QUESTION NO.

The Clarke's model

Gaussian : randn(1,100)

Rayleigh :randn(1,100)+j*randn(1,100);

 AWGN: r = s + n
 Slow flat Fading r = s.*h + n
 Slow frequency selective fading r = s.*h + n

Specifications for different personal communication services (PCS) systems

vary among the different PCS networks. Listed below is a description of the
specifications and characteristics for GSM.

• Frequency band —The frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to

1,990 MHz (mobile station to base station).
• Duplex distance —The duplex distance is 80 MHz. Duplex distance is
the distance between the uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel
has two frequencies, 80 MHz apart.
• Channel separation —The separation between adjacent carrier
frequencies. In GSM, this is 200 kHz.
• Modulation —Modulation is the process of sending a signal by changing
the characteristics of a carrier frequency. This is done in GSM via
Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK).
• Transmission rate —GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit
rate of 270 kbps.
• Access method —GSM utilizes the time division multiple access (TDMA)
concept. TDMA is a technique in which several different calls may
share the same carrier. Each call is assigned a particular time slot.
• Speech coder —GSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose
of LPC is to reduce the bit rate. The LPC provides parameters for a filter
that mimics the vocal tract. The signal passes through this filter,
leaving behind a residual signal. Speech is encoded at 13 kbps.

COMPARISON OF SIMULATED AND THEOREICAL BER PERFORMANCES

1. AWGN channel

The BER performance of simulation result is closely identical to

theoretical BER.

2. Slow flat fading channel

 The BER performance of simulation result is worse than
theoretical BER since we do not know exactly the channel phase
information

BER performance is improved dramatically in low SNR, while not

in high SNR. Since in low SNR, white Gaussian noise dominate
the BER error, which can be improved by enhancing SNR; while
in high SNR, phase estimation error dominate the BER error,
which can not be improved by simply enhancing SNR.

3. Slow frequency selective fading channel

BER performance of simulation result is worse than theoretical

BER. The reason is same from above reason addressed in flat
fading channel. Different from in flat fading channel, the BER
performance is improved dramatically in low SNR, while even
degraded in high SNR. This is also reasonable, since in high SNR,
phase estimation error and ISI dominate the BER error, and the
estimation error will cause even severe ISI., which cause the BER
even worse.

CONCLUSION

BER performance is best in AWGN channel, worse in flat fading

channel and worst in frequency selective fading channel. They
are exactly as the theoretical analysis.

QUESTION NO. 2

Receiver diversity is a form of space diversity, where there are multiple antennas
at the receiver.
We have M receive antennas and one transmit antenna.

The channel is flat fading – In simple terms, it means that the multipath channel has
only one tap. So, the convolution operation reduces to a simple multiplication.

The channel experienced by each receive antenna is randomly varying in time. For
the receive antenna, each transmitted symbol gets multiplied by a randomly
varying complex number . As the channel under consideration is a Rayleigh
channel, the real and imaginary parts of are Gaussian distributed having mean 0
and variance 1/2.

The channel experience by each receive antenna is independent from the channel experienced by
other receive antennas.

5. On each receive antenna, the noise has the Gaussian probability density function with

with and .

The noise on each receive antenna is independent from the noise on the other receive antennas.

6. At each receive antenna, the channel is known at the receiver. For example, on the
receive antenna, equalization is performed at the receiver by dividing the received symbol by
the apriori known i.e.

where

is the additive noise scaled by the channel coefficient.

7. In the presence of channel , the instantaneous bit energy to noise ratio at receive antenna

is . For notational convenience, let us define,

From the discussion on chi-square random variable, we know that, if is a Rayleigh distributed
random variable, then is a chi-squared random variable with two degrees of freedom. The pdf
of is

Selection combining:

Consider a scenario where we have a single antenna for transmission and multiple
antennas at the receiver (as shown in the figure below).

At the receiver we have now N copies of the same transmitted symbol. Which then poses the
problem – how to effectively combine them to reliably recover the data.

Selection diversity approach is one way out – With selection diversity, the receiver selects the
antenna with the highest received signal power and ignore observations from the other antennas.
The chosen receive antenna is one which gives .

Outage probability

Outage probability is the probability that the bit energy to noise ratio falls below a threshold. The
probability of outage on receive antenna is,

.
 is the defined threshold for bit energy to noise ratio.

In N receive antenna case, the probability that all bit energy to noise ratio on all the receive
antenna are below the threshold is,

where

are the bit energy to noise ratio on the 1st, 2nd and so on till the Nth receive
antenna.

Since the channel on each antenna is assumed to independent, the joint probability is the product
of individual probabilities.

With selection diversity we are seeing that the effective SNR improvement is not a linear
improvement with increasing the number of receive antennas. The returns diminish.

Figure: SNR gain with selection diversity

Bit Error Probability:

 .

Given that the effective bit energy to noise ratio with selection diversity is , the total bit error
rate is the integral of the conditional BER integrated over all possible values of .

Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC)

On the receive antenna, the received signal is,

where

is the received symbol on the receive antenna,

is the channel on the receive antenna,
is the transmitted symbol and
is the noise on receive antenna.

Expressing it in matrix form, the received signal is,

, where

is the received symbol from all the receive antenna

is the channel on all the receive antenna

is the transmitted symbol and

is the noise on all the receive antenna.

The equalized symbol is,

Error rate with Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC)

From the discussion on chi-square random variable, we know that, if is a Rayleigh distributed
random variable, then is a chi-squared random variable with two degrees of freedom. The pdf
of is

Since the effective bit energy to noise ratio is the sum of such random variables, the pdf of
is a chi-square random variable with degrees of freedom. The pdf of is,

If you recall, in the post on BER computation in AWGN, with bit energy to noise ratio of ,
the bit error rate for BPSK in AWGN is derived as

Given that the effective bit energy to noise ratio with maximal ratio combining is , the total
bit error rate is the integral of the conditional BER integrated over all possible values of .

This equation reduces to

, where