And Surveying
Non-Vertical Wellbore
n o i t a n i l Inc e Y n a l P
, or I
Inclination Angle Z Axis (True Vertical Depth) North Direction , or A Angle Direction Plane X
Lease Boundary Surface Location for Well No. 2 Surface Location for Well No. 1
Oil-Water Contact
Figure 8.2 - Plan view of a typical oil and gas structure under a lake showing how directional wells could be used to develop it. Best locations? Drill from lake?
Top View
Figure 8.4 - Developing a field under a city using directionally drilled wells.
Fig. 8.5 - Drilling of directional wells where the reservoir is beneath a major surface obstruction.
Cement Plug
Fish Lost in Hole and Unable to Recover Sidetracked Hole Around Fish Figure 8.6 Sidetracking around a fish.
Figure 8.7 Using an old well to explore for new oil by sidetracking out of the casing and drilling directionally.
Oil Producing Well Ready to Abandon Sidetracked Out of Casing Possible New Oil Old Oil Reservoir
Type II
Build-hold and Drop (S Type)
Build Section
Build Radius:
18,000 r1 = * BUR
Build Section:
Length of arc, L = r11 Vertical depth = CD = r1 sin 1 Horiz. Depart. = DD = r1 (1-cos 1 )
r1 L =
1 1
=
1
100 * 180
rad
deg
18,000 r1 = * BUR
Drop Off
Target
Projected Trajectory
N18E
S23E A = 157o
Fig. 8-15. Directional quadrants and compass measurements N55W S20W A=? A = 305o
Lake
Well profile
Directional Tools
(i) Whipstock (ii) Jet Bits (iii) Downhole motor and bent sub
Whipstocks
Standard retreivable
Circulating
Permanent Casing
Setting a Whipstock
Small bit used to start Apply weight to:
set chisel point & shear pin
Jetting Bit
Fast and economical For soft formation One large - two small nozzles Orient large nozzle Spud periodically No rotation at first
Small Jets
Jetting
Wash out pocket Return to normal drilling Survey Repeat for more angle if needed
Mud Motors
Drillpipe Non-magnetic Drill Collar Bent Sub Mud Motor Rotating Sub
Increasing Inclination
Limber assembly Near bit stabilizer Weight on bit forces DC to bend to low side of hole. Bit face kicks up
Hold Inclination
Packed hole assembly Stiff assembly Control bit weight and RPM
Decrease Inclination
Pendulum effect Gravity pulls bit downward No near bit stabilizer
Drill pipe
String Stabilizer HW DP
Vertical Calculation
Horizontal Calculation
3D View
270
90
180
E ft
E 2 + N2
MD, 1, 1 MD
= dogleg angle
2 , 2
Assumption:
Hole will maintain constant inclination and azimuth angles, IB and AB , between survey points.
A IA IB
Known : Location of A Distance AB Angles IA , IB Angles A A , A B Calculation : VAB = AB cosIB HAB = AB sinIB
B IB Poor accuracy!!
A IA IB IAVG
Iavg
B IAVG
I A + IB = 2 A A + AB = 2
A avg
A IA IB IAVG
Iavg
I A + IB = 2
B IAVG
H AB = AB sin Iavg
B AAVG
AA
E = AB sin Iavg sin A avg N = AB sin Iavg cos A avg Z = AB cos Iavg
E
N E
Change in depth:
I A + IB Z = L cos 2 ..( 3 )
Where L is the measured distance between the two stations A & B (MDAB).
Example
The coordinates of a point in a wellbore are: x = 1,000 ft (easting) y = 2,000 ft (northing) z = 3,000 ft (depth) At this point (station) a wellbore survey shows that the inclination is 15 degrees from vertical, and the direction is 45 degrees east of north. The measured distance between this station and the next is 300 ft.
Example
The coordinates of point 1 are: x1 = 1,000 ft (easting) o y1 = 2,000 ft (northing) I1 = 15 o z1 = 3,000 ft (depth) A1 = 45 L12 = 300 ft At point 2, I2 = 25 Find
o
and A2 = 65
x2 , y2 and z2
Solution
Iavg
A avg
I1 + I2 15 + 25 = = = 20 2 2
A 1 + A 2 45 + 65 = = 55 = 2 2
H12 = L12 sin Iavg = 300 sin 20 = 103 ft E = H12 sin Aavg = 103 sin 55 = 84 ft N = H12 cos Aavg = 103 cos 55 = 59 ft Z = L12 cos Iavg = 300 cos 20 = 282 ft
Solution - contd
E = 84 ft N = 59 ft Z = 282 ft x2 = x1 + E = 1,000 + 84 ft = 1,084 ft y2 = y1 + N = 2,000 + 59 ft = 2,059 ft z2 = z1 + Z = 3,000 + 282 ft = 3,282 ft
Dog Leg
Problem 3
Determine the dogleg severity following a jetting run where the inclination was changed from 4.3o to 7.1o and the direction from N89E to S80E over a drilled interval of 85 feet. 1. Solve by calculation. 2. Solve using Ragland diagram
= 4 .3 = 89
o
L = 85 ft
N = 7.1 N = 100
= 100 - 89 = 11
o o
1/ 2
1/ 2
= 3.01
(i) L
=
o
3 . 01 85
100
= 3 .5
/ 100 feet
, , I , , A
MD, L, L
Unit may be dropped (pumped down) and later retrieved by wireline or the drillpipe.
Light
Main Frame Photographic Disc A. 0-20o Angle-Compass Unit B. 0-70o Angle-Compass Unit
Fig. 8.41: Schematic diagrams of magnetic single-shot angle-compass unit (courtesy Kuster Co.).
1. Pendulum
Fig. 8.43: Pendulum suspended inclinometer and compass unit for a 0 to oo 17 singeshot unit.
A/C Units
Plumb-Bob Units
Fig. 8.42: Single-shot film disks (courtesy of Kuster Co.). Inclination Direction Tool Face Angle
Fig. 8.12: Pendulum assembly: a) plumbbob angle unit b) drift arc inclinometer Pendulum Glass ring Piston
(a)
(b)
N35 W o I = 5.5
Fig. 8.44: Cardan suspended compass and inclinometer for a single-shot 5 to 90 unit.
o o
Wire Line Socket Overshot Rope Socket Swivel Stabilizer Stabilizer Fingers
Protective Case Orienting Anchor & Plug Mule Shoe Mandrel Bottom Hole Orienting Sub
Ready to be Dropped
Tool seated
Timer On
3 min.
Compass Unit
*Single Shot Instruments are run on slickline if there is a mule shoe sub in the hole
Fig. 8.46: Typical single-shot operation. Tool seated in orienting sleeve or at stop taking picture
3 min.
10 min.
Top View
Direction of Tool Face Via Bent Sub
Mud Motor
New Centerline
Existing Centerline
Fig. 8.47: Arrangement of the mule shoe for orienting a mud motor.
Landing Plate
Bottom Landing Rope Socket Stabilizer with Rubber Pins Battery Case Battery Connector Connector Shock Absorber Watch Assembly Protective Instrument Barrel Angle Unit Barrel Lower Ball Plug Aluminum Spacer Bar Bottom Shock Absorber Assembly
Watch Section
Motor
Geneva Gear
Knife Geneva Drive Winding Motor Wheel Assembly Switch Stem Lever Watch Switch Terminal Film Sprocket Switch
Fig. 8.50: Views of the watch and camera unit of a typical multi-shot tool.
Fig. 8.51: Use of the surface watch while running a magnetic multi-shot operation.
Synchronize with instrument watch by starting at the instant camera lights go on.
Time Intervals:
A. 10 seconds Lights are on, exposing film B. 15 seconds - Delay before moving. This is an allowance for instrument watch lag during survey.
Fig. 8.52b: Projection of one survey frame for determining inclination and direction.
Steering Tools
Used with mud motors and bent sub Can either pull every stand or use a side entry sub for continuous drilling
Standard Measuring Cable
MWD Tools
MWD Tools
Gyroscopic Tools
Non-magnetic drill collars used to prevent magnetic interference from drillstring Gyros used if magnetic interference is from non drillstring source