Swinburne University of Technology

School of Engineering (Sarawak Campus)

HES 2 !" #lui$ %echanics &

Semester 2, 2008

'ab Sheet( )%*+CT ,# -ET

Name: Student ID: Group Number: Date performed experiment: Lab supervisor:

OBJECTIVE 1. To determine t e rea!tion for!e produ!ed b" t e impa!t of #et of $ater on to variet" t"pe of tar%et vanes. 2. To experimenta&&" determine t e for!e re'uired to (eep a tar%et at a datum &eve& $ i&e it is sub#e!ted to t e impa!t of $ater #et. ). T e experimenta&&" measured for!e is !ompare $it t e t eoreti!a& !a&!u&ated for!e APPARATUS REQUIRED

Impa!t of #et apparatus $it

"drau&i! ben!

&.& *arts )$entification

* e i% t + a r rie r , ra ss * e i% ts - o in te r

* e i% t - &a tfo r m I n te r! a n % e a b &e T ar% e t . a n e In te r! a n % e a b &e N o / / &e

D ra in o &e s in b a se * a te r S u p p &" + o n n e ! tio n

Figure 1: Impa!t of 0ets 1pparatus

120

60

30

30

30

30

A) Flat Target

B) Conical Target

C) Semi-Spherical Target

D) 60 Plate Target

Figure 2: Inter! an%eab&e Tar%et .anes

2.0

SUMMARY OF THEORY 2.& /eneral +nalysis * en a #et of $ater f&o$in% $it a stead" ve&o!it" stri(es a so&id surfa!e, t e $ater is def&e!ted to f&o$ a&on% t e surfa!e. 2n&i(e t e impa!t of so&id bodies, t ere is no rebound and un&ess t e f&o$ is i% &" turbu&ent, t ere $i&& be no sp&as in%. If fri!tion is ne%&e!ted b" assumin% an invis!id f&uid and it is a&so assumed t at t ere are no &osses due to s o!(s t en t e ma%nitude of t e $ater ve&o!it" is un! an%ed, t e pressure exerted b" t e $ater on t e so&id surfa!e $i&& ever"$ ere be at ri% t an%&es to t e surfa!e. Ne$ton3s se!ond &a$ of motion states t at a mass t at is a!!e&erated re'uired a for!e t at is e'ua& to t e produ!t of t e mass and a!!e&eration. In f&uid me! ani!s, $ enever f&uid are for!ed to %o t rou% a restri!tion or ! an%e dire!tion. T e ana&o%" to Ne$ton3s se!ond &a$ in f&uid me! ani!s is (no$n as t e momentum e'uation.
FX

Vi

Vi

Impa!t .e&o!it", .i

V i c o Vi

Aei% t,
Vi

V i in

@xit .e&o!it", .n

Figure 3: Impa!t of a 0et +onsider a #et of $ater $ i! impa!ts on to a tar%et surfa!e !ausin% t e dire!tion of t e #et to be ! an%ed t rou% and an%&e 4 as s o$n in 5i%ure ) above. In t e absen!e of fri!tion, t e ma%nitude of t e ve&o!it" a!ross t e surfa!e is e'ua& to t e in!ident ve&o!it" .i. T e impu&se for!e exerted on t e tar%et $i&& be e'ua& and opposite to t e for!e $ i! a!ts on t e $ater to impart t e ! an%e in dire!tion.

1pp&"in% Ne$ton3s Se!ond &a$ in t e dire!tion of t e in!ident #et

5or!e 7 5;

= 9ass 1!!e&erati on = 9ass 5&o$ :ate + an%e in .e&o!it" = = 9 . 9 8.;, out 7 .;, in 6
. .
. .

7 5; 5;

= 9 ( .i !os 7 .i ) = 9 .i (1 7 !os )
.

,ut 9

< =Q

t erefore

$ # V i "1 co !)
.

1nd dividin% trou% b" = > . $ i! is t e in!ident momentum i ?

F $ # Vi
%

1 co !

2.2 +pplication to )mpact of -et +pparatus In ea! !ase it is assumed t at t ere is no sp&as in% or rebound of t e $ater from t e surfa!e so t at t e exit an%&e is para&&e& to t e exit an%&e of t e tar%et. a) Effect of Height T e #et ve&o!it" !an be !a&!u&ated from t e measured f&o$ rate and t e no//&e exit area.
> .n = 1 Ao$ever, as t e no//&e is be&o$ t e tar%et, t e impa!t ve&o!it" $i&& be &ess t an t e no//&e ve&o!it" due to inter! an%es bet$een potentia& ener%" and (ineti! ener%".
.

1pp&"in% t e ,ernou&&i e'uation bet$een no//&e and p&ate:

Pn Vn2 Pi + 2g + ( Z n ) = Vi 2 + ( Zi ) + 2g

Sin!e t e #et is open to t e atmosp ere,

Pn Pi =0

1nd

( Z n ) ( Zi ) = h
T erefore,
Vi 2 = Vn2 2 gh

* ere b)

is t e ei% t of tar%et above t e no//&e exit.

)mpact on 0ormal *lane Target 5or t e norma& p&ane tar%et 4 is B0C. T erefore !os 4 < 0 5 = 1 !os 4 = 1 . = > .i

c)

)mpact on Conical an$ "1 *late Target T e !one semi7an%&e 4 is 120C. T erefore !os 4 < 0.D 5 = 1 !os 4 = 0.D . = > .i )mpact on Semi2Spherical Target T e tar%et exit an%&e is 180C. T erefore !os 4 < 7 1 5 = 1 !os 4 = 2 . = > .i ," usin% t e above e'uation, $e !an !ompare t e t eoreti!a& and experimenta& of for!e va&ue of tar%et $it different an%&e. T eoreti!a&&",
F = m%

$)

@xperimenta&&",

F = = > .i (1 7 !os )

3.0

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES .& /eneral Start2up *roce$ures

Figure 4: Impa!t of a 0et 1pparatus $it A"drau&i! ,en! T e Impa!t of 0et 89ode&: 59 )16 is supp&ied read" for use and on&" re'uires !onne!tion to t e A"drau&i! ,en! 89ode&: 59 1106 as fo&&o$s: 1. T e apparatus is &o!ated on top of t e A"drau&i! ,en! $it t e &eft and support feed of t e Impa!t of 0ets 1pparatus &o!ated on t e t$o &eft and &o!atin% pe%s of t e A"drau&i! ,en! so t at t e apparatus stradd&es t e $eir ! anne&. 2. 1 spirit &eve& is about to atta! ed to baseboard and &eve& t e unit on top of t e ben! b" ad#ustin% t e feet. ). T e feed tube is !onne!ted from t e A"drau&i! ,en! to t e base of t e Impa!t of 0ets 1pparatus b" usin% a ose. ?. *ater is fi&&ed into t e vo&umetri! tan( of t e "drau&i! ben! unti& approximate&" B0F fu&&. D. 5u&&" !&ose t e ben! f&o$ !ontro& va&ve, .1 t en s$it! on t e pump. E. Gpen .1 %radua&&" and a&&o$ t e pipin% to fi&& $it $ater unti& a&& air as been expe&&ed from t e s"stem. H. T e a!tua& f&o$ of $ater !an be measured usin% t e vo&umetri! tan( $it a stop$at! .

.2

E3periment( 4eaction force 5etermination

Objective: 1. To determine t e rea!tion for!e produ!ed b" t e impa!t of a #et of $ater on to various tar%et vanes. 2. To experimenta&&" determine t e for!e re'uired to (eep a tar%et at a datum &eve& $ i&e it is sub#e!ted to t e impa!t of a $ater #et. 3. To !ompare t e experimenta&&" measured for!e $it t e t eoreti!a&&" !a&!u&ated for!e Procedures: 1. T e $ei% t !arrier is positioned on t e $ei% t p&atform. T e sprin% tension ad#uster is ad#usted to a distan!e of 2" mm bet$een t e no//&e and t e tar%et, t en re!ord t is va&ue as h. T e pointer is to be moved so t at it is a&i%ned to t e $ei% t p&atform t at is f&oatin% in mid position. 2. T e pump is started and t e $ater f&o$ is estab&is ed b" steadi&" openin% t e ben! re%u&atin% va&ve unti& it is fu&&" open. ). T e vane $i&& no$ be def&e!ted b" t e impa!t of t e #et. *ei% ts are added onto t e $ei% t !arrier unti& t e $ei% t p&atform is a%ain f&oatin% in mid position. ?. T e f&o$ rate is measured and t e resu&t is re!orded on t e test s eet, to%et er $it t e !orrespondin% va&ue of $ei% t on t e tra". T e form of t e def&e!ted #et is observed and its s ape is noted. D. T e $ei% t on t e $ei% t !arrier is redu!ed in steps and ba&an!e of $ei% t p&atform is maintained b" re%u&atin% t e f&o$ rate in about ei% t or ten even steps, ea! time re!ordin% t e va&ue of f&o$ rate and $ei% t on t e $ei% t !arrier. E. T e !ontro& va&ve is !&osed and t e pump is s$it! ed off. H. T e experiment is repeated $it different tar%et vanes and no//&es. Results and analysis: 1. T e resu&ts are re!orded on t e resu&t s eets. 2. T e f&o$ rate and t e no//&e exit ve&o!it" are !a&!u&ated. T e no//&e ve&o!it" for t e ei% t of t e tar%et is !orre!ted above t e no//&e to obtain t e impa!t ve&o!it". ). T e experimenta& for!e and t e t eoreti!a& for!e are !a&!u&ated, t en to !ompare.

Discussion: 1. In t e insta&&ation of t is apparatus, it3s !ru!ia& to ma(e sure t e p&a!ement of t e no//&e ead is at t e !entre under t e vane. T e disp&a!ement of it !ausin% a &oss in $ater ve&o!it" due to sp&as in% b" t e rebound $ater. If t e vane and t e no//&e s aft are p&a!ed in series and !entered, t ere $i&& be no $ater rebound as #et $ater exerted $i&& be def&e!ted to f&o$ a&on% t e surfa!e to t e surroundin% s ie&d $ en it its t e tar%et vane. Due to t is disp&a!ement a&so, it $i&& !ause an uneven for!e impa!t on t e tar%et vane en!e de!reasin% t e rea!tion for!e produ!ed on t e vane. 2. Ai% er $ater #et ve&o!it" $i&& produ!e a i% er for!e exerted onto t e tar%et vane. T e amount of $ei% t !an be supported indi!ate t e for!e exerted b" t e #et. Table !" #20$ C!%&'al Ta"(e) 6eight (g) 100 1D0 200 #low 4ate ('*%) 12.8 1?.8 18.)
#low 4ate7 8 (m9 :s) ? 2.1) x10 ? 2.?H x10 ? ).0D x 10

#low 4ate7 8 (m9 :s)

? 2.1) x10 ? 2.?H x10 ? ).0D x 10

E3it ;elocity7 ;n (m:s) 10.8D 12.D8 1D.D)

h7 (mm) 2D 2D 2D

)mpact ;elocity7 ;i (m:s) 10.8) 12.DE 1D.D1

E3perimental Theoretical #orce7 #(0) #orce7 #n(0) 0.B8 1%1& 1.?H 1%&& 1.BE 2%3'

Error (<) 1H.2) D.?? 20.B2

/raph for &2"= Conical Target

Calculation for &2"= Conical Target 1vera%e Time, t 8s6 < >"s 5&o$ :ate, > 8mIJs6 < . J t < 8 12.8& x 0.001 mIJ& 6 J E0s ? < 2.& 3 &" mIJs No//&e Diameter: D x 10K I m 1rea, 1 < L DM J ? < L 8 D x 10K I 6 J ? D <&.?> @ 3 &" mM @xit .e&o!it", .n 8mJs6 < > J 1 ? D < 8 2.1) x 10 mIJs 6 J 1.BE)D x 10 mM < &".A@ mJs Impa!t .e&o!it", .i 8mJs6
= V n
2

2 gh

= 810 .8D 6 2 8 2 xB.81 x 0.02D 6 =10 .8) m J s

@xperimenta& 5or!e, 58N6

10

= Q V i 81 !os 6 =1000 x 2.1) x10 ? x10 .8) x 80.D6 =1.1D N

T eoreti!a& 5or!e, 5n8N6 < m%

< 8100% 1(%J 1000%6 x B.81 mJs < 0.B8 N @rror 8F6
= = Theoretica l exp erimenta Theoretica l 0.B2 1.1D x100 F 0.B8 x100 F

B &C.2 <

11

Table for #lat Surface Target Weight 150 200 250 Flow Rate, Q (m3/s) 1.833 x 10-4 2.167 x 10-4 2.333 x 10-4 Flow (LPM) 11 13 14 Exit H Velocit (mm) y, Vn (m/s) 9.343 25 11.036 11.88 25 25 Rate Flow (m3/s) 1.833 x 2.167 x 2.333 x m!act Velocit y Vi 9.333 11.025 11.87 Rate 10-4 10-4 10-4 $heo"et ical Fo"ce, Fn (#) 1.472 1.962 2.45 ERR%R (&) 16.2 21.8 11.6 Q

Ex!e"ime ntal Fo"ce, F (#) 1.71 2.39 2.73

12

Calculations for #lat Target surface 1vera%e Time, t 8s6 < >"s 5&o$ :ate, > 8mIJs6 < . J t < 8 1) x 0.001 mIJ& 6 J E0s ? < 2.&>C 3 &" mIJs No//&e Diameter: D x 10K I m 1rea, 1 < L DM J ? < L 8 D x 10K I 6 J ? D <&.?> @ 3 &" mM @xit .e&o!it", .n 8mJs6 < > J 1 ? D < 8 2.1EH x 10 mIJs 6 J 1.BE)D x 10 mM < &&." > mJs Impa!t .e&o!it", .i 8mJs6
= V n
2

2 gh

= 811 .0)E 6 2 8 2 xB.81 x 0.02D 6 =11 .02D m J s

@xperimenta& 5or!e, 58N6 = Q V i 81 !os 6

=1000 x 2.1EH x10 ? x11 .02D x 816 = 2.)B N

T eoreti!a& 5or!e, 5n8N6 < m%

< 8200% 1(%J 1000%6 x B.81 mJs < 1.BE2 N @rror 8F6
= = Theoretica l exp erimenta Theoretica l 1.BE2 2.)B x100 F 1.BE2 x100 F

B 2&.A<

1)

Table for Hemisphere Target Weight 150 250 300 Flow Rate, Q (m3/s) 1.4 x -4 10 1.717 x 10-4 1.867 x 10-4 Flow (LPM) 8.4 10.3 11.2 Exit H Velocit (mm) y, Vn (m/s) 7.13 25 8.75 9.51 25 25 Rate Flow Rate (m3/s) 1.4 x 10-4 1.717 x 10-4 1.867 x 10-4 m!act Velocit y Vi 7.11 8.74 9.50 Ex!e"ime ntal Fo"ce, F (#) 1.71 2.39 2.73 Q

$heo"et ical Fo"ce, Fn (#) 1.4715 2.45 3.55

ERR%R (&) 35.29 22.5 20.63

1?

Calculations for #lat Target surface 1vera%e Time, t 8s6 < >"s 5&o$ :ate, > 8mIJs6 < . J t < 8 1) x 0.001 mIJ& 6 J E0s ? < 2.&>C 3 &" mIJs No//&e Diameter: D x 10K I m 1rea, 1 < L DM J ? < L 8 D x 10K I 6 J ? D <&.?> @ 3 &" mM @xit .e&o!it", .n 8mJs6 < > J 1 ? D < 8 1.H1H x 10 mIJs 6 J 1.BE)D x 10 mM < A.C@ mJs Impa!t .e&o!it", .i 8mJs6
= V n
2

2 gh

= 88.HD 6 2 8 2 xB.81 x 0.02D 6 = 8.H? m J s

@xperimenta& 5or!e, 58N6 = Q V i 81 !os 6

=1000 x1.H1H x10 ? x8.H? x 8 26 = ).001 N

T eoreti!a& 5or!e, 5n8N6 < m%

< 82D0% 1(%J 1000%6 x B.81 mJs < 2.?D N @rror 8F6
= = Theoretica l exp erimenta Theoretica l 2.?D ).001 x100 F 2.?D x100 F

B 22.@<

1D

Table !" 30$ Pla)e Ta"(e) 6eight (g) &"" &@" 2"" ;olum e (') 12.D 1).0 1E.1 Time (s) T2 E0 E0 E0 +verage Time (s ) E0 E0 E0

T& E0 E0 E0

T E0 E0 E0

#low 4ate7 8 (m9 :s)

? 2.08)0 x10 ? 2.1EEH x 10 ? 2.E8)0 x10

E3it ;elocity7 ;n (m:s) 10.E0B0 11.0)?H 1).EEH0

h7 (mm) 2D 2D 2D

)mpact ;elocity7 ;i (m:s) 10.D8H0 11.012D 1).E?B0

E3perimental #orce7 #(0)

1%10263 1%1(30) 1%*3101

Theoretical #orce7 #n(0) 0.B81 1.?H1D 1.BE20

Error (<) 12.?0 18.B2 E.E8

/raph for "= *late Target

1E

Calculation for "= *late Target 1vera%e Time,t 8s6 < 8 T1 N T2 N T) 6 J ) < 8 E0 N E0 N E0 6 J ) < >" s 5&o$ :ate, > 8mIJs6 < . J t < 8 12.D& x 0.001 mIJ& 6 J 2)s ? < 2."A 3 &" mIJs No//&e Diameter: D x 10K I m 1rea, 1 < L DM J ? < L 8 D x 10K I 6 J ? D <&.?> @ 3 &" mM @xit .e&o!it", .n 8mJs6 < > J 1 ? D < 8 2.08) x 10 mIJs 6 J 1.BE)D x 10 mM < &".>"? mJs Impa!t .e&o!it", .i 8mJs6
= Vn
2

2 gh

= 810 .E0B 6 2 8 2 xB.81 x 0.02D 6 =10 .D8H m J s

@xperimenta& 5or!e, 58N6 = Q Vi 81 !os 6

=1000 x 2.08) x10 ? x10 .D8H x 81 !os E0 6 =1.102E) N

T eoreti!a& 5or!e, 5n8N6 < m%

< 8100%J 1000%6 x B.81 mJs < 0.B81 N @rror 8F6

= = Theoretica l exp erimental Theoretica l 0.B81 1.102E) x100 F 0.B81 x100 F

B &2.!"< !." O BSERVATIONS

AND

D ISCUSSION

1H

* en t e %rap s of T eoreti!a& 5or!e vs @xperimenta& 5or!e $ere p&otted a&& t e vanes ex!ept t e emisp eri!a& one %ave a %radient ver" !&ose to 1. T e emisp ere %ave a %radient of 1.B2 /ra$ient of graph B Theoretical #orce: E3perimental #orce T erefore $e !an see most of t e experimenta& resu&ts $ere ver" !&ose to t e t eoreti!a& resu&ts.

T is !an be furt er ana&"/ed b" usin% t e per!enta%e errors !a&!u&ated.

$y!e o' Vane (se) 120 Conical Flat Plate Hemisp e!e 30 Plate Maxim(m ex!e"imental e""o" & 20.92 21.8 35.29 18.92

9ost of t e experimenta& errors above are be&o$ 2DF $ i! a&t ou% are not $it in t e usua&&" ran%e of about 1071D per!ent are not tota&&" una!!eptab&e. It $as a&so observed t at t e experimenta& for!e $as at a&& instan!es i% er t an t e t eoreti!a&&" re'uired for!e. *ossible Sources of Error 1. T e ei% t bet$een t e no//&e and t e tar%et of t e sprin% tension s ou&d be a !onstant va&ue 7 T is va&ue !an f&u!tuate due to para&&ax errors and a&so ina!!ura!" of measurin% instruments 2. T e ei% t bet$een t e no//&e and t e vane !an a&so ! an%e due to t e ! an%e of vanes as a&& vanes do not ave e'ua& ei% ts. ). 1t a&& instan!es t e no//&e and t e vane ave to be !on!entri! O In pra!ti!e t is does not a&$a"s appen as t ere is a s&i% t p&a" bet$een t e $ei% t p&atform and t e !"&inder t at o&ds it and it !an move around s&i% t&" due to t e a!tion of t e for!e of t e $ater. ?. T ere !ou&d a&so be a fri!tiona& for!e bet$een t e $ei% t p&atform and $ ere it is fixed O T is !ou&d be one reason $ " a i% er for!e t an t e !a&!u&ated $as re'uired to support t e vane. D. T e reason t e emisp eri!a& vane %ives a i% er dis!repan!" t an t e ot ers !ou&d be be!ause on!e t e $ater its its !enter t e on&" $a" it !an trave& is do$n$ards and en!e !ome in t e $a" of t e $ater !omin% from t e #et E. ,ubb&es present in t e $ater !an be a reason to %et ina!!urate readin%s as $e&&. H. T e $ater $ i! its t e .ane !ou&d f&o$ do$n$ards and it t e #et a%ain $ i! $i&& %ive a momentum in t e opposite dire!tion and en!e %ive fa&se va&ues. C ONCLUSION 18

@."

5or orifi!es avin% a s arp ed%e, 1, as been found to be approximate&" E2F of t e orifi!e area 8p% 11H, Pundu6 O T erefore t e area used for t e !a&!u&ations !an be one reason for t e dis!repan!ies. 1&t ou% assumed as uniform t rou% out t e #et durin% !a&!u&ation, t e ve&o!it" of t e $ater in t e #et is not. To a!!ount for t is a 9omentum75&ux !orre&ation fa!tor8,eta6 as to be used $ ere

8p% 1DD, * ite6 T e e&asti!it" of sprin% a!ted on t e $ei% t p&atform is one of t e main !ause to t e errors o!!urred in t e experiment $ en $ei% t is been added. To obtain a t eoreti!a& for!e, a suitab&e formu&ae is: f < m% O (x $ ere k is t e !onstant of e&asti!it" and 3 is t e &en%t of t e sprin%. T e experimenta& resu&ts and t e t eoreti!a&&" !a&!u&ated va&ues are simi&ar $it in experimenta& error and proves t e &a$ of !onservation of momentum. R EFERENCES 5&uid 9e! ani!s,2nd @dition,2002, Pundu and +o en 5&uid 9e! ani!s,?t @dition,5ran( 9 * ite

1B