategic Area E: The Role of Communities in Biodiversity Management

E.6 Undertake detailed research on traditional uses of indigenous plants and
animals

Strategic Area F: Institutional Development

F.1 Develop a programme for the development of biodiversity scientists and
specialists
F.2.2 Develop a programme of foreign cooperation and technical assistance to assist
in the development of Angola's scientific potential

10.2 Biodiversity Conservation Priorities

A brief background to biodiversity conservation in Angola (Huntley 1974) describes the
establishment of the first national parks and game reserves and hunting areas (coutadas) in the
1930s, following the London Convention of 1933. All the protected areas established at that time,
and until the present, were focussed on large mammal populations. Areas of considerable
biodiversity interest, but with no "charismatic megaherbivores such as Mount Moco, Maiombe
forest, the gallery forests of Lunda Norte, the escarpment forests of Cuanza Sul, etc., were
excluded from the protected area network. On the basis of extensive field surveys from 1971 to
1975, Huntley (1973, 1974), Huntley and Matos (1994), identified a network of 26 new sites for
protected areas. These sites included three in Lunda Norte: Luia, Carumbo and Luachimo. These
sites remain high priorities, but need detailed surveys to define the exact delimitation of areas to be
protected.

Luia. The valleys of the Luembe and Cassai rivers, to the south and east of the village of Luia,
are of interest due to the records of Lichtenstein's hartebeest, sable antelope, puku, eland and
Cape buffalo, and the uncertain record of water chevrotain, coming from the area (Crawford Cabral
and Verissimo 2005). It is possible that al these species, plus waterbuck, elephant and hippo have
disappeared from the area, but the fact that many species rare or unknown elsewhere in Angola
were recorded here makes the region of interest due to the possibility of rare species of other
taxonomic groups - birds, reptiles, frogs, fishes - occurring here. The presence of Borassus
aethiopicus palm savanna, a habitat type not found elsewhere in Angola, is also significant. Dean
(2001) records 109 bird species from the area, but considers this a very conservative sample of
the avifauna.

Lagoa Carumbo. The valleys of the Luele and Luxico rivers, including Lagoa Carumbo,
include extensive pristine examples of the major forest, savanna, woodland and wetland habitats
of Lunda Norte. This very rich area has been poorly studied and deserves strict protection until an
adequate inventory of its biodiversity has been made.

Luachimo river, Chitato. Although much of this valley has been transformed through mining
and agriculture, remaining packets of the gallery forest near Dundo should be protected as the
sites from which a major portion of the biological collections of the Museu do Dundo were made. A
total of 313 bird species are reported by Dean (2001), including 19 species unknown elsewhere in
Angola.

10.3 Ecoregional Synopsis

The recent major reviews of the Terrestrial (Burgess et al. 2004) and Freshwater (Thieme et al.
2005) Ecoregions of Africa provide a fair synopsis of the biodiversity values of Lunda Norte, given
the limited quantity and quality of data available.

In terms of terrestrial biodiversity, Burgess el al. (2004) indicate that the area has only moderate
biodiversity richness and endemism, an opinion shared by White (1983). This conclusion could be


SS
due to the very limited field surveys of the flora, and the absence of any large extant populations of
mammals. But compared with the diversity of Congolian rain forests or Zambezian arid savannas,
the Lundas are relatively depauperate. Further research might change this view, however.

In contrast, the freshwater systems of the Lundas, the Kasai Moist Forest River Ecoregion of
Thieme et al. (2005), are unusually rich. "This ecoregion has an incredibly rich fish fauna, with
more than 200 known species, about one quarter of which are endemic. The ecoregion is also
extremely rich in frogs, about 60 species known from the Kasai. (Thieme et al. 2005).

Thus it is the river systems, and the wetlands, swamp forests and gallery forests that feed them,
that are of special biodiversity conservation interest.

10.4 Current status of ecosystems

With the exception of those areas subjected to intense open cast mining along the river valleys,
and to shifting cultivation around the main villages, the major portion of Lunda Norte is relatively
free of significant land transformation or habitat destruction. But where impacts have occurred,
they are profound and of widespread impact on downstream ecosystems.

The brief survey undertaken during this study could only provide rather general impressions on the
state of ecosystems, and more detailed studies will be required to provide accurate and site
specific evaluations. But in broad terms, the following types of impacts were considered.

10.4.1 Infrastructure

With the exception of the diamond mining areas and the villages associated with them, Lunda
Norte has almost no major infrastructure (industrial, dams and irrigation systems, power stations
and transmission lines, railway systems, airports, etc). The existing main road between Saurimo
and Chicapa is in very poor repair, and most subsidiary roads and bridges are barely passable.
The planned upgrade of the main national road from Luanda to Saurimo and on to Chicapa over
the next several years will, however, make Lunda Norte much more accessible to development
and pressures on its natural resources. Thus the present low levels of transformation might be
expected to rapidly increase during the coming decade.

10.4.2 Agriculture

Due to the low agricultural productivity of the Kalahari sands which dominate the Lunda Norte
landscape, agriculture is of limited potential in the province. Traditional shifting cultivation to
produce manioc crops, the stable food of the region, result in deforestation of woodland and dry
forest and resultant second growth wooded grasslands and shrub savannas.

This form of land transformation does not lead to the extinction of any species - it merely changes
the structure of habitats and as a result the distribution and abundance of constituent species.

The highest levels of land transformation due to shifting cultivation lie to the east of the Chicapa
river, concentrated around the mining towns and traditional villages.

10.4.3 Charcoal production

A primary driver of habitat transformation over much of Angola, especially on the planalto and in
the south west, is charcoal production for transport to and sale in the main cities. The impact of
deforestation on woodlands and dry forests in neighbouring Shaba and Zambia, has been long-
term and profound, resulting in the disappearance of many major habitats. In Lunda Norte,
charcoal production is relatively unimportant, and to the west of the Chicapa, during the course of
this study, only two charcoal burners were seen along the roadside over a distance of 200 kms
through the very sparsely populated Chicapa/Lovua interfluve.


S4

Once an accessible market is opened up by the rehabilitation of roads, charcoal burning will
undoubtedly become the main cause of land transformation in Lunda Norte.

10.4.4 Forestry and afforestation

Neither commercial timber extraction nor afforestation with exotic plantation species has yet
occurred in Lunda Norte. The Guineo-Congolian forests are mostly too inaccessible for timber
extraction, and the soils too unproductive for commercial plantations.

10.4.5 Invasive alien species

One of the most important threats to biodiversity in southern Africa is the impact of alien plant and
animal species and micro-organisms. It would appear that Lunda Norte is still free of significant
invasive alien species. Vulnerable habitats include the wetland and river ecosystems, particularly
from aquatic animals that could be introduced for food production purposes - but this seems
improbable in the medium term. Other invasives of aquatic habitats, such as the weeds Eichornia
crassipes and Azolla sp. require relatively calm, nutrient enriched waters, which do not occur in
Lunda Norte.

10.4.6 Urbanization and soil erosion

The position of many mining villages on the lip of escarpments, and the absence of appropriate
storm water management systems, has resulted in severe erosion canyons cutting back into the
villages, roads and infrastructure. In addition, the rapid growth of many villages due to their
occupation during the war by refugees, and the inadequacy of waste management systems,
results in high levels of littering, untreated sewage and associated environmental and health risks.

10.4.7 Hunting

The diverse mammal fauna of Lunda Norte probably never occurred in the abundance of the better
known wildlife areas of the southern provinces of Angola. But it is evident that all species have
been severely reduced in abundance, some to local extinction, over the past several decades.
Large mammals (elephants, buffalo, hippopotamus) have disappeared over most of Lunda Norte,
while populations of the favoured hunting species (roan, reedbuck, bushbuck, sitatunga) have also
been greatly reduced.

The arrival of large numbers of garimpeiros from central Africa possibly added severely to the
impact of the bushmeat trade on smaller mammals and some reptiles. Information on this trade is
not available, but the trade is probably significant.

10.4.8 Mining

Open cast diamond mining along several of the major river (Chicapa, Luachimo, Tchihumbe,
Luembe) has been a feature, and the base to the Lunda Norte economy, for nearly a century. The
highly destructive methods used to access the diamondiferous gravels of the river beds, and the
general lack of any environmental management practices, results in intense habitat and substrate
destruction, and massive disruption and siltation of river systems along and below the mines.

In addition to the legal, commercial mining operations, the presence of several thousand, perhaps
tens of thousands, of informal miners (garimpeiros) over much of Lunda Norte, results in a widely
dispersed network of relatively small but significant impacts on habitats and biodiversity. While the
surface area transformed by mining operations might total less than 5% of Lunda Norte, the
dramatic direct and indirect impacts of these activities accounts for far wider negative
consequences, especially on the biodiversity of wetland and riverine ecosystems.



SS
10.4.9 Habitats and Species of Concern

The poor level of knowledge of the current status of plant and animal species in Angola accounts
for the lack of anything but broad based assessments of Red List species or ecosystems. Even
recently published lists, such as that for plants (Dombo, Da Costa and Neto 2002) use totally dated
and inappropriate lists from desk studies undertaken with no recent field information.

It is thus pointless to try to identify threatened species beyond general statements. In terms of
mammals, we know that species such as sable, Lichtenstein's hartebeest and cheetah have not
been sighted in Lunda Norte during the past thirty years, while others, such as elephant, buffalo,
hippopotamus and eland have probably disappeared in the last decade. Species likely to be under
threat include most of the larger primates, roan antelope, defassa waterbuck, puku, reedbuck and
red buffalo. The two crocodiles, Crocodylus cataphractus and C. niloticus, are also probably under
pressure.

As has been indicated above, the impact of open cast mining on river and wetland habitats,
especially in terms of the millions of tonnes of silt carried downstream every year, must be exerting
a profound negative impact on the extremely rich and endemic fish fauna of affected rivers. The
absence of recent surveys gives no measure of this impact, however.

With regard to the flora, species level impacts seem minimal. Only one species of CITES-listed
plant (Encephalartos poggei) occurs in Lunda Norte. This species is occasionally collected for
horticultural display in gardens, but the state of E. poggei populations in the wild has not been
assessed.

In terms of habitats, those cleared for mining operations are obviously severely affected, but due to
the vast areas of Lunda Norte with extensive river valleys and plateaux that are still in relatively
pristine condition, no specific habitat type could be said to be threatened at this time. However,
should market access open the province to charcoal exploitation, the situation could rapidly
deteriorate.

11. Research Needs

Despite the invaluable contribution made by the Museu do Dundo to our knowledge of Lunda
Norte, much still awaits discovery and description before a meaningful account can be given on the
present status and future needs of the biodiversity resources of the province. More specifically,
the existing impacts of mining operations, and the implementation of rigorous environmental
management systems to mitigate further and rehabilitate existing impacts will need careful field
studies.

The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan already gives clear guidance on priorities, as
outlined above.

In order to give effect to the NBSAP, a key requirement will be the development of Angolan
specialists in biodiversity assessment and management. A carefully designed biodiversity field
survey of Lunda Norte could make a major contribution in this regard. Such a survey could focus
on two groups of sites -
The proposed new protected areas (Carumbo, Luachimo, Luia)
Existing and proposed mining areas

The first set of sites need review of their suitability as long term protected areas and how their
designation as such would affect the existing local residents.

The second set of sites need to be evaluated in terms of the feasibility of rehabilitation and of
current and future environmental impacts and the development of Environmental Management
Plans.


S6

The costs and logistics of such field surveys are significant challenges, but initially, pilot studies
could focus on selected high priorities, such as Carumbo, and pre-developmental assessments of
new mining ventures. Further, the use of available satellite imagery could provide a rapid
assessment of the nature and extent of existing mining related land transformation.

Proposals for such a pilot survey will be prepared as a supplementary report to this biodiversity
profile.

12. References

Airy Shaw, H. K. 1974. The Vegetation of Angola. J. Ecol. 35: 23 - 48.

Angola: 2006. Estrategia e Plano de Aco Nacional para a Biodiversidade. Luanda,.
Mimeograph.

Bamps, P. 1975. Plantes Nouvelles au Rares de l'Angola. Garia de Orta Ser. Bot 2(2): 71 - 76.

Barbosa, L. A. 1970. Cart Fitogeographica de Angola. Luanda: Instituto de Investigao
Cientifica de Angola.

Barros Machado, A. 1969. Mamiferos de Angola ainda no citados ou pouco conhecidos. Publ.
Cult. Co. Diam. Ang. 46, 231 pp.

Barros Machado, A. 1995. Noticia Sumria Sobre a Aco Cultural da Companhia de Diamantes
de Angola. Publicaoes do Centro de Estudos Africanos, 15: Universidade de Coimbra, 11
- 24.
Burgess, N., Hales, J. D. A., Underwood, E., Dinerstein, E. 2004. Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa
and Madagascar - A Conservation Assessment. Island Press, Washington. 501 pp.

Castanheira Diniz, A. 1991. Angola o Meio Fisico e Potentialidades Agrarias. Instituto para a
Cooperao Econmica, Lisbon. 189 pp.

Cavaco, A. 1959. Contribution l'etude e la Flora de la Lunda d'aprs les recoltes de Gossweiler
(1946 - 1948). Publ. Cult. Co. Diam. Ang. 42: 229 pp.

Chapin, J. P. 1932. The Birds of the Belgian Congo. Part. 1. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 65: 323 pp

Crawford-Cabral, J. and Mesquitela, L.M. 1989. Indice toponmico de colheitas zoolgicas em
Angola. Estudos, Ensaios e documentos, Instituto de Investigao Cientifica Tropical,
Lisbon.

Crawford-Cabral, J. and Verissimo, L. N. 2005. The ungulate fauna of Angola. Estudos, Ensaios e
Documentos 163, Instituto de Investigao Cientifica Tropical.

Dean, W.J.R. 2000. The Birds of Angola. BOU Checklist Series. 18: 1 - 433.

Dean, W. R. T. 2001. Angola. In: Fishpool, L. D. C. and Evans, M. T. (eds) Important Bird Areas
in Africa. BirdLife Conservation Series No. 11: 71 - 91.

Dinerstein, E., Olson, D., Graham, D., Webster, A., Pimm, S., Bookbinder, M. and Ledec, G. 1995.
A Conservation Assessment of the Terrestrial Ecoregions of Latin America and the
Caribbean. World Bank, Washington DC. USA.

Dombo, A., Da Costa, E., and Neto, G. 2002. Angola, in Golding, J. (ed.) Southern African Plant
Red Data Lists. SABONET Report 14, 8-11.


S7

Duvigneaud, P. 1951. La flore et la vegetation du Congo Mreidional. AETFAT, Brussels

Exell, A. W. 1939. Dr Carisso's Botanical Mission to Angola. J. Bot. 76: 121 - 134.

Exell, A. W. and Gonalves, M.L., 1973. A statistical analysis of a sample of the flora of Angola.
Garia de Orta Ser. Bot. 1(102): 105 - 128.

Gossweiler, J. 1939. Elementos para a historia da explorao botanica de Angola. Buletim da
Sociedade Broteriana 13: 283 - 305.

Gossweiler, 1950. Flore Exotique d'Angola. 57 pp.

Gossweiler, J. 1953. Nomes indigenas de plantas da Angola. Agronomia Angolana 7: 587 pp.,
Luanda.

Gossweiler, J. and Mendona, F. A. 1939. Carta fitogeografica de Angola. Governo Geral de
Angola, Luanda. 242 pp.


Huntley, B. J. 1973. Distribution and status of large mammals of Angola, with special reference to
rare and endangered species - first report on the current status. Servios de Veterinria,
Luanda, Angola.

Huntley, B.J. 1974. Outline of Wildlife Conservation in Angola. J. Sth. Arf. Wildl. Mgmt. Assoc. 4:
157 - 166.

Huntley, B. J. 1974. Ecosystem Conservation Priorities in Angola. Servios de Veterinaria,
Luanda. 25 pp Mimeograph.

Huntley, B. J. and Matos, E. 1992. Biodiversity: Angolan Environmental Status Quo Assessment
Report. IUCN, Harare, Zimbabwe. 55 pp.

Huntley, B.J. and Matos, E. M. 1994. Botanical Diversity and its Conservation in southern Africa.
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Pinto, A. A. de Rosa 1983. Ornitologia de Angola. Lisbon. Instituto de Investigao Cientifica
Tropical.

Poll, M. 1967. Contribution la faune ichthologique de l'Angola. Publ. Cult. Co. Diam. Ang.: 75,
381 pp.

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Silveira, M. 1973. Estudo climtico dos distritos da Lunda, Angola. 181 pp. mimeograph.

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Wallace, A. R, 1876. The geographic distribution of Animals. Vol 1. MacMillan and Co. London


S8

White, F. 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. Paris: UNESCO/UNSO.



S9
14. Photos



1. 5%#0#' 4# .-""#$%# ! extensive giasslanus with scatteieu shiubs. Wooulanu on the
hoiizon.



2. Gallery forests along the Lumaca tributary of the Lumanhe river. Mixed woodland on west
(left) bank, with wooded grasslands and open tchanas on seasonally waterlogged soils of the
east (right) bank.





4u
S. Wetlanus along the Luele iivei floouplain, with swamp foiest anu galleiy foiest
patches on maigins, anu wooulanus on uplanus.



4. uuineo-congolian semi-ueciuuous foiest on lowei ieaches of Luxico iivei valley, with
mixeu wooulanus on uistant uplanu plateaux.



S. Lagoa Caiumbo, on Luele iivei. Floouplain wetlanus suiiounu the lake, with swamp
foiest anu galleiy foiest patches.



6 & 7. Patch of 7#"89)'+# ! 5"&:(-'):#/93 uiy foiest on maigin of giasslanu tchana.


41



8 & 9. !-"#''9' #)(%+-:+$# savanna south of Luia.



10. Dr Antonio do Barros Machado and Mrs Machado. Lunda, December 1974.



11. ualleiy foiest on maigin of Luachimo iivei, Bunuo.


42



12. Nixeu wooulanu, noith of Camissombo.



13. Interior of semi-deciduous dry forest.



14. Nanioc plantation in cleaiing within uiy foiest. ;/#(&$)"+93 stag-hoin fein on ueau
bianch.


4S



1S. Banks of Chicapa iivei, with iemnant tiees of foimei galleiy foiest. Calunua.



16. <-94)(+# '+3:/)= giasslanus of extensive tchanas south west of Camissombo.



17. Inteiioi of seconuaiy wooulanu subject to fiequent fiie.


44



18. Escaipment wooulanu above Chicapa valley.



19. Laige !"#$%&'()*+# ':+$+>-"3+' on maigin of uiy ueciuuous foiest noith of Camissombo.



20. Swamp forests on perched water table along escarpment above Luxico river.




4S
Annex 2.

Biogeographical Overview of the Lunda Region, northeast
Angola
!
#$ %$ &$ '())*+,--
!"#$ & !'()*+ "+(,- #./0(1+,2(3 $0,42(5
607+(,809, 2' :02;2<)*+; =*)09*0/> ?9)10(/),3 2' @+70 A249
B29C0.2/*- DDED
=2F,- !'()*+

./0 1233

!"#$%&'(#)%"
As LreaLed here, Lhe Lunda reglon - hereafLer Lunda - of norLheasL Angola lncorporaLes Lhe admlnlsLraLlve
provlnces of Lunda Sul and Lunda norLe. 1he dralnage ls characLerlzed by norLh-flowlng rlvers LhaL for
convenlence have been classlfled by 1hleme eL al (2008) lnLo Lhe kwllu, Loange, kasal-1schlkapa,
1schllumbe, and upper kasal (llsLed from wesL Lo easL across nL Angola). Lago Carumbo ls malnLalned by
Lhe Luxlco rlver, a prlnclpal wesL bank LrlbuLary of Lhe Luele, whlch LogeLher form Lhe headwaLers of Lhe
Loange rlver. 1he laLLer's confluence wlLh Lhe kasal aL ~4
o
17'S, upsLream of Lhe laLLer's [uncLlon wlLh Lhe
Sankuru (a ma[or easL-bank LrlbuLary), ls locaLed aL a slgnlflcanL dlsLance norLh of all Lhe oLher rlvers
dralnlng easLern Lunda (perLlnenLly Lhe Lovua, Chlkapa and LongLshlmo), Lhese all [oln Lhe kasal souLh of
6
o
S.

1he prlnclpal blogeographlcal elemenLs comprlslng Lhe blodlverslLy of Lunda reglon LesLlfy Lo Lhe lnLerplay
of scale-dependenL processes, whlch exLend from LecLonlsm aL geologlcal scales (10
7
- 10
4
yr) Lhrough Lo
Lhe vlclsslLudes of palaeo-cllmaLes. A consensus of oplnlon draws on a sulLe of cross-dlsclpllnary evldence,
from dlsparaLe palaeo-envlronmenLal records, Lo raLe cllmaLlc and LecLonlc forclng as Lhe domlnanL
conLrols over Lhe Lempo and mode of bloLlc evoluLlon. 1he laLLer are lnvoked Lo have forced alLernaLlng
arld versus weL condlLlons across souLh-cenLral Afrlca, and magnlLude of Lhese osclllaLlons has lncreased
over Lhe pasL ~2.8 mllllon years wlLh a domlnanL slgnal of 10
4
yr. 1ecLonlcs lnLeracLed wlLh cllmaLlc conLrols
over eroslon Lo forge Lhe prlnclpal landforms over Lhe laLe Cenozolc.

So some elaboraLlon on Lhese conLrols ls a prerequlslLe Lo developlng any blogeographlcal synLhesls for
Lunda. 8eyond Lhe challenges of esLabllshlng robusL ages (emplacemenL) of Lhe maln llLhologlcal unlLs, lles
Lhe lnLracLable problems of asslgnlng ages Lo Lhe prlnclpal landforms of Lunda.A promlnenL paLLern LhaL
begs explanaLlon ls Lhe co-occurrence of foresL and savanna specles ln Lhe landscape mosalc of Lunda
Loday. Lqually perplexlng quesLlons are presenLed ln Lhe admlxLure of Congo and Zambezlan elemenLs ln
Lhe aquaLlc blodlverslLy, whlch exhlblL lnLeresLlng parallels Lo Lhese ln Lhe LerresLrlal hablLaLs. Pere, our
evldence ls lncompleLe, lf noL fragmenLary, buL lLs synLhesls ls persuaslve. neverLheless, Lhls synLhesls ls
prellmlnary and can be employed as a seL of worklng hypoLheses.

1easlng ouL lndlvldual roles of Lhese mulLlple facLors LhaL accounL for Lhese mlxed occurrences - of
LerresLrlal and aquaLlc elemenLs - encounLers several challenges of undersLandlng Lhe blogeography of Lhe
reglon. 1hese represenL evoluLlonary processes operaLlng aL subconLlnenLal scales. lor example,
phyLographlcally, Lhe reglon lles near Lhe cenLre of WhlLe's Culneo-Congollan 1ranslLlon Zone.

+,- .-%/%0)(1/ +-23/1#-
1he landscapes of Lunda are characLerlzed by Lhe ublqulLous, lf noL unlversal, lnfluence of deep kalaharl
sedlmenLs, whlch overlle a more heLereogenous maLrlx of basemenL" rocks, of Lhe older craLons and
moblle belLs. LrupLlons of Lhe klmberllLe sulLes across norLhern Angola and Lhelr subsequenL eroslon of
Lhelr craLer facles (conLrlbuLlng Lo Lhe Calando sedlmenLs of Lhe upper karroo) seLs a mlnlmum LaLe


46
CreLaceous age on Lhe eroslon surface on Lo whlch Lhe kalaharl was Lhen emplaced. lL ls slgnlflcanL LhaL Lhe
kalaharl comprlses an older sedlmenLary sequence, whlch formed from Lhe laLe Mesozolc lnLo Lhe early
Cenozolc, whlch ls dlsLlncL from an overlylng sulLe of younger sedlmenLs. reclse ages for Lhese kalaharl
sedlmenLs remaln eluslve, and explanaLlons of Lhelr orlglns are conLenLlous. lL ls even more dlfflculL Lo
place rellable daLes on Lhe ages of domlnanL kalaharl landforms. neverLheless, evldence complled ln
subreglonal synLheses (ue loey eL al 1968, Moore and ulngle 1998, Clresse 2003, Paddon and McCarLhy
2003, Mlller 2008) allow several generallLles Lo be drawn across Lhe formaLlon as a whole. A relaLlvely
recenL reallsaLlon ls LhaL Lhe kalaharl sedlmenLs were orlglnally emplaced by fluvlal and lacusLrlne agencles,
such LhaL aeollan lnfluences have been secondary and relaLlvely recenL. lnlLlaLlon of Lhls aeollan reworklng
of Lhe kalaharl surfaces ls consLralned by formaLlon of Lhe dune flelds, so characLerlsLlc of Lhe souLhern
kalaharl, ln Lhe laLe llocene. Ceoblologlcal conLrols over blodlverslLy evoluLlon on kalaharl landscapes are
of equally profound lmporLance, and are fundamenLal Lo undersLand noL only Lhe ecology of exLanL bloLa
buL Lhe anomalous geomorphologlcal characLer of Lhe upper kalaharl lormaLlon (CoLLerlll eL al. submlLLed).

1he prevalllng paradlgm ln evoluLlonary blology slngles ouL Lwo sulLes of abloLlc processes as Lhe promlnenL
conLrols LhaL explaln Afrlca's blogeographlcal hlsLory (8romage and Shrenk 1999, deMenocal 2004) -cenLral
Afrlca. Cne ls palaeo-cllmaLlc - elaboraLed on below - Lhe oLher cenLres on geologlcal deLermlnanLs LhaL
have formed Lhe landscape. 1he Lunda reglon sLraddles Lhe norLhern porLlon of Lhe kalaharl laLeau (as
deflned by de WlL 2007). erslsLence of Lhe anomalous elevaLlon of Lhe vasL (subconLlnenLal) expanse of
Lhe kalaharl laLeau ls anclenL, as lL was already ln place before Condwana break up ln Lhe Mesozolc (de
WlL 2007). MalnLenance of perslsLenL anclenL conLrols over lLs elevaLed, albelL subdued, rellef Lopography
are Lhe ulLlmaLe deLermlnanLs of Lhe pecullar sulLe of ecologlcal condlLlons. 1hls slLuaLlon ls accenLuaLed on
Lhe kalaharl laLeau ln Lunda, where Lhe ecology ls LlghLly conLrolled by geomorphologlcal facLors
assoclaLed wlLh Lhe upper kalaharl lormaLlon of neogene age (Mlocene and llocene).

1he search for local and even reglonal undersLandlng of kalaharl ecology and geomorphology ofLen
overlooks Lhe subconLlnenLal exLenL of Lhe enLlre formaLlon. Cne lndex of Lhe kalaharl's exLenL ls how lLs
youngesL facles comprlse Lhe world's largesL sandsea. noL only do Lhese domlnaLe mosL of Lhe wesLern
margln and lnLerlor of souLhern Afrlca, buL Lhey sLraddle over half of Angola, much of Lhe Congo basln, and
exLend lnLo Cabon (8aLeke laLeau). 1hese sedlmenLs overlle a sulLe of depocenLres (ln norLhern namlbla,
norLhern 8oLswana, souLhwesL Zambla, and cenLral Angola). Second, Lhe sLraLlgraphy of Lhls upper kalaharl
unlL holds remarkable lmpllcaLlons Lo undersLand how Lhe lnlLlal emplacemenL and Lhen reworklng of
sedlmenLs lnLerrelaLed abloLlc and bloLlc processes.

A recenL synLhesls (CoLLerlll eL al submlLLed) lnvokes Mlocene fosslls (lncludlng molluscs) ln souLhern Congo
sedlmenLs Lo consLraln lnlLlal emplacemenL of Lhe upper kalaharl (ue loey eL al 1968, Clresse 2003, 8.
Llnol pers. comm.). LxLendlng Lo ~160m LoLal depLh, Lhe ?ounger kalaharl reveals pervaslve evldence of
bloLurbaLlon. lLs bloLlc processes have lnLeracLed wlLh abloLlc lnfluences - noLably aeollan slfLlng, and deep
leachlng and subaerlal weaLherlng. 1helr comblned acLlons has over mllllons of years (Lhrough Lhe
neogene) reworked Lhe younger kalaharl facles ln Lhelr enLlreLy (CoLLerlll eL al. submlLLed). 1he Mlocene
age consLralnlng lnlLlal formaLlon of Lhe upper kalaharl esLabllshes a neogene wlndow wlLhln whlch Lhe
overall surface was levelled subsequenLly by endogenous and exogenous earLh surface processes. 1he
evenLual resulL formed a relaLlvely homogeneous landform (130 m maxlmum depLh) capped by a
remarkably unlform eroslon surface. SelecLlve leachlng of flner parLlcles and nuLrlenLs esLabllshed profound
ecologlcal condlLlons wlLhln Lhls geomorphlc complex of anclenL sedlmenLs. lL ls lnLeresLlng how Lhe orlglns
of Lhe upper kalaharl lormaLlon - noLably lLs wldespread, perslsLenL bloLurbaLlon - corresponds Lo Lhe laLe
Mlocene radlaLlons of noL only C4 grasses (Ldwards eL al. 2010) buL also LermlLes ( CoLLerlll eL al.
submlLLed).

1he mosL recenL geologlcal evenLs enLalled eplsodes of neoLecLonlcs, whlch modlfled Lhe kalaharl laLeau
repeaLedly Lhrough Lhe laLe Cenozolc. neoLecLonlcs re[uvenaLed eroslon across Lhe norLhern margln of Lhe
kalaharl laLeau, whlch conLlnues Lo dlssecL Lhe reglonal landscape - Lhe kalaharl lanalLo - Lo form a sulLe


47
of younger landforms. Lago Carumbo llkely formed as a consequence of an lmpounded dralnage, ln
response Lo faulLlng, and/or upllfL of Lhe underlylng durlcrusL (Cres olymorphe, ue loey eL al. 1968).

1he norLhern margln of Lhls kalaharl laLeau has been deeply lnclsed by Congo dralnage, erodlng
souLhwards. Lvldence for Lhe laLLer cenLres on faunal assoclaLlons of Lhe aquaLlc bloLa, and especlally relles
on Lhe domlnanL complemenL of Zambezlan flshes ln upper Congo dralnage baslns (see below). rellmlnary
analyses of remoLe senslng lmagery reveal a wealLh of evldence for lmpacLs of neoLecLonlcs on Lhe
dralnage, wlLh redlrecLed and abandoned channels across Lhe souLhern Congo basln. 1hls on golng eplsode
of renewed eroslon has been lnvoked Lo explaln Lhe anomalous dralnage of Lhe souLhern Lunda reglon,
characLerlzed by abrupL swlLches ln rlver Lopology from Lhe souLheasL and easL Lo norLh, was flrsL noLed by
veaLch (1933) who slngled ouL Lhe plracy of Zambezlan headwaLers by Lhe kasal (SkelLon 1994). 1hese
dralnage capLures provlde Lhe mosL llkely mechanlsm LhaL explalns Lhe admlxLure of Lhe Zambezlan and
Congo flsh faunas (see below). 1he landscapes of souLhwesL Zambla and Lunda are speckled wlLh Lhe
lnundaLlons of local pans and perched dralnage feaLures (whlch can be loosely Lermed dambos). 1helr
orlglns are aLLrlbuLed Lo relaLlvely recenL upllfL, where lmpounded rellef conLalns runoff, a condlLlon
accenLuaLed by underlylng calcreLes, ferrlcreLes or sllcreLes. 1hese anomalous landforms ln Lhe Lunda
landscape furLher emphaslze Lhe slgnlflcance of how reglonal upllfL has modlfled Lhe hydrology, ln addlLlon
Lo Lhe more obvlous evldence of scarp dlssecLlon.

+-$$-4#$)1/ 5)%&)6-$4)#7
1hree ma[or mechanlsms are lnvoked Lo explaln anomalous specles' ranges and/or speclaLlon paLLerns ln
cenLral and norLh Angola, wlLhln Lhe conLexL of Lhe Zambezlan and nelghbourlng blomes. 1he flrsL, and
more obvlous, paLLern ls reflecLed ln souLh-norLh conLracLlons and expanslons of Lhe maln foresL belL, of
whlch Lhe gallery foresLs can be classlfled as Lhe mosL souLhern Lendrlls. 1hls conLrol over Lhe vegeLaLlon
across Lhe reglonal Afrlcan landscape - and lLs assoclaLed faunal elemenLs - was recognlzed decades back,
perLlnenLly for AfroLroplcal blrds (8enson and lrwln 1963, Moreau 1966) and mammals (Ansell 1978), and
furLher evldence endorses Lhls lnLerpreLaLlon (uowseLL eL al. 2008).

SouLhward expanslons of Lhese foresLs ln Lhe pasL ln[ecLed novel dlverslLy lnLo Lhe reglonal bloLa. 1hls ls
clearly revealed ln Lhe lkelenge edlcle of norLhwesL Zambla (and ad[acenL Angola and Congo) where a
slgnlflcanL complemenL of local endemlcs has evolved, dlsLlncL from slsLer specles ln Lhe maln Congo foresL
block. 1hese lnclude aL leasL Lwo specles of rodenLs, and aL leasL one specles of shrew, !"#$%&'"(
(*+,--#"'.. All collecLlons of Lhese small mammals are wlLhln sLands of gallery foresL (CoLLerlll 2002).

1he admlxLure of Congo and Zambezlan specles ls evldenL ln Lhe sLlll lncompleLe knowledge of Lhe baLs
recorded ln Lhe Lunda reglon. lLs specles rlchness (currenLly LoLalllng only 33) ls domlnaLed by cosmopollLan
specles, buL also feaLures Lhe promlnenL slgnaLure of Congo elemenLs. Alongslde lnsecLlvores, Lhls ls
represenLed by several fruglvores and necLlvores (Leropodldae), wlLh ranges conflned norLh of Lhe
Zambezlan savannas. 1he ranges of Lhese specles all cenLre on Lhe Congo basln, exLendlng Lhrough Lhe
foresL blomes of wesL Afrlca (1able 1).

8129-:)1" .$144/1"&4
SouLh-cenLral Afrlca, beLween laLlLudes 4
o
S and 22
o
S supporLs whaL ls arguably Lhe world's hlghesL specles
rlchness and endemlsm of grassland blrds (M. . S. lrwln pers. comm. 2003). Crasslands domlnaLe Lhe
Zambezlan phyLochorlon and reglonal mosalc boudlng Lhe Congo basln - exLendlng from wesLern Angola Lo
Lhe kllombero and Malagarasl floodplalns ln 1anzanla. 1hls avlan dlverslLy ls domlnaLed by passerlnes, wlLh
many represenLaLlves ln genera whose Laxonomy ls noLorlously problemaLlc, perLlnenLly !%+/%$#-( and
0%(1"(. 1he grass-dwelllng weavers, seedeaLers, flnches and canarles also exhlblL a hlgh rlchness across Lhe
reglon, whlle Crlmwood's Longclaw, 0($"#*23 4"%.5##&%, ls one of Lhe more obvlous of Lhese endemlcs
(CoLLerlll and Pumphrles unpubllshed manuscrlpL). 1hls sLrong blogeographlcal slgnaLure ln Lhe conLlnenLal
(and lndeed) Lroplcal avlfauna remalns poorly appreclaLed, neverLheless, lL ls noL surprlslng when
reconclled wlLh WhlLe's observaLlon LhaL dambo grassland .occuples up Lo 20 per cenL of Lhe plaLeau
surface." (WhlLe 1983: 99). Moreover, Zambezlan grasslands consLlLuLe Lhe slngle largesL unlL mapped


48
among all vegeLaLlon unlLs ln Lhe Zambezlan phyLochorlon, and grasslands on deep kalaharl Sands
domlnaLe Lhe Culneo-Congolla/Zambezla 8eglonal Mosalc (WhlLe 1983). lL ls currenLly unclear how Lhe age
of Lhese souLh-cenLral Afrlcan grasslands relaLe Lo Lhe Mlocene radlaLlon of C4 grasses across Lhe Lroplcs,
demonsLraLed by Ldwards eL al. (2010).

1here are several enlgmaLlc grassland blrds, currenLly classlfled as subspecles, wlLh lsolaLed ranges ln Lhe
grasslands of norLh and cenLral Angola's. Cne ls Lhe populaLlon of Angolan lark, 0%(1"( (*4#-,*+%+ (*/#*%%,
resLrlcLed Lo easLern Angola and ad[acenL norLhwesL Zambla. lLs apparenL slsLer Laxa are Lhe nomlnaLe form
conflned Lo wesLern Angola and Lhe Marungu lark, 06 .("'*4,*+%+, resLrlcLed Lo sandy plaLeau (dllungu) ln
kaLanga (CoLLerlll 2006a). 1hls sLrldenL blogeographlcal slgnal from so many grassland blrds hlghllghLs Lhe
reglonal conLexL of Lhe Lunda reglon, especlally as lLs rlch dlverslLy of grassland hablLaLs provlde a range of
hablLaLs for plaLeau and weLland speclallsLs. lL ls furLhermore reveallng how Lhe avlfauna assoclaLed wlLh
Lhe grasslands of norLhern Angola exhlblLs a sLrong assoclaLlon wlLh slmllar hablLaLs on Lhe 8aLeke laLeau,
comprlslng kalaharl pedlmenLs (norLhwesL Congo basln). lndlcaLor specles of Lhls kalaharl laLeau avlfauna
lnclude Congo MoorchaL, 02.".,#$#$%$7-( /7#--#*%, and 8lack-chlnned Weaver, 8-#$,'+ *%4",.,*/'. buL
Lhe relaLlonshlps beLween lLs endemlc populaLlons across Lhls archlpelago requlre furLher collecLlons
(CoLLerlll and Pumphrles unpubllshed manuscrlpL). 8logeographlcal afflnlLles beLween Lhese kalaharl
grasslands, lsolaLed norLh and souLh of Lhe Congo basln, provlde yeL furLher evldence for former llnkages
across Lhe Mega-kalaharl Sandsea (llg. 1). 1hls slgnal ls presumably mlrrored ln Lhe psammophllous
herpeLofauna, and also Lhe flora assoclaLed wlLh Lhls kalaharl-laLeau Archlpelago".

AlLhough Lhe flora of Lhe kalaharl grasslands - whlch so characLerlze Lhe Angolan lanalLo - appears Lo lack
endemlcs, lL ls lnsLrucLlve Lo conslder lLs close physlographlc and florallsLlc llnks wlLh Lwo sulLes of closely
relaLed landforms, whlch each supporL local blogeographlcal anomalles. Cne of Lhese anomalles cenLres on
Lhe klbara, kundelungu, 8la, and Marungu plaLeau ln kaLanga, whlch form an archlpelago capped by Lhelr
manLle of rellcL kalaharl sands Lermed dllungu (ue uapper 1988), on golng dlscoverles of geoxyllc suffrlLlces
hlghllghL Lhe slgnlflcance of local endemlc planLs on kaLanga's plaLeaux (uesseln eL al. 2003). 1he second
blogeographlcal anomaly ls far more wldespread, and lL ls by no means conflned Lo kalaharl Sand
grasslands. 1hls ls hlghllghLed by Lhe geoxyllc suffrlLlces (hlghllghLed by WhlLe 1976, 1983), whose cenLre of
specles rlchness ls cenLred on Lhe 8ulozl floodplalns (upper Zambezl) on kalaharl Sands (8aroLseland and
ad[acenL Angola). AlLhough flerce, annual flres characLerlze Lhese landscapes, WhlLe (1976) lnvoked
geomorphologlcal deLermlnanLs as Lhe ulLlmaLe deLermlnanL of Lhe speclaLlon of Lhe underground
foresLs" ln Lhese seasonally waLerlogged hablLaLs. 1he abundance of pans and slmllar feaLures of
lmpounded dralnage across Lhe pedlmenLs and valleys of Lunda reflecL relaLlvely recenL upllfL (where
lmpounded rellef conLalns local runoff). 1hese waLerlogglng effecLs are accenLuaLed where pedogenlc
durlcrusLs (calcreLes, ferrlcreLes and sllcreLes) cemenLlng Lhe underlylng sedlmenLs, formlng derlved
landforms on Lhe hlghly leached caLena on kalaharl Sands.

.')"-%;<%"0%/)1" =7"12)(4
Alongslde Lhe flora, some of Lhe small mammals assoclaLed wlLh foresL hablLaLs ln Lunda are lnsLrucLlve
lndlcaLors, as Lhey polnL Lo hlsLorlcal afflnlLles of Lhe foresL elemenLs. loresL monkeys exhlblL congruenL
dlsLrlbuLlons LhaL reflecL LlghL dependency on gallery foresL hablLaLs. 8ased on a recenLly updaLed
Laxonomy (8uLynskl 2002), Lhe gallery foresLs of Lhe souLhern kasal basln are slngled on crlLerla of Lhelr
reglonal endemlsm and dlverslLy of foresL monkeys (Colyn and uavenporL 2002). As exempllfled by Lhe
Lovua, Lhe laLLer's assoclaLlon wlLh gallery foresLs exLends souLh lnLo Lunda norLe along foresLed rlvers.

erhaps Lhe mosL sLrldenL slgnaLure of how lnLeracLlons beLween prlmary blogeographlc elemenLs (foresL
and savanna) has elevaLed Lhe blodlverslLy of Lunda resldes ln Lhe geneLlc consLlLuLlon of elephanLs ln
souLh-cenLral Afrlca. 1he complex phylogeography of Afrlcan elephanLs reveals an lnLeresLlng slgnaLure LhaL
sLraddles Lhe Lunda reglon (as [udged from sampllng across Lhe Congo and Zambezl baslns). lrrespecLlve of
recenL hlsLorlcal depredaLlons, Lhe range of loresL elephanL, 9#3#&#*/( $2$-#/%+ ls cenLred on Lhe Congo
basln, whlle LhaL of Savanna elephanL, 96 (1"%$(*(, was formerly wldespread across Lhe savanna and
semlarld blomes of souLhern and easLern Afrlca. 1he savanna-foresL mosalc - represenLed ln Lhe Congo-


49
Zambezla mosalc - broadly deflnes Lhe zone of hybrldlzaLlon beLween Lhese Lwo specles, whlch ls
characLerlzed by male medlaLed lnLrogresslon of 96 (1"%$(*( lnLo 96 $2$-#/%+. Moreover, Lhe Lunda reglon lles
norLh of a souLherly exLenslon of $2$-#/%+ mLunA genoLypes, whlch characLerlse Lhe gene pool of elephanLs
Loday occurrlng ln savanna, Lhls slgnaLure exLends - as a Longue - as far souLh as Lhe Chobe, MaLeLsl and
Pwange reglons (nL 8oLswana, nW Zlmbabwe).

8eyond male-medlaLed lnLrogresslon, Lhls geneLlc flngerprlnL ln exLanL souLhern Afrlcan elephanLs LesLlfles
Lo a hlsLory of profound range shlfLs. lL can be explalned as a complex lnLerplay beLween Lhe processes of
gene flow, and a posLulaLed former expanslon ln Lhe foresL hablLaL of 96 $2$-#/%+, whlch Lhen reLracLed and
was replaced by savanna elephanLs, domlnaLed by asymmeLrlcal gene flow from Lhe larger bulls lnLo 96
$2$-#/%+. ln summary, Lhe range of 96 $2$-#/%+ formerly exLended far souLh - Lo reach Lhe Ckavango-Chobe
graben - from Lhe Congo basln (8oca eL al. 2003, 2007). LxplanaLlon of Lhls anomaly can loglcally lnvoke
palaeocllmaLlc forclng. lLs role ls lnsLrucLlve, noL leasL as lL polnLs Lo wlder congruence, whlch forms a
geneLlc melLlng poL" of foresL and savanna specles across Lhe reglonal foresL-savanna mosalc.
hylogeographlc sLrucLurlng of elephanLs can be read as Lhe flngerprlnLs of Lhese vlclsslLudes of lelsLocene
cllmaLlc changes LhaL saw foresL and savanna blomes expand and conLracL across Lhe LemplaLe of kalaharl
sands, when Lhese meslc and xerlc exLremes correspondlng Lo lnLerglaclal and glaclal maxlma, respecLlvely
(CoLLerlll 2006a,b). lL ls equally lnLeresLlng how Lhls exLended 9#3#&#*/( hybrld zone covers Lwo
characLerlsLlc planL assemblages on kalaharl Sands. Cne ls Lhe evergreen Mavunda foresLs (norLhwesL
Zambla and easL Angola) domlnaLed by Lhe emergenL !"2:/#+,:(-'. under hlgher ralnfall reglmes. 1he
second are Lhe 1eak" or Cusu foresLs domlnaLed by ;(%<(,( and ='%>#"/%( on drler kalaharl Sands. All
Lhese Lrees have dlrecL Congollan afflnlLles, and are presumably lelsLocene rellcLs. 1hls remarkable
congruence wlLh Lhe zone of elephanL hybrldlzaLlon LesLlfles Lo Lhe dynamlcs of hablLaL change across Lhe
reglonal landscape, whlch lnvokes cllmaLes drlvlng swlLches beLween foresL and drler savanna. lL ls
lmporLanL Lo emphaslze LhaL Lhe Lunda reglon form Lhe wesLern core of Lhls evoluLlonary vorLex LhaL
exLends easL across kaLanga.

>?'1#)( 5)%&)6-$4)#7
ClasslflcaLlon of aquaLlc blodlverslLy follows 1hleme eL al. (2003), whlch employed a landscape perspecLlve
Lo classlfy Afrlcan weLlands lnLo a nesLed hlerarchy of ecoreglons. Lunda sLraddles Lhe kasal [21] and
Zambezlan PeadwaLers [76] freshwaLer ecoreglons, whlch are characLerlzed by dlsLlncLly dlfferenL aquaLlc
bloLa of Congo and Zambezlan afflnlLles, respecLlvely, reflecLed ln Lhe spaLlal llnks beLween Lhe kasal and
upper Zambezl PeadwaLers (SkelLon 1994). AlLhough Lhe flshes are Lhe besL known Laxon group ln Lhe
aquaLlc bloLa (oll 1967), promlnenL, lf noL charlsmaLlc, Congollan elemenLs ln Lhe aquaLlc blodlverslLy
lnclude Lhe Slender-snouLed crocodlle, !"#$#&2-'+ $(/(:7"($/'+, WaLer cobra, ;#'-,*4,"%( sp and CLLer-
shrew, 8#/(.#4(-, ?,-#3.

Whlle Lhelr co-occurrence polnLs Lo relaLlvely recenL admlxLure of Lhe Congo and Zambezlan aquaLlc fauna,
Lhls expllcaLlon ls compllcaLed by paLLerns of local and reglonal endemlsm ln Lhe aquaLlc blodlverslLy of Lhe
Congo basln (3.6 mllllon km
2
), whlch ls sLlll lncompleLely mapped. Plgh hablLaL dlverslLy ls lnvoked as an
lmporLanL deLermlnanL of lncreased specles rlchness ln Lhe Congo basln. vegeLaLlon exerclses equally
lmporLanL conLrol over weLland dlverslLy, as evldenL ln swamp and gallery foresLs, and grasslands are
assoclaLed wlLh Lhe rlchness of freshwaLer hablLaLs along dralnage llnes. 1he role of Lhls paLchlness ln Lhe
dralnage neL of Lunda has yeL Lo be mapped ln reveallng deLall, buL Lhe lnfluences of conLrols of edaphlc,
slope and llLhology can be lnvoked as facLors LhaL accounL for Lhe reglonal paLchlness of aquaLlc hablLaLs.

1hls paLchlness ln Lhe aquaLlc blodlverslLy also reflecLs how geologlcal evenLs have rearranged Lhe dralnage
Lopology, slnce lelsLocene upllfL of Lhe kalaharl laLeau re[uvenaLed sLream head eroslon of upper Congo
LrlbuLarles. 1he neL resulL has been souLhward mlgraLlon of Lhe Congo-Zambezl waLershed. Lxposures of
sllcreLe and ferrlcreLe durlcrusLs (gres polymorphe) malnLaln perslsLenL ln knlckpolnLs , conLalnlng flshes
from upsLream hablLaLs. 1helr surface expresslon polnLs Lo focal lmpacLs of neoLecLonlcs on Lhe landscape
(see above). As lnLerpreLed by anomalous range gaps ln lndlcaLor flsh specles, exLanL knlckpolnLs on some
Congo LrlbuLarles are lmporLanL barrlers LhaL conLaln dlspersals of Congo flshes upsLream lnLo Lhe souLhern


Su
headwaLers. 1he Luele sysLem exhlblLs a LexLbook example of Lhls paLLern, where geomorphologlcal
conLrols are lnvoked Lo explaln lLs depauperaLe fauna. Consplcuous absenLees from Lhe Luele flsh fauna
lnclude promlnenL Congo predaLors, noLably CollaLh 1lgerflsh, @2&"#$2*'+ 4#-%(/7, and equally Lhe lack of
dlsperslve Zambezlan specles, perLlnenLly @2&"#$2*'+ ?%//(/'+, whlch appear Lo have dlspersed wldely
across Lhe Congo basln vla a rouLe from Lhe upper Zambezl lnLo Lhe kasal. rellmlnary comparlsons of Lhe
proflles of Lunda rlvers reveals no less Lhan Lwo ma[or knlckpolnLs on Lhe Luele (upsLream of Lhe Luele-
Loxlco confluence). 1hese are posslble barrlers Lo flsh dlspersal upsLream (souLhwards) from ma[or Congo
LrlbuLarles. 1hese knlckpolnLs represenL elLher llLhologlcal boundarles and/or ma[or faulLs assoclaLed wlLh
neoLecLonlsm across Lhe margln of Lhe souLhern Congo basln. 1hese blogeographlcal anomalles dlscovered
ln Lhe upper Luele may also reflecLs on how lLs confluence wlLh Lhe kasal, whlch aL ~4
o
17'S, ls locaLed
slgnlflcanLly norLh of all Lhe oLher rlvers dralnlng easLern Lunda (perLlnenLly Lhe Lovua, Chlkapa and
LongLshlmo), Lhese all [oln Lhe kasal souLh of 6
o
S.

ln summary, Lhe aquaLlc blodlverslLy of Lunda exhlblLs profound lnfluences of Lhe Zambezl headwaLers LhaL
are Loday lsolaLed, aL leasL ln parL, by Lhe CreaL LquaLorlal ulvlde along lLs souLhern margln. lL remalns Lo
be lnvesLlgaLed as Lo how Lhe aquaLlc bloLa of Lunda has lnLeracLed wlLh Lhe Cuanza Lo Lhe wesL. ln
addlLlon Lo Lhe Congo-Zambezl exchanges, an lnLeresLlng hypoLhesls Lo LesL ls Lhe posslblllLy LhaL Lhe Lunda
blodlverslLy has been complemenLed by faunal exchanges across Lhe waLersheds Lo Lhe wesL shared wlLh
Cuanza headwaLers.

@'221$7
1he lnLerplay of a sulLe of hlsLorlcal processes - boLh geologlcal and palaeo-cllmaLlc -lnvoked Lo explaln Lhe
complex, and equally subLle, blogeographlcal paLLerns across Lhe Lunda reglon, hlghllghLs lLs cenLral, key
poslLlon wlLhln Lhe subconLlnenLal expanse of Lhe kalaharl laLeau. Alded and abeLLed by verLlcal reworklng
of lLs sedlmenLs (especlally bloLurbaLlon), Lhe perslsLence of deep, dysLrophlc kalaharl deposlLs over Lens of
mllllons of years has malnLalned ausLere consLralnLs over ecologlcal processes. lLs landscapes have been
buffeLed, repeaLedly, by xerlc and meslc exLremes of vaclllaLlng cllmaLe Lhrough Lhe llo-lelsLocene.
CllmaLe and landscape evoluLlon across norLhern Angola has been domlnaLed by aeollan processes durlng
recurrenL arld eplsodes. 1here lnLerleaved wlLh meslc condlLlons, when slgnlflcanLly elevaLed reglonal
ralnfall was assoclaLed wlLh an expanslon of molsL foresLs. lL ls unclear how such meslc condlLlons alLered
Lhe grasslands, and Lhe assoclaLed flre reglme. lnLeresLlng evldence for Lhese complemenLary, lf noL
synerglsLlc, lncldenLs of palaeo-envlronmenLal forclng are archlved ln Lhe form of geneLlc flngerprlnLs ln
exLanL populaLlons, perLlnenLly elephanLs. 1helr genomes (and gene pools) reveal a complex hlsLory of gene
flow across Lhe reglonal landscape. 1hls fasclnaLlng palaeoenvlronmenLal hlsLory presenLs lnLeresLlng
research challenges LhaL are only beglnnlng Lo recelve deservlng aLLenLlon.

CompleLeness and represenLaLlveness of Lhe prlmary dlsLrlbuLlonal daLa ls Lhe lmporLanL caveaL
underscorlng Lhe veraclLy of any blogeographlcal synLhesls, where Laxonomlc preclslon and phylogeneLlc
accuracy are especlally lmporLanL facLors. 1hese deLermlne whaL we can say wlLh any confldence abouL
paLLerns of local endemlsm, and lnvoke Lhe key processes LhaL explaln deLalls of blogeographlcal hlsLory. ln
Lhls respecL, Lhe maps (from 8rooks eL al. 2011 - appended) hlghllghL lnadequacles ln prevalllng knowledge
(llgs 8.7). neverLheless, desplLe Lhese gaps ln knowledge, and Lhus speculaLlon enLalled ln blogeographlcal
reconsLrucLlons Lo explaln Lhe orlglns of Lhe blodlverslLy of Lhe Lunda reglon, Lhere ls sufflclenL evldence Lo
draw Lhe followlng concluslons:

1he Lunda reglon comprlses a complex landscape, whose exlsLence LesLlfles Lo Lhe deep hlsLory of
geologlcal evenLs, whlch emplaced and preserved a sedlmenLary formaLlon of subconLlnenLal
exLenL. 1he anLlqulLy of Lhls kalaharl lormaLlon, emplaced before Lhe llocene and subsequenLly
dlssecLed ln response Lo neoLecLonlcs, has malnLalned a perslsLenL sulLe of blophyslcal consLralnLs,
whlch have LlghLly consLralned ecologlcal processes.
Sub[ecL Lo appllcaLlons of dlrecL geochronologlcal measuremenLs, Lhe ages of landforms of Lunda
comprlse Lwo dlsLlncL sulLes, wlLh Lhe older, llnear fragmenLs of Lhe formerly conLlguous plaLeau
(pedlmenLs) lnclsed Lo form Lhe much younger lelsLocene valleys and scarps. 1he former appear


S1
Lo be of neogene age (upper kalaharl Surface). lL ls however unclear wheLher Lhe vegeLaLlon
(foresLs and grasslands) assoclaLed wlLh Lhese respecLlve weLlands, exhlblL a correspondlng
dlchoLomy ln Lhelr orlglns. 1hls can only be LesLed on lndlcaLor Laxa uslng phylogeographlc sLudles
LhaL employ molecular clocks. A LesLable hypoLhesls ls LhaL Lhe swamp foresLs and valley grasslands
are much younger Lhen Lhe gallery foresLs on Lhe older plaLeau.
As demonsLraLed by Lhe vegeLaLlon, admlxLure of Congo and Zambezlan specles represenL a
domlnanL blogeographlcal elemenL, wlLh Lunda blodlverslLy demonsLrably enrlched by boLh
Culneo-Congollan and Zambezlan elemenLs. Local endemlsm appears Lo be lmporLanL (as [udged
from lkelenge) buL remalns Lo be quanLlfled. AlLhough Lhls prlmary blogeographlcal lnfluence
characLerlzes boLh aquaLlc and LerresLrlal blodlverslLy, Lhelr respecLlve orlglns reflecL very dlfferenL
evoluLlonary mechanlsms.
1he orlglns of Lhe LerresLrlal bloLa - enLalllng speclaLlon and reglonal dlspersal evenLs - lnvokes
palaeo-cllmaLlc forclng as Lhe domlnanL agenL over Lhe llo-lelsLocene. 1hese enLalled repeaLed,
and complemenLary, expanslons and conLracLlons of meslc and xerlc hablLaLs, whlch corresponded
Lo hoL, weL versus cooler, drler cllmaLes, respecLlvely.
1he orlglns of Lhe aquaLlc blodlverslLy lnvokes geologlcal forclng as Lhe prlmary agenL, whlch has
rearranged dralnage Lopology Lhrough Lhe llo-lelsLocene. upllfL of Lhe kalaharl laLeau
re[uvenaLed sLream head eroslon of upper Congo LrlbuLarles whlch have mlgraLed souLhwards. 1he
neL resulL has been a souLhward mlgraLlon of Lhe Congo-Zambezl waLershed. As lnLerpreLed by
anomalous gaps ln Lhe dlsLrlbuLlons of lndlcaLor flsh specles, exLanL knlckpolnLs on some Congo
LrlbuLarles are lmporLanL barrlers LhaL conLaln dlspersals of aquaLlc specles downsLream. 1hls
mechanlsm ls lnvoked Lo explaln Lhe depauperaLe fauna of Lhe Luele sysLem, whlch lacks noL only
promlnenL Congo specles, and also dlsperslve Zambezlan specles, perLlnenLly @2&"#$2*'+ ?%//(/'+.
As revealed by lLs dlsLlncLlve avlfauna, key specles assoclaLed wlLh Lhe grassland plaLeau hablLaLs
polnL Lo hlsLorlcal llnks wlLh plaLeaux lsolaLed Loday on escarpmenLs Lo Lhe easL (kaLanga) and wesL
(cenLral Angolan laLeau) and norLh (8aLeke laLeau).
AlLhough Lhe specles comprlslng Lunda foresL hablLaLs appear Lo be local represenLaLlves of Lhose
ln Lhe maln Congo foresL belL (e.g. foresL prlmaLes and 86 ?,-#3) Lhe posslblllLy of Lhelr reglonal
lsolaLlon cannoL be dlscounLed. 1hls posslblllLy endorses research Lo LesL for local endemlcs, whlch
are ofLen characLerlzed by Lhelr crypLlc speclaLlon. 1hls posslblllLy ls relnforced by Lhe dlsLlncL
congruenL slgnaLures of local foresL endemlcs, documenLed ln beLLer known hablLaLs (perLlnenLly
Lhe lkelenge edlcle, CoLLerlll 2002) and ls supporLed by evldence for local endemlcs ln beLLer
known dralnage baslns wlLhln Lhe kasal AquaLlc Lcoreglon (llg. 8.8).
1he Lunda reglon can be slngled ouL as blodlverslLy hoLspoL on Lhe crlLerlon of lLs rlch evoluLlonary
hlsLory. lLs landscapes form Lhe nexus, where Lhe ebb and flow of geologlcal and cllmaLlc changes
have drlven expanslons and conLracLlons of xerlc and meslc hablLaLs. Angola's anclenL kalaharl
lanalLo consLlLuLes Lhe perslsLenL LemplaLe LhaL has been buffeLed by lelsLocene neoLecLonlsm.
lLs lmporLanL consequences have been Lhe reconflgured Congo-Zambezl dralnage whlch has
lnclsed a new sulLe of landforms across Lhe now fragmenLed plaLeau.
1he lack of knowledge for Lhe Lunda ls lndlcaLed by assessmenLs for Lhe Congo basln, whlch reveal
poorly surveyed reglons represenLed by daLa-deflclenL bloLlc lndlcaLors. neverLheless, Lhese
deflclencles do noL obscure lmporLanL slgnals ln beLLer researched blogeographlcal lndlcaLors.
1he Lunda reglon deserves Lo be slngled ouL as a naLural laboraLory ln whlch Lhe rlch and deep
geoblologlcal hlsLory of Lhe kalaharl laLeau can be declphered. ldeally, mulLl-dlsclpllnary research
should LargeL lLs unlque landscapes and blodlverslLy. Such research can employ geochronologlcal
and phylogeographlcal meLhods Lo reconsLrucL Lhe shared evoluLlonary hlsLorles of represenLaLlve
landforms and specles.








S2





1able 1 ChlropLera recorded from Lunda 8eglon, norLheasL Angola reveal how foresL speclallsLs augmenL
Lhe overall fauna. 1hls llsL lncludes wldespread, cosmopollLan specles for whlch maLerlal evldence ls lacklng
buL are known from nelghbourlng u8C, Zambla and elsewhere ln Angola. uaLa complled from Monad[em eL
al (2010) wlLh addlLlons.

@()-"#)A)( B12- @#1#'4
A%&#-#* 7,-?'. 8eglonal mlgranL
A:#.#:7#"'+ cf (*4#-,*+%+
A:#.#:7#"'+ $"2:/'"'+
A:#.#:7#"'+ 4"(*&%+
A:#.#:7#"'+ 5(7->,"4%
A:#.#:+ &#>+#*%
0%$"#:/,"#:'+ :'+%--'+ loresL
0%$"#:/,"#:'+ %*/,".,&%'+ loresL
0,4(4-#++'+ 5#,".(**% loresL
02#*2$/,"%+ /#"B'(/( loresL
8-,"#/,+ (*$7%,/(,
@2:+%4*(/7'+ .#*+/"#+'+ loresL
@%::#+%&,"#+ "'>,"
C($$#-(%.'+ :,-% loresL
D(:7#E#'+ .('"%/%(*'+
F2$/,"%+ ("4, loresL
F2$/,"%+ 7%+:%&(
F2$/,"%+ %*/,".,&%( loresL
F2$/,"%+ .($"#/%+
F2$/,"%+ 4"(*&%+ SuspecLed Cccurrence
F2$/,"%+ *(*( loresL
!7(,",:7#* $7(:%*%
=-('$#*2$/,"%+ ?("%,4(/(
=-('$#*2$/,"%+ ("4,*/(/( loresL
02#/%+ 5,-5%/+$7%%
F,#"#.%$%( *(*(
F,#"#.%$%( /,**'%:%**%+
F,#"#.%$%( E'-',*+%+
C$#/#,$'+ $1 7%*&,%
C$#/#:7%-'+ &%*4(*%%
C$#/#:7%-'+ cf ?%"%&%+

C-A-$-"(-4

Ansell, W. l. P. (1978) 1he Mammals of Zambla. arks and Wlldllfe Servlce, Chllanga.

8arham, L. (2000) D7, 0%&&-, C/#*, G4, #1 H(.>%(I C#'/7 !,*/"(- G1"%$(. WesLern Academlc and SpeclallsL
ress, 8rlsLol.



SS
8enson, C. W. & M. . S. lrwln (1963) Some wesL easL dlsLrlbuLlonal gaps ln blrds of evergreen foresL ln
souLh-cenLral Afrlca. ln: Snowball, !. C. C$%,*$, (*& 0,&%$%*, %* !,*/"(- G1"%$(6 8"#$6 J*& 0,&6 (*& C$%6
!#*4"6, Lusaka 1963. ergamon ress, Cxford. pp. 309-320.

8romage, 1. C. & l. Schrenk (1999) G1"%$(* ;%#4,#4"(:72I !-%.(/, !7(*4,I (*& @'.(* A?#-'/%#*. Cxford
unlverslLy ress, Cxford.

8rooks, L.C.L., Allen, u.!. and uarwall, W.8.1. (Compllers). 2011. D7, C/(/'+ (*& K%+/"%>'/%#* #1 L",+75(/,"
;%#&%?,"+%/2 %* !,*/"(- G1"%$(. luCn, Cland, SwlLzerland and Cambrldge, uk.

8uLynskl, 1. (2002) 1he guenons: An overvlew of dlverslLy and Laxonomy ln: 17, =',*#*+M K%?,"+%/2 (*&
G&(:/(/%#* %* G1"%$(* 0#*<,2+. M. L. Clenn and M. Cords (eds). pp. 3-13. kluwer, new ?ork.

Colyn, M. and M. uavenporL (2002) 1he guenons: An overvlew of dlverslLy and Laxonomy. ln: D7, =',*#*+M
K%?,"+%/2 (*& G&(:/(/%#* %* G1"%$(* 0#*<,2+. M. L. Clenn and M. Cords (eds). pp. 61-78. kluwer, new ?ork.

CoLLerlll, l. . u. (2002) noLes on a mammal collecLlon and blodlverslLy conservaLlon ln Lhe lkelenge
edlcle, Mwlnllunga ulsLrlcL, norLhwesL Zambla. N$$(+%#*(- 8'>-%$(/%#*+ %* ;%#&%?,"+%/2 no. 10: 1-18.
8ulawayo: 8lodlverslLy loundaLlon for Afrlca.

CoLLerlll, l. . u. (2006a) 1axonomlc sLaLus and conservaLlon lmporLance of Lhe avlfauna of kaLanga
(souLheasL Congo 8asln) and lLs envlrons. D7, N+/"%$7 77: 1-21.

CoLLerlll (2006b) CoLLerlll, l. . u. (2010). D7, A?#-'/%#*("2 @%+/#"2 (*& D(3#*#.2 #1 /7, kobus leche +:,$%,+
$#.:-,3 #1 +#'/7O$,*/"(- G1"%$( %* /7, $#*/,3/ #1 8(-(,#OK"(%*(4, K2*(.%$+. unpubllshed hu 1hesls,
unlverslLy of SLellenbosch.

CoLLerlll, l. . u., l. LckardL and A. L. Moore SubmlLLed. 8loLurbaLlon undermlnes Lhe fldellLy of 1L and CSL
daLlng of landforms ln Lhe kalaharl, SouLhern Afrlca.

CoLLerlll, l. . u. and C. Pumphrles unpubllshed manuscrlpL. LxcepLlonal specles rlchness and endemlsm of
blrds ls cenLred on Lhe kalaharl laLeau, souLh-cenLral Afrlca.

ue uapper M 1988. Ceomorphology of Lhe sand-covered plaLeaux ln souLhern Shaba, Zalre. ln: uardls Cl
and Moon 8 (eds). =,#.#":7#-#4%$(- C/'&%,+ %* C#'/7,"* G1"%$(. pp 113-133. 8alkema, 8oLLerdam.

DeMenocal, P. B. (2004) African climate change and faunal evolution during the Pliocene-
Pleistocene. ?#"(% ;/#0)(@ A$+@ <)((. 220: 3-24.

ue loey, !., Lepersonne, !., SLopps, C., (1968) SedlmenLologle eL orlglne des sables de la Serle des sables
ocres eL de la Serle des Cres polymorphes" (SysLeme du kalaharl) au Congo occldenLal. Mus. 8oy. Afrlque
CenLr., 1ervuren, 8elglque, 61: 1-72.

de WlL, M. !. (2007) 1he kalaharl epelrogeny and cllmaLe change: dlfferenLlaLlng cause and effecL from core
Lo space. C6 G1"6 P6 =,#-6 110: 367-392.

uesseln S, nLore S, 8obbrechL L and SmeLs L 2003. ollen and seeds reveal LhaL C:,".($#$, /72.#%&,(
(Afrlcan 8ublaceae, Spermacoceae) represenLs Lhree endemlc or dls[uncL specles from Lhe Zambezlan hlgh
plaLeaus. C2+/,.(/%$ ;#/(*2 28: 130-144.

uowseLL, 8.!., u. 8. Asplnwall and l. uowseLL-Lamalre. (2008) ;%"&+ #1 H(.>%(. 1auraco ress and Aves,
Llege (www.aves.be).



S4
Ldwards, L. eL al (2010) 1he orlglns of C4 grasslands: lnLegraLlng evoluLlonary and ecosysLem sclence.
C$%,*$, 328: 387-391.

Clresse, . (2003) Mesozolc-Cenozolc hlsLory of Lhe Congo basln. P6 G1"6 A("/7 C$%. 43: 301-313.

Crubb, ., C. . Croves, !. . uudley & !. Shoshanl (2000) Llvlng Afrlcan elephanLs belong Lo Lwo specles:
9#3#&#*/( (1"%$(*( (8lumenbach, 1797) and 9#3#&#*/( $2$-#/%+ (MaLschle, 1900). A-,:7(*/ 2:1-4.

Mlller, 8. McC. (2008) D7, =,#-#42 #1 F(.%>%(. 3 volumes, Ceologlcal Survey of namlbla. 1364pp.

Monad[em, A., . !. 1aylor, l. . u. CoLLerlll And M. C. Schoeman (2010) ;(/+ 1#" C#'/7,"* (*& !,*/"(-
G1"%$(M ( D(3#*#.%$ C2*/hesls. WlLs unlverslLy ress, !ohanessburg. 396 pp.

Moore, A. L. & 8. v. ulngle (1998) Lvldence for fluvlal sedlmenL LransporL of kalaharl sands ln cenLral
8oLswana. C6 G1"6 P6 =,#-. 101: 143-133.

Moreau, 8. L. (1966) D7, ;%"& L('*(+ #1 G1"%$( (*& %/+ Q+-(*&+. Academlc ress, London.

oll M. (1967) ConLrlbuLlon a la faune lchLhyologlque de l'Angola, Museo do uundo/subsldlos para o esLudo
da blologla na Lunda. !#.:(*7%( &, K%(.(*/,+ &, G*4#-( RKQG0GF=S, no 73, 381 pp., Llsboa

8oca, A. L., n. Ceorgladls & S. !. C'8rlen (2003) CyLogeneLlc genomlc dlssoclaLlon ln Afrlcan elephanL
specles. F(/'", =,*,/. 37: 96-100.

8oca, A. L., n. Ceorgladls & S. !. C'8rlen (2007) CyLo-nuclear genomlc dlssoclaLlon and Lhe Afrlcan elephanL
specles quesLlon. T'(/,"*6 Q*/,"*. 4: 169-170.

SkelLon, . P. (1994) ulverslLy and dlsLrlbuLlon of freshwaLer flshes ln easL and souLhern Afrlca. Ann. Mus. r.
Afr. CenLr., Zool. 273:93-131, 1eugels, eL al. . 8lologlcal ulverslLy ln Afrlcan fresh- and bracklsh waLer flshes.
Ceographlcal Cvervlews - Symposlum.

1hleme, M.L., Abell, 8., SLlassny, M.L.!., SkelLon, ., Lehner, 8., 1eugels, C.C., ulnersLeln, L., kamdem
1oham, A., 8urgess, n. and Clson, u. 2003. L",+75(/," ,$#",4%#*+ #1 G1"%$( (*& 0(&(4(+$("M (
$#*+,"?(/%#* (++,++.,*/6 lsland ress, WashlngLon uC, uSA.

1hleme, M., A. Shaplro, A. Colom, u. Schllewen, n. Slndorf and A. kamdem 1oham (2008) Q*?,*/(%", U(:%&,
&,+ H#*,+ @'.%&,+ U,:"V+,*/(/%?,+ ,* UV:'>-%B', KV.#$"(/%B', &' !#*4#. 8amsar and Wll-uS. Avallable
aL: hLLp://www.ramsar.org/pdf/wurc/wurc_dr-congo_lnvenLalre2008.pdf.

1homas, u. S. C. & . A. Shaw (1991) D7, W(-(7("% A*?%"#*.,*/. Cambrldge unlv. ress, Cambrldge.

veaLch, A. C. (1933) LvoluLlon of Lhe Congo basln. 0,.6 =,#-6 C#$6 G.,". 3: 1-183.

WhlLe, l. (1976) 1he underground foresLs of Afrlca: a prellmlnary revlew. Slng. Card. 8ull. 24:37-71.

WhlLe, l. (1983) 1he vegeLaLlon of Afrlca. A descrlpLlve memolr Lo accompany Lhe unLSCC/AL1lA1/unSC
vegeLaLlon map of Afrlca. naLural 8esources 8esearch no. 20. unesco, arls.




SS


llgure 1. 1he approxlmaLe exLenL of Lhe Mega-kalaharl sand-sea and lLs relaLlonshlp Lo Lhe kaLanga-
Chambeshl area. lollowlng 8arham (2000), Lhe shaded blomes represenL Lhe hypoLheslzed exLenLs of ma[or
vegeLaLlon assemblages, when Lhey conLracLed under reglmes of arld palaeo-cllmaLes, noLably Lhrough Lhe
llo-lelsLocene. AbbrevlaLlons denoLe prlnclpal depocenLres and weLlands. 1he doLLed arrows represenL
expanslons and conLracLlons of Congo foresLs (norLh-souLh) whlch lnLerleaved beLween expanslons of
deserL and arld savannas (easL-wesL). lrom CoLLerlll (2006b) and modlfled afLer 1homas & Shaw (1991) and
8arham (2000). 1he hypoLheslzed rouLe of Lhe Arld Corrldor denoLes Lhe lnLermlLLenL llnkages beLween
Afrlca's norLheasL and souLhwesL Arld blomes.


S6


S7







S8
Annex 3.


REPORT ON THE RAPID BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE LAGOA CARUMBO REGION, LUNDA
NORTE PROV., ANGOLA, APRIL/MAY 2011

Iain Darbyshire, David Goyder & Frances Crawford
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, U.K.

Amndio Lus Gomes
Agostinho Neto University, Luanda


1. Introduction

This report documents our current knowledge of the plant diversity, main vegetation types and
phytogeographical affinities of the Lagoa Carumbo region, Lunda Norte Province, Angola. The findings are
based primarily on a rapid botanical survey conducted in the Lagoa Carumbo region between 28
th
April and
5
th
May 2011. This rapid survey represents perhaps the most intensive single botanical survey in the Lunda
region in history.
Friedrich Welwitsch and Hugo Baum, the well known prolific plant collectors generally associated with
Angola, never reached the Lundas. It appears that the first collections from the study area were made by the
German geographers and explorers Paul Pogge, Hermann von Wissmann and Max Buchner, who collected
in the area of Vila Henrique de Carvalho [Saurimo] in present-day Lunda Sul in the mid 1870s. In 1880,
Pogge and Wissmann travelled north along the ridge west of the Chicapa River, and some way to the east of
Lagoa Carumbo, at the start of their 1880-1883 expedition to the Congo (Wissmann 1891: map facing p. 1,
reproduced here), but appear to have made remarkably few collections at this stage of the expedition, and
only at the Luachimo River (Mendona 1962). British naval officer Hubert Lynes made some collections
around Dundo and Saurimo in 1919 and 1933; and Coimbra professor and phytogeographer Luiz Carrisso
passed through the area in 1927 accompanied by Francisco Mendona on the first Botanical Mission to
Angola, and again in 1937 with Francisco de Sousa. But these appear to represent the entirety of botanical
collections from the region before the Servios Cuturais of the Companhia de Diamantes de Angola
(DIAMANG) commissioned Swiss botanist John Gossweiler to collect in the DIAMANG concession area in
1946 and 1948. Almost all of the material from this collecting programme comes from the area immediately
around Dundo, but some other sites were visited, as far as the Kasai River in the east and the Chicapa River
west of Dundo.Gossweiler's collections were studied in Paris by Alberto Cavaco, who took advantage of both
collections and specialist expertise in Brussels (BR) and in London at the British Museum (BM) and Kew (K).
The results were documented in volume 42 of the Museu do Dundo cultural publications as a Flora of the
region (Cavaco 1959). Small collections were made subsequently by Barros Machado, Mrio Fontinha,
Cavaco, and Vicente Martins, curator of the Museu do Dundo.
This report incorporates the work of these earlier plant collectors where appropriate, in order to give a more
complete picture of the plant diversity and conservation importance of the range of habitats found in northern
Lunda Norte Province.


2. Sampling Strategy

The botanical team at Lagoa Carumbo in April/May 2011 consisted of staff from the Royal Botanic Gardens
Kew, U.K., Agostinho Neto University, Luanda and the Ministrio do Ambiente, Angola. The team used a
combination of general walk-over survey, plant specimen collection and sight observations to aid the
characterisation of the vegetation and the compiling of an inventory of the plant species present in the
region. Over 300 herbarium specimens were collected, mostly of flowering and fruiting plants, but some
sterile collections (ie lacking flowers or fruits) were made of the more common or important species which
were not flowering or fruiting at the time of our visit. Due to the highly limited time available, no plot-based
surveys to quantify the composition of the different vegetation types were conducted at this stage. It is
recommended that a longer follow-up survey period should include some plot-base work, particularly in the
riverine and dry forests where the tree species in particular remain under-surveyed.
Plant specimens were collected in duplicate or triplicate, with one set deposited with MINAMB Angola for
incorporation into a chosen Angolan herbarium, the remaining set(s) being taken back to the UK where they


S9
were identified through comparison to material housed in the Kew herbarium. A range of botanical specialists
were consulted to help in the identification of difficult plant groups. Due to the paucity of useful literature on
Angolan plants, and to the limited previous botanical work in the region, it was not possible to name all
collections made, particularly sterile material, but we were able to name the large majority. Those named
only to genus are nevertheless included within the checklist in Appendix 1.
As the vegetation of the Dundo region, approximately 100 km to the north-east, is broadly comparable with
that of Carumbo we would expect that most of the species recorded by Gossweiler and colleagues will also
extend along the river valleys to the Carumbo region and so they are included in the species inventory in
Appendix 2. Only those species from Cavaco's list for which we could locate specimens at Kew are included;
whilst we do not have a complete set of collections from these expeditions, we were able to locate material
for the large majority of species on the list. Those for which no specimens were located are excluded since
there is the possibility that they were misidentified by Cavaco.
The recent Angolan plant checklist by Figueiredo & Smith (2008) is used as the basis for assessing species
records and distributions in the country. The African Plants Database (http:www.ville-
ge.chmusinfobucjbafiicaiecheiche.php) and the World Checklist series for a number of plant families
(http:apps.kew.oigwcsphome.uo) are used as the standards for up-to-date taxonomy of African plant
species.


3. Results & Discussion

3.1 Phytogeographical context

Lunda Norte falls within the "Southern Congolian Forest-Savanna Mosaic ecoregion of Burgess et al.
(2004), with the vegetation of the Lagoa Carumbo region having two principal phytogeographical affinities,
following the classification of White (1983):
the riverine forest strips represent the southernmost extension of the Guineo-Congolian forests that
dominate west and central Africa. Many of the forest species recorded are widespread within this
phytogeographical region but are often rare or previously unrecorded in Angola. However, several
more localized and rare forest species were recorded and there appears to be an element of local
endemism within the forest flora (see sections 3.5 and 3.6)
the grasslands and wooded-grasslands of the plateaux contain mainly Zambesian species, some
reaching their northwestern limit in this region of Angola. The Loudetia grasslands also contain a
significant localised element, with a number of species restricted to Lunda Norte or extending only
as far as the southern Kasai region of D.R. Congo.
The more dense woodlands and dry forests recorded along the escarpment slopes are ecotonal in nature,
linking the forests and grasslands to form a rich habitat mosaic across the escarpment slopes. Edaphic wet
grasslands (dambos) are also widespread.
It is the meeting of these two important African phytogeographical regions, together with the rich mosaic of
largely undisturbed habitats, that results in the considerable plant diversity in this region.


3.2 Principal vegetation types and dominant species

This section provides an overview of the main vegetation types and their dominant species as recorded by
the rapid botanical survey, hence covering mainly the region between Capaia and Lagoa Carumbo; a wider
overview of the biodiversity of the region is provided by Huntley (2006). The habitat types outlined here are
also assigned to each of the species listed in Appendix 2.

3.2.1 Plateau Grassland (Gra)
(Surveyed at: Capaia-Carumbo road; ridge above Lagoa Carumbo)
The extensive free-draining sandy interfluvial plateaux support an open, largely treeless grassland that
extends largely uninterrupted for mile upon mile. The dominant grass over most of these sandy plains is
Loudetia simplex, although in some areas the taller and more robust L. demeusii (previously unrecorded in
Angola) can dominate. Hyparrhenia schimperi is frequent, though never so dominant as on the deeper soils
of the escarpment and valley floors (see 3.2.2).


6u
Suffruticose subshrubs with large woody underground parts are common, most notably Parinari capensis,
Landolphia thollonii (the rubber after which the plateau, the "chanas da borracha, are named) and Oldfieldia
cf. dactylophylla. Trees are very scattered and are of the speies commonly recorded in adjacent woodland
(see sect. 3.2.2), for example Ochna pulchra, Guibourtia coleosperma and Albizia adianthifolia.
The herb flora in April/May was not diverse, with only a few regularly encountered species including the
abundant Humularia cf. welwitschii, a potentially new species. However, in the few areas of recent burning a
whole different suite of herbs and suffrutices were recorded including a number of rare species (see sections
3.4 and 3.5), and it is likely that a good number of additional species will occur following the more extensive
burning later in the dry season. The rapid survey indicates that a considerable proportion of the flora of these
grasslands is highly localized or endemic to this region.

3.2.2 Woodland and wooded grassland (Woodl)
(Surveyed at: Luele River valley and escarpment near Lagoa Carumbo; escarpment between Capaia and
Carumbo)
A mixed woodland and wooded grassland mosaic dominates the escarpment slopes and free-draining areas
of the valleys; it grades into open grassland on the plateaux and dry forest in the valley floors. The trees are
typically 2-4 m in height and diversity is rather low, with dominant species including Combretum spp.,
particularly C. psidioides subsp. kwinkiti, Hymenocardia acida, Maprounea africana, Ochna pulchra,
Strychnos cocculoides, S. pungens, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon and a range of leguminous species,
notably Pericopsis angolensis, Pterocarpus angolensis and Albizia adianthifolia. On the steep escarpment
slopes between Capaia and Carumbo, Dialium englerianum and Guibourtia coleosperma are also frequent.
Occasional larger trees (up to c. 8 m or more) are recorded, principally of the charismatic Daniellia
alsteeniana. The typical genera that dominate much of the "miombo and associated woodlands in northern
Zambia, such as Brachystegia. Julbernardia, Isoberlinia, Cryptosepalum and Marquesia, are either absent or
infrequent (we did record Brachystegia spiciformis and Marquesia acuminata from tall woodland between
Capaia and Carumbo, but they were not common).
The understory of these woodlands is dominated by dense stands of the 2-3 m tall grass Hyparrhenia
schimperi. Herb diversity is low within this grass layer, but three species are particularly common and
widespread: Aframomum alboviolaceum, Smilax anceps and the fern Pteridium aquilinum. These species
are believed to be indicators of disturbance, in particular excessive burning. This suggests that human
influence on the landscape is greater than we may expect from the current low population densities. More
obvious signs of disturbance are recorded mainly from along roads and regularly used tracks (see sect.
3.2.6).

3.2.3 Dry forest (FDry)
(Surveyed at: escarpment slope between Capaia and Carumbo (small patches); between Luele and Luxico
Rivers near Lagoa Carumbo)
This habitat type was only covered rather briefly in the current survey. It forms an ecotone between
woodland and wet forest and contains elements of both habitat types. The grass layer of the woodland falls
away (any grasses within the dry forest are forest rather than savanna species such as Olyra latifolia and
Streptogyna crinita and occur as scattered individuals), with the herb flora being sparse below an often
dense shrub layer. In one site studied near the Luxico River, the understory was completely dominated by
Chazaliella obovoidea subsp. rhytidophloea, a new record for Angola, but this species was absent at other
sites. The trees are more diverse than in woodland, but some of the woodland species are still present, with
Daniella alsteeniana particularly prominent. Other tree species recorded include common pioneer species
such as Hymenocardia ulmoides and Harungana madagascariensis. However, a full survey of the tree
diversity was not carried out due to time constraints; a list of additional tree taxa in this habitat is given by
Huntley (2006).

3.2.4 Riverine & swamp forest (FWet)
(Surveyed at: Luele and Luxico Rivers near Lagoa Carumbo; Lovua River at Capaia; this habitat was
surveyed extensively by Gossweiler, primarily along the Luachima River at/near Dundo)
Most of the main river valleys in the region hold narrow strips of wet riverine forest, although they can be
discontinuous and patchy in some areas. Patches of swamp forest are also frequent on the floodplains
though these were largely inaccessible at the end of the wet season in April/May.


61
As would be expected, plant diversity is considerably higher in this habitat than in any other surveyed. The
species composition varies considerably from site to site; for example, many of the species recorded as
common in the mature riverine forest at Capaia were apparently absent in the forest patches along the Luele
and Luxico Rivers and vice versa; this will certainly be in part due to the differing drainage since the former
site was on level floodplain with waterlogged soils, whilst the latter sites were on steep riverbanks with freer
drainage. Away from permanently inundated areas, no dominant tree species were recorded (although it
should be noted that a full survey of tree species was not conducted and it is recommended that plot-based
survey be carried out in future to better characterize this vegetation type). Trees typical of Congolian riverine
forest were noted such as Symphonia globulifera and Hallea stipulosa. Immature trees of a Carapa species
(genus currently under revision) were particularly common along the Luele River, though few mature
individuals were noted. Pioneer and forest margin species such as Mussanga cecropioides and Anthocleista
cf. nobilis are often common because the forest strips are thin and discontinuous. This also results in
significant light availability in some forest patches, promoting a dense understory of shrubs, treelets and
lianas diversity is high here, with a good number of species of the Rubiaceae family particularly notable.
Herbs are rather scarce except in clearings, although the presence of two saprophytes, Gymnosiphon
longistylus and Sebaea oligantha (both new to Angola), is worthy of note.
The (?)permanently inundated areas of forest have a significantly lower diversity; along the Luele River we
found them to be dominated by just a few species, notably Ficus trichopoda, Englerophytum
magalismontanum, Hallea stipulosa, Cathormion altissimum and Martretia quadricornis, with the
subherbaceous Sabicea africana abundant along the river margin. Large stands of Pandanus cf. welwitschii
are frequently recorded, as is Raphia sp. (awaiting identification from palm specialists).

3.2.5 Wet grassland, marshes (Wetl)
(Surveyed at: Carumbo area around Luele River; between Luele & Luxico Rivers; Lagoa Carumbo)
Large seasonal wetlands (mostly burnt during the dry season) are a frequent occurrence along the river
floodplains throughout the region. They are vegetated by a mixed herb community, with species composition
varying greatly depending on water level, timing of burning etc. In tall wet grassland, Loudetia phragmitoides
is particularly prominent, together with a range of sedge (Cyperaceae) species. Other frequently
encountered herbs include Xyris congensis, Dissotis thollonii, Heterotis canescens, Clappertonia ficifolia,
Otomeria elatior and Plectranthus africanus. A number of globally rare species are also recorded from this
habitat (see sect. 3.4 and 3.6), some of which such as Kotschya stolonifera and Justicia mendoncae can be
locally abundant.
Along the margins of Lagoa Carumbo there are considerable areas of permanent wetland and pools where
Nymphaea nouchali subsp. caerulea and Nymphoides forbesiana are common, with a range of sedges
dominating the more densely vegetated areas including abundant Cyperus pectinatus and Eleocharis dulcis.
The very extensive wet grasslands and marshes around the West and Southwest sides of the lake were
unfortunately inaccessible at the time of our visit.

3.2.6 Ruderal & secondary habitats (Sec)
(Surveyed at: Capaia-Carumbo road mainly sight records)
Human population density throughout the region is low, and large extents of intact habitat remain
undisturbed. Excessive burning in the woodlands results in the development of a species poor grass
understorey with characteristic secondary herbs (see section 3.2.2). However, more clearly disturbed /
ruderal habitats tend to be localised to the vicinity of the scattered villages, roads and tracks. Common
ruderal herbs include Urena lobata, Schwenkia americana and, around villages, Tithonia diversifolia and
Hyptis cf. pectinata. Roadside grasses include Pennisetum polystachyon, Melinis repens and the ubiquitous
Hyparrhenia schimperi.
The commonest subsistence crop grown in the region is manioc (cassava).


3.3 Plant Diversity

Through a combination of the April/May 2011 expedition and historic plant specimen data captured from the
Kew herbarium, a total of 537 taxa (species and subspecies/varieties) are recorded of which 338 were
recorded by us. These are presented in Appendix 2. This represents c. 8% of the total plant diversity in
Angola. Whilst this is a sizable list, it is certainly not exhaustive and we are likely to record many more
species in future through:


62
more prolonged collecting efforts in key habitats, most notably the mature riverine forest which has
so far only been sampled only briefly
plot-based survey in the forest to record all species present within a defined sample area
visiting seasonal habitats such as dambos and fire-prone grassland during different growing seasons
e.g. post-burning, early- and mid-wet season.
Having said this, the low nutrient content of the underlying Kalahari Sands undoubtedly provides a significant
limiting factor on the plant diversity in each habitat. For example, the herb flora of the wet grasslands was
markedly low in diversity in comparison to similar sites we have visited from elsewhere in Africa. However,
the rich mosaic of habitats compensates for this fact, resulting in high overall plant diversity in the region.


3.4 New plant records for Angola

The April / May 2011 expedition registered 36 confirmed new species records for Angola including four new
generic records, with a further 13 new records for Angola excluding the separate province of Cabinda (table
1), and a host of new records for the province of Lunda Norte. In addition, a further 13 species for which we
have good flowering and/or fruiting material have not been matched to any known species and are very likely
to be additional new records for Angola and, in many cases, undescribed species (listed separately in
section 3.5). Together, this gives a total of 62 confirmed or likely new species records for Angola excluding
Cabinda, approximately 20% of the total number of species recorded on the expedition.
Whilst this strikingly high number of new records in part reflects the highly limited previous botanical
research in the region, it also serves to highlight how unique within Angola the plateaux and river systems of
Lunda Norte are in botanical terms.
The majority of new records are of Guineo-Congolian forest species which reach their southernmost extent
in the riverine forests of Lunda Norte. Of these, a good number are apparently absent from the well-
botanised forests of Cabinda, the province with the largest extent of primary Guineo-Congolian forest in
Angola. This indicates that the Lunda forests are quite different in composition to those of Cabinda,
undoubtably driven by the significant differences in climate and geology.
Also significant in table 1 are the number of new records from the wet (dambo) grasslands. Whilst the
majority are widespread African wetland species (e.g. many of the Cyperaceae), there is again a more
localised element, restricted to the wet grasslands of the Congolian/Zambesian transition zone.


3.5 Potential new / unmatched species

The Angolan flora, and that of adjacent areas of southern D.R. Congo, remain poorly known for many plant
groups, hence confident identification of new, undescribed species is often difficult. However, highlighted
below are 13 taxa collected during the April-May 2011 expedition that have not been matched to any known
species in the collections at Kew and may well prove to be new to science. In all cases, further research
(including comparison to material from southern Congo held at the National Botanic Garden of Belgium
BR), and in most cases further collections, will be required to draw final conclusions on their status.

Baphia sp. cf. aurivellerea (Leguminosae) Darbyshire 676 FWet
This small tree of riverine forest margins was collected in fruit from the forest along the Luele River near the
Carumbo campsite. This specimen has not so far been matched and is being researched further by Dr
Barbara Mackinder, African Legume specialist at Kew. Flowers will, however, be needed if it is to be
described as a new species.

Buchnera sp. aff. lippioides (Orobanchaceae) Crawford 829 Gra
This erect hemiparasitic herb was frequent in Loudetia grassland on the ridge above Lagoa Carumbo and
also recorded on plateau grassland between Capaia and Lucapa. It is certainly close to B. lippioides, a rare
species recorded from Lunda, southern D.R. Congo and northwest Zambia, and may prove to fall within the
overall variation of that species yet it differs in several notable respects from the material seen at Kew
specimens from BR have been requested to see the full variation in B. lippioides.

Cola sp. aff. diversifolia (Malvaceae) Darbyshire 746 FWet
A treelet common in the waterlogged riverine forest at Capaia. This species has been studied by Dr Martin
Cheek, expert in African Cola, and has not been matched at Kew. It falls within the difficult Cola hispida
complex and specimens from this group from D.R. Congo held at BR would have to be consulted before


6S
reaching a firm conclusion. Only male flowers have so far been collected; collections of female flowers and
fruits are desirable.


64
Costus sp. not matched (Costaceae) Goyder 6267 FDry / Woodl
This herb of dry forest margins was found with only old, withered inflorescences remaining; it was seen at a
single site along the escarpment slope between Capaia and Carumbo. The genus is in need of revision in
Africa, but this collection does not exactly match any of the known species; it appears closest to "Costus sp.
A of Flora Zambesiaca. Good flowering collections are required.

Emilia sp. not matched (Asteraceae) Goyder 6251 Gra
This slender herb was collected from unburnt Loudetia simplex grassland between Capaia and Carumbo
where it was uncommon. It requires further investigation but initial study by Dr Henk Beentje, Asteraceae
specialist at Kew, found no match.


Humularia sp. aff. welwitschii (Leguminosae) Goyder 6248 Gra
This perennial herb, abundant in the plateau Loudetia grasslands between Capaia and Carumbo, has not
been exactly matched, though it is allied to the rather variable H. welwitschii. Better specimens, including
flowers and fruits are required, as we were past its flowering season at the time of our trip.

Indigofera sp. not matched (Leguminosae) Crawford 784 Gra
This trailing herb was collected from disturbed ridge-summit grassland near Lagoa Carumbo where it was
growing commonly on bare earth. We did not expect this to be anything of great interest, yet we have been
unable to match it, despite having shown it to Dr Brian Schrire at Kew, expert on African Indigofera; further
work is ongoing on this collection.

Kohautia sp. aff. caespitosa (Rubiaceae) Goyder 6224 Wetl
A slender perennial herb of burnt seasonally wet grassland, this plant is very different to the form of K.
caespitosa previously recorded from Angola and adjacent D.R. Congo but looks more similar to some plants
from Kenya also assigned to that variable species; it may be that this plant should be treated as a further
subspecies within K. caespitosa or an allied new species.

Memecylon sp. aff. myrianthum (Melastomataceae) Darbyshire 658 FWet
This shrub was collected in fruit from riverine forest by the Luele River near Lagoa Carumbo. Images have
been shown to the leading authority on African Memecylon, Doug Stone (Univ. KwaZulu-Natal) who noted
several differences to the widespread M. myrianthum (which we also collected at Capaia); the next step is to
send a specimen to Dr Stone for closer examination. Flowers are needed to assist with identification.

Monanthotaxis cf. diclina (Annonaceae) Darbyshire 747, 748 FWet
A woody climber or free-standing shrub, frequent in the waterlogged riverine forest at Capaia. This species is
close to the Congolian M. diclina but differs in several respects, most notably the markedly thickened outer
petals. Only male flowers have so far been collected; female flowers and fruits are needed to reach any
further conclusions.

Pavetta sp. aff. vanderijstii (Rubiaceae) Crawford 747 FWet
A small treelet of wet streamside thicket collected near the Carumbo campsite. This plant is close to P.
vanderijstii, a rare species from southern D.R. Congo, and may prove to be an extreme variant of it but
differs in several respects from the specimens of that species seen at Kew. A review of the specimens at BR
is needed. It is certainly a new species record for Angola.

Psychotria sect. Confertaefolia sp. nov. (Rubiaceae) Darbyshire 752 FWet
An undershrub, very common in the waterlogged riverine forest at Capaia. Photographs of this species have
been shown to the expert on African Psychotria, Olivier Lachenaud (Universit Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium)
who confirms it as new to science; this species will be written up in the near future.

Renealmia sp. ?nov. (Zingiberaceae) Darbyshire 749 FWet
A slender perennial herb with glossy red fruits, again recorded from waterlogged riverine forest at Capaia
where frequent. The specimen does not match any material held at Kew or known species from D.R. Congo,
but this genus is in need of a full revision.


3.6 Rare, endemic and threatened species in the Lagoa Carumbo region

Only 193 Angolan plant species have currently been formally assessed for their conservation status using
the standard IUCN Categories & Criteria (www.ieulist.oig). Of these, the large majority are species treated


6S
under the Sampled Redlist Index programme (http:thieateneuplants.myspecies.info), and many are
widespread and common species assessed as of Least Concern. Of the few Angolan species listed as
globally threatened, only Hallea stipulosa (Vulnerable) has so far been recorded from the Lagoa Carumbo
region. This is a common tree in swamp forest and can be a pioneer of forest margins and secondary
regrowth; we recorded it at all the riverine and swamp forests visited. It is considered Vulnerable on the
grounds that it is commercially overexploited for its timber. Although not recorded by us, it is considered
likely that a second redlisted species on account of commercial overexploitation, Entandrophragma
angolense, will occur in the riverine forests of Lunda Norte, it having been mentioned in the biodiversity
profile by Huntley (2006).

The IUCN Redlist, however, does not give us an accurate indication of the true regional distribution of
threatended plants, since the vast majority of species have never been assessed. This is certainly true of
Angola where very little species-level work has been carried out for plant conservation priorities.

Whilst the Lagoa Carumbo region would not be considered a principal centre of endemism in Angola
(indeed, most of the species recorded are widespread see section 3.1), it does contain a number of highly
restricted species which may well prove to be threatened when assessed against IUCN Criteria. Table 2
provides an initial list of these species, recorded by our surveys and/or Gossweiler's work. Of course, the 13
potentially new / unmatched species on section 3.5 can also be added to this list, since they are almost
certainly rare and/or range-restricted. The riverine forests appear to be particularly important for rare and
localised species; indeed, in just a one hour survey of the mature forest at Capaia, of the 13 species
collected, three are known to be either rare or very localised, and a further four are potentially new species.
Clearly, this site is worthy of a much more thorough future survey.

In addition, in view of the low current human population density and relatively intact habitats, this region is
likely to be of importance for the conservation of a good number of localised and scarce species that would
not necessarily qualify as threatened using IUCN Criteria. A good example is Daniellia alsteeniana; this
impressive tree is one of the most prominent components of the denser woodlands and dry forests in the
Carumbo region. Globally, it occurs in a belt along the transition zone between the Congolian and
Zambesian vegetation elements, being rare in Zambia but more widespread in southern Congo where it is,
however, potentially threatened by exploitation for timber. The Carumbo region therefore appears to be a
stronghold for this charismatic species.


3.7 Conclusions
We surveyed key sites in north-central Lunda Norte Province within the largely intact ecosystems of three
valleys undisturbed by commercial diamond extraction the Luchico, Luele and Lovua valleys. The
extensive mosaic of grassland, woodland and forest associated with these valleys is an important area for
plant diversity in Angola. This region contains important extents of two habitat types not widely encountered
elsewhere in the country: (1) Loudetia simplex plateau grassland on deep, heavily leached Kalahari sand
deposits, and (2) inland Guineo-Congolian riverine forest where the rivers have cut through to the base of
the Kalahari sands. Both these habitats, together with the seasonally wet edaphic grasslands common in the
region, contain many species restricted in Angola to this region and a number of rare and/or endemic
species of very restricted range. The low human population in areas away from those valleys in which
diamond mining is commercially viable means that the vegetation is largely intact and relatively undisturbed.

References
Burgess, N.; Hales, J.D.A.; Underwood, E.; Dinerstein, E. (2004) Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa and
Madagascar a Conservation Assessment. Island Press, Washington.
Cavaco, A. (1959) Contribution l'tude de la flore de la Lunda d'aprs les rcoltes de Gossweiler (1946-
1948). Companhia de Diamantes de Angola. Publicaes culturais 42.
Figueiredo, E.; Smith, G.F. (2008) Plants of Angola / Plantas de Angola. Strelitzia 22, South African National
Biodiversity Institute.


66
Huntley, B.J. (2006) Biodiversity Profile of Lunda Norte, Angola. Unpubl. Technical Report.
Mendona, F.A. (1962) Botanical collectors in Angola. In: A. Fernandes (ed.) Comptes Rendus de la IV
e

runion plnire de l'Association pour l'tude Taxonomique de la Flore d'Afrique Tropicale. Junta de
Investigaes do Ultramar, Lisboa.
White, F. (1983) Unesco/AETFAT/UNSO Vegetation Map of Africa & A descriptive memoir to accompany the
Unesco/AETFAT/UNSO Vegetation Map of Africa. UNESCO, Paris, France.
Wissmann, H. von (1891) My second journey through Equatorial Africa from the Congo to the Zambesi in the
years 1886 and 1887. Chatto & Windus, London.








Part of map taken from Wissmann (1891) covering the Angolan portion of the expeditions. The First
Expedition (1880-1883) started at S. Paolo de Loanda, and travelled east along the line marked by
alternating dots and dashes as far as Kimbundu (presumably close to present-day Saurimo), before heading
due north along the plateau to the west of the Chikapa River. Lago Carumbo appears on this map as a small
circle just north of the then border with the Belgian Congo.



67
Table 1: species newly recorded for Angola during the April/May 2011 rapid botanical survey. * denotes new
generic records for Angola.

Family Species New record
for:
Previous distribution Habitat Notes
Araceae Culcasia parviflora Angola Guinea to DR Congo &
Burundi
FWet
Asteraceae Vernonia longipedunculata
var. longipedunculata
Angola DR Congo, Zambia,
Tanzania, Mozambique
Wetl New varietal record
only
Burmanniaceae *Gymnosiphon longistylus Angola Guinea to DR Congo FWet Scarce and scattered; a
new generic record
Combretaceae Combretum porphyrobotrys Angola DR Congo FWet May be a synonym of
C. mannii,which would
still be a new record for
Angola
Convolvulaceae Calycobolus cf. africanus /
micranthus
Angola N/A FWet Not an exact match for
either species, but the
specimen is sterile
Cyperaceae Fimbristylis
madagascariensis
Angola DR Congo, East Africa,
Madagascar, prob.
Gabon
Wetl
Cyperaceae Fimbristylis splendida Angola DR Congo, Congo-
Brazzaville, ?Rio Muni
Wetl Uncommon
Cyperaceae Kyllinga erecta subsp.
albescens
Angola DR Congo Wetl
Cyperaceae Pycreus scaettae fa. Angola Ghana to Tanzania &
Zambia
Wetl Our plants have cream-
coloured, not pale
brown spikelets, a
possible new variety
Cyperaceae Scleria iostephana Angola Ghana to DR Congo,
Zambia & Tanzania
Wetl
Dichapetalacea
e
Dichapetalum
mombuttense
Angola excl.
Cabinda
Cameroon to DR Congo FWet
Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea semperflorens Angola Cameroon, CAR, Gabon,
DR Congo
FDry
Woodl
Scarce
Dracaenaceae Dracaena laxissima Angola Nigeria to Sudan, south
to DR Congo &
Mozambique
FWet
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia teke Angola Cameroon, CAR, Sudan,
Uganda, Tanzania,
Congo-Brazzaville, DR
Congo
FWet Scarce assessed as
globally "Near
Threatened
Euphorbiaceae Macaranga saccifera Angola CAR, Gabon, Congo-
Brazzaville, DR Congo
FWet
Gentianaceae Sebaea oligantha Angola Guinea to DR Congo FWet Scarce and scattered
Lamiaceae Plectranthus densus Angola Zambia, Malawi & SW
Tanzania
Gra Uncommon
Lamiaceae Plectranthus
monostachyus subsp.
monostachyus
Angola excl.
Cabinda
Guinea Bissau to DR
Congo
FDry
Woodl
Patchily distributed
Leguminosae Aphanocalyx cyometroides Angola Cameroon to DR Congo FWet
Leguminosae Baphia pilosa subsp. pilosa Angola excl.
Cabinda
Cameroon to DR Congo FWet Scarce
Leguminosae Eriosema humile Angola DR Congo (Kasai) Gra Very rare - two
previous records
Leguminosae Microcharis butayei Angola CAR, DR Congo,
Uganda, Zambia
Woodl Very scattered
Family Species New record
for
Previous distribution Habitat Notes
Linaceae Hugonia cf. obtusifolia Angola Nigeria to DR Congo FDry Our specimen sterile
but probably this
species
Linaceae Hugonia cf. reticulata Angola DR Congo (Kasai) Woodl Our specimen sterile;
no specimens of H.
reticulata seen but
matches the description
- very rare


68
Marantaceae Marantochloa congensis
var. congensis
Angola excl.
Cabinda
Guinea to DR Congo FWet
Melastomatace
ae
Spathandra blakeoides Angola excl.
Cabinda
Guinea to DR Congo FWet Uncommon; in central
Africa usually restricted
to coastal lowlands
Opiliaceae *Rhopalopilia pallens Angola Cameroon, Gabon, DR
Congo
FWet Uncommon; a new
generic record
Orchidaceae Diaphananthe pellucida Angola Guinea to Uganda & D.R.
Congo
FWet
Orobanchaceae *Micrageriella aphylla Angola Zambia Wetl Very rare; a new
generic record
Passifloraceae Barteria dewevrei Angola CAR to DR Congo & NW
Tanzania
FWet Our material immature
but a good match for
Ugandan sapling
specimens
Phyllanthaceae Maesobotrya vermeulenii Angola excl.
Cabinda
Nigeria to Zambia Woodl
Phyllanthaceae *Martretia quadricornis Angola Sierra Leone to DR
Congo
FWet Scattered, a swamp
forest specialist; a new
generic record
Poaceae Andropogon tenuiberbis Angola Guinea to DR Congo &
Tanzania
Wetl
Poaceae Hyparrhenia wombaliensis Angola DR Congo Wetl Rare
Poaceae Loudetia demeusii Angola DR Congo Gra Locally common in the
Carumbo area
Poaceae Loudetia vanderystii Angola Gabon, DR Congo Wetl Scarce
Poaceae Streptogyna crinita Angola excl.
Cabinda
Sierra Leone to Ethiopia,
south to DR Congo and
Tanzania; India, Sri
Lanka
FDry
Rubiaceae Chassalia pauwelsii Angola CAR, Congo-Brazzaville,
DR Congo
FWet One previous specimen
from Dundo, but not
recorded on Angola
checklist
Rubiaceae Chazaliella obovoidea
subsp rhytidophloea
Angola Cameroon, DR Congo FDry Uncommon; this taxon
will be separated from
true C. obovoidea in a
forthcoming revision
Rubiaceae Craterispermum cf.
inquisitorium
Angola excl.
Cabinda
Gabon, DRC, Cabinda FWet Rare; our material has
rather short peduncles
for this species
Rubiaceae Geophila renaris Angola excl.
Cabinda
Congo-Brazzaville, DR
Congo, Cabinda
FWet Rare and mainly in
lowland coastal forest
Rubiaceae Hymenocoleus scaphus Angola excl.
Cabinda
Cameroon to DR Congo FWet
Rubiaceae Lasianthus repens Angola excl.
Cabinda
Guinea to DR Congo FWet Uncommon
Rubiaceae Otomeria micrantha Angola Cameroon, Gabon, DR
Congo
Woodl
Sec

Rubiaceae Psychotria cyanopharynx Angola excl.
Cabinda
CAR to DR Congo FWet
Rubiaceae Psychotria nodiflora Angola CAR, Congo-Brazzaville,
DR Congo
FWet Rare, only recently
described
Family Species New record
for
Previous distribution Habitat Notes
Rubiaceae Rytigynia lewisii Angola Southern DR Congo,
western Zambia
Gra Uncommon
Rubiaceae Sherbournia hapalophylla
subsp. wernhamiana
Angola Congo-Brazzaville, DR
Congo
FWet
Rubiaceae Trichostachys microcarpa Angola excl.
Cabinda
CAR, DR Congo,
Cabinda
FWet
Woodl




69

Table 2: rare and/or potentially threatened species recorded from the Lagoa Carumbo and Dundo regions.

Family Species Distribution Habitat Notes
Acanthaceae Justicia mendoncae LUNDA ENDEMIC Wetl Few previous records from
Saurimo and Chicapa River
Anacardiaceae Ozoroa cf. mildredae LUNDA ENDEMIC Gra Previously recorded from Saurimo
area; our plat a good match
except for differing indumentum
Annonaceae Piptostigma exellii LUNDA ENDEMIC FWet recorded by Gossweiler
Asteraceae Vernonia lampropappa LN, Malange, Cuanza
Norte
Gra Wetl Three coll. At Kew; our plants
have a different leaf base and
may be distinct
Balsaminaceae Impatiens mendoncae LN, LS, Moxico,
Congo-Brazzaville
FWet Wetl Very localised; few records
Caryophyllaceae Polycarpaea poggei LN, DR Congo Gra Very few sites in DR Congo;
second collection from Angola
Cyperaceae Hypolytrum angolense LN, Moxico FWet recorded by Gossweiler; probalby
recorded by us at Capaia but
specimen too young
Leguminosae Berlinia lundensis LN, DR Congo FWet recorded by Gossweiler; known
from only two collections
Leguminosae Crotalaria sapinii LN, LS, Malange, S DR
Congo
Gra Very localised; few records
Leguminosae Dalbergia carringtoniana LN, W Angola FWet recorded by Gossweiler; known
from few collections outside LN
Leguminosae Eriosema humile LN, DR Congo Gra Two previous records from Kasai
region of DRC
Leguminosae Kotschya stolonifera LN, Moxico, DR Congo,
Burundi, Tanzania
Wetl widespread but very scarce, only
two coll. at Kew; locally common
at Carumbo
Leguminosae Millettia acuticarinata LN, Cabinda Woodl recorded by Gossweiler; only two
coll. at Kew
Linaceae Hugonia cf. reticulata LN, S DR Congo Woodl Previously restricted to Kasai
region; our material is sterile but
probably this species
Linaceae Hugonia sapinii LN, S DR Congo FWet Very localised; few records
Loganiaceae Strychnos moandaensis LN, W Angola, Congo-
Brazzaville, W D.R.
Congo
FWet Scarce; the Lunda plants were
noted by Leuuwenberg to have
larger flowers and may be distinct
Melastomataceae Calvoa angolensis LN, Congo-Brazzaville Wetl recorded by Gossweiler; known
from only two collections
Ochnaceae Campylospermum
katangense
LN, DR Congo, Congo
Brazzaville
FWet recorded by Gossweiler; known
from few collections
Family Species Distribution Habitat Notes
Ochnaceae Ouratea
(Campylospermum)
lundensis
LUNDA ENDEMIC FWet recorded by Gossweiler; known
only from the type
Orobanchaceae Buchnera cf. baumii LN, S Angola Gra B. baumii only known from the
type; our specimen is close but
hte leaves are broader
Orobanchaceae Buchnera lippioides LN, S DR Congo, NW
Zambia
Gra Rare within a restricted range
Orobanchaceae Micrageriella aphylla LN, N Zambia Wetl Previously known from 5 sites in
NW and NE Zambia only
Poaceae Hyparrhenia wombaliensis LN, DR Congo Wetl Rare in DR Congo (5 collections
at Kew) and new to Angola
Rhizophoraceae Cassipourea vilhenae LUNDA ENDEMIC FWet recorded by Gossweiler; three
collections from Dundo
Rubiaceae Bertiera lujae LN, ?Uige, DR Congo FWet Very few collections at Kew
Rubiaceae Cephaelis (Psychotria)
gossweileri
LUNDA ENDEMIC FWet recorded by Gossweiler; known
only from the type
Rubiaceae Geophila renaris LN, Cabinda, DR
Congo, Congo-
Brazzaville
FWet Very few collections, mainly
coastal


7u
Rubiaceae Oxyanthus bremekampii LUNDA ENDEMIC FWet recorded by Gossweiler; known
only from the type
Rubiaceae Rytigynia lewisii LN, S DR Congo, NW
Zambia
Gra Very few previous collections; new
to Angola
Sapindaceae Allophylus gossweileri LN, W Angola, Cabinda FWet recorded by Gossweiler
Sterculiaceae Cola welwitschii LN, NW Angola, DR
Congo, Congo-
Brazzaville
FWet Very localised; few records
Violaceae Rinorea youngii LUNDA ENDEMIC FWet Ours was the third collection, the
other two from Dundo


71
Appendix 1: plant portraits


72



7S
74
Appendix 2: checklist to the flowering plants, gymnosperms and pteridopytes
of Lunda Norte Prov, Angola

The following list combines the species records compiled during th rapid botanical survey of April/May
2011 in the Lagoa Carumba-Capaia area, with the collections held at Kew of the expeditions ot Lunda
Norte (primarily undo region) by Gossweiler and colleagues in the 1940s. For each species, the habitat(s)
and the herbarium collection(s) are recorded; species for which no herbarium collections were made are
noted as Carumbo Sight Records.

PTERIDOPHYTA
Adiantaceae Adiantum vogelii Mett. ex Keyserl.
FWet
Gossweiler 13982
Aspleniaceae Asplenium dregeanum Kunze
FWet
Gossweiler 13756
Asplenium emarginatum P.Beauv.
FWet
Gossweiler 14022
Asplenium sandersonii Hook.
FWet
Gossweiler 13640
Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn
Sec
Carumbo sight records 8
Dryopteridaceae Bolbitis acrostichoides (Afzel. ex Sw.) Ching
FWet
Gossweiler 14069
Bolbitis boivinii (Mett. ex Kuhn) Ching
FWet
Gossweiler 13910
Nephrolepidaceae Nephrolepis undulata (Afzel. ex Sw.) J.Sm.
Woodl
Carumbo sight records 43; Gossweiler 14125
Pteridaceae Pteris atrovirens Willd.
FWet
Gossweiler 13980
Pteris similis Kuhn
FWet
Gossweiler 14103
Sinopteridaceae Pellaea doniana J.Sm. ex Hook.
FWet
Gossweiler 13981

GYMNOSPERMAE
Zamiaceae Encephalartos poggei Aschers.
Woodl
Gossweiler 13900

ANGIOSPERMAE: MAGNOLIIDS
Annonaceae Artabotrys monteiroae Oliv.
FWet
Gossweiler 13775
Isolona hexaloba Engl. & Diels
FWet
Gossweiler 13738
Monanthotaxis cf. diclina (Sprague) Verdc.
FWet
Darbyshire 747; Darbyshire 748
Monanthotaxis lucidula (Oliv.) Verdc.
FWet
Darbyshire 717; Gossweiler 13803
Monanthotaxis poggei Engl. & Diels
FWet
Gossweiler 13858
Monodora angolensis Welw.
FWet
7S
Gossweiler 13706
Piptostigma exellii R.E.Fr.
FWet
Gossweiler 14048
Uvaria angolensis Welw. ex Oliv.
Woodl
Goyder 6234
Uvaria poggei Engl. & Diels
FWet
Gossweiler 13674; Gossweiler 13726
Xylopia aethiopica A.Rich.
FWet
Crawford FC 813
Xylopia batesii Pierre ex.Engl. & Diels
FDry
Crawford FC 773
Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea heudelotii Planch.
Wetl
Crawford FC 788
Nymphaea lotus L.
Wetl
Carumbo sight records 2
Nymphaea nouchalii Burm.f. var. caerulea (Savigny) Verdc.
Wetl
Crawford FC 824
Piperaceae Piper umbellatum L.
FWet
Gossweiler 13995

ANGIOSPERMAE: MONOCOTS
Amaryllidaceae Crinum sp.
Gra
Goyder 6260
Scadoxus cinnabarinus (Decne.) Friis & Nordal
FWet
Darbyshire 730; Gossweiler 13770
Araceae Anchomanes difformis (Blume) Engl.
FDry
Carumbo sight records 30
Cercestis congensis Engl.
FWet
Gossweiler 13866
Culcasia parviflora N.E.Br.
FWet
Darbyshire 666
Lasimorpha senegalensis Schott
FWet Wetl
Crawford FC 740
Arecaceae Calamus deeratus G.Mann & H.Wendl
FWet
Gossweiler 13644; Gossweiler 13644b; Gossweiler 13644c
Elaeis guineensis Jacq.
FWet
Carumbo sight records 31
Eremospatha sp. cf. cabrae (De Wild. & T.Durand) De Wild.
FWet
Carumbo sight records 32; Darbyshire 711
Eremospatha cuspidata (G.Mann & H.Wendl.) H.Wendl.
FWet
Crawford FC 781
Raphia sp.
FWet
Carumbo sight records 29
Asparagaceae Asparagus sp.
Woodl
Crawford FC 790
76
Dracaena aubryana Brongn. ex E.Morren
FWet
Darbyshire 722
Dracaena laxissima Engl.
FWet
Darbyshire 750
Dracaena mannii Baker
FWet
Carumbo sight records 23
Dracaena sp. aff. ovata Ker Gawl.
FDry
Goyder 6270
Burmanniaceae Gymnosiphon longistylus (Benth.) Hutch. & Dalziel
FWet
Darbyshire 713
Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa Burm.f. subsp. scandens (Welw. ex
C.B.Clarke) Oberm.
Wetl
Crawford FC 846
Commelina spectabilis C.B.Clarke
Gra
Goyder 6274
Cyanotis caespitosa Kotschy ex Peyr.
Wetl
Goyder 6208
Floscopa glomerata (Willd. ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Hassk.
Wetl
Crawford FC 795; Goyder 6229
Floscopa gossweileri Cavaco
Wetl
Gossweiler 14008
Murdannia simplex (Vahl) Brenan
Wetl
Goyder 6225
Palisota ambigua (P.Beauv.) C.B.Clarke
Wetl
Crawford FC 752
Costaceae Costus spectabilis (Fenzl) K.Schum.
Woodl Gra
Gossweiler 13714
Costus sp. not matched
FDry Woodl
Goyder 6267
Cyperaceae Bulbostylis filamentosa (Vahl) C.B.Clarke
Gra
Goyder 6255
Bulbostylis laniceps C.B.Clarke
Wetl
Goyder 6226
Bulbostylis trichobasis (Baker) C.B.Clarke
Gra
Gossweiler 13690
Cyperus articulatus L.
Wetl
Gossweiler 13869
Cyperus difformis L.
Wetl
Gossweiler 14067
Cyperus pectinatus Vahl
Wetl
Crawford FC 826
Cyperus tenuiculmis Boeckeler var. tenuiculmis
Wetl
Goyder 6223
Cyperus sp.
FWet
Carumbo sight records 35
77
Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin. ex Hensch.
Wetl
Crawford FC 825
Eleocharis variegata (Poir.) C.Presl
Wetl
Crawford FC 797
Fimbristylis madagascariensis Boeckeler
Wetl
Goyder 6213
Fimbristylis cf. madagascariensis Boeckeler
Wetl
Goyder 6204
Fimbristylis splendida C.B.Clarke
Wetl
Goyder 6218
Fimbristylis sp.
Wetl
Goyder 6205
Fuirena umbellata Rottb.
Wetl
Carumbo sight records 3
Hypolytrum angolense Nelmes
FWet
Gossweiler 13882
Hypolytrum cf. angolense Nelmes
FWet
Darbyshire 751
Kyllinga erecta Schum. subsp. albescens Lye
Wetl
Goyder 6203
Kyllinga odorata Vahl var. cylindrica (Nees) Kk.
Wetl
Goyder 6227
Lipocarpha chinensis (Osbeck) J.Kern
Wetl
Crawford FC 789
Pycreus scaettae Cherm. fa. vel aff.
Wetl
Goyder 6217
Rhynchospora candida (Nees) Boeckeler
Wetl
Goyder 6216
Scleria catophylla C.B.Clarke
Wetl
Goyder 6209
Scleria iostephana Nelmes
FDry Woodl
Crawford FC 791
Scleria melanomphala Kunth
Wetl
Carumbo sight records 1
Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea cayennensis Lam.
FWet
Gossweiler 14044
Dioscorea semperflorens Uline
FDry Woodl
Goyder 6237
Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon latifolium Sm.
FWet
Darbyshire 744
Mesanthemum radicans (Benth.) Korn.
Wetl
Darbyshire 737
Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis angustifolia Lam.
FWet
Gossweiler 13898; Gossweiler s.n.
78
Iridaceae Gladiolus gregarius Welw. ex Baker
Woodl
Goyder 6263
Marantaceae Hypsodelphys poggeana (K.Schum.) Milne-Redh.
FWet
Gossweiler 13676; Gossweiler 13685
Hypsodelphys scandens Louis & Mullend.
FWet
Gossweiler 13902
Marantochloa congensis (K.Schum.) J.Lonard & Mullend.
var. congensis
FWet
Crawford FC 746
Marantochloa leucantha (K.Schum.) Milne-Redh.
FWet
Gossweiler 13769A
Marantochloa purpurea (Ridl.) Milne-Redh.
FWet
Gossweiler 13693; Gossweiler 13769; Gossweiler 14002
Orchidaceae Angraecum eichlerianum Kraenzl.
FWet
Gossweiler 13898
Diaphananthe bidens (Afzel. ex Sw.) Schltr.
FWet
Gossweiler 13875
Diaphananthe pellucida (Lindl.) Schltr.
FDry
Crawford FC 768
Eulophia angolensis (Rchb.f.) Summerh.
Wetl
Gossweiler 13889
Platycoryne guingangae (Rchb.f.) Rolfe
FWet
Gossweiler 13852
Platycoryne odorata Lindl.
FWet
Gossweiler 13822
Polystachya golungensis Rchb.f.
FWet
Crawford FC 776
Vanilla imperialis Kraenzl.
FWet
Gossweiler 14214
Zeuxine elongata Rolfe
FWet
Gossweiler 13998
Pandanaceae Pandanus cf. welwitschii Rendle
FWet
Darbyshire 672
Poaceae Andropogon tenuiberbis Hack.
Wetl
Crawford FC 828a
Aristida junciformis Trin. & Rupr.
Wetl
Gossweiler 14050B
Brachiaria brizantha (A.Rich.) Stapf
FWet
Gossweiler 13966
Bromuniola gossweileri Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
FWet
Darbyshire 667
Ctenium newtonii Hack.
Wetl
Crawford FC 839
Eragrostis tremula Steud.
Sec
Gossweiler 14075
79
Hyparrhenia diplandra (Hack.) Stapf var. diplandra
Gra
Gossweiler 13971; Gossweiler 14076
Hyparrhenia niariensis (Franch.) Clayton
Wetl
Gossweiler 14080; Gossweiler 13854
Hyparrhenia schimperi (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Stapf
Gra
Goyder 6254
Hyparrhenia wombaliensis (Vanderyst ex Robyns) Clayton
Wetl
Goyder 6211
Loudetia arundinacea (A.Rich.) Steud.
Woodl
Crawford FC 819
Loudetia demeusei (De Wild.) C.E.Hubb.
Woodl
Crawford FC 820
Loudetia phragmitoides (Peter) C.E.Hubb.
Wetl
Goyder 6284
Loudetia simplex (Nees) C.E.Hubb.
Woodl
Crawford FC 835
Loudetia vanderystii (De Wild.) C.E.Hubb.
Wetl
Goyder 6210
Melinis amethystea (Franch.) G.Zizka
Woodl
Gossweiler 14114; Gossweiler 14046
Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka subsp. repens
Woodl
Goyder 6291
Olyra latifolia L.
FDry
Carumbo sight records 37
Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P.Beauv.
FWet
Gossweiler 13984
Oryza longistaminata A.Chev. & Roehrich
Wetl
Crawford FC 814
Panicum brazzavillense Franch.
Woodl
Crawford FC 817
Paspalum conjugatum Berg.
Wetl
Carrisso 636; Gossweiler 14066
Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult.
Woodl
Crawford FC 792
Perotis vaginata Hack.
Wetl
Gossweiler 13851
Sacciolepis typhura (Stapf) Stapf
Wetl
Crawford FC 827
Schizachyrium sanguineum (Retz.) Alston
Woodl
Crawford FC 821
Schizachyrium sp.
Gra
Carumbo sight records 41
Setaria megaphylla (Steud.) T.Durand & Schinz
FWet
Darbyshire 679; Gossweiler 13985; Gossweiler 14084
8u
Sporobolus congoensis Franch.
Wetl
Goyder 6206
Sporobolus festivus Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Woodl
Gossweiler 13814B
Streptogyna crinita P.Beauv.
FDry
Crawford FC 769
Smilacaceae Smilax anceps Willd.
Woodl Sec
Carumbo sight records 7
Xyridaceae Xyris congensis Bttner
Wetl
Crawford FC 786; Darbyshire 736
Zingiberaceae Aframomum alboviolaceum (Ridl.) K.Schum.
Woodl Sec
Carumbo sight records 9; Gossweiler 13663
Aframomum giganteum (Oliv. & D.Hanb.) K.Schum.
FWet
Gossweiler 13645
Renealmia sp. ?nov. not matched
FWet
Darbyshire 749

ANGIOSPERMAE: EUDICOTS
Acanthaceae Acanthus montanus (Nees) T.Anderson
FWet
Carumbo sight records 25; Gossweiler 14200
Asystasia gangetica (L.) T.Anderson subsp. micrantha
(Nees) Ensermu
Woodl
Carumbo sight records 12
Barleria brownii S.Moore
FWet
Gossweiler 14206
Brillantaisia owariensis P.Beauv.
FWet
Carumbo sight records 28
Crossandra nilotica Oliv.
FWet
Gossweiler 13965
Hypoestes forskaolii (Vahl) R.Br.
FWet
Gossweiler 13994
Justicia mendoncae Benoist
Wetl
Crawford FC 793
Lepidagathis alopecuroides (Vahl) R.Br. ex Griseb.
FWet
Gossweiler 14054B
Nelsonia smithii Oerst.
FWet
Carumbo sight records 27
Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet subsp. poggei (Lindau)
M.Manktelow
FWet
Darbyshire 674
Whitfieldia elongata (P.Beauv.) De Wild. & T.Durand
FWet
Darbyshire 677
Achariaceae Buchnerodendron speciosum Grke
FWet
Gossweiler 13580
Caloncoba welwitschii (Oliv.) Gilg
FWet
Gossweiler 13606
81
Lindackeria dentata (Oliv.) Gilg
FDry
Crawford FC 758
Phyllobotryon paradoxum (Baill.) Hul
FWet
Gossweiler 13810
Poggea alata Grke
FWet
Gossweiler 13564; Gossweiler 13774
Amaranthaceae Pandiaka angustifolia (Vahl) Hepper
Woodl
Goyder 6289
Pandiaka rubro-lutea (Lopr.) C.C.Towns.
Woodl
Crawford FC 837
Anacardiaceae Lannea antiscorbutica (Hiern) Engl.
FWet
Gossweiler 13666
Ozoroa cf. mildredae (Meikle) R.Fern. & A.Fern.
Gra
Goyder 6286
Searsia kirkii (Oliv.) Moffett var. polyneura (Engl. & Gilg) ined.
Woodl
Crawford FC 802
Sorindeia juglandifolia (A.Rich.) Planch. ex Oliv.
FWet Woodl
Darbyshire 688; Gossweiler 13626b; Gossweiler 13812
Anisophylleaceae Anisophyllea boehmii Engl.
Woodl
Crawford FC 775; Crawford FC 823
Anisophyllea meniaudi Aubrv. & Pellegr.
FWet
Darbyshire 724
Apiaceae Diplolophium zambesianum Hiern
Woodl
Gossweiler 14158
Apocynaceae Ancylobothrys scandens (Schumach.) Pichon
FWet
Gossweiler 13583
Cryptolepis oblongifolia (Meisn.) Schltr.
Woodl
Gossweiler 13847
Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Mll.Arg.) Pichon
Woodl
Goyder 6288; Gossweiler 13599
Glossostelma spathulatum (K.Schum.) Bullock
Woodl
Gossweiler 13867
Landolphia camptoloba (K.Schum.) Pichon
FDry Woodl
Crawford FC 770; Goyder 6231; Gossweiler 13634
Landolphia dewevrei Stapf
FWet
Gossweiler 13701
Landolphia lanceolata (K.Schum.) Pichon
Gra
Cavaco, A. 1263; Gossweiler 13622
Landolphia thollonii Dewvre
Gra
Goyder 6293
Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels
FWet
Gossweiler 13856
Pachycarpus bisacculatus (Oliv.) Goyder
Woodl
Gossweiler 13891
82
Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. subsp. daemia
FWet
Gossweiler 13979
Pleiocarpa pycnantha (K.Schum.) Stapf
FWet
Gossweiler 13682; Gossweiler 14051
Raphionacme welwitschii Schltr. & Rendle
Woodl
Gossweiler 13845
Strophanthus welwitschii (Baill.) K.Schum.
FWet
Gossweiler 13596
Tabernaemontana crassa Benth.
FWet
Gossweiler 13694
Tabernaemontana eglandulosa Stapf
FWet
Gossweiler 13743; Gossweiler 13901
Tabernaemontana inconspicua Stapf
FWet
Barros Machado s.n. in Gossweiler 14041b; Darbyshire 682;
Gossweiler 14041
Tabernanthe elliptica (Stapf) Leeuwenb.
FWet
Gossweiler 13930
Tabernanthe iboga Baill.
FWet
Gossweiler 13672
Tacazzea apiculata Oliv.
FWet
Crawford FC 807; Gossweiler 13751
Tacazzea pedicellata (K.Schum.) Bullock
FWet
Gossweiler 13684
Tylophora congolana (Baill.) Bullock
Gra
Gossweiler 13853
Vahadenia laurentii (De Wild.) Stapf
FWet
Gossweiler 13790
Voacanga africana Stapf
FWet
Gossweiler 13705
Voacanga thouarsii Roem. & Schult.
FWet
Goyder 6283
Xysmalobium holubii Schltr.
Wetl
Goyder 6219
Asteraceae Anisopappus chinensis Hook. & Arn.
Gra
Goyder 6250
Aspilia kotschyi (Sch.Bip. ex Hochst.) Oliv.
Woodl
Crawford FC 842
Bidens cf. pinnatipartita (O.Hoffm.) Wild
Woodl Sec
Goyder 6281
Crassocephalum uvens (Hiern) S Moore
Wetl
Goyder 6282
Dicoma anomala Sond.
Gra
Goyder 6249
Emilia coccinea (Sims) G.Don
FWet Wetl
Darbyshire 756
8S
Emilia sp. not matched
Gra
Goyder 6251
Helichrysum keilii Moeser
Gra
Goyder 6252
Launaea rarifolia (Oliv. & Hiern) Boulos
Woodl
Gossweiler 14045
Pleiotaxis welwitschii S.Moore
FWet
Crawford FC 735
Stomatanthes africanus (Oliv. & Hiern) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Woodl
Gossweiler 13686; Gossweiler 14095
Tithonia diversifolia A.Gray
Sec

Carumbo sight records 14
Vernonia chthonocephala O.Hoffm.
Woodl
Gossweiler 14052B
Vernonia conferta Benth.
Woodl
Carumbo sight records 38
Vernonia jugalis Oliv. & Hiern
FWet
Gossweiler 14031
Vernonia lampropappa O.Hoffm.
Gra Wetl
Darbyshire 735
Vernonia longipedunculata De Wild. var. longipedunculata
Wetl
Goyder 6222
Vernonia perrottetii Sch.Bip. ex Walp.
Wetl
Darbyshire 755; Gossweiler 14058
Vernonia subaphylla Baker
Woodl
Gossweiler 14021
Vernonia wollastonii S.Moore
FWet
Gossweiler 13991
Vernoniastrum ugandense (S.Moore) H.Rob.
Wetl
Goyder 6221
Balanophoraceae Thonningia sanguinea Vahl
FWet
Darbyshire 712
Balsaminaceae Impatiens mendoncae G.M.Schulze
FWet Wetl
Darbyshire 743
Bignoniaceae Markhamia obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague
Woodl
Goyder 6266
Stereospermum harmsianum K.Schum.
Woodl
Gossweiler 13608A
Boraginaceae Cordia millenii Baker
Woodl Gra
Gossweiler 13608
Calophyllaceae Mammea africana Sabine
FWet
Gossweiler 14042
Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia perrottetii (A.DC.) Thulin
Woodl
Crawford FC 787
84
Capparaceae Cleome sp.
Sec
Carumbo sight records 15
Cardiopteridaceae Leptaulus holstii (Engl.) Engl.
FWet
Gossweiler 13796
Leptaulus zenkeri Engl.
FWet
Darbyshire 710; Gossweiler 13725
Caryophyllaceae Polycarpaea eriantha Hochst. ex A.Rich. var. effusa (Oliv.) Turrill
Wetl Gra Woodl
Crawford FC 838
Polycarpaea poggei Pax
Gra
Goyder 6277
Cecropiaceae Musanga cecropioides R.Br.
FWet
Carumbo sight records 21
Chrysobalanaceae Dactyladenia buchneri (Engl.) Prance & Sothers
FWet
Gossweiler 14039
Dactyladenia gilletii (De Wild.) Prance & F.White
FWet
Gossweiler 13820; Gossweiler 13913
Dactyladenia sp.
FDry
Crawford FC 759
Maranthes glabra (Oliv.) Prance
Woodl
Gossweiler 14196
Parinari capensis Harv.
Gra
Gossweiler 13628; Gossweiler 13628 B; Goyder 6256; Goyder 6278
Parinari curatellifolia Planch. ex Benth.
Woodl
Darbyshire 705
Clusiaceae Garcinia huillensis Welw. ex Oliv.
Woodl
Gossweiler 13766; Gossweiler 14195
Symphonia globulifera L.f.
FWet
Darbyshire 708
Combretaceae Combretum celastroides Welw. ex M.A.Lawson
subsp. laxiflorum (Welw. ex M.A.Lawson) Exell
FDry Woodl
Darbyshire 683; Gossweiler 13696; Gossweiler 14191
Combretum cinereopetalum Engl. & Diels
FWet
Fontinha, M. s. n. in Gossweiler 14250
Combretum collinum Fresen. subsp. suluense (Engl. & Diels)
Okafor
FDry Woodl
Darbyshire 684; Gossweiler 14122
Combretum cuspidatum Planch. ex Benth.
FWet
Gossweiler 13741
Combretum falcatum (Welw. ex Hiern) Jongkind
FWet
Gossweiler 13782
Combretum porphyrobotrys Engl. & Diels
FWet
Darbyshire 675
Combretum psidioides Welw. subsp. kwinkiti (De Wild.) Exell
Woodl
Darbyshire 707; Gossweiler 14052; Gossweiler 14190; Gossweiler 13750
Combretum zeyheri Sond.
Woodl
8S
Gossweiler 14121
Terminalia mollis M.A.Lawson
Woodl
Gossweiler 14068
Connaraceae Agelaea pentagyna (Lam.) Baill.
FDry
Crawford FC 771
Cnestis corniculata Lam.
FWet
Darbyshire 681
Cnestis ferruginea DC.
FWet
Gossweiler 13968
Manotes expansa Sol. ex Planch.
Woodl
Goyder 6246
Convolvulaceae Calycobolus cf. africanus (G.Don) Heine
FWet
Darbyshire 726
Hewittia malabarica (L.) Suresh
Woodl
Carumbo sight records 17
Ipomoea involucrata P.Beauv.
FWet Sec
Carumbo sight records 16
Cucurbitaceae Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.
Sec
Carumbo sight records 19
Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum angolense Chodat
FWet
Gossweiler 13877A
Dichapetalum congoense Engl. & Ruhland
FWet
Gossweiler 13789; Gossweiler 14073
Dichapetalum heudelotii (Planch. ex Oliv.) Baill. var. heudelotii
FWet
Gossweiler 13653; Gossweiler 13711; Gossweiler 13857
Dichapetalum mombuttense Engl.
FWet
Darbyshire 654
Dichapetalum mundense Engl.
FWet
Gossweiler 13757; Gossweiler 13861; Gossweiler 14088
Dichapetalum staudtii Engl.
FWet
Gossweiler 13578
Dilleniaceae Tetracera masuiana De Wild. & T.Durand
Woodl
Darbyshire 699; Gossweiler 13586; Gossweiler 13632
Tetracera poggei Gilg
Woodl
Gossweiler 13773; Goyder 6240
Dipterocarpaceae Marquesia acuminata (Gilg) R.E.Fr.
FDry
Goyder 6268
Ebenaceae Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh.
FWet
Gossweiler 13649
Diospyros iturensis (Grke) Letouzey & F.White
FWet
Gossweiler 13614; Gossweiler 13894; Gossweiler 13894b; Gossweiler
13894b
Diospyros polystemon Grke
FWet
Gossweiler 13862
Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum emarginatum Thonn.
FWet
86
Gossweiler 13764
Euphorbiaceae Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Mll.Arg.
Wetl
Crawford FC 805
Alchornea hirtella Benth.
FWet Woodl
Darbyshire 690
Alchornea yambuyaensis De Wild.
FWet
Gossweiler 13620
Chaetocarpus africanus Pax
FWet
Gossweiler 13675; Gossweiler 13885; Gossweiler 14056B
Cleistanthus polystachyus Hook.f. ex Planch.
FWet
Gossweiler 13762; Gossweiler 13811
Croton sylvaticus Hochst.
Woodl
Goyder 6238
Euphorbia teke Schweinf. ex Pax
FWet
Darbyshire 754
Macaranga saccifera Pax
FWet
Darbyshire 663
Macaranga schweinfurthii Pax
FWet
Gossweiler 13675; Gossweiler 13689
Mallotus oppositifolius (Geiseler) Mll.Arg.
FWet
Gossweiler 13859
Manniophyton fulvum Mll.Arg.
FWet
Darbyshire 715; Gossweiler 13700
Maprounea africana Mll.Arg.
Woodl
Goyder 6287; Gossweiler 14007; Gossweiler 14007b
Sclerocroton cornutus (Pax) Kruijt & Roebers
FWet
Darbyshire 680
Gentianaceae Sebaea oligantha (Gilg) Schinz
FWet
Darbyshire 652
Hypericaceae Harungana madagascariensis Poir.
FDry Woodl
Carumbo sight records 20
Vismia cf. affinis Oliv.
FWet Woodl
Darbyshire 689
Icacinaceae Icacina guessfeldtii Asch. ex Engl.
Woodl
Gossweiler 13905; Gossweiler 13996; Gossweiler 14150; Goyder 6233
Irvingiaceae Irvingia smithii Hook.f.
FWet
Gossweiler 13568; Gossweiler 13753
Irvingia wombulu Vermoesen
FWet
Gossweiler 14049
Ixonanthaceae Phyllocosmus lemaireanus (De Wild. & T.Durand) T.Durand &
H.Durand
Woodl
Crawford FC 830
Lamiaceae Clerodendrum fuscum Grke
FWet
Gossweiler 14040
Haumanniastrum villosum (Benth.) A.J.Paton
Woodl Sec
87
Goyder 6202; Goyder 6280
Hyptis cf. pectinata (L.) Poit.
Sec
Carumbo sight records 44
Kalaharia uncinata (Schinz) Moldenke
Woodl Gra
Gossweiler 13577; Gossweiler 14054
Ocimum gratissimum L. subsp. gratissimum
Sec
Gossweiler 14124
Plectranthus africanus (Baker ex Scott-Elliot) A.J.Paton
Wetl
Gossweiler 14035; Goyder 6200
Plectranthus decurrens (Grke) J.K.Morton
FWet
Gossweiler 13968A
Plectranthus densus N.E.Br.
Gra
Goyder 6285
Plectranthus djalonensis (A.Chev.) A.J.Paton
Woodl Sec
Crawford FC 785; Darbyshire 738
Plectranthus guerkei Briq.
Wetl
Goyder 6201
Plectranthus monostachyus (P.Beauv.) B.J.Pollard
subsp. monostachyus
FDry Woodl
Goyder 6230
Vitex congolensis De Wild. & T.Durand
Woodl
Crawford FC 844
Vitex madiensis Oliv. subsp. milanjiensis (Britten) F.White
Woodl
Goyder 6232
Vitex sp.
FDry
Crawford FC 757
Leguminosae-Caes Aphanocalyx cynometroides Oliv.
FWet
Darbyshire 716
Aphanocalyx richardsiae (J.Lonard) Wieringa
FWet
Barros Machado s.n.
Baikiaea insignis Benth. subsp. minor (Oliv.) J.Lonard
FWet
Darbyshire 718; Gossweiler 13609A; Gossweiler 13609B
Berlinia giorgii De Wild.
FWet
Crawford FC 800; Darbyshire 753
Berlinia lundensis Torre & Hillc.
FWet
Gossweiler 13745
Brachystegia spiciformis Benth.
FDry Woodl
Carumbo sight records 40; Gossweiler 13616; Gossweiler 13742
Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene
Wetl
Goyder 6214
Chamaecrista nigricans (Vahl) Greene
Woodl
Gossweiler 13807
Cynometra pedicellata De Wild.
FWet
Gossweiler 13637; Gossweiler 13727; Gossweiler 13761
Daniellia alsteeniana P.A.Duvign.
FDry Woodl
88
Darbyshire 650
Dialium angolense Welw. ex Oliv.
FWet
Gossweiler 13716; Gossweiler 13895; Gossweiler 13932; Gossweiler
13987
Dialium englerianum Henriq.
Woodl
Darbyshire 694; Gossweiler 13911; Gossweiler 13911b; Gossweiler
13932;
Goyder 6236; Goyder 6261
Dialium pachyphyllum Harms
FWet
Gossweiler 13776; Gossweiler 13816a; Gossweiler 13816b
Erythrophleum africanum Harms
Woodl
Darbyshire 696
Gilbertiodendron dewevrei (De Wild.) J.Lonard
FWet
Gossweiler 13829
Guibourtia coleosperma (Benth.) J.Lonard
Woodl
Crawford FC 780
Piliostigma thonningiii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh.
Woodl
Carumbo sight records 39
Prioria buchholzii (Harms) Breteler
FWet
Gossweiler 13683
Tessmannia dewildemaniana Harms
FWet
Gossweiler 14105
Leguminosae-Mim Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach.) W.Wight
Woodl
Gossweiler 14203; Goyder 6292
Cathormion altissimum (Hook.f.) Hutch. & Dandy
FWet
Crawford FC 778; Gossweiler 14050
Piptadeniastrum africanum (Hook.f.) Brenan
FWet
Gossweiler 14057B
Samanea leptophylla (Harms) Brenan & Brummitt
FWet
Gossweiler 13778
Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub.
FWet
Gossweiler 13658
Leguminosae-Pap Abrus canescens Welw. ex Baker
FWet
Gossweiler 13975; Martins 52
Abrus melanospermus Hassk.
subsp. tenuiflorus (Benth.) D.K.Harder
FWet
Darbyshire 678
Aeschynomene sensitiva P.Beauv.
Wetl
Darbyshire 740
Baphia capparidifolia Baker subsp. multiflora (Harms) Brummitt
FWet
Gossweiler 13574; Gossweiler 13607; Gossweiler 13909; Gossweiler
13909B;
Gossweiler 13909C
Baphia pilosa Baill. subsp. pilosa
FWet
Darbyshire 721
Baphia sp. cf. aurivellerea Taub.
FWet
Darbyshire 676
89
Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Desv.) J.H.Kirkbr. & Wiersema
Woodl
Gossweiler 13659; Goyder 6235
Burkea africana Hook.
Woodl
Darbyshire 700; Gossweiler 13719
Crotalaria glauca Willd.
Wetl
Darbyshire 733
Crotalaria goreensis Guill. & Perr.
Woodl
Darbyshire 701
Crotalaria ononoides Benth.
Woodl
Crawford FC 815; Darbyshire 702
Crotalaria sapinii De Wild.
Gra
Goyder 6272
Dalbergia boehmii Taub.
Woodl
Gossweiler 13579; Gossweiler 13846; Gossweiler 13846A
Dalbergia carringtoniana E.P.Sousa
FWet
Gossweiler 13593a; Gossweiler 14085; Gossweiler 14085B
Dalbergia hostilis Benth.
FWet
Darbyshire 673; Gossweiler 13964; Gossweiler 14057
Dalbergia nitidula Baker
Woodl
Darbyshire 706
Dalbergiella welwitschii Baker f.
Woodl
Gossweiler 14032
Dalhousiea africana S.Moore
FWet
Gossweiler 13695
Eriosema humile Hauman
Gra
Goyder 6273
Eriosema parviflorum E.Mey.
Woodl
Crawford FC 833
Humularia aff. welwitschii (Taub.) P.A.Duvign.
Gra
Goyder 6248
Indigofera capitata Kotschy
Woodl
Crawford FC 834
Indigofera congesta Welw. ex Baker
Woodl
Darbyshire 697; Darbyshire 734
Indigofera erythrogramma Welw. ex Baker
Woodl
Crawford FC 840
Indigofera simplicifolia Heyne
Wetl
Goyder 6212
Indigofera sp.
Woodl
Crawford FC 784
Kotschya stolonifera (Brenan) Dewit & P.A.Duvign.
Wetl
Crawford FC 796
Leptoderris laurentii De Wild.
FWet
Gossweiler 13817
9u
Leucomphalos mildbraedii (Harms) Breteler
FWet
Gossweiler 13574a; Gossweiler 13574b; Gossweiler 13739; Gossweiler
13739B
Microcharis butayei (De Wild.) Schrire
Woodl
Crawford FC 816
Millettia acuticarinata Baker f.
Woodl
Gossweiler 14011
Millettia cf. sapinii De Wild.
FWet
Darbyshire 664
Millettia drastica Welw. ex Baker
FWet
Crawford FC 753; Gossweiler 13828; Gossweiler 13868
Millettia eetveldeana (Micheli) Hauman
FWet
Gossweiler 13567; Gossweiler 13903
Pericopsis angolensis (Baker) Meeuwen
Woodl Wetl
Darbyshire 704; Gossweiler 14025; Gossweiler s.n.; Goyder 6228; Goyder
6259
Pterocarpus angolensis DC.
Woodl
Darbyshire 695 Gossweiler 13733
Tephrosia sp.
Gra Woodl
Carumbo sight records 42
Vigna nigritia Hook.f.
Wetl
Darbyshire 703
Zornia glochidiata Rchb. ex DC.
FWet
Crawford FC 754
Leguminosae-Pap Indet.
FWet
Darbyshire 719
Lentibulariaceae Utricularia benjaminiana Oliv.
Wetl
Crawford FC 756
Linaceae Hugonia cf. obtusifolia C.H.Wright
FDry
Crawford FC 762
Hugonia platysepala Welw. ex Oliv.
FWet
Gossweiler 13815
Hugonia cf. reticulata Engl.
Woodl
Goyder 6243
Hugonia sapinii De Wild.
FWet
Darbyshire 655
Hugonia villosa Engl.
FWet
Gossweiler 13842
Linderniaceae Torenia thouarsii (Cham. & Schltdl.) Kuntze
Wetl
Crawford FC 794
Loganiaceae Anthocleista cf. nobilis G.Don
FWet FDry
Carumbo sight records 36
Mostuea brunonis Didr. var. brunonis
FWet
Darbyshire 720; Gossweiler 13569
Strychnos cocculoides Baker
Woodl
91
Crawford FC 782
Strychnos moanadaensis De Wild.
FWet
Darbyshire 728; Gossweiler 13779
Strychnos pungens Soler.
Woodl
Crawford FC 783; Goyder 6242
Usteria guineense Willd.
FWet
Gossweiler 14202
Loranthaceae Phragmanthera usuiensis (Oliv.) M.G.Gilbert subsp. usuiensis
FWet
Darbyshire 692
Malvaceae Bombax buonopozense P.Beauv.
FWet
Fontinha, M. s.n. in Gossweiler 14256
Clappertonia ficifolia (Willd.) Decne.
Wetl
Crawford FC 742
Cola sp. aff. diversifolia De Wild. & T.Durand
FWet
Darbyshire 746
Cola welwitschii Exell & Mendona
FWet
Darbyshire 662; Darbyshire 714
Kosteletzkya buettneri Grke
Wetl
Gossweiler 13850
Kosteletzkya grantii (Mast.) Garcke
Woodl
Gossweiler 13678
Sida linifolia Cav.
Woodl Sec
Carumbo sight records 18
Sterculia subviolacea K.Schum.
FWet
Crawford FC 811
Triumfetta dekindtiana Engl.
Woodl Sec
Carumbo sight records 11
Urena lobata L.
Woodl Sec
Carumbo sight records 6
Melastomataceae Calvoa angolensis A.Fern. & R.Fern.
Wetl
Gossweiler 13808
Cincinnobotrys acaulis (Cogn.) Gilg
FWet
Carumbo sight records 26
Dissotis debilis (Sond.) Triana var. lanceolata (Cogn.) A.Fern. &
R.Fern.
Wetl
Crawford FC 755
Dissotis hensii Cogn.
FWet
Crawford FC 749
Dissotis thollonii Cogn. ex Bttner var. thollonii
Wetl
Carrisso, L.W. s.n.; Crawford FC 741; Gossweiler 14055
Heterotis canescens (E.Mey. ex R.A.Graham) Jacq-Fl.
Wetl
Crawford FC 798
Melastomastrum segregatum (Benth.) A.Fern. & R.Fern.
FWet
Crawford FC 809
Memecylon myrianthum Gilg
FWet
92
Darbyshire 745
Memecylon sp. nr. myrianthum Gilg
FWet
Darbyshire 658
Spathandra blakeoides (G.Don) Jacq.-Fl.
FWet
Crawford FC 736
Warneckea sapinii De Wild.
FDry Woodl
Gossweiler 13604; Gossweiler 14024
Warneckea sp.
FWet
Darbyshire 668
Meliaceae Carapa sp.
FWet
Darbyshire 693
Trichilia welwitschii C.DC.
FWet
Gossweiler 13783
Menispermaceae Triclisia sacleuxii (Pierre) Diels
FWet
Darbyshire 671
Menyanthaceae Nymphoides forbesiana (Griseb.) Kuntze
Wetl
Crawford FC 828b
Moraceae Dorstenia kameruniana Engl.
FWet
Gossweiler 13612; Gossweiler 13794; Gossweiler 13800
Ficus subcostata De Wild.
FWet
Darbyshire 729
Ficus trichopoda Baker
FWet
Crawford FC 777
Myrtaceae Eugenia malangensis (O.Hoffm.) Nied.
Wetl
Gossweiler 13629; Goyder 6220
Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC.
Woodl
Gossweiler 13621; Goyder 6241
Ochnaceae Campylospermum katangense Farron
FWet
Gossweiler 14107
Ochna afzelii R.Br. ex Oliv. subsp. congoensis (Tiegh.) N.Robson
Woodl
Gossweiler 13592; Gossweiler 13771; Goyder 6290
Ochna latisepala (Tiegh.) Bamps
FDry
Gossweiler 13673
Ochna multiflora DC.
FWet
Gossweiler 14098
Ochna pulchra Hook.f.
Woodl
Crawford FC 845
Ochna pulchra Hook. subsp. hoffmanni-ottonis (Engl.) N.Robson
Gra
Gossweiler 14027; Goyder 6279
Ouratea (= Campylospermum) andongensis (Hiern) Exell
FDry
Crawford FC 772; Gossweiler 13570B
Ouratea (= Campylospermum) lundensis Cavaco
FWet
Gossweiler 13570
Rhabdophyllum welwitschii Tiegh.
FWet
Darbyshire 687; Gossweiler 13707; Gossweiler 14106
9S
Olacaceae Olax gambecola Baill.
FWet
Gossweiler 13836
Ongokea gore (Hua) Pierre
FWet
Gossweiler 13889; Gossweiler 14092
Oleaceae Jasminum pauciflorum Benth.
FWet
Gossweiler 13887
Onagraceae Ludwigia adscendens (L.) H.Hara subsp. diffusa (Forssk.) P.H.Raven
Wetl
Machado s.n. in Gossweiler 14247
Ludwigia sp. not matched
Wetl
Darbyshire 742
Opiliaceae Rhopalopilia pallens Pierre
FWet
Crawford FC 737; Darbyshire 725
Orobanchaceae Buchnera cf. baumii Engl. & Gilg
Gra
Goyder 6275
Buchnera lippioides Vatke ex Engl.
Woodl
Gossweiler 13874
Buchnera sp. ?nov. aff. lippioides Vatke ex Engl.
Woodl Gra
Crawford FC 829
Micrargeriella aphylla R.E.Fr.
Wetl
Goyder 6207
Sopubia simplex (Hochst.) Hochst.
Wetl
Goyder 6215
Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze
Woodl Sec
Darbyshire 739
Oxalidaceae Biophytum helenae Buscal. & Muschl.
FWet Wetl
Gossweiler 13818
Passifloraceae Adenia cissampeloides Harms
FDry Woodl
Carumbo sight records 34
Barteria dewevrei De Wild. & T.Durand
FWet Woodl
Darbyshire 691
Paropsia brazzeana Baill.
Woodl
Darbyshire 685
Phyllanthaceae Bridelia atroviridis Mll.Arg.
FWet
Gossweiler 14089
Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill.
FDry
Goyder 6265
Hymenocardia acida Tul.
Woodl
Goyder 6239
Hymenocardia ulmoides Oliv.
FWet
Carumbo sight records 33; Gossweiler 14096
Maesobotrya vermuelenii (De Wild.) J.Lonard
Woodl
Crawford FC 731
Martretia quadricornis Beille
FWet
Crawford FC 806; Crawford FC 810
94
Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.
FWet
Crawford FC 804
Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze) Exell
Woodl
Gossweiler 13623
Phyllanthus polyanthus Pax
FDry
Crawford FC 766
Thecacoris lucida (Pax) Hutch.
FWet
Gossweiler 13662; Gossweiler s.n.
Thecacoris trichogyne Mll.Arg.
FWet
Crawford FC 743
Uapaca heudelotii Baill.
FDry Wetl
Crawford FC 734; Gossweiler 14049B; Goyder 6264; Machado s.n. in
Gossweiler 14244
Picrodendraceae Oldfieldia dactylophylla (Welw. ex Oliv.) J.Lonard
Woodl
Crawford FC 774
Oldfieldia cf. dactylophylla (Welw. ex Oliv.) J.Lonard
Gra
Goyder 6257
Podostemaceae Tristicha trifaria (Bory ex Willd.) Spreng.
Wetl
Gossweiler 13600
Polygalaceae Carpolobia alba G.Don
FWet
Fontinha s.n. in Gossweiler s.n.; Gossweiler 13598; Gossweiler 13924;
Gossweiler 14087
Polygala spicata Chodat
Wetl
Darbyshire 732
Polygala welwitschii Chodat subsp. pygmaea (Grke) Paiva
Woodl
Crawford FC 818
Polygonaceae Persicaria glomerata (Dammer) S.Ortiz & J.A.R.Paiva
Wetl
Gossweiler 14072
Persicaria cf. glomerata (Dammer) S.Ortiz & J.A.R.Paiva
Wetl
Carumbo sight records 4
Persicaria madagascariensis (Meisn.) S.Ortiz & Paiva
Wetl
Crawford FC 803; Darbyshire 741
Primulaceae Embelia welwitschii (Hiern) K.Schum.
FWet
Gossweiler 13814A
Proteaceae Protea petiolaris (Hiern) Baker & C.H.Wright
Woodl
Crawford FC 832
Putranjivaceae Drypetes gerrardii Hutch.
FWet
Gossweiler 13660; Gossweiler 13676
Ranunculaceae Clematis brachiata Thunb.
FWet
Gossweiler 13989
Rhamnaceae Gouania longipetala Hemsl.
FWet
Gossweiler 14006
Lasiodiscus fasciculiflorus Engl.
FWet
Gossweiler 13914; Gossweiler 14005
Rhizophoraceae Cassipourea vilhenae Cavaco
FWet
9S
Gossweiler 13571; Gossweiler 13655; Gossweiler 14101
Rubiaceae Bertiera lujae De Wild.
FWet
Darbyshire 670
Calycosiphonia spathicalyx (K.Schum.) Robbr.
FWet
Gossweiler 13881; Gossweiler 14020
Cephaelis (Psychotria) gossweileri Cavaco
FWet
Gossweiler 13883
Chassalia cristata (Hiern) Bremek.
FWet
Gossweiler 13833
Chassalia pauwelsii O.Lachenaud sp. nov. ined.
FWet
Crawford FC 745
Chazaliella gossweileri (Cavaco) E.M.A.Petit & Verdc.
FWet
Gossweiler 13799
Chazaliella obovoidea Verdc. subsp. rhytidophloea Verdc.
FDry
Crawford FC 763
Colletoecema dewevrei (De Wild.) E.M.A.Petit
FWet
Darbyshire 661
Craterispermum cf. inquisitorium Wernh.
FWet
Darbyshire 659
Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel. ex G.Don) Benth.
FDry
Gossweiler 13603; Gossweiler 13963
Cuviera latior Wernham
FWet
Gossweiler 14023
Didymosalpinx lanciloba (S.Moore) Keay
FWet
Gossweiler 13813
Diodia sarmentosa Sw.
Woodl
Goyder 6244
Fadogia triphylla Baker var. triphylla
Woodl
Crawford FC 831
Gaertnera paniculata Benth.
Woodl
Darbyshire 686
Gardenia imperialis K.Schum.
FWet
Crawford FC 732
Gardenia vogelii Hook.f.
FWet
Gossweiler 13893
Geophila renaris De Wild. & T.Durand
FWet
Darbyshire 651
Hallea stipulosa (DC.) Leroy
FWet Wetl
Carumbo sight records 22
Heinsia crinita (Afzel.) G.Taylor subsp. crinita
FDry
Cavaco 1257; Crawford FC 767; Gossweiler 13626; Gossweiler 13788
cf. Hymenodictyon floribundum (Hochst. & Steud.) Robbr.
Woodl
Goyder 6262
Hymenocoleus hirsutus (Benth.) Robbr.
FWet
Darbyshire 653
96
Hymenocoleus scaphus (K.Schum.) Robbr.
FWet
Darbyshire 723
Ixora brachypoda DC.
FWet
Gossweiler 13625; Gossweiler 13625B; Gossweiler 13784
Keetia gueinzii (Sond.) Bridson
FWet
Gossweiler 13777
Keetia venosa (Oliv.) Bridson
Woodl
Darbyshire 698
Kohautia sp. aff. caespitosa Schnizl.
Wetl
Goyder 6224
Lasianthus repens Hepper
Wetl
Darbyshire 731
Leptactina benguelensis (Welw. ex Benth. & Hook.f.) R.D.Good
var. benguelensis
Woodl Gra
Goyder 6258
Leptactina leopoldii Bttner
FWet
Gossweiler 13840
Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC.
Woodl
Gossweiler 13883A
Oldenlandia affinis (Roem. & Schult.) DC. subsp. fugax (Vatke) Verdc.
Woodl
Crawford FC 841
Otomeria elatior (A.Rich. ex DC.) Verdc.
Wetl
Crawford FC 799
Otomeria micrantha K.Schum.
Woodl Sec
Crawford FC 801
Oxyanthus bremekampii Cavaco
FWet
Gossweiler 13754
Oxyanthus speciosus DC. subsp. speciosus
FWet FDry
Crawford FC 748; Crawford FC 764
Oxyanthus unilocularis Hiern
FWet
Gossweiler 14201
Pavetta aff. vanderijstii Bremek.
FWet
Crawford FC 747
Pentodon pentandrus (Schumach. & Thonn.) Vatke
Wetl
Carumbo sight records 5
Psychotria cyanopharynx K.Schum.
FWet
Darbyshire 660
Psychotria djumaensis De Wild.
FWet
Crawford FC 733
Psychotria kikwitensis De Wild.
FWet
Crawford FC 744; Gossweiler 13931
Psychotria nodiflora O.Lachenaud & D.J.Harris
FWet
Darbyshire 665
Psychotria sp. nov.
FWet
Darbyshire 752
97
Pygmaeothamnus zeyheri (Sond.) Robyns var. zeyheri
Gra
Goyder 6276
Rothmannia whitfieldii (Lindl.) Dandy
FDry
Goyder 6269
Rutidea olenotricha Hiern
FWet
Darbyshire 727
Rytigynia lewisii Tennant
Gra
Goyder 6253
Rytigynia rubiginosa (K.Schum.) Robyns subsp. rubiginosa
FWet
Gossweiler 13617
Rytigynia umbellulata (Hiern) Robyns
FWet
Gossweiler 13740
Rytigynia sp.
FDry
Crawford FC 760
Sabicea africana (P.Beauv.) Hepper
FWet Wetl
Crawford FC 812
Sherbournia hapalophylla (Wernham) Hepper subsp.
wernhamiana (N.Hall) Sonk & L.Pauwels
FWet
Crawford FC 750
Spermacoce pusilla Wall.
Gra Sec
Carumbo sight records 10
Tarenna gossweileri S.Moore var. gossweileri
FWet
Crawford FC 738
Tarenna pallidula Hiern
FWet
Darbyshire 656; Gossweiler 13835
Tricalysia coriacea (Benth.) Hiern
FWet
Crawford FC 739
Tricalysia pallens Hiern var. dundensis (Cavaco) N.Hall
FWet
Gossweiler 13992
Tricalysia sp.
FWet
Darbyshire 709
Trichostachys microcarpa K.Schum.
FWet Woodl
Crawford FC 751
Rubiaceae Indet.
FDry
Crawford FC 761
Salicaceae Homalium africanum (Hook.f.) Benth.
FWet
Gossweiler 13731A
Sapindaceae Allophylus gossweileri Baker f.
FWet
Gossweiler 13860
Blighia unijugata Baker
FWet
Fontinha s.n. in Gossweiler 14263
Eriocoelum microspermum Radlk. ex De Wild.
FWet
Gossweiler 13786; Gossweiler 14038
Haplocoelum acuminatum Radlk. ex Engl.
FWet
Gossweiler 13884
98
Paullinia pinnata L.
FWet
Gossweiler 13702
Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum welwitschii Engl.
FWet
Darbyshire 669
Englerophytum magalismontanum (Sond.) T.D.Penn.
FWet
Crawford FC 779; Crawford FC 808; Darbyshire 657; Gossweiler 13785
Simaroubaceae Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv.
FWet
Gossweiler 13712
Solanaceae Schwenckia americana L.
Woodl
Crawford FC 836
Thymelaeaceae Craterosiphon quarrei Staner
Woodl
Goyder 6245
Dicranolepis sp.
FWet
Carumbo sight records 24
VItaceae Cissus rubiginosa (Welw. ex Baker) Planch.
FDry
Goyder 6271
Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta sp.
Sec
Carumbo sight records 13
Violaceae Rinorea cf. angustifolia (Thouars) Baill. subsp. ardisiiflora
(Oliv.) Grey-Wilson
Woodl
Goyder 6247
Rinorea dentata (P.Beauv.) Kuntze
FWet
Gossweiler 13990
Rinorea welwitschii (Oliv.) Kuntze
FWet
Gossweiler 13650
Rinorea youngii Exell & Mendona
FWet
Crawford FC 765; Gossweiler 13990A
Vitaceae Cissus rubiginosa (Welw. ex Baker) Planch.
Woodl
Crawford FC 843
Cyphostemma sp. not matched
Woodl
Crawford FC 822











99
Annex 4.

BIRDS OF THE LAGOA CARUMBO AREA, LUNDA NORTE, ANGOLA
Michael Mills, Birdlife South Africa


Survey approach

Prior to the present biodiversity assessment, the avifauna of the Carumbo area was
poorly known, with a total of 67 bird species recorded by G. Heinrich in the 1960s
(Dean 2001). During this assessment Michael Mills (Birdlife South Africa) made field
observations and sound recordings of bird song in as wide a range of habitats as
possible, including in the Capaia area, to document the avifauna as completely as time
would allow for. Forty four 15-species counts were also conducted to give some
measure of relative abundance of different bird species. Some mist-netting of birds was
done by Jorge Palmeirim (Lisbon University) and Pedro vaz Pinto (Fundacao
Kissama). This technique added just one species, albeit an important one, to the
inventory list. A total of 174 species was recorded.

Avifaunal affinities

Initial assessments of the results indicate that the rich diversity of habitats in the
Carumbo region is reflected well by the avifauna, with habitat-specialist birds found in
each of the main habitat types (see the, below). However, the 15 most commonly
recorded species include mainly widespread *savanna and **Congo forest bird
species, with only Orange-tufted Sunbird considered to be localised and Trumpeter
Hornbill being a forest species of the savanna belt.

In decreasing order of abundance, these were **Little Greenbul Andropadus virens,
*Dark-capped Bulbul Pycnonotus tricolor, *Red-collared Widowbird Euplectes ardens,
*Violet-backed Starling Cinnyricinclus leucogaster, Orange-tufted Sunbird Cinnyris
bouvieri, **Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird Pogoniulus bilineatus, *White-browed Scrub
Robin Cercotrichas leucophrys, **Western Nicator Nicator chloris, **Green Crombec
Sylvietta virens, *Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava, *Red-necked Spurfowl
Pternistis afer, *Blue-spotted Wood Dove Turtur afer, *Stonechat Saxicola torquatus,
*Yellow-throated Leaflove Chlorocichla flavicollis, *Blue-breasted Bee-eater Merops
variegatus and Trumpeter Hornbill Bycanistes bucinator.

The following birds were associated with the relevant habitats:

Gallery and swamp forest: White-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura pulchra, Afep Pigeon
Columba unicincta , Narina Trogon Apaloderma narina, Trumpeter Hornbill
Bycanistes bucinator, Buff-throated Apalis Apalis rufogularis, Red-tailed Leaflove
Phyllastrephus scandens, Fire-crested Alethe Alethe diademata

Dry forest: Ross's Turaco Musophaga rossae, Green Malkoha Ceuthmochares
aereus, Black Bee-eater Merops gularis, Red-bellied Paradise Flycatcher
Terpsiphone rufiventer, Cabanis's Greenbul Phyllastrephus cabanisi, Spotted
Thrush-Babbler Ptyrticus turdinus, Dark-backed Weaver Ploceus bicolor, Black-
throated Wattle-eye Platysteira peltata

Open grassland: Blue-breasted Bee-eater Merops variegates, Banded Martin
1uu
Riparia cincta, Congo Moor Chat Myrmecocichla tholloni, Sooty Chat
Myrmecocichla nigra, Black-chinned Weaver Ploceus nigrimentus, Fawn-
breasted Waxbill Estrilda paludicola, Black-chinned Quail-Finch Ortygospiza
gabonensis, Flleborn's Longclaw Macronyx fuellebornii

Savanna woodland: Blue-spotted Wood Dove Turtur afer, Chinspot Batis Batis
molitor Black-crowned Tchagra Tchagra senegalus Black-backed Puffback
Dryoscopus cubla Black-headed Oriole Oriolus larvatus, Grey Penduline Tit
Anthoscopus caroli, Whistling Cisticola Cisticola lateralis, Short-winged Cisticola
Cisticola brachypterus Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava, Green-capped
Eremomela Eremomela scotops, Violet-backed Starling Cinnyricinclus
leucogaster, Orange-tufted Sunbird Cinnyris bouvieri, Red-collared Widowbird
Euplectes ardens

Wetland/swamp: Chestnut-headed Flufftail Sarothrura lugens, Swamp Nightjar
Caprimulgus natalensis, Marsh Tchagra Bocagia minuta, Winding Cisticola
Cisticola marginatus, Stout Cisticola Cisticola robustus , Broad-tailed Warbler
Schoenicola brevirostris, Compact Weaver Ploceus superciliosus, Marsh
Widowbird Euplectes hartlaubi


Birds of special interest

Despite the high prevalence of widespread species among the most abundant birds, an
impressive number of rarer birds were recorded, including one species new to the
Angolan country list, numerous range extensions and new provincial records, and
some very rare Angolan birds. These species, along with the high species count and
distinctive bird communities related to different habitat types, make the Carumbo area
a priority for bird conservation in Angola.

Among the most significant records were:

Bat Hawk Macheiramphus alcinus. One hunting along the Lovua River at Capaia
before sunrise. First record for the province.
Chestnut-headed Flufftail Sarothrura lugens. Four groups heard and sound
recorded in the Carumbo area, and another two groups heard at Capaia. One bird
seen briefly in flight at the latter locality. Sound recordings have been sent to expert
R. Stjernstedt, who has verified their identity. Previously this species is known in
Angola from only one record, a specimen taken in 1925 at Chitau, Bie Province.
White-bellied Kingfisher Alcedo leucogaster. One mist netted, a juvenile bird, at the
Lovua River at Capaia. First record of leopoldi subspecies in Angola, and the first
for province.
Perrin's Bushshrike Chlorophoneus viridis. About four birds heard in the Carumbo
area. First records for province.
Black-and-rufous Swallow Hirundo nigrorufa. Two in grasslands along the Luele
River and another one along the Lovua River. These constitute the most northerly
Angolan records of this rare and localised species.
Greater Striped Swallow Cecropis cucullata. Fairly common throughout the Capaia
and Carumbo areas, with at least 50 birds seen in grasslands at the Lovua River
and in the Capaia-Carumbo grasslands. New for the province.
South African Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon spilodera. Two seen well drinking over
the Lovua River and at least another two with Greater Striped Swallows on the
Capaia-Carumbo road. These are the first records for the country (Dean 2000).
1u1
Singing Cisticola Cisticola cantans. Three groups heard and sound recorded in
lightly wooded grassland near Lake Carumbo. Known only from five specimens
from Huambo and Lunda Sul (Dean et al. 2003).
Tinkling Cisticola Cisticola rufilatus. One heard in grasslands on the Capaia-
Carumbo road. New for the province.
Stout Cisticola Cisticola robustus. At least 10 birds seen and heard in the floodplain
grasslands of the Lovua River. First record for the province.
Lemon-bellied Crombec Sylvietta denti. One bird heard and sound recorded along
the Lovua River at Capaia. Second record for Angola, the first from Dundo.
Spotted Thrush-Babbler Ptyrticus turdinus. One group seen, heard and sound
recorded in dry forest near the Luele River. Previously known only from Dundo.
Black-chinned Weaver Ploceus nigrimentus. One female seen in sparsely wooded
grassland about 30 km south of Capaia, and another two females and one male on
the Capaia-Carumbo road. A colony of ten weaver nests found where the first bird
was seen probably belong to this species, and would constitute the first breeding
record for Angola. One nest was collected for identification. These are the first
records in Angola outside of the Huambo highlands, 700 km to the south.
Black-chinned Quail-Finch Ortygospiza gabonensis. Four birds seen on a short
grass dambo near the Luele River, and another four on the Lovua River floodplain.
First record for province

References

Dean WRJ (2000). The Birds of Angola. BOU Checklist Series 18. British
Ornithologist's Union, Tring.
Dean WRJ (2001). Angola. In: Fishpool LDC, Evans MI (eds) Important Bird Areas in
Africa and associated islands: priority sites for conservation. BirdLife
Conservation Series No. 11. Pisces Publications and BirdLife International,
Newbury, pp 71-91.
Dean WRJ, Irwin MPS and Pearson DJ (2003). An isolated population of Singing
Cisticola, Cisticola cantans, in Angola. Ostrich 74: 231-232.


Table 1. Birds of the Carumbo Area - Annotated Species List of confirmed
species
*denotes interesting records

Coqui Francolin Peliperdix coqui: Three in the lightly wooded grassland between
Capaia and Carumbo.
Red-necked Spurfowl Pternistis afer: Common in Carumbo area.
Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus: One seen along the Luele River.
Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis: A flock seen on several occasions along the Luele River.
Reed Cormorant Phalacrocorax africanus: A couple along the Luele River and on Lake
Carumbo.
Darter Anhinga melanogaster: A couple along the Luele River and on Lake Carumbo.
*Bat Hawk Macheiramphus alcinus: One hunting along the Lovua River at Capaia
before sunrise. First record for province.
Black Kite Milvus migrans: Yellow-billed Kite (parasitus) was regular between Capaia
and Carumbo, especially at bush fires. A few were seen a Lake Carumbo.
1u2
Palm-nut Vulture Gypohierax angolensis: Quite common along the Luele River (a
group of 15 seen flying away from the river in the late evening, probably to
roost). Two seen at Capaia.
Brown Snake Eagle Circaetus cinereus: One near the Luele River.
African Harrier-Hawk Polyboroides typus: A couple in the Carumbo area.
*African Goshawk Accipiter tachiro: Early morning displaying birds along the Luele
River and at Capaia. New provincial record
Red-necked Buzzard Buteo auguralis: A few seen on the Capaia-Carumbo road.
Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus: Two seen between Carumbo and Capaia.
Denham's Bustard Neotis denhami: One seen in the floodplain grasslands adjacent to
the Lovua River at Capaia.
White-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura pulchra: Heard in swamp forest along the Luele and
Lovua Rivers.
*Chestnut-headed Flufftail Sarothrura lugens: Four groups heard and sound recorded
in the Carumbo area, and another two groups heard at Capaia. One bird seen
briefly in flight at the latter locality, although could not be identified on plumage..
Previously only known from one record, 1925, Chitau, Bie Province.
Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos: One along the Luele River.
Bronze-winged Courser Rhinoptilus chalcopterus: One along the Carumbo-Capaia
Road.
Afep Pigeon Columba unicincta: Several along the Luele River and one at the Lovua
River.
Western Bronze-naped Pigeon Columba iriditorques: Several heard in the Carumbo
area.
Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata: Regular in the Carumbo and Capaia areas.
Ring-necked Dove Streptopelia capicola: A few along the Carumbo-Capaia road.
Blue-spotted Wood Dove Turtur afer: Several birds seen in the Carumbo and Capaia
areas were the only species of Turtur identified, although other species may
have been heard.
African Green Pigeon Treron calvus: A few in the Carumbo area.
Ross's Turaco Musophaga rossae: Heard in the Carumbo area and seen at the Lovua
River at Capaia.
Green Malkoha Ceuthmochares aereus: A few seen in the Carumbo area.
Klaas's Cuckoo Chrysococcyx klaas: One heard in the Carumbo area.
Red-chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitarius: A few heard in the Carumbo area.
African Wood Owl Strix woodfordii: One heard at night along the Luele River.
*Swamp Nightjar Caprimulgus natalensis: At least 10 birds seen and heard in the
floodplain grasslands of the Lovua River. New provincial record.
African Palm Swift Cypsiurus parvus: A few around a village on the Carumbo-Capaia
Road.
Narina Trogon Apaloderma narina: A few heard along the Lovua River.
Lilac-breasted Roller Coracias caudatus: One seen in grassland on the Capaia-
Carumbo road.
Blue-throated Roller Eurystomus gularis: One seen perched in gallery forest along the
Lovua River at Capaia.
Striped Kingfisher Halcyon chelicuti: One seen in the Carumbo area.
Blue-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon malimbica: Several heard in the Carumbo area, and
one heard at Capaia.
African Pygmy Kingfisher Ispidina picta: A few seen in the Carumbo area.
*White-bellied Kingfisher Alcedo leucogaster: One mist netted, a juvenile bird, at the
Lovua River at Capaia. First record of the leopoldi subspecies in Angola, and
first for province.
Malachite Kingfisher Alcedo cristata: One seen along the Luele River, and one on the
floodplains of the Lovua River.
1uS
*Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maxima: One seen along the Luele River. New for
province.
Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis: One seen along the Luele River.
Black Bee-eater Merops gularis: Several groups heard in the Carumbo area. Seen by
P. vaz Pinto.
Little Bee-eater Merops pusillus: One group seen in a tall-grass dambo in the Carumbo
area.
Blue-breasted Bee-eater Merops variegatus: Common in floodplain grasslands in the
Capaia and Carumbo areas.
Southern Carmine Bee-eater Merops nubicoides: Small numbers in both the Carumbo
and Capaia areas.
African Pied Hornbill Tockus fasciatus: One flock seen near the Luele River.
Pale-billed Hornbill Tockus pallidirostris: Seen once and heard once in the Carumbo
area.
Trumpeter Hornbill Bycanistes bucinator: About 20 birds were seen near the Luele
River, and heard along the Lovua River at Capaia.
Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird Pogoniulus bilineatus: Seen and heard regurlarly in the
Carumbo and Capaia areas.
Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird Pogoniulus chrysoconus: A couple heard in the Carumbo
area.
Greater Honeyguide Indicator indicator: One bird seen and another heard in the
Carumbo area.
Cardinal Woodpecker Dendropicos fuscescens: Two birds seen in the Carumbo area.
African Broadbill Smithornis capensis: A couple heard along the Luele River.
Black-and-white Flycatcher Bias musicus: Heard twice along the Lovua River and
another probably heard along the Luele River.
Chestnut Wattle-eye Dyaphorophyia castanea: A few seen and heard in the Carumbo
area, and one netted along the Lovua River.
Chinspot Batis Batis molitor: Two seen in the Carumbo area, and another heard in
woodland adjacent to the Lovua River.
Black-headed Batis Batis minor: Seen and heard on two occasions in the Carumbo
area.
Black-throated Wattle-eye Platysteira peltata: A pair seen in dry forest near the Luele
River and another heard at the Lovua River.
White Helmetshrike Prionops plumatus: One flock of about 20 birds seen in the
Carumbo area.
Orange-breasted Bushshrike Chlorophoneus sulfureopectus: One heard at Lake
Carumbo.
*Perrin's Bushshrike Chlorophoneus viridis: About four birds heard in the Carumbo
area. First record for province.
Marsh Tchagra Bocagia minuta: One pair seen in floodplain grasslands of the Lovua
River and several more heard in tall grassland in the Carumbo area.
Brown-crowned Tchagra Tchagra australis: About three birds heard in the Carumbo
area.
Black-crowned Tchagra Tchagra senegalus: Several heard and seen in the Carumbo
and Capaia areas.
Black-backed Puffback Dryoscopus cubla: Fairly common in the Carumbo and Capaia
areas.
Tropical Boubou Laniarius aethiopicus: Several birds heard distantly in the Carumbo
and Capaia areas.
Black Cuckooshrike Campephaga flava: One female seen in flight along the Luele
River.
Common Fiscal Lanius collaris: Common in the grasslands between Capaia and
Carumbo.
1u4
Black-headed Oriole Oriolus larvatus: Several heard in the Carumbo area.
Red-bellied Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone rufiventer: One seen in dry forest near
the Luele River and two netted on the Lovua River.
African Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis: Several seen in the Carumbo area.
Cape Crow Corvus capensis: At least 10 birds seen in grasslands in the Capaia area.
Grey Penduline Tit Anthoscopus caroli: Seen on two occasions in the Carumbo area.
Black Saw-wing Psalidoprocne pristoptera: Common in the Carumbo and Capaia
areas.
Banded Martin Riparia cincta: Large numbers seen in the Carumbo-Capaia grasslands,
and a few over the floodplain grasslands of the Lovua River.
White-bibbed Swallow Hirundo nigrita: At least two seen along the Luele River.
*Black-and-rufous Swallow Hirundo nigrorufa: Two in grasslands along the Luele River
and another one along the Lovua River. Most northerly Angolan record.
*Greater Striped Swallow Cecropis cucullata: Fairly common throughout the Capaia
and Carumbo areas, with at least 50 birds seen in grasslands at the Lovua
River and in the Capaia-Carumbo grasslands. New for province.
Lesser Striped Swallow Cecropis abyssinica: A few in the Carumbo area.
Red-throated Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon rufigula: A small flock seen in grasslands
along the Lovua River.
*South African Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon spilodera: Two seen well drinking over the
Lovua River and at least another two with Greater Striped Swallows on the
Capaia-Carumbo road. First country record.
*Rufous-naped Lark Mirafra africana: Common in the grasslands on the Carumbo-
Capaia Road. Not studied in detail, but brief observations suggested the display
behaviour fitted the malbranti subspecies, which is sometimes regarded as a
separate species Malbrandt's Lark.
Flappet Lark Mirafra rufocinnamomea: Two heard along the Capaia-Carumbo road.
*Singing Cisticola Cisticola cantans: Three groups heard and sound recorded in lightly
wooded grassland near Lake Carumbo. Known only from a couple of
specimens from Huambo.
Whistling Cisticola Cisticola lateralis: Common in rank-grassed woodland in the
Carumbo area.
*Tinkling Cisticola Cisticola rufilatus: One heard in grasslands on the Capaia-Carumbo
road. New for province.
Winding Cisticola Cisticola marginatus: Common in floodplains grasslands along the
Luele River.
*Stout Cisticola Cisticola robustus: At least 10 birds seen and heard in the floodplain
grasslands of the Lovua River. First record for province.
Short-winged Cisticola Cisticola brachypterus: Common throughout the area.
Dambo Cisticola Cisticola dambo: A few seen, including in display, on the Capaia-
Carumbo road. Hundreds of small cisticolas were seen in these grasslands
could mostly have been of this species.
Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava: Seen throughout the Carumbo and Capaia
areas.
White-chinned Prinia Schistolais leucopogon: Two groups seen in the Carumbo area.
Buff-throated Apalis Apalis rufogularis: One pair seen and another heard along the
Lovua River. The male seen had a white throat.
Grey-backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brevicaudata: Several heard in the Carumbo
area.
Miombo Wren-Warbler Calamonastes undosus: One seen and another two heard in
the Carumbo area.
Dark-capped Bulbul Pycnonotus tricolor: Common in the Carumbo area.
Little Greenbul Andropadus virens: Common in the Carumbo and Capaia areas; at
least three birds mist-netted.
1uS
Slender-billed Greenbul Andropadus gracilirostris: Two seen along the Luele River.
Honeyguide Greenbul Baeopogon indicator: One heard along the Luele River.
Simple Greenbul Chlorocichla simplex: One seen and another two heard in the
Carumbo area.
Yellow-throated Leaflove Chlorocichla flavicollis: Common along the Luele and Lovua
Rivers.
Red-tailed Leaflove Phyllastrephus scandens: Common in swamp forest along the
Luele and Lovua River; one mist netted on the Lovua River.
Cabanis's Greenbul Phyllastrephus cabanisi: One group seen and heard in dry forest
near the Luele River.
Red-tailed Bristlebill Bleda syndactylus: Several heard and two mist-netted in the
Carumbo area.
Black-collared Bulbul Neolestes torquatus: One seen in the Carumbo area, and one on
the Lovua River floodplain.
Western Nicator Nicator chloris: Regular in dense vegetation in the Carumbo area.
Broad-tailed Warbler Schoenicola brevirostris: One in grassland on the Luele River,
and at least 10 on the Lovua River.
Moustached Grass Warbler Melocichla mentalis: One seen and another two heard in
the Carumbo area.
Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus: One seen in tall grassland along the
Luele River.
Green Hylia Hylia prasina: At least two birds heard in the Carumbo area.
Green-capped Eremomela Eremomela scotops: Several groups seen in the Carumbo
area.
Black-necked Eremomela Eremomela atricollis: One group seen and sound recorded
in woodland in the Carumbo area.
Red-capped Crombec Sylvietta ruficapilla: Two birds heard in the Carumbo area.
Green Crombec Sylvietta virens: Several heard in the Carumbo and Capaia areas.
*Lemon-bellied Crombec Sylvietta denti: One bird heard and sound recorded along the
Lovua River at Capaia. Second record for Angola; range extension.
Brown Illadopsis Illadopsis fulvescens: Heard once in swamp forest near the Luele
River.
*Spotted Thrush-Babbler Ptyrticus turdinus: One group seen, heard and sound
recorded in dry forest near the Luele River. Range extension.
African Yellow White-eye Zosterops senegalensis: At least two heard in dry forest near
the Luele River.
Violet-backed Starling Cinnyricinclus leucogaster: Common in the Carumbo area.
Rufous Flycatcher Thrush Stizorhina fraseri: One heard along the Lovua River.
Groundscraper Thrush Psophocichla litsitsirupa: One seen between Lucapa and
Saurimo.
African Thrush Turdus pelios: One seen and another two heard in the Carumbo area.
*Fire-crested Alethe Alethe diademata: Two heard in swamp forest near the Luele
River and one netted on the Lovua River. Range extension.
White-browed Robin-Chat Cossypha heuglini: One bird heard distantly at Lake
Carumbo.
Red-capped Robin-Chat Cossypha natalensis: One seen in dry forest near the Luele
River.
Miombo Scrub Robin Cercotrichas barbata: Three heard in the Carumbo area.
White-browed Scrub Robin Cercotrichas leucophrys: Common in woodland in the
Carumbo area.
Stonechat Saxicola torquatus: Several in floodplains grasslands along the Luele and
Lovua Rivers.
Congo Moor Chat Myrmecocichla tholloni: Very common in grasslands between
Carumbo and Capaia, with at least 50 birds seen.
1u6
Sooty Chat Myrmecocichla nigra: Common in the grasslands between Carumbo and
Capaia, outnumbering Congo Moor Chat in the more wooded areas. One pair
also on a short-grass dambo near the Luele River.
Pale Flycatcher Bradornis pallidus: Four birds seen in the Carumbo area.
Ashy Flycatcher Muscicapa caerulescens: Two seen near the Luele River.
Cassin's Flycatcher Muscicapa cassini: Several birds seen along the Luele River.
Grey Tit-Flycatcher Myioparus plumbeus: One seen and another one heard in the
Carumbo area.
Western Violet-backed Sunbird Anthreptes longuemarei: Several seen in woodland of
the Carumbo area.
Little Green Sunbird Anthreptes seimundi: One seen well feeding in a flowering tree in
the Carumbo area.
Grey-chinned Sunbird Anthreptes rectirostris: One pair seen near the Luele River.
Collared Sunbird Hedydipna collaris: At least four seen in the Carumbo area.
*Reichenbach's Sunbird Anabathmis reichenbachii: Two birds seen along the Luele
River. Only locality from which known in Angola (exluding Cabinda).
Blue-throated Brown Sunbird Cyanomitra cyanolaema: Common by voice, and a few
seen, in the Carumbo area.
Western Olive Sunbird Cyanomitra obscura: Common in forest in the Carumbo and
Capaia areas, with three birds mist netted.
Green-throated Sunbird Chalcomitra rubescens: At least three seen near the Luele
River.
Amethyst Sunbird Chalcomitra amethystina: One male bird seen in the Carumbo area.
Scarlet-chested Sunbird Chalcomitra senegalensis: Several seen in woodland in the
Carumbo and Capaia areas.
Olive-bellied Sunbird Cinnyris chloropygius: One male seen near the Luele River and
another two on the Lovua River.
Orange-tufted Sunbird Cinnyris bouvieri: The most numerous sunbird in woodlands of
the Carumbo area.
Copper Sunbird Cinnyris cupreus: At least 10 seen in woodland in the Carumbo and
Capaia areas.
Yellow-throated Petronia Gymnoris superciliaris: At least 6 birds seen and heard in the
Carumbo area.
*Black-chinned Weaver Ploceus nigrimentus: One female seen in sparsely wooded
grassland about 30 km south of Capaia, and another two females and one male
on the Capaia-Carumbo road. A colony of ten weaver nests found where the
first bird was seen probably belong to this species, and would constitute the first
breeding record for Angola. One nest was collected for identification. These are
the first records in Angola outside of the Huambo highlands, several hundred
kilometres to the south. Range extension.
*Spectacled Weaver Ploceus ocularis: One heard at Lake Carumbo and another at
Capaia. First for province.
Compact Weaver Ploceus superciliosus: Seen twice in floodplain grasslands along the
Luele River, and at least 30 birds seen in floodplain grasslands on the Lovua
River.
Dark-backed Weaver Ploceus bicolor: Two seen and heard in dry forest near the Luele
River.
*Red-headed Quelea Quelea erythrops: Two breeding plumage males seen in tall,
damp grassland near the Luele River. First for province.
Black-winged Red Bishop Euplectes hordeaceus: Two males in breeding plumage
seen in the Carumbo area.
Yellow-mantled Widowbird Euplectes macroura: Quite common in dry grassland in the
Carumbo area and especially on the Carumbo-Capaia Road.
1u7
Marsh Widowbird Euplectes hartlaubi: At least 10 males still in breeding plumage seen
on the Lovua River floodplain. Some birds were loosing their breeding dress.
Red-collared Widowbird Euplectes ardens: Common in tall grassland in the Carumbo
area, with many males in full breeding dress.
Grey-headed Nigrita Nigrita canicapillus: Two heard in the Carumbo area.
African Firefinch Lagonosticta rubricata: About six heard, and one seen briefly, in the
Carumbo area.
Red-cheeked Cordon-bleu Uraeginthus bengalus: Four seen in the Carumbo area.
Fawn-breasted Waxbill Estrilda paludicola: Seen in tall grassland in the Carumbo and
Lovua River areas, with c. 50 and 200 birds respectively.
Orange-cheeked Waxbill Estrilda melpoda: About 20 birds seen in the Carumbo area.
*Orange-breasted Waxbill Amandava subflava: Two birds seen and heard in flight near
the Luele River. First for province.
*Black-chinned Quail-Finch Ortygospiza gabonensis: Four birds seen on a short grass
dambo near the Luele River, and another four on the Lovua River floodplain.
First record for province.
Bronze Mannikin Lonchura cucullata: Small numbers throughout the Carumbo and
Capaia areas.
Black-and-white Mannikin Lonchura bicolor: Two seen adjacent to a village in the
Carumbo area.
Dusky Indigobird Vidua funerea: One bird mimicking African Firefinch was observed,
sound recorded and captured in the Carumbo area.
Pin-tailed Whydah Vidua macroura: Small numbers through the area, including along
the Carumbo-Capaia Road.
Broad-tailed Paradise Whydah Vidua obtusa: At least three breeding plumage males
seen in the Carumbo area.
Flleborn's Longclaw Macronyx fuellebornii: Three birds in a short-grass dambo
adjacent to the Luele River, and at least four birds on the Lovua River
floodplain.
*Short-tailed Pipit Anthus brachyurus: One bird seen and heard in flight on a short-
grass dambo adjacent to the Luele River. Rare species in Angola.
Yellow-fronted Canary Crithagra mozambica: About five birds seen in the Carumbo
area.
Golden-breasted Bunting Emberiza flaviventris: Two seen in the Carumbo area.


Species previously recorded (Dean 2001) but not confirmed during this study

Barrow's Korhaan Eupodotis barrowii: A couple of short croaks heard in the Carumbo-
Capaia grasslands was probably this species. B. J. Huntley saw one in this area.
The Angolan birds have rufous hind necks, suggesting that they belong to this
taxon, rather than White-bellied Bustard.
Yellow-billed Egret Egretta intermedia
Black-bellied Bustard Lissotis melanogaster
Crowned Hornbill Tockus alboterminatus
Anchieta's Barbet Stactolaema anchietae
Miombo Pied Barbet Tricholaema frontata
Green-backed Woodpecker Campethera cailliautii
Buff-spotted Woodpecker Campethera nivosa: One bird seen briefly inside swamp
forest along the Lovua River was probably this species.
White-winged Black Tit Parus leucomelas: A Parus species heard at Lake Carumbo
was thought to be this species, but could not be seen.
Miombo Tit Parus griseiventris
Little Grey Greenbul Andropadus gracilis
1u8
Yellow-bellied Hyliota Hyliota flavigaster: Two birds heard briefly in the Carumbo area,
but could not be confirmed.
Southern Black Flycatcher Melaenornis pammelaina
Bannerman's Sunbird Cyanomitra bannermani: Several birds heard and one male seen
briefly near the Luele River appeared to be this species rather than Green-
headed Sunbird C. verticalis.
Vieillot's Black Weaver Ploceus nigerrimus: Two dull weavers seen distantly in the
Carumbo area were thought to be of this species.
Yellow Bishop Euplectes capensis
Cuckoo-Finch Anomalospiza imberbis
Cape Wagtail Motacilla capensis
Grimwood's Longclaw Macronyx grimwoodi
Buffy Pipit Anthus vaalensis
Black-faced Canary Crithagra capistrata
Cabanis's Bunting Emberiza cabanisi: One bird heard at Lake Carumbo was thought to
be this species, but could not be seen and may have been Golden-breasted
Bunting.


Other species not confirmed or seen outside of the study area, en route

Little Swift Apus affinis: Several around the airport at Saurimo.
Plain-backed Pipit Anthus leucophrys: At least 10 pipits on a short-grass dambo near
the Luele River appeared to be this species; plain, dark-brown backs and orange
bill bases.
African Cuckoo-Hawk Aviceda cuculoides: Poor views of what was most likely one
juvenile seen next to a patch of miombo woodland between Capaia and
Carumbo.
Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus: A few on the Capaia-Carumbo road.
Shining-blue Kingfisher Alcedo quadribrachys: Two kingfishers heard in gallery forest
along the Luele River are suspected to be of this species. W. Branch saw one
bird in this area.
Pied Crow Corvus albus: Seen between Lucapa and Saurimo.
Angola Swallow Hirundo angolensis: A few on the Luachimo River near Lucapa.
Zitting Cisticola Cisticola juncidis: One heard between Lucapa and Saurimo.
Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus: One raptor seen distantly in flight
appeared to be a male of this species, but it was hard to be certain.
Dark Chanting Goshawk Melierax metabates: Seen between Lucapa and Saurimo.
Meyer's Parrot Poicephalus meyeri: Heard in the woodlands between Capaia and
Lucapa, and seen between Lucapa and Saurimo.
Black-billed Turaco Tauraco schuettii: Turacos heard but not seen in the Carumbo and
Capaia areas are thought to be this species.
Senegal Coucal Centropus senegalensis: Smaller coucals calling in the Carumbo area
may have included this species.
Coppery-tailed Coucal Centropus cupreicaudus: Large coucals heard in the Carumbo
area were probably of this species, although Blue-headed Coucal could not be
eliminated.
White-browed Coucal Centropus superciliosus: Smaller coucals calling in the Carumbo
area may have included this species.
Western Oriole Oriolus brachyrhynchus: One bird seen inside gallery forest on the
Lovua River appeared to be this species.
Salvadori's Eremomela Eremomela salvadorii: One bird heard at Lake Carumbo was
probably this species, although was not seen so Yellow-bellied Eremomela E.
icteropygialis could not be excluded.
1u9
Northern Grey-headed Sparrow Passer griseus: Several at Lucapa.
Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus: One active breeding colony at Lucapa.
Black-bellied Seedcracker Pyrenestes ostrinus: One bird seen briefly in flight in the
Carumbo area was thought to be this species.
Brown Twinspot Clytospiza monteiri: Heard along the Luachimo River near Lucapa.
Red-billed Firefinch Lagonosticta senegala: Two seen at Lucapa.
11u
Annex 5.

REPORT ON THE ICHTHYOFAUNAL SURVEY OF THE LAGOA CARUMBO
AREA, LUNDA NORTE, ANGOLA.

Ernst Swartz, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity


Introduction

There is only one major publication on the fishes of Angola (Poll, 1967) and no
major ichthyological surveys have been done during Angola's conflict years.
SAIAB and INIP have recently resumed surveys of the interior of Angola,
starting with the Kwanza River system. The fishes of the Kwanza are still being
identified and will be compared to other specimens in the region (including the
present survey) before final identifications, or in some cases species
descriptions, can be done. A major problem in identifying Angolan fishes is the
lack of type material that has either burned down with the Lisbon Museum in
Portugal or has been unavailable (possibly destroyed) in the Dundo Museum in
Angola. The work of Poll (1967) suggests that the Carumbo region could be
hyper-diverse, with both Zambezian and Congolan elements due to past
connections between these major drainage systems. With historical collections
possibly destroyed, it is vital that new material be collected to study the
relationships of the taxa, biogeography of the region and the significance of the
fauna for future conservation.

Collecting programme

Ernst Swartz from the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB)
and Woody Cotterill from the African Earth Observation Network (AEON) at the
University of Cape Town (UCT) led the ichthyological survey. Other team
members, namely Bill Branch, Werner Conradie and Michael Mills, assisted with
ad hoc collections and local fishermen collected specimens and provided
information about local species and how to fish for them. Local guides and
members of the Ministry of Environment team assisted with the deployment of
gear during the surveys. Sampling gear used included hand, fyke, seine and gill
nets, fish traps, angling and use of the biodegradable poison rotenone. The
extremely low conductivity meant that electric fishing could not be used.

A total of 12 localities were surveyed, which included tributaries of the Luele
River (3 sites), main stem sites on the Luele and Luchico rivers (7 sites), a
nearby dambo (1 site) and margins of Lagoa Carumbo (1 site). The main rivers
and their tributaries flow over Kalahari sand and they were moderately clear.
Sampling was mainly done along the flooded margins or over sandy bays of the
main rivers, except when the gill net was deployed in the main current of the
Luele River. In the dambo and Lagoa Carumbo, the flooded margins dominated
by sedges were rotenoned and hand nets were used to collect specimens. The
rotenone activity only lasted about 2 hours and only a very local area was
affected (about 5m
2
).

111
Checklist

The high flows at the end of the rainy season made it impossibly to survey all
habitat types and fish are generally very dispersed during high flows making
them more difficult to collect. Especially the larger river habitats (especially riffle
habitats) were not sampled effectively due to the high flows. It is therefore
possible that several habitat specialist species were missed during the current
survey, but the flooding also meant that other species that invade flooded
margins were easier to collect. It is difficult to make a judgement whether the
number of species collected represents particularly high diversity or not, due to
the difficult sampling conditions of the present survey and because
neighbouring regions have not been sampled effectively. More research will
have to be done on the relationships of the Carumbo fishes, so that effective
identifications can be done and affinities to other regions can be better
understood. Nonetheless, a possible 25 species were collected that belong to
19 genera and 11 families, with some species already indicating some
interesting links to both Zambezian and Congolan faunas (Table 1). Some
range extensions have also already been confirmed.

Dundocharax bidentatus was previously only known from its type locality
(Lucoge River in the Kasai catchment of the Congo River system in Angola).
The discovery of this species in the Carumbo area is therefore a major range
extension for the species and suggests that it may be widespread in the Congo
tributaries of north-eastern Angola.

Further investigation is required to identify all the cyprinid species and in
general, the classification of cyprinids in Africa requires further research.
Especially the genus 'Barbus' is recognised as a "waste bin taxon in Africa,
since the only true Barbus are the tetraploid barbs of Europe and northernmost
tip of Africa along the Mediteranean. One of the 'Barbus' species collected may
represent or be closely related to Barbus inermoides (described from the upper
Kunene in Angola) that is currently a junior synonym of Barbus unitaeniatus.
Further investigation might reveal that the former is a separate species (Paul
Skelton, personal communication) and that might or might not include the
species collected in the current survey.

Several of the 'Barbus' species could be part of or related to the Barbus
eutaenia species complex, identified here as Barbus "eutaenia large scales,
Barbus "yellow large scales and Barbus cf. chiumbeensis. It is well known that
this complex requires a revision, since several undescribed species have been
collected in recent years and most of the recognised species seems to have
regional variation that needs to be assessed (Denis Tweddle, personal
communication). A single Raiamas species species was collected that
superficially looks similar to a species collected in the Kwanza River system.

Species of the family Cichlidae are know for their rapid evolution. Especially the
one haplochromine cichlid and Tilapia species collected in Lagoa Carumbo
could have evolved local morphs, but this would have to be tested against
regional morphs. Similarly, the Parauchenoglanis (family Claroteidae) seems to
have 3 different colour patterns with one pattern restricted to Lagoa Carumbo.
112

Preliminary identification suggests that Schilbe marmoratus and Channallabes
apus were collected in the present survey. Based on Poll (1967) and known
widespread distribution ranges in the Congo River system, it is not unexpected
that these species were collected in the Carumbo area. Apart from these two
species and the identification of Dundocharax bidentatus, all other species need
to be investigated further, before more accurate species names can be
proposed.



Biogeography and conservation

It seems as if the area does not have Tigerfish (Hydrocynus sp.), a dominant
top predator. The local fishermen seem to know Tigerfish and suggested that
they occur lower down in the system. Very fast flowing areas of the Luchico
River below the confluence with the Luele were seen that could lead to
cascades and waterfalls that are impassable for Tigerfish. The possible
absence of Tigerfish is interesting from a biogeographic perspective and could
have allowed other fishes to evolve different forms.

There are excellent opportunities to investigate the drainage history of the area,
with more than 25 potential species in the Carumbo region and with most the
taxa with potential Zambezian or Congolan relationships, lending itself to data
rich comparative phylogeography research. For example, Dundocharax
bidentatus could be closely related to Neolebias lozi in the Zambezi River
system, but further research is required to compare all species in this group of
characins. The possible link between a 'Barbus' species collected in the present
survey and Barbus inermoides that is currently not recognised, needs to be
investigated and could lead to interesting Zambezian links.

Preliminary identifications nevertheless suggest Zambezian and Congolan
species with some widespread taxa or species complexes that that have
representative populations in most major African drainage basins. The rivers in
this area could have been captured by the Congo system, which could explain
the species linked to the Zambezi River system. The area is therefore important
to conserve as a transitional zone.

Further research is required to assess whether narrow endemics occur in the
area, but this is only likely for taxa that could have evolved unique forms in
Lagoa Carumbo, e.g. Haplochromis, Tilapia and possibly Parauchenoglanis
based on the current survey. The healthy habitat, currently low levels of
fisheries activities and reasonably high diversity of fishes makes the Carumbo
area important for fish conservation, especially if upstream catchments can be
kept intact in future.


11S
References

Poll, M. (1967). Contribution la faune ichthyologique de l'Angola. Lisboa:
Publicaes Culturais No. 75. Companhia de Diamantes de Angola (Diamang).

Table 1. CHECKLIST OF FISHES OF THE CARUMBO REGION

Scientific name Common name Localities in the Carumbo
area
Possible
affinities
Cyprinidae
Barbus "eutaenia large
scales
Barb Tributaries and main stem
rivers
W
Barbus "red fins! Barb Main stem rivers C
Barbus "yellow large scales! Barb Lagoa Carumbo ?
Barbus cf. chiumbeensis Barb Main stem rivers C
Barbus cf. inermoides Barb Main stem rivers Z
Labeobarbus sp. Yellowfish Main stem rivers Z
Raiamas sp. Main stem rivers C
Poeciliidae
Aplocheilichthys cf. katangae Topminnow Lagoa Carumbo Z
Alestiidae
Micralestes sp. Robber W
Distichodontidae
Dundocharax bidentatus Tributaries and Lagoa
Carumbo
Z
Hemigrammocharax sp. Citharine Tributaries and main stem
rivers
W
Nannocharax sp. Citharine Main stem rivers W
Clariidae
Clarias cf. dumerilii Catfish Tributaries and main stem
rivers
C
Clarias cf. liocephalus Catfish Tributaries and main stem
rivers
Z
Channallabes apus Eel catfish Tributaries and flooded
margins
C
Schilbeidae
Schilbe marmoratus Shoulderspot
catfish
Tributaries and main stem
rivers
C
Claroteidae
Parauchenoglanis sp. Grunter All, except the dambos W
Mochokidae
Synodontis sp. Squeaker Main stem rivers W
Anabantidae
Microctenopoma sp. Ctenopoma Tributaries and Lagoa
Carumbo
Z
Cichlidae
Tilapia cf. rendalli Tilapia Lagoa Carumbo W
Tilapia cf. sparrmanii Tilapia Dambos and Lagoa Carumbo W
Haplochromis sp. Happy Laboa Carumbo W
Hemichromis Jewelfish All. Except dambos W
Mormyridae
Marcusenius sp. Bulldog All, except dambos W
Petrocephalus sp. Churchill Main rivers W
C = Congolan; Z = Zambezian; W = widespread

114




11S

116

117
118
Annex 6.

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Introduction

The herpetofauna of Angola remains one of the most poorly documented on the
continent. The only synthesis dates from the 19
th
Century (Bocage 1895) and this is
now very out-of-date. Due to the protracted civil war, modern biodiversity surveys in
the country are just beginning, (e.g. Huntley 2009) and large areas of the country have
never been scientifically surveyed.

Most previous reports on the country's herpetofauna have been restricted to the
western or southern regions, e.g. Monard (1931, 1937), Schmidt (1933), Parker (1936),
Mertens (1938), Hellmich (1957a,b), FitzSimons (1959) and Branch & Mcartney (1992).
An exception to the regional neglect of the herpetofauna of northeast Angola is a series
of reports in by Laurent (1950, 1954, 1964), based on collections in the Museo du
Dundo. These collections documented an exceptional herpetofauna diversity in the
greater Dundo region, that contained elements of both of southern Zambezian and
northern Congolian faunas.

Among the reptiles the collections documented a single tortoise (Kinixys belliana),
three terrapins (Pelusios castaneus, P. gabonensis and P. subniger), a crocodile
(Mesticops cataphractus), 15 lizards and 50 snakes. In a subsequent report, Tys van
den Audenaerde (1967) reported on an additional 118 snakes from the Dundo region,
recording three additional species for the region, i.e. Telescopus s. semiannulatus,
Thrasops j. jacksoni and Chlorophis heterodermus carinatus (= Philothamnus
carinatus).

A very high amphibian diversity in the Lunde Norte and Lunde Sul provinces,
particularly around Dundo, was also recorded by Laurent (1950, 1954, 1964), who
listed over 50 taxa. However, many of the names listed by Laurent are either no longer
valid, or they have been affected by changes in our knowledge of species boundaries
and distributions. The true identity of many of these identifications can only be
confirmed be checking the surviving specimens in the Museo du Dundo collection with
those of modern surveys.

Unfortunately the material in the Museo du Dundo collection upon which Laurent's
reports are based has not been accessible for modern study for over 50 years. The
physical condition of this material, particularly the types of the numerous new taxa that
Laurent (1954, 1964) described, remains unknown and it constrains assessment of
modern surveys.

Collecting programme - team, methods, use of local collectors

The current herpetological survey was undertaken by Prof. Bill Branch and Werner
Conradie, both scientists experienced in Africa and based at Bayworld (formerly Port
Elizabeth Museum), South Africa. Opportunistic specimens were also collected by
other members of the survey, particularly during the fish surveys (Ernst Swart and
119
Woody Cotterill) and by Pedro vaz Pinto and students. A number of water snakes
captured in fish traps were also supplied by local fishermen.

Two drift fence 'Y'-shaped arrays, comprising four 20 litre buckets and six double
ended funnel traps where placed for 4-5 days in different habitats.

Trapline 1, 500m SE of Base camp, 5km from Lagoa Carumbo, Lunda Norte,
Angola (0745'15.5S, 1957'27.7E, 783m)
Trapline 2 at Stream 2, 500m north of Base camp, 5km from Lagoa Carumbo,
Lunda Norte, Angola (0745'10.6S, 1957'24.2E, 772m)

Due to the dry, relatively cool conditions and lack of reptile movement neither trapline
was very successful. In the first array a Southern Burrowing Asp (Atractaspis bibronii)
was collected in a funnel trap, whilst in the other array a small frog (Arthroleptis ?) and
Forest File Snake (Gonionotophis poensis) were caught.

Checklist of herpetofauna

Due to problems of accessibility to the Lagoa Curambo region during the heavy
summer rains, the survey could only be undertaken at the start of the cold, dry season.
Unfortunately reptile and amphibian activity at this time was relatively quiet as breeding
activity had declined and many species were entering a period of seasonal dormancy.
The difficult access also meant that travel from Luanda required 3-4 days of travel to
access the site. These factors curtailed a detailed herpetological survey, but did permit
an assessment of habitat diversity in the region and allowed sampling of common
species encountered in the region.

In total 16 amphibian and 19 reptile species were documented, the greater majority
with voucher specimens. Tables 1 and 2 list the amphibians and reptiles encountered
in Lunde Norte district during the survey. Representatives of seven amphibian families
and 13 reptile families were identified.

Species of special interest

Despite the relatively low diversity of amphibians and reptiles collected, a number of
important discoveries were made. Among the amphibians these included:
A very large ranid (Fig. 1) that was relatively common (4 specimens collected)
in the gallery forest habitat bordering the small forest streams adjacent to the
base camp. This spectacular ranid appears unknown from Angola. It has
morphological affinities with Hylarana lepus, described from Cameroon and
which is currently recorded from diverse localities in the northern areas of the
Congo River drainage. The species occurs from southwestern and southern
Cameroon to the Democratic Republic of Congo, with records from Equatorial
Guinea, Central African Republic and Gabon. It is presumed to occur in the
Cabinda Enclave of Angola, but this is unconfirmed. Given the large
disjunction between the known range and the Curambo specimens the
possibility of a cryptic species cannot be discounted. Genetic analysis is to be
used to resolve this issue.

Reed Frogs (Hyperolius) - These characteristics frogs of sub-Saharan Africa
are a source of great taxonomic confusion (Sciotz 1999). Laurent (1950, 1954,
1964) records no less than 14 taxa of Hyperolius in the greater Dundo region,
including a number of new species, i.e. H. machadoi and H. vilhenai. The
former was synonymized by Laurent (1964) with H. steindachneri. The latter
12u
remains known only from the single juvenile type collected at "Cuilo along the
Luita River (Laurent 1964).




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121
A number of Hyperolius were collected during the present survey (Fig.1) and
have provisionally assigned to various species. Genetic studies may help
resolve some of the species assignments.

A series of two very large tadpoles that appear referable to Kassina (Fig. 2).
The first, smaller and more boldly patterned is referred provisionally to the
poorly known Kassina kavungensis, described by Monard (1937) from Kuvango
in Angola. It has subsequently described from Zambia (Poynton & Broadley
1987, Channing 2001), but the Carumbo and Capaia specimens constitute the
northern records for the species.

The present collection has made only a preliminary assessment of amphibian diversity
in the region, and future surveys can be expected to considerably increase the regional
diversity.

Although relatively few reptiles were collected, the survey revealed a number of
exciting discoveries, including:
The first record for Angola of the Annulated Water Cobra (Naja (Boulengerina)
annulata). A subadult (Fig. was collected along the edge of the Lulele River
adjacent to the Base camp, 5km from Lagoa Carumbo, Lunda Norte, Angola
(0745'10.6S, 1957'24.2E, 772m).
A juvenile Hook-nosed snake (Scaphiophis albopunctatus) was collected at
Capaia Village, Lunde Norte Province, Angola (0720'08.0S, 2013'00.5E,
1007m). This is the second record for Angola, the only other specimen being
collected from Muita River (0748'S, 2127'E) (Laurent 1950). No Angolan
records were listed by Broadley (1994) when revising the species, although it
was recorded from southern DRC and northern Zambia.
An adult Forest File Snake (Gonionotophis poensis) was collected in a trap
array in gallery forest near the base camp (Stream 2, 500m north of Base
camp, 5km from Lagoa Carumbo, Lunda Norte, Angola; 0745'10.6S,
1957'24.2E, 772m). This is the third record for Angola, the species being
previously recorded from Muita River (Laurent 1950) and Dundo (Tys van den
Audenaerde 1967).


Zoogeographic affinities
The herpetofauna shows distinct Congolian affinities, with the majority of amphibians (7
of 11, 63.6%; 3 unidentified species cannot be assigned to a realm) and many reptiles
(7 of 16, 36.8%) having the greater part of their range in the Congo region. A majority
of reptiles, particularly snakes, were represented by common widespread species (e.g.
Black Mamba, Puff Adder, White-lipped Cat Snake, etc).
122
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126
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128




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129

Annex 7.

Indicative checklist of mammals of Lunda Norte. (F. P. D. Cotterill)



Mammals known or believed to have occurred in Lunda Norte (names follow Stuart and
Stuart2000; Groves 2001; Simmons 2005) * Chiroptera species likely to occur based on
currently known range and in consideration of extremely patchy collecting

Order Primates Common name Habitat
Galagoides demidovi Dwarf Galago Gallery forests
Otolemur crassicaudatus Thick-tailed Galago Woodlands
Papio kindae Kinda Baboon Woodlands
Lophocebus aterrimus Black Crested Mangabey Gallery Forests
Cercopithecus ascanius
atrinasus
Black-cheeked White-nosed monkey Gallery Forests
Cercopithecus ascanius
katangae
Black-cheeked White-nosed monkey Gallery Forests
Cercopithecus neglectus De Brazza's Monkey Gallery Forests
Chlorocebus pygerythrus Vervet Monkey Woodlands
Colobus angolensis Angola Black & White Colobus Gallery Forests

Order Chiroptera
Eidolon helvum African straw-coloured fruit bat Migratory
Epomophorus cf angolensis * Angolan epauletted fruit bat Savanna
Epomophorus grandis Sanborn's epauletted fruit bat Savanna-forest
Epomophorus crypturus Peters's epauletted fruit bat Woodlands
Epomophorus wahlbergi Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat Woodlands
Epomops dobsonii Dobson's epauletted fruit bat Savanna-forest
Epomops franqueti Franquet's epauletted fruit bat Gallery Forests
Hypsignathus monstrosus Hammer-headed fruit bat Gallery Forests
Lissonycteris angolensis * Angolan soft-furred fruit bat Savanna-forest
Megaloglossus woermanni Woermann's long-tongued fruit bat Gallery Forests
Micropteropus intermedius Hayman's lesser epauletted fruit bat Gallery Forests
Micropteropus pusillus Peters's lesser epauletted fruit bat Gallery Forests
Myonycteris torquata Little collared fruit bat Gallery Forests
Plerotes anchietae * Anchieta's broad-faced fruit bat Mesic miombo
Hipposideros fuliginosus * Sooty leaf-nosed bat Gallery Forests
Hipposideros gigas * Giant leaf-nosed bat Gallery Forests
Hipposideros ruber Noack's leaf-nosed bat Gallery Forests
Saccolaimus peli * Pel's pouched bat Gallery Forests
Taphozous mauritianus Mauritian tomb bat Woodlands
Nycteris arge Bates's slit-faced bat Gallery Forests
Nycteris grandis * Large slit-faced bat Gallery Forests
Nycteris hispida Hairy slit-faced bat Gallery Forests
Nycteris intermedia Intermediate slit-faced bat Gallery Forests
Nycteris macrotis Large-eared slit-faced bat Woodlands
Nycteris nana Dwarf slit-faced bat Gallery Forests
Chaerephon chapini Pale free-tailed bat Woodlands
Mops condylurus* Angolan free-tailed bat Woodlands
1Su
Mops annulus* Dwarf free-tailed bat Gallery Forests
Mops niveiventer* White-bellied free-tailed bat Woodlands
Mops thersites* Railer free-tailed bat Gallery Forests
Glauconycteris argentata Common butterfly bat Gallery Forests
Glauconycteris machadoi Machado's Butterfly Bat Woodlands
Glauconycteris variegata Variegated butterfly bat Woodlands
Laephotis angolensis* Angolan long-eared bat Woodlands
Myotis welwitschii Welwitsch's myotis Woodlands
Neoromicia nana* Banana bat Woodlands
Neoromicia tennuipinnis White-winged serotine Woodlands
Neoromicia zuluensis Zulu serotine Woodlands
Pipistrellus (Afropipistrellus)
grandidieri*
Dobson's pipistrelle Woodlands
Scotoecus hindei/albigula* Dark-winged lesser house bat Woodlands
Scotophilus dinganii Yellow-bellied house bat Woodlands
Scotophilus viridis Green house bat Woodlands

Order Tenrecoidea
Potamogale velox Giant otter shrew Rivers

Order Tubilidentata
Orycteropus afer Aardvark Grasslands and
woodlands

Order Hyracoidea
Dendrohyrax arboreus Tree hyrax Forest

Order Carnivora
Aonyx capensis Cape Clawless Otter Rivers
Aonyx congica Congo Clawless Otter Rivers
Lutra maculicollis Spotted-necked Otter Rivers
Canis adustus Side-striped Jackal Woodlands
Lycaon pictus Wild Dog Grasslands and
Woodlands
Panthera pardus Leopard Widespread
Panthera leo Lion Woodlands and
Grasslands
Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah Grasslands
Ictonyx striatus Striped Polecat Widespread
Poecilogale albinucha Striped Weasel Widespread
Mellivora capensis Honey Badger Widespread
Atilax paludinosus Water Mongoose Rivers
Ichneumia albicauda White-tailed Mongoose Woodlands
Mungos gambianus Gambian Mongoose Woodlands
Crocuta crocuta Spotted Hyaena Woodlands
Felis caffra African Wild Cat Widespread
Leptailurus serval Serval Woodlands
Civettictis civetta African Civet Widespread
Nandinia binotata Tree Civet Forest
Genetta tigrina Large-spotted Genet Widespread
Genetta angolensis Angolan Genet Widespread
Galerella sanguinea Slender Mongoose Widespread
1S1
Herpestes ichneumon Large Grey Mongoose Widespread

Order Pholidota
Manis tricuspis White-bellied Tree Pangolin Forest

Order Lagomorpha
Lepus saxatilis Scrub Hare Woodlands

Order Rodentia
Atherurus africanus African Brush-tailed Porcupine Woodlands, Forest
Hystrix africaeaustralis South African Porcupine Widespread
Colomys goslingi Water Rat Rivers
Thryonomys gregorianus Giant Rat Widespread
Thryonomys swinderianus Giant Rat Widespread
Protoxerus stangeri Giant Squirrel Woodlands

Order Proboscidea
Loxodonta africana Bush Elephant Savanna
Loxodonta cyclotis Forest Elephant Forest

Order Artiodactyla
Hippopotamus amphibious Hippopotamus Rivers
Potamochoerus larvatus Bush Pig Forests and
Woodlands
Taurotragus oryx Common Eland Grasslands
Phacochoerus africanus Warthog Woodlands
Tragelaphus spekei Sitatunga Woodlands,
Wetlands
Tragelaphus scriptus Bushbuck Widespread
Hippotragus equinus Roan Antelope Woodlands
Hippotragus niger Sable Antelope Woodlands
Kobus ellipsiprymnus
penricei
Penric's Waterbuck Woodlands
Kobus vardoni Puku Woodlands
Redunca arundinum Reedbuck Widespread
Alcelaphus lichtensteini Lichtenstein's Hartebeest Woodlands
Cephalophus silvicultor Yellow-backed Duiker Forest
Cephalophus dorsalis Bay Duiker Forest
Cephalphus nigrifrons Black-fronted Duiker Forest
Philantomba cf monticola Blue Duiker Widespread
Sylvicapra grimmia Grey Duiker Grasslands
Syncerus caffer caffer Savanna Buffalo Widespread
Syncerus caffer nanus Red Buffalo Widespread

1S2
Taxonomic Notes

Cercopithecus ascanius atrinasus Machado 1965 is known only from a small area
around the type locality near Zovo, where its total range was mapped within 8-9
o
S
and 18-30
o
E by Machado (Groves 2001).

Opdenbosch's Mangabey Lophocebus opdenboschi occurs in Angola adjacent to its
principal range in southwest Congo in forests associated with the Kwango, Wamba
and Kwilu rivers (Groves 2001)

Epomophorus grandis is very poorly known (total of only four specimens) comprising
the type material from Dundo and one other locality in the Congo (Monadjem et al.,
2010).

Machado's Butterfly Bat, Glauconycteris machadoi is likely a northeast Congo
endemic - collected from Lago Carumbo! To cite recent appraisal - Simmons (2005),
following Hayman and Hill (1971), lists G. machadoi Hayman 1963 (BM 62.2074,
Holotype, from Lago Calundo) as a valid species pending further evidence, although
Koopman (1971) treated this taxon as a subspecies of G. variegata, possibly a
melanistic form. Crawford-Cabral (1989) doubted the specific validity of machadoi,
stating that 'the occurrence in Angola of an endemic species outside of the Angolan
Plateau or Escarpment Zone is not likely to be accepted'. Nevertheless, comparisons
with G. variegata led Hayman (1963: 107) to conclude, 'The contrast in overall colour
with the pale creamy buff of the dorsal surface, and whitish head, of G. variegata and
G. v. papilio, both of which have been recorded from Angola, is so striking that I feel
the only possible taxonomic treatment is to regard this as a distinct species, in spite
of the obvious relationship to G. variegata.' Here we treat it as part of G. variegata,
but suggest that a detailed study of this species group is necessary to resolve this
matter (Monadjem et al. 2010: 417).

Felis caffra is likely the available name for Angolan wildcats, as F. lybica is the
northeast arid sister species, with F. silvestris confined to western Palaearctic.

Hyemoschus aquaticus (Water Chevrotain) is cited by Crawford Cabral and
Verissimo (2005) as having been recorded by De Seia (pers. comm.) from Lunda
Norte, near the Cassai River. This record is unverified and unlikely given the known
distribution of this species. Nevertheless, its occurrence on the west bank of the
Kasai is congruent with outlying historical records of Sable antelopes and
Lichtenstein's hartebeest (mapped in Crawford Cabral and Verissimo 2005).

The baboon of mesic miombo and also northern Angolan savannas is the Kinda
baboon, Papio kindae () Gray-foots (Papio griseipes) drop out in the south (central
Zambia). Yellow baboon, P. cynocephalus, are confined east of the Muchinga
escarpment (in the Luangwa valley) but it is unclear how far south they extend
across the L Zambezi in central Mozambique

Both species of elephants occurred historically, according to Grubb et al (2000). See
especially recent phylogeography of L. africana into L. cyclotis (Roca et al., 2005;
Roca).

It appears that P. m. defriesi Rothschild 1904 is the available name for Blue duikers
in northeast Angola. Here classification of Blue duiker follows Ansell (1972) but
Philantomba monticola and P. maxwelli clearly are two species in a species complex,
and is in dire need of revision. This is especially given recent discovery of an
1SS
overlooked cryptic species of "Blue duiker Philantomba walteri in the Dahomey Gap
(Colyn et al. 2010).

Kobus penricei is the available name for Angolan waterbucks, as defassa is confined
to East Africa (Uganda) and the closest lineage in the complex s-c Africa (Katanga,
and NE and central Zambia is K. crawshayi. In comparison to K. ellipsiprymnus, all
these vicariants appear to comprise a defassa complex. Exact details of the
distributions of crawshayi and penricei across the southern Congo basin is unclear,
so both lineages could occur in eastern Angola.

References
Ansell, W. F. H. (1972) Order Artiodactyla. In: J. A. J. Meester and H. W. Setzer
(eds). The Mammals of Africa: an Identification Manual. Smithsonian Institution
Press, Washington DC. pp 1-84.

Colyn, M., J. Hulselmans, G. Sonet, P. Oud, J. De Winter, A. Natta, Z. Tams Nagy
and E. Verheyen (2010) Discovery of a new duiker species (Bovidae:
Cephalophinae) from the Dahomey Gap, West Africa. Zootaxa 2637: 1-30.

Groves, C. P. (2001) Primate Taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington
DC.

Grubb, P., C. P. Groves, J. P. Dudley & J. Shoshani (2000) Living African elephants
belong to two species: Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797) and Loxodonta
cyclotis (Matschie, 1900). Elephant 2:1-4.

Hayman, R. W. (1963) Mammals from Angola, mainly from the Lunda District. Publ.
Cult. Comp. Diamantes Angola, Lisboa 66:81-139.

Hayman, R.W. & Hill, J. E. (1971) Order Chiroptera. In: J. A. J. Meester and H. W.
Setzer. (eds) The Mammals of Africa: an Identification Manual. Smithsonian
Institution Press, Washington DC. pp 1-73.

Monadjem, A., P. J. Taylor, F. P. D. Cotterill And M. C. Schoeman (2010) Bats for
Southern and Central Africa: a Taxonomic Synthesis. Wits University Press,
Johanessburg. 596 pp.

Roca, A. L., N. Georgiadis & S. J. O'Brien (2005) Cytogenetic genomic dissociation
in African elephant species. Nature Genet. 37: 96-100.

Roca, A. L., N. Georgiadis & S. J. O'Brien (2007) Cyto-nuclear genomic dissociation
and the African elephant species question. Quatern. Intern. 169-170: 4-16.

Sarmiento, E. (1997) Current problems with Papio taxonomies. African Primates 3
(1-2): 48-52.

Simmons, N. B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. In: Mammal Species of the World, Wilson,
D. E. and Reeder, D. M., (eds.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.