A. Title of Experiment B. Purpose C. Basic Theory D.

Plan of Experiment Tools and Materials Tools

: Chemical Equlibrium :

Beaker glass 50 mL Test tube Rack Pipette Measurement glass 10 mL

Materials Fe(NO3)3 0,1 M K2Cr2O7 NH4OH 0,5 M NaH2PO4 KSCN NaOH NaNO3 0,1 M Pb(NO3)2 0,2 M NH4Cl 0,5 M H2SO4 concentrated/0,1 M MgCl2 0,2 M FeSO4

E. RESULT OF EXPERIMENT

F. ANALYSIS OF DATA For the first experiment, we react 5 ml of KSCN 0,002 M and 2 drops of Fe(NO3)3. After the solution reacted, we distribute it to 4 test tube. In the first test tube, saved as comparator solution. The colour of comparator solution is orange(+). The reaction is : KSCN (aq) + Fe(NO3)3 (aq) KNO3 (aq) + Fe(SCN)3 (aq) And the second test tube, we add 2 drops of KSCN 0,1 M, in this second test tube, there is concentration adding of KSCN and it affect the equilibrium shift to the reactant. The equilibrium shift to reactant because when we add KSCN in product, the equilibrium is already reached the product equilibrium shifted. And there is a color changing from orange to brown. In the third test tube, we add 3 drops of Fe(NO3)3. In this test tube, there is volume adding of Fe(NO3)3 that caused the equilibrium shift to the reactant. And the color changes from orange (+) to orange (++). In the last test tube, we add grain of NaH2PO4. The function of NaH2PO4 is damage the equilibrium of Fe(SCN)3. The result, the solution become little more pure from orange (+). For the second experiment, we react 1 ml of K2Cr2O7 with some drops of NaOH till the color of K2Cr2O7 is changing. We need 10 drops of NaOH till the color changes from orange to yellow bright. After this, we add drops of HCl that has same amount with NaOH, it is 10 drops. After that the color of solution become orange almost the same with the first solution. K2Cr2O7 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) 2KCrO4(aq) + Na2CrO4(aq) + H2O(aq)

The third experiment, MgCl2 that it color is colorless reacted with NH4OH colorless in first test tube and the result is keep colorless MgCl2 (aq) + 2NH4OH (aq) Mg(OH)2 (aq) + 2NH4Cl(aq)

And the second test tube is reacted MgCl2 with NH4OH and NH4Cl and the result is colorless. Mg(OH)2(aq) + 2NH4Cl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + 2NH4OH(aq)

For the first tube, there is no adding of NH4Cl. NH4Cl just as the product of reaction. This is cause Mg(OH)2 can not be dissolved at all. But in the second test tube, there is adding of NH4Cl after reaction. Mg(OH)2 can be dissolved if there is ammonium salt. So, the greater the amount of ammonium salt, the higher amount of Mg(OH)2 that can be dissolved. This experiment is proved because the second test tube is colorless solution which indicate that Mg(OH)2 has been dissolved. The forth experiment we react 1 ml NaNO3 with 5 drops H2SO4 there is not changing color, so the color is colorless and than we add it with 5 drops FeSO4. After all the substances mixed, we added 10 drops of H2SO4 concentrated. To drop it to test tube, the pipette sticks to the wall of test tube, and the result is in it colorless solution there is something like a clump, where clumps color is brown 2NO3- + 4H2SO4 + 6Fe2+ 6Fe3+ + 2NO + 4SO42- + H2O 2NaNO3(aq) + 6FeSO4(aq) + 4H2SO4(aq) 3Fe2(SO)4(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 2NO2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) The fifth experiment, we react 1 ml of Pb(NO3)2 colorless with some drops of H2SO4 and the result is the solution become turbid and there is precipitate (+) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) 2HNO3(aq) + Pb(SO4)(s)

And after that we drop some drops of C2H5OH. There result , there is precipitate and precipitate is more. The next step, we heated the solution until the precipitate disappear. And when we cooled it down, the precipitate is apparently appear.

G. DISCUSSION In our first experiment, Base on the theory Fe3+ + 3SCN- [Fe (CNS)3]2+ with the color blackish red solution. But the result of our experiment the color was bright orange (+). It can to be like this because the concentration of the KSCN is so little (0.002 M) so the color was dull, so the color of result solution did not match with the hypothesis caused by the concentration of KSCN is too small that is 0,002 M. To make the color as same as with the hypothesis we need KSCN 0.1 M The second experiment K2Cr2O7 first color is orange reacted with NaOH the color changed to be yellow bright solution and after we added again with HCl with the same volume the color changed to be orange solution again, same with the initial color of K2Cr2O7. The reason is Cr2O2-7 + 2OH2 CrO2-4 + H2O

Dichromate changed to be chromate so the color was changed to be yellow bright solution And when we added HCl to the result, we will get 2CrO2-4 + 2H+ 2CrO2-4 + 2H+ Cr2O2-7 + H2O 2HCrO-4 or

Cr2O2-7 + H2O

Chromate changed to be dichromate, and the color of the solution turn back the initial color, and because the reaction shift from the product to reactant. The third experiment, in tube first base on the theory the MgCl2 added 1 ml NH4OH 0,5 M the result is white precipitate of Mg(OH)2 ), the result of our experiment was keep colorless and there is not precipitate so the theory is not prove, maybe because less careful my group in doing the experiment, And for second tube MgCl2 added by 1 ml of NH4OH and than added by NH4Cl base on the hypothesis the result is colorless solution. And in our experiment the result was colorless solution, so the hypothesis is prove. It can to be like this because when

added NH4Cl the reaction shift to the reactant so it make the solution change same the initial or reactant condition. The fourth experiment Base on the theory after NaNO3 added by H2SO4 and FeSO4 and after added H2SO4 concentrated with drop it to test tube, the pipette sticks to the wall of test tube will form a brown ring 2NO3- + 4H2SO4 + 6Fe2+ Fe2+ (aq) + NO(aq) 6Fe3+ + 2NO + 4SO42- + 4H2O [Fe(NO)]2+ (aq)

A brown ring will form at the zone of contact of the two liquids. The brown ring is due to the formation of the [Fe(NO)]2+. In our experiment the result was something like a clump, where clumps color is brown that not perfect that was in the corner not in center of the test tube. Maybe the mistook in this experiment was when we added concentrated sulphuric acid to the solution in which the concentration of sulphuric acid not reacted in the center but in the corner and because we who drop H2SO4 concentrated is not correct. The fifth experiment base on the theory Heating: reaction shift to the reactant (endothermic) Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO4 PbSO + HNO3 H = -919.94 kJ/mole.

Cooling: productrection shift to the product (exothermic) Pb(NO3)2 added by H2SO4 produce precipitate and after added by C2H5OH it will be more precipitate, when heated it will be decrease the precipitate because the reaction shift to the reactant (endothermic) and when it cooled it will increase the precipitate because the reaction shift to the product (exothermic) . Base from our experiment when we added Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO4 there was precipitate, when we added by C2H5OH it be more

precipitate. when heated it will be decrease the precipitate and when cooled it increase the precipitate, so the theory is prove. H. CONCLUSION Base on the experiment, we can conclude: Chemical Equilibrium is achieved when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and the concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant. Base from our experiment addition concentration of the product should shift the equilibrium towards formation of reactant, forward direction so as to reduce the amount of product, similarly addition of the reactants should shift the equilibrium towards formation of products. Increase of temperature should shift the reaction in the direction of absorbing the heat the backward direction. Similarly, decrease in temperature will shift the equilibrium in the forward direction. It can analys base from the changed condition.

I. ANSWER OF QUESTION 1. Assuming equilibrium for the reaction system: H2 + I2 2HI

if 23 grams I2 and 0.5 grams of H2 heated at 450 until equilibrium is reached, determine if the heavy weight of I2 early - first calculate the concentration of 8.95 grams of HI and H2 in the mixture if the system volume of 1 liter!

2. equilibrium system will shift direction if: a. Volume incrased b. System temperature is raised Answer : 1. Known : mass of I2 = 23 grams mass of H2 = 0,5 grams Mole H2 : n = Mole I2 : n = = = = 0,25 = 0,22 Mr of I2 = 53 x 2 = 106 Mr of H2 = 1 x 2 = 2

H2 M : 0,25 B : 0,22 S : 0,03 [ [ ]= ]=

I2 0,22 0,22 -

2HI 0,44 0,44

= 0,44 M = 0,03 M

2. a. If the pressure is reduced = the volume is increase, the equilibrium will shift toward the large reaction coefficient.

b. When the system equilibrium temperature is raised, then the equilibrium will shift towards the need of heat (endothermic reaction direction).

J. REFERENCES Tim Kimia Dasar.2012.Penuntun Praktikum Kima Dasar Lanjut.Unesa:Unipress.