LTE MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC

November 2012 Bong Youl (Brian) Cho, brian.cho@nsn.com

Contents

Field KPI
Multi-Carrier operation and CA VoLTE and other GBR services How to cope with traffic growth?

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LTE Field KPI

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High level of expectation in Korea

The quality of mobile service in Korea is the best in the world
Call setup success rate Call drop rate Call completion rate Grade

Korea (avg) Word Top 7 cities

99.00% 96.07%

0.10% 1.95%

98.50% 93.40%

S B

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System Selection/Registration
Information on USIM HPLMN on RAT basis CSG Identities list Forbidden PLMN list RPLMN etc

Information written to USIM Registered PLMN Forbidden PLMN list

Information on ME UE Category, RAT support Frequency band Forbidden PLMNs/TAs/Las MRU Acquisition information Barred Cells/Barred Frequencies etc

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* Qualcomm

Overall UE Camping Procedure

NAS
(1) PLMN selection Read USIM Read stored info on ME Select Band, PLMN, etc (10) Service Obtained (Camped)

RRC AS

(2) Trigger System Acquisition

(4) Schedule Broadcast Control Channel read

(6) Process SIB1 Check PLMN Is Cell reserved? Is CSG Id valid? Cell belong to Forbidden TA? Cell barred? If fail, go back to (3). If ok, go to (7).

(8) All SIBs obtained

PHY

(3) Acquisition Scan Band/Freq

(5) Read MIB/SIB1 Using SI-RNTI

(7) SIB2 and other SIBs

(9) Cell is selected and UE camps

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Cells and Services

Categories of Cell

Acceptable*: May camp to obtain Limited service Suitable*: Can camp to obtain Normal service Reserved: UEs with AC 11 & 15 are allowed to camp in HPLMN Barred: Not available for camping CSG: Only UE of Closed Subscriber Group can camp Part of Selected, Registered, or Equivalent PLMN Not barred Park of Tracking Area that is not Forbidden CSG ID mush be from the allowed CSG list Must satisfy the cell selection criteria

Requirements for cell selection on a Suitable Cell

Types of Services
Normal: Receive Paging and can transition to Connected state Limited**: Emergency calls and ETWS Operator: For operators only on reserved cell
* Cell that is Acceptable to one UE can be a Suitable for another UE and vice versa. ** UE in Limited Service periodically scans system to obtain Normal Service

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Cell Selection Criteria

Srxlev > 0 AND Squal > 0 where: Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) Pcompensation Squal = Qqualmeas (Qqualmin + Qqualminoffset)
Srxlev Squal Qrxlevmeas Qqualmeas Qrxlevmin Qqualmin Qrxlevminoffset Qqualminoffset Pcompensation PEMAX_H PPowerClass Cell selection RX level value (dB) Cell selection quality value (dB) Measured cell RX level value (RSRP) Measured cell quality value (RSRQ) Minimum required RX level in the cell (dBm), obtained in SIB1 Minimum required quality level in the cell (dB), obtained in SIB1 Offset to the signalled Qrxlevmin taken into account in the Srxlev evaluation as a result of a periodic search for a higher priority PLMN while camped normally in a VPLMN, obtained in SIB1 Offset to the signalled Qqualmin taken into account in the Squal evaluation as a result of a periodic search for a higher priority PLMN while camped normally in a VPLMN, obtained in SIB1 max(PEMAX_H PPowerClass, 0) (dB) Maximum TX power level an UE may use when transmitting on the uplink in the cell (dBm) defined as PEMAX_H in [TS 36.101], obtained in SIB1 Maximum RF output power of the UE (dBm) according to the UE power class as defined in [TS 36.101]

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EMM state model

EPS mobility management state model
The UE enters the EMM-REGISTERED state by a successful registration procedure
which is either an Attach procedure or a Tracking Area Update procedure

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ECM state model

EPS connection management state model
For a UE in ECM-CONNECTED state, a signaling connection exists between the UE
and the MME. This signaling connection consists of two parts: RRC connection (in UE)

UE-associated signaling connection across the S1_MME called UE-associated logical S1connection (in MME)

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RRC Connection
RRC Connection established

RRC-Idle
RRC Connection released

RRC-connected

RRC-Idle

A UE specific DRX may be configured by upper layers. UE controlled mobility; (Cell selection/reselection, TA update) The UE: Monitors a Paging channel to detect incoming calls, system information change, for ETWS capable UEs, ETWS notification, and for CMAS capable UEs, CMAS notification; Performs neighbouring cell measurements and cell (re-)selection; Acquires system information. Transfer of unicast data to/from UE. At lower layers, the UE may be configured with a UE specific DRX. Network controlled mobility, i.e. handover; The UE: Monitors a Paging channel and/ or System Information Block Type 1 contents to detect system information change, for ETWS capable UEs, ETWS notification, and for CMAS capable UEs, CMAS notification; Monitors control channels associated with the shared data channel to determine if data is scheduled for it; Provides channel quality and feedback information; Performs neighbouring cell measurements and measurement reporting; Acquires system information.

RRC-Connected

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Connection Establish and Release Procedure

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Random Access
Objectives of random access
Get unique UE identity (C-RNTI) Timing correction information for uplink

5 Events invoking RA procedure

Initial access from RRC_IDLE RRC Connection Re-establishment procedure Handover requiring RA procedure

DL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED requiring RA procedure when UL synchronization status is non-synchronised
is non-synchronised or there is no PUCCH resources for SR

UL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED requiring RA procedure when UL synchronization status

Random Access channel characteristics

Contention-based transmission & Non-contention-based transmission (e.g. handover)
Signal structure to support full coverage Small preamble to lower overhead (as in WCDMA) RA attempts are done in pre-defined time/frequency resources. PRACH orthogonal to PUSCH/PUCCH (different from WCDMA PRACH)

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Access Preamble Transmission

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PRACH

PRACH RA preamble 6RB 1.25kHz (format #4 7.5kHz) 64 preamble sequences for each cell 64 random access opportunities per PRACH resource Sequence 839 Z-C sequence (format #4 139)

Phase modulation: Due to the ideal auto-correlation property, there is no intra-cell interference from multiple random access attempt using preambles derived from the same Z-C root sequence. Higher layers control the preamble format

Five types of preamble formats to accommodate a wide range of scenarios

(~15km)

(~100km)
SINR sequence repetition (~30km) SINR sequence repetition (~100km) TDD

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Different Preamble Formats

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PRACH Location

One PRACH resource of 6 RBs per subframe (for FDD) Multiple UEs can access same PRACH resource by using different preambles PRACH may or may not present in every subframe and every frame PRACH-Configuration-Index parameter indicates frame number and subframe numbers where the PRACH resource is available. Starting frequency is specified by the network ( ) No frequency hopping for PRACH

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Random Access Types

Non-contention-based (Contention-free) Random Access
PDCCH or RRC indicates a RA preamble and PRACH resource (PRB) for UE
to send signaling or data on PUSCH

Contention-based Random Access

UE selects a RA preamble and PRACH resource to send signaling or data
on PUSCH

There is probability that multiple UEs in the cell could pick the same
preamble signature and the eNB would assign the same PRB to both UEs for UL transmission of message/data

Contention resolution is needed

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Non-contention-based Random Access

UE eNB

RA Preamble assignment PDSCH

Random Access Preamble PRACH

Random Access Response PDSCH

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Non-contention-based Random Access

0) Random Access Preamble assignment (and PRACH resource (PRB)) via dedicated signalling in DL: Signalled via: HO command generated by target eNB and sent via source eNB for handover; PDCCH in case of DL data arrival. Random Access Preamble on RACH in uplink: UE transmits the assigned non-contention Random Access Preamble. Power Ramp (with time backoff) can be applied until preamble is received. The amount of power increase is defined in specification eNB sends a transmission on PDCCH identified using RA-RNTI Actual RAR (Random Access Response) is on PDSCH pointed by PDCCH w/ RA-RNTI No HARQ RAR includes RA preamble ID If UE finds the same RA preamble ID in RAR, UE consider RA was successful.

1)

2)

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Contention-based Random Access

UE eNB

Random Access Preamble PRACH

Random Access Response PDSCH

Scheduled Transmission PUSCH

Contention Resolution

PDSCH

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Random Access Procedures

Step 1: Random-access preamble transmission
The network broadcasts info to all UEs in which time-frequency resources randomaccess preamble transmission is allowed (i.e., PRACH resources in SIB 2)

In each cell, there are 64 preamble sequences available

Two subsets (Preamble set #0 and set #1) as well as preambles for contention-free access

A UE randomly selects one sequence in one of the subsets.

Transmission of random-access preamble for eNB to estimate the UE transmission

timing.

Only the first step uses physical-layer processing specifically designed for RA If UE has been requested to perform a contention-free random access (e.g. handover
to a new cell), the preamble to use is explicitly indicated from eNB

For FDD, there is at most one random-access region per subframe Power Ramp (with time backoff) can be applied until preamble is received

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Random Access Procedures

Step 2: Random-access response
After eNB detects the preamble, it sends a transmission on PDCCH identified using RARNTI.

Actual RAR is on PDSCH pointed by PDCCH w/ RA-RNTI Message contains:

Index of the random-access preamble sequences detected at the network

The timing correction calculated at the network

A scheduling grant for Step 3 A temporary identity, TC-RNTI, used for the following steps

Collision when multiple UEs using the same preamble at the same time at Step 1.
In this case, multiple UEs will react upon the same downlink response message and collision occurs.

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Random Access Procedures contd

Step 3: Terminal identification
UE adjusts timing per timing correction info provided at Step 2.

UE starts a contention resolution timer.

Each UE will transmit its unique UL CCCH SDU on UL-SCH Transmitting the uplink message in the same manner as scheduled uplink data.
Flexibility on grant size and modulation scheme

It allows to use HARQ to enhance the receiving performance

Step 4: Contention resolution

eNB will only receive UL-SCH from UE whose time adjustment was suitable Then, eNB sends a PDCCH with a TC-RNTI originally included in RAR and then the
Contention Resolution message on PDSCH where a Contention Resolution ID which matches the CCCH SDU of only one of the UEs is included

Each UE receiving the downlink message will compare the Contention Resolution ID Only one UE which observes a match b/w the ID received in Step 4 and the ID (CCCH
SDU) used in Step 3 will declare the random-access procedure successful.

The timer will expire for the other UEs for them to restart the RA process
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Timing Advance

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LTE Handover
LTE uses hard handover LTE uses UE-assisted network controlled handover
UE reports measurements;
network decides when handover and to which Cell frequency need to be indicated

For search and measurement of inter-frequency neighboring cells only carrier

X2 interface used for HO preparation and forwarding of user

data
Target eNB prepares handover by sending required information to UE transparently
through source eNB as part of the Handover Request ACK message preventing data loss

Buffered and new data is transferred from source to target eNB until path switch UE uses contention-free random access to accelerate handover

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Mobility Measurement Metrics

Metrics within Events tell UE what to measure E-UTRA metrics
Reference signal received power (RSRP) Reference signal received quality (RSRQ)

UTRA metrics
UTRA FDD CPICH RSCP UTRA FDD carrier RSSI UTRA FDD CPICH Ec/No

GSM metrics
GSM carrier RSSI

CDMA2000 metrics
CDMA2000 1xRTT pilot strength CDMA2000 HRPD pilot strength

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Mobility Measurement Reporting

Event Reporting
Event A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 Purpose Serving becomes better than threshold Serving becomes worse than threshold Neighbor becomes offset better than serving cell + extra margin Neighbor becomes better than threshold Serving becomes worse than threshold1 AND neighbor becomes better than threshold2 Inter RAT neighbor becomes better than threshold Serving becomes worse than threshold1 AND inter RAT neighbor becomes better than threshold2

Periodical Reporting
Report strong cells periodically regardless, if configured by network
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Inter-eNB Handover

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Inter-eNB Handover (X2-based)

1. The source eNodeB makes the decision to handover the UE to the target eNodeB based on
the MEASUREMENT REPORT of the UE and RRM information.

2. The source eNodeB issues a HANDOVER REQUEST message via the X2 interface to the
target eNodeB which passes necessary information to prepare the handover at the target side. This message includes signalling references, transport layer addresses and tunnel endpoint identifiers to enable the target eNodeB to communicate with the source eNodeB and the EPC nodes, as well as QoS information for the UE's bearers and RRM information.

3. Admission Control is performed by the target eNodeB dependent on the received radio
bearer QoS information and S1 connectivity to increase the likelihood of a successful handover. If the resources can be granted by the target eNodeB, it configures the required resources according to the received UE context information, and reserves a C-RNTI (cell radio network temporary identifier) and a dedicated preamble for the UE.

4. The target eNodeB prepares the handover regarding layer 1 and layer 2 and sends a
HANDOVER REQUEST ACKNOWLEDGE message via X2 to the source eNodeB. The HANDOVER REQUEST ACKNOWLEDGE message includes a transparent container to be sent to the UE later as part of the CONNECTION RECONFIGURATION message. The container includes the new C-RNTI and the value of the dedicated preamble to be used by the UE to synchronise with the target cell as well as other parameters required by the UE.

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Inter-eNB Handover (X2-based)

5. The source eNodeB sends a CONNECTION RECONFIGURATION message towards the
UE, which includes the transparent container (of the previous step) received from the target eNodeB.

6. The SN STATUS TRANSFER message is sent from the source to the target eNodeB.
Thereby PDCP layer information is transferred to ensure uplink and downlink PDCP SN continuity for every bearer that requires PDCP status preservation.

7. Some time after sending the CONNECTION RECONFIGURATION message to the UE (and
possibly before sending the SN STATUS TRANSFER message to the target eNodeB), the source eNodeB begins forwarding user data in the form of PDCP SDUs using the resources set up previously and continues as long as packets are received at the source eNB from the EPC.

8. When the UE receives the CONNECTION RECONFIGURATION message with the

necessary parameters (i.e. new C-RNTI, dedicated preamble, target cell ID etc.) it is commanded by the source eNodeB to perform the handover immediately to the target cell. The UE then performs the non-contention based random access procedure.

9. The random access response conveys timing alignment information and initial uplink grant
for handover.

10. When the UE has successfully accessed the target cell, it sends the CONNECTION
RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE message (containing its new C-RNTI) to the target eNodeB to indicate that the handover procedure is completed for the UE.
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Inter-eNB Handover (X2-based)

11. If a new Measurement Configuration is to be sent to the UE, it is sent in a separate
CONNECTION RECONFIGURATION message.

12. The target eNodeB sends a PATH SWITCH REQUEST message to the MME to inform it
that the UE has been handed over to another eNodeB.

13. The MME sends a USER PLANE UPDATE REQUEST message to the S-GW, which
includes the target eNodeB's TEID(s) received before to enable the user data path to be switched from the source to the target eNodeB.

14. The S-GW switches the downlink data path to the target eNodeB.
Before the S-GW can release any U-plane/TNL resources towards the source eNodeB, it sends one or more end marker packet(s) to the source eNodeB as an indication that the downlink data path has been switched.

15. The S-GW sends a USER PLANE UPDATE RESPONSE message to the MME to confirm
that it has switched the downlink data path.

16. The MME confirms the PATH SWITCH REQUEST message with the PATH SWITCH
REQUEST ACK message.

17. By sending a UE CONTEXT RELEASE message, the target eNodeB informs the source
eNodeB of the success of the handover and triggers the release of resources. The target eNodeB does not release its data forwarding tunnels from the source eNodeB until it has received an end marker packet.

18. Upon reception of the UE CONTEXT RELEASE message, the source eNodeB may forward
any remaining PDCP SDUs
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RRC Timers
Timer Start T300 Transmission of RRCConnectionRequest T301 Transmission of RRCConnectionReestabilshmentRequest Reception of RRCConnectionReject while performing RRC connection establishment Access barred while performing RRC connection establishment for mobile originating calls Reception of RRCConnectionReconfiguration message including the MobilityControl Info or reception of MobilityFromEUTRACommand message including CellChangeOrder Access barred while performing RRC connection establishment for mobile originating signalling Access barred while performing RRC connection establishment for mobile originating CS fallback. Upon detecting physical layer problems i.e. upon receiving N310 consecutive out-of-sync indications from lower layers Upon initiating the RRC connection reestablishment procedure Upon receiving t320 or upon cell (re)selection to E-UTRA from another RAT with validity time configured for dedicated priorities (in which case the remaining validity time is applied). Upon receiving measConfig including a reportConfig with the purpose set to reportCGI Upon receiving LoggedMeasurementConfiguration message Stop Reception of RRCConnectionSetup or RRCConnectionReject message, cell re-selection and upon abortion of connection establishment by upper layers Reception of RRCConnectionReestablishment or RRCConnectionReestablishmentReject message as well as when the selected cell becomes unsuitable Upon entering RRC_CONNECTED and upon cell re-selection Upon entering RRC_CONNECTED and upon cell re-selection At expiry Perform the actions as specified in 5.3.3.6 Go to RRC_IDLE

T302 T303

Inform upper layers about barring alleviation as specified in 5.3.3.7 Inform upper layers about barring alleviation as specified in 5.3.3.7 In case of cell change order from E-UTRA or intra EUTRA handover, initiate the RRC connection reestablishment procedure; In case of handover to EUTRA, perform the actions defined in the specifications applicable for the source RAT. Inform upper layers about barring alleviation as specified in 5.3.3.7 Inform upper layers about barring alleviation as specified in 5.3.3.7

T304

Criterion for successful completion of handover to EUTRA or cell change order is met (the criterion is specified in the target RAT in case of inter-RAT)

T305

Upon entering RRC_CONNECTED and upon cell re-selection

T306

Upon entering RRC_CONNECTED and upon cell re-selection

T310

T311

Upon receiving N311 consecutive in-sync indications from lower If security is not activated: go to RRC_IDLE else: layers, upon triggering the handover procedure and upon initiate the connection re-establishment procedure initiating the connection re-establishment procedure Selection of a suitable E-UTRA cell or a cell using another RAT. Enter RRC_IDLE

T320

Upon entering RRC_CONNECTED, when PLMN selection is performed on request by NAS, or upon cell (re)selection to another RAT (in which case the timer is carried on to the other RAT).
Upon acquiring the rmation needed to set all fields of cellGlobalId for the requested cell, upon receiving measConfig that includes removal of the reportConfig with the purpose set to reportCGI Upon log volume exceeding the suitable UE memory, upon initiating the release of LoggedMeasurementConfiguration procedure

Discard the cell reselection priority rmation provided by dedicated signalling.

T321

Initiate the measurement reporting procedure, stop performing the related measurements and remove the corresponding measId Perform the actions specified in 5.6.6.4

T330

Constant Usage TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training N310 Maximum number of consecutive "out-of-sync" indications received from lower layers 33 Nokia Siemens Networks N311 Maximum number of consecutive "in-sync" indications received from lower layers

Multi-Carrier operation and CA

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Spectral Efficiency of HSPA and LTE*

* Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, LTE for UMTS: OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access, Wiley, 2009
TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training 35 Nokia Siemens Networks

LTE DL Spectral Efficiency Benefit over R6 HSDPA in Macro Cells*

LTE Benefit Gain Up to +70% depending on the multi-path profile Explanation HSDPA suffers from intra-cell interference fro the Rake receiver. Rake receiver is assumed in R6. However, most HSDPA terminals have an EQ that removes most intra-cell interference. Frequency domain scheduling is possible in OFDM system, but not in single carrier HSDPA. The dual carrier HSDPA can get part of the frequency domain scheduling gain. No MIMO defined in HSDPA R6. The gain is relative to single antenna BS transmission. HSDPA R7 includes MIMO. The interference rejection combining works better in OFDM system with long symbols. 1.7 x 1.4 x 1.15 x 1.1 OFDM with freq. domain EQ

Freq. domain packet scheduling (using OFDMA)

+40%

MIMO
Inter-cell interference rejection combining Total

+15%

+10% =3.0x

* Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, LTE for UMTS: OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access, Wiley, 2009
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 FDD Spectrum Map

850MHz B5/B26
KT UL (5 ) 8 1 9 8 2 4 SKT UL (15) 8 3 9 LG U+ UL (10) 8 4 9 KT DL (5 ) 8 6 4 8 6 9 SKT DL (15) 8 8 4 LG U+ DL (10) 8 9 4 9 0 5

2G CDMA 3G WCDMA 4G LTE 4G LTE planned (2nd carrier) Empty spectrum To be assigned (12-13)

900MHz B8
KT UL (10) 9 1 5 9 5 0 KT DL (10) 9 6 0

1.8GHz B3
frequency sharing b/w comm & military/public (35) 1 7 1 0 1 7 4 5

KT UL (10)
1 7 5 5

SKT UL (10 )
1 7 6 5 1 7 7 0

LG U+ UL (10)
1 7 8 0

frequency sharing b/w comm & military/public (35) 1 8 0 5 1 8 4 0

KT DL (10) 1 8 5 0

SKT DL (10 ) 1 8 6 0

LG U+ DL (10) 1 8 7 0

2.1GHz B1
LG U+ UL (10 )
1 9 2 0 1 9 3 0

SKT UL (30)
1 9 6 0

KT UL (20)
1 9 8 0

IMT-satellite (30) 2 0 1 0

LG U+ UL (10 )
2 1 1 0 2 1 2 0

SKT UL (30)
2 1 5 0

KT UL (20)
2 1 7 0

IMT-satellite (30) 2 2 0 0

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Multi-Carrier Operation
Mobility
Intra-frequency handover Inter-frequency handover

Load balancing

Idle mode cell selection priority Idle mode load balancing

Connected mode load balancing

Service aware(?)
2nd carrier?

2nd carrier? UE 1st carrier

1st carrier
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MC CA
MC (Multi Carrier)
: SKT 850MHz 2x10MHz 1.8GHz 2x10MHz MC LTE 850MHz 2 850MHz 1.8GHz , 850MHz 1.8GHz , PDR 2 DL 75Mbps

CA (Carrier Aggregation)
N . SKT PDR 2 DL 150Mbps MC Intra-band contiguous CA () Intra-band non-contiguous CA Inter-band (non-contiguous) CA ()

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training 39 Nokia Siemens Networks

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3GPP Defined LTE CA Band Combinations

Release 10

Band1 + Band5 LG U+ LTE_CA_B1_B7: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 1 and Band 7 LTE_CA_B1_B18: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 1 and Band 18 LTE_CA_B1_B19: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 1 and Band 19 LTE_CA_B1_B21: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 1 and Band 21 LTE_CA_B2_B17: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 2 and Band 17 LTE_CA_B3_B5: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 5 SK Telecom LTE_CA_B3_B7: LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 7 LTE_CA_B3_B8: LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 8 KT

Release 11 Work Items

LTE_CA_B3_B20: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 20

LTE_CA_B4_B5: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 5 LTE_CA_B4_B7: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 7 LTE_CA_B4_B12: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 12 LTE_CA_B4_B13: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 13 LTE_CA_B4_B17: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 17 LTE_CA_B5_B12: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 5 and Band 12 LTE_CA_B5_B17: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 5 and Band 17 LTE_CA_B7_B20: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 7 and Band 30 LTE_CA_B8_B20: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 8 and Band 20 LTE_CA_B11_B18: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 11 and Band 18 LTE_CA_B7: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation in Band 7 LTE_CA_B25: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation Intra-Band, Non-Contiguous in Band 25

LTE_CA_B38: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation in Band 38

LTE_CA_B41: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation in Band 41

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* CA Band Combination

VoLTE and other GBR services

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Short Call Setup time & HD Voice

Call setup time
3G voice: ~ 4-5 sec 4G (?) CSFB voice: ~ 4-5 sec + ~ 1-2 sec 4G (!) VoLTE: ~ 1 sec

HD (High Definition) Voice with WB-AMR

Male Narrow Band: AMR-NB 12.2kbps Female Music Music2

Wide Band: AMR-WB 12.65kbps

Wide Band: AMR-WB 23.85kbps

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training 43 Nokia Siemens Networks

Possible worries on VoLTE

Concerns on handover success rate due to LTEs hard handover nature Requires good LTE coverage

Unspecified concerns on VoIP for primary voice service

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Near mandatory requirements

QCI1 EPS bearer ROHC (Robust Header Compression)
Robust Header Compression (RoHC) according to RFC3095 and RFC4995 RTP/UDP/IP headers of 40 bytes (IPv4) / 60 bytes (IPv6) are compressed to
typically 3 bytes

Typical AMR-NB payload of 14 32 bytes (4.75 kbit/s 12.2 kbit/s) Leads to > 50% reduction of data volume at the air interface

Proper level of LTE network performance itself PDCCH, PDSCH, PUSCH capacity Coverage performance, particularly in cell edge RAN optimization (parameter/field optimization) becomes more
critical in VoLTE era

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training 45 Nokia Siemens Networks

EPS Bearer Service Architecture

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EPS Bearer Terminology

Quality of service
GBR bearer: Guaranteed bit rate Non-GBR bearer: No guaranteed bit rate

Establishment time
Default bearer Established when UE connects to PDN Provides always-on connectivity Always non-GBR Dedicated bearer established later Can be GBR or non-GBR

Every EPS bearer

QoS class identifier (QCI): This is a number which describes the error rate and delay
that are associated with the service.

Allocation and retention priority (ARP): This determines whether a bearer can be
dropped if the network gets congested, or whether it can cause other bearers to be dropped. Emergency calls might be associated with a high ARP, for example.
TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training 47 Nokia Siemens Networks

QCI (QoS Class Identifier)

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DRX in RRC connected

UE power saving
Significant UE power reduction (> 90%) UE needs to read the PDCCH only at DRX active and can switch off parts of
the receiver during DRX inactivity Operator configurable DRX profiles which can be assigned to different QCI profiles Example: QCI = 1 - DRX cycle: 20 ms (for VoLTE) QCI = 7 - DRX cycle: 80 ms QCI = 9 - DRX cycle: 2.5 s Uplink out-of-sync handling

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training 49 Nokia Siemens Networks

Channel/Interference Aware Scheduler (CAS/IAS)

Optimize the air-link performance
Assignment of PRBs (physical resource blocks) in the frequency domain
based on CSI (channel state indicator) UL example below
PRBs

CSI table
0 0 3 1 1 1 0 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 0 3 0 0

Channel aware

UE A UE B UE C

Resulting weight: 12

Channel unaware

Resulting weight: 2

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training 50 Nokia Siemens Networks

SRVCC to WCDMA
VoIP continuity to WCDMA
Extension to WCDMA handover Only applied if EPS bearer with
QCI = 1 is established and MME indicates that SRVCC is possible
S-GW MME MSC

RNC

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training 51 Nokia Siemens Networks

Hurdles to overcome
Call drop shall be minimized
GSMA IR.92 says If the PDN connectivity is lost, then the UE must re-establish the PDN
connection.

Connection RLF Re-establishment Fail? Call drop Network optimization is THE key.

MOS (Mean opinion score)

Packet loss (<2%, <5%) Delay (<50ms, <80ms) Codec (higher rate, better) Etc

Admission control for GBR

3GPP TS23.203 says An operator would choose GBR QCIs for services where the
preferred user experience is "service blocking over service dropping", i.e. rather block a service request than risk degraded performance of an already admitted service request.

How to win a game over OTT?

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training 52 Nokia Siemens Networks

How to cope with traffic growth?

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training 53 Nokia Siemens Networks

Spectral Efficiency vs Load (Example)

3.50

3.00 2.50 2.00 bps/Hz 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 0% 13% 25% 38% 51% Loading 63% 76% 88%
3GPP Case 1 simulations with full buffer gives 1.74 bps/Hz/cell
Assumes nice hexagonal grid + uncorrelated antennas

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training 54 Nokia Siemens Networks

Non-GBR capacity after serving VoLTE (Example)

18000

Available non-GBR capacity per cell after serving VoLTE users

16000 14000 12000 10000

DL available non-GBR throughput UL available non-GBR throughput

8000
6000 4000 2000 0 0 50 100

Number of VoLTE users per cell

150

200

250

300

350

400

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training 55 Nokia Siemens Networks

Thank you !
www.nokiasiemensnetworks.com Nokia Siemens Networks 20F, Meritz Tower, 825-2 Yeoksam-Dong, Kangnam-Gu Seoul 135-080, Korea

Bong Youl (Brian) Cho

Lead Product Manager Korea, Ph.D. LTE Business Line, MBB brian.cho@nsn.com Mobile 010-4309-4129
TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training 56 Nokia Siemens Networks