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0 INTRODUCTION Hydrological cycle The hydrological cycle describes the constant movement of water above, on, and below the Earth's surface. The cycle operates across all scales, from the global to thesmallest stream catchment and involves the movement of water along evapotranspiration, precipitation, surface runoff, subsurface flow and groundwater pathways. In essence,water is evaporated from the land, oceans and vegetation to the atmosphere, using theradiant energy from the Sun, and is recycled back in the form of rain or snow. Whenmoisture from the atmosphere falls to the Earth's surface it becomes subdivided intodifferent interconnected pathways.

Precipitation (excluding snow and hail) wets vegetation, directly enters surfacewater bodies or begins to infiltrate into the ground to replenish soil moisture. Excesswater percolates to the zone of saturation, or groundwater, from where it movesdownward and laterally to sites of groundwater discharge. The rate of infiltration varieswith land use, soil characteristics and the duration and intensity of the rainfall event. If therate of precipitation exceeds the rate of infiltration this leads to overland flow. Water reaching streams, both by surface runoff and groundwater discharge eventually moves tothe sea where it is again evaporated to perpetuate the hydrological cycle. Rainfall characteristics Precipitation in arid and semi-arid zones results largely from convective cloudmechanisms producing storms typically of short duration, relatively high intensity andlimited areal extent. However, low intensity frontal-type rains are also experienced,usually in the winter season. When most precipitation occurs during winter, as in Jordanand in the Negev, relatively lowintensity rainfall may represent the greater part of annualrainfall. Rainfall intensity is defined as the ratio of the total amount of rain (rainfall depth)falling during a given period to the duration of the period It is expressed in depth units per unit time, usually as mm per hour (mm/h).The statistical characteristics of high-intensity, short-duration, convective rainfallare essentially independent of locations within a region and are similar in many parts of the world. Analysis of short-term rainfall data suggests that there is a reasonably stablerelationship governing the intensity characteristics of this type of rainfall. Studies carriedout in Saudi Arabia (Raikes and Partners 1971) suggest that, on average, around 50 percent of all rain occurs at intensities in excess of 20 mm/hour and 20-30 percent occursat intensities in excess of 40 mm/hour. This relationship appears to be independent of thelong-term average rainfall at a particular location.

The surface runoff process When rain falls, the first drops of water are intercepted by the leaves and stems of the vegetation. This is usually referred to as interception storage. As the rain continues,water reaching the ground surface infiltrates into the soil until it reaches a stage where therate of rainfall (intensity) exceeds the infiltration capacity of the soil. Thereafter, surface puddles, ditches, and other depressions are filled (depression storage), after which runoff is generated. The infiltration capacity of the soil depends on its texture and structure, aswell as on the antecedent soil moisture content (previous rainfall or dry season). Theinitial capacity (of a dry soil) is high but, as the storm continues, it decreases until itreaches a steady value termed as final infiltration rate.The process of runoff generation continues as long as the rainfall intensity exceedsthe actual infiltration capacity of the soil but it stops as soon as the rate of rainfall drops below the actual rate of infiltration. The rainfall runoff process is well described in theliter ature. Numerous papers on the subject have been published and many computer simulation models have been developed. All these models, however, require detailedknowledge of a number of factors and initial boundary conditions in a catchment areawhich in most cases are not readily available. For a better understanding of the difficultiesof accurately predicting the amount of runoff resulting from a rainfall event, the major factors which influence the rainfall-runoff process are described below

Slope and catchment sizeInvestigations on experimental runoff plots have shown that steep slope plots yieldmore runoff than those with gentle slopes. In addition, it was observed that the quantity of runoff decreased with increasing slope length. This is mainly due to lower flow velocitiesand subsequently a longer time of concentration (defined as the time needed for a drop of water to reach the outlet of a catchment from the most remote location in the catchment).This means that the water is exposed for a longer duration to infiltration and evaporation before it reaches the measuring point. The same applies when catchment areas of differentsizes are compared. The runoff efficiency (volume of runoff per unit of area) increaseswith the decreasing size of the catchment i.e. the larger the size of the catchment thelarger the time of concentration and the smaller the runoff efficiency. Rainfall-runoff processes Apart from recording and/or forecasting rainfall itself, the next most important problem is understanding and forecasting the runoff generated by the rainfall. Thisdiffi cult problem has attracted enormous amounts of attention and effort around theworld. There are possibly as many models for calculating rainfall-runoff, as there are people who have a direct interest in the subject. Runoff generation from rainfall over acatchm ent can be assumed to depend on factors such as :

Atmospheric conditions over the catchment (wind speed, direction, temperature,humidity)

The surface cover (type, distribution, interception, take up, evapotranspiration)

Surface soil (type, permeability, porosity)

Terrain (slope, surface texture)

Geology (structure distribution, permeability, porosity, groundwater levels)Generally the following processes are usually identified as taking place:

Evapotranspiration at the surface

Surface infiltration

Overland flow

Unsaturated zone flow

Saturated zone flow (groundwater)Rainfall and runoff are very important hydrologic components because of their direct relations with water resources quantity, flood, streamflow and design of dam and

hydraulic structure. To convert discharge volume in liter/min to m 3 /s , we use thisformula.Based on the graph discharge versus time in both case, we get the bell shapegraph. The value of discharge are increase when the time are increase. In case 1, thestorage volume are higest than the storage volume in case 2 but the value of runoff volume in case 2 are higest than case 1.Q, liter 1 m 1 minmin 1000 liter 60 s

10.0 CONCLUSION As conclusion of this experiment, we fully understand how to identify therelationship between rainfall and runoff and it process. Besides that, we also can verifythat when the rainfall increased, the runoff will also increase until it reached the time of maximum discharge. The slope area has the shorter time of concentration than the flatarea. Runoff is one of the most important hydrology component because of itconnection with the water source quantity, flood, design of dam and others hydrauliccontrol structure. Using the rain gauge, we can record the discharge and its time for eacharea which is slope or flat.From this experiment, we can apply this knowledge to design the dam or drain.The applications of the basic hydrology system were very important to control the flood.Besides that, we can also use this application to avoid the high cost for

construction thedam or drain. Then, we also have determined all factors that effected runoff such asrainfall intensity, type of surfaces, rainfall duration, and others