Tests on soil

Sr. No. Test Laboratory tests on soil (A) For index properties Specific gravity Parameters obtained Remarks These tests are conducted on soil samples obtained rom !ndisturbed Sampler (!"S) at a desirable depth and location in the ield. It is a useful parameter for obtaining weight and volume relationship of various components present in soil such as solid, water and air. hese are useful to calculate void ratio of soil, which is an important parameter for determining compression characteristic of soil. his curve gives information on si%e of different particles present in soil. his gives an idea about the soil being fine grained &clayey soil' or coarse grained &sandy soil'. hese are useful parameters to classify clayey soil such as clay of high compressibility or clay of low compressibility etc. his gives shear strength of clayey soil when loading is much faster as compared to drainage from the soil. his gives drained as well as untrained shear strength parameters. his is useful in evaluating the short term as well as long term shear strength of soil.

Specific gravity of soil solid particles Wet density "ry density $rain si%e distribution curve )i*uid )imit, +lastic limit, +lasticity inde,

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Bulk or wet density "ry density Sieve analysis including hydrometer test )i*uid )imit and +lastic limit test (#) For Stren$th properties ria,ial test &.nconsolidated .ndrained test or .. test' ria,ial test &/onsolidated .ndrained test with pore water pressure measurement or /.3 test' (%) For compressibility characteristics /onsolidometer test &also known as oedometer test'

/u 0 .ndrained cohesion u 0 1 /u, u and /'u, u

/oefficient of hese are useful parameters to know the compression &/c' and total settlement of saturated clayey soil /oefficient of under a given load and the degree of consolidation &/v' consolidation at a given time under that load.

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(") For s&ellin$ characteristics 6ree swell inde, test Swelling pressure test

6ree swell inde, Swelling pressure of soil

his gives an appro,imate idea about swelling potential of soil his test is carried out when free swell inde, shows high value. Swelling pressure is the pressure e,erted by soil due to absorption of water when no volume change is allowed.

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Field tests on soil (A) For stren$th properties Standard S+ value penetration test &S+ '

12

6ield vane shear test

.ndrained cohesion value e,isting in field.

his is most widely used field test in both sandy and clayey soil. "ue to large number of S+ tests conducted in past, various correlations have been developed to relate the S+ value with shear strength and compressibility characteristics of soil. his test is carried out for soft saturated clayey soil.

Tests on rock
Sr. No. Test Laboratory tests on soil (A) For index properties Water absorption +orosity .nit weight of rock sample Specific gravity +oint load inde, (#) For stren$th properties .nia,ial compressive strength 8odulus of elasticity and +oisson ratio Field tests on soil (A) For stren$th properties +ressuremeter tests /ross hole seismic test Parameters obtained Remarks These tests are conducted on rock samples obtained at a desirable depth and location in the ield. Water absorption &7' +orosity .nit weight of rock material Specific gravity of rock material +oint load strength inde, .nia,ial compressive strength of rock sample 8odulus of elasticity and +oisson ratio his is most fre*uently used strength test on rock. his is used in various e*uations for obtaining capacity of pile embedded in rock. hese are useful to know the settlement characteristics of pile in rock. hese inde, properties are indicative type of tests. hese parameters are useful to classify the rock samples and to have an appro,imate idea of strength of rock.

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4 5

In9situ stress strain .seful in weathered rock where undisturbed characteristics of rock samples are difficult to obtain. :elps in estimating allowable bearing capacity. .seful in seismic design of foundations.