A WATER RESOURCES T E C H N I C A L P U B L I C A T I O N

ENGINEERING MONOGRAPH NO. 40

Selecting Large Pumping Units

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION

8.

Willlam Duncan, Jr. and Carlos G . Bates

I

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION R E P O R T NO.

Engineering Monograph 40
10. WORK U N I T NO.

9.

P E R F O R M I N G O R G A N I Z A T I O N N A M E A N D ADDRESS

Engineering and Research Center Bureau of Reclamation Denver, Colorado 80225

12. SPONSORING A G E N C Y NAME A N D ADDRESS

11.

C O N T R A C T OR G R A N T NO.

13.

T Y P E OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED

l same

115. S U P P L E M E N T A R Y N O T E S

---t

14.

SPONSORING AGENCY CODE

16.

ABSTRACT

This monograph provides guidelines for designers or estimators who plan or lay out large-capacity pumping plants. Empirical charts and curves and analytical methods are presented t o facilitate selection of the best type of pump and t o estimate pump performance characteristics, submergence, dimensions, and mass. An example is given starting with basic head and capacity requirements, and working through selection of pump type and estimation of speed, specific speed, submergence, dimensions, pump mass, and power requirements. Included are illustrations of typical pumping plants.

17.
0.

K E Y WORDS A N D D O C U M E N T A N A L Y S I S

DESCRIPTORS-/ *pumps/ impellers/ spiral cases/ mixed flow p u m p s l propeller p u m p s l centrifugal pumps/ *pumping plants/ design criteria1 cavitation index

b.
c.
18.

IDENTIFIERS-/ Dos Amigos Pumping Plant, C A I Flatiron Powerplant, C O / Oahe Dam, S D l Senator Wash Dam, CA
COSATI Field/Group

13G

COWRR:

131 1
19. S E C U R I T Y C L A S S 21. ( T H I SREPORT! NO. O F PAGE

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

A v a i l a b l e from t h e N a t r o n o l T e c h n i c a l Information Servrce, Operations D i v r s i o n , S p r i n g f i e l d , V i r g i n i a 2 2 1 5 1.

UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS
( T H I S PAGE)

33
PRICE

22.

IJNCLASSIFIED

A WATER RESOURCES TECHNICAL PUBLICATION

Engineering Monograph No. 40

Selecting Large Pumping Units

BY
William Duncan, Jr. Carlos G. Bates
Engineering and Research Center Denver, Colorado 80225

United States Department of the Interior

Bureau of Reclamation

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in Island Territories under U.S. administration.

ENGINEERING MONOGRAPHS are published in limited editions for the technical staff ofthe Bureau of Reclamation and interested technical circles in Government and private agencies. Their purpose is to record developments, innovations, and progress in the engineering and scientific techniques and practices that are employed in the planning, design, construction, and operation of Reclamation structures and equipment.

December 1978

III

81 METRIC

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE DENVER

Washington, For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, D.C. 20402, or the Bureau of Reclamation, Attention 922 Engineering and Research P.O. Box 25007, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225. Stock Number 024-003-00137-6 Center,

Preface
The objective of this monograph is to provide guidelines for selecting the type of pump to best meet large-capacity pumping requirements and for estimating the performance characteristics, required submergence, dimensions, and mass of the pump. The guidelines and data presented are based on both Bureau of Reclamation experience and basic theory and from recommendations in literature cited in the bibliography. The results should be sufficiently accurate for initial plant layout and cost estimation. This monograph was prepared by William H. Duncan, Jr., mechanical engineer, and Carlos G. Bates, Head, Hydraulic Machinery Section, Mechanical Branch, Division of Design, Engineering and Research Center, Denver. Richard N. Walters made a substantial contribution to the technical presentation.

iii

Letter Symbols and Quantities

Symbol
d(i)

Quantity Spiral case diameter at (i) Discharge diameter of impeller Inlet diameter of impeller Frequency Gravitation constant (acceleration) Pump best efficiency head (design head) Head produced by pump Atmospheric pressure (head) Suction head Head loss (suction side) Vapor pressure head of water Speed constant Experimental design constant Rotational speed Trial rotational speed Pump specific speed

Metric unit mm mm mm Hz m/s2 m m m m m m

U.S. customary ft ft ft Hz ftls2 ft ft ft ft ft ft

unit

D] Da f g h H Ha Hs HL Hv Ku K3 n n' ns

r/min r I min (r/min)ym3/s

mO.75

r/min r/min (r/min)ygallmin

(ft)o.75

n's

Trial pump specific speed

(r/min)ym3/s
mO.75

(r/minh/gallmin
(ft)o.75

NPSH Q

Net positive Capacity

suction

head

m m3/s

ft fP/s or gallmin (r/min)ygallmin

(ft)o.75

(discharge)

Suction

specific speed

(r/min)ym3/s
mO.75

V p a
(1

Velocity Power

of water

m/s watt

ftls horsepower

11

Speed ratio factor Cavitation coefficient (Thoma-sigma) Pump design efficiency

percent

percent

iv

Contents
Page

Preface.

...................................................... ...

iii

Letter Symbols Introduction. Capacity.

and Quantities.

...................................

iv 1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... .........................................................

Head

Pump Specific Speed. ............................................. Net Positive Suction Head... ... ... ... ... ... .. .. . .. """" ""'" Suction Specific Speed. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Thoma Cavitation Coefficient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Affinity Laws and Hydraulic Similarity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unit Characteristics
Sample Design Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Head Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 2 3 3 3 4 4

Trial Pump Specific Speed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capacity Requirements. ..........................................

Rotational Speed and Pump Specific Speed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pump Submergence. .............................................. Pump Dimensions. ............................................... Impeller and Total Pump Masses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Pump Power Requirement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Comments on Pump Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

7 7 7

8
8
9

11
11 11

12

Basic Equations.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Inside Back Cover

Back Cover

Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outside

CONTENTS
FIGURES
Number

1 2

Pump type selection guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Loss in efficiency and capacity due to wear

Page 13
14

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

between overhauls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Expected pump efficiency versus specific speed. . . . . . . . . . .. Net positive suction head Pump specific speed versus design head Recommended minimum sigma at best efficiency point.. .. Typical variation of critical sigma versus discharge. . . . ., Flatiron and Dos Amigos performance curves. . . . . . . . . . .. Oahe and Senator Wash performance curves. . . . . . . . . . . . ., Snake Creek performance curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Dos Amigos performance curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24

O'Neill performance

curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Inlet and discharge diameter approximations. . . . . . . . . . . ., Approximate spiral case dimensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Impeller and total pump mass - centrifugal

25 26
27

vertical spiral-case pumps.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Vertical column pump mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., Typical 250-m (820-ft) head pumping plant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Typical 60-m (200-ft) head pumping plant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., Typical 30-m (100-ft) head wet-pit pumping plant. . . . . . . . .. Typical 17-m (55-ft) head dry-pit pumping plant. . . . . . . . . ., Prospective 3-m (10-ft) head pumping plant. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

28 29 30 31 32 33

VI

Introduction
This monograph covers pumping unit capacities ranging from 3 to 280 m:J/s (100 to 10 000 ft3/s). Units smaller than 3 m:J/s usually can be found in manufacturers' catalogs wherein design and estimating data are readily available. Presently, the largest pumps the Bureau operates are rated 62.3 mJ/s at 38 m (2200 ffJ/s at 125 ft) oftotal head, and it is not foreseen that USBR will require larger units. However, pumpturbines have been built for larger capacities; the USBR is considering pump-turbines of 710 m.l/s (25 000 fP/s) capacity. In selecting the number and size of units to perform required duties, consideration must be given to reliability, flexibility, and cost. Whereas it may be a wise decision to select only one unit for a powerplant supplying power to an interconnected transmission system, it could be a very poor selection to have only one unit if a water supply was entirely dependent on uninterrupted pumping capability. Thus, more units would be expected in a pumping system than in a power system. The time scheduled for maintenance and the effects of an unscheduled outage of the largest unit should be considered. Standard designs and identical hydraulic units are desirable from an engineering and maintenance standpoint. However, the units should be selected to match variations in head or capacity without causing excessive loss in efficiency and unusual wear problems. The water to be pumped should be analyzed and pump materials selected accordingly to resist corrosion. Priming equipment usually is avoided by setting the impeller inlet edge below minimum water surface elevation and/or providing adequate positive suction head for water to fill the pump case. Pumps are classified by distinguishing features such as: Impeller characteristics (axial flow, mixed flow, radial flow, open, semiopen or enclosed, single suction or double suction, etc.), Pump casing design (spiral, single volute, double volute or diffuser, turbine, circular, etc.), Orientation of pump shaft axis (vertical, inclined or horizontal), Intake design (wet pit, dry pit), and Number of stages. Figure 1 is a general guide for selecting the type of pump best suited to meet various head and capacity requirements. However, in selecting the type pump best suited to a particular situation, economics of plant construction, efficiency of the units, and operation and maintenance costs should be considered. Pump and motor dimensions and costs can be minimized by using high rotational speeds. However, in providing optimum performance at high rotational speeds, a pump will require deep submergence, possibly leading to increased plant construction costs. Likewise, capital expenditures to increase unit efficiency by using a diffusion casing, enlarging flow passages, or other means should be compared with the savings in power costs during the life of the project. To select a pump and prepare preliminary designs, operational requirements must be analyzed and estimates made of rotational speed, submergence requirements, pump dimensions, pump mass, efficiency, and power requirements. Capacity A plant serving a distribution canal or pipeline obviously requires more regulating capability than a plant pumping from one reservoir to another or to a feeder canal. The former may require a number of units or even two or more sizes of units to meet demand. For small plants, using catalog-size pumps, a common selection is; . Two units at one-third plant capacity,

. . .

One unit

at one-sixth,

and

. Two units at one-twelfth plant capacity. This combination provides flow increments of one-twelfth plant capacity while only one-third capacity is lost when the largest unit is out of service. For large plants with specially designed units, variable-pitch pumps in axial and mixedflow designs may be economical. Such units can deliver from 50 to 100 percent of maximum

SELECTING LARGE PUMPING UNITS

capacity at either a variable or constant head and operate with good efficiency. Thus, a plant containing four fixed-pitch units and two variable-pitch units can deliver any capacity from one-twelfth to maximum capacity with good efficiency. The cost of variable-pitch pumps is about 30 percent higher than fixedpitch pumps. Offsetting this cost, a fixed-pitch pump requires a larger-consequently more expensive-motor to accommodate overcapacity in the pump design and variation in head. Other methods for obtaining flexibility in discharge rate are: multispeed, variable speed,

throttling, and bypassing. not proved economical irrigation pumping.

These methods have for high capacity

Head
This monograph discusses best efficiency heads ranging from 3 to 300 m (10 to 1000 ft). As illustrated in figure 1, the approximate head range of a single stage for three types of pumps (classified by impeller design) is:

Head range meters feet 3-9 10-30

Pump flow type

Customary

name

Axial

These are referred to as propeller pumps from the design in the impeller and the lifting action of the blades on the liquid. Francis-style double-curvature vanes usually are used in the impeller design ofthese pumps commonly called Francis pumps. Since centrifugal fugal pumps. forces define the principal action

9-18

30-60

Mixed

18-300

60-1000

Radial

of these pumps, they often are referred to as centri-

Note that all three types of pumps considered rotary action of the impellers.

are often classified

in the category

of centrifugal

pumps because

of the

Mixed-flow, variable-pitch pumps have been used for heads up to 76 m (250 ft). Single-stage pumps are desirable for reasons of lower cost and simplicity. However, multistaging is applicable to improve efficiency, to obtain a steeper head-discharge curve, or to reduce required net positive suction head. Single-stage pump-turbines are being built for 610 m (2000 ft) of head or more. At the A. D. Edmonston Pumping Plant on the California Aqueduct [1]1, the pumps are four-stage, for a total design head of600 m (1970 ft), resulting in an optimum pump specific speed considering efficiency and submergence requirements. The head range that a pump must operate within is an important consideration. For a canal relift plant, the head may be nearly
'Numbers in brackets refer to items In the bibliography.

constant when individual discharge lines are used. The head will vary more if several pumps are manifolded to a single discharge line. The San Luis Pumping/Generating Plant, California [2], is notable as it has a head range from 30 to 100 m (98 to 330 ft) for filling a large reservoir. Two speeds are used to satisfy the head range. At Snake Creek Pumping Plant, North Dakota, the requirement is to pump from 0 to 23 m (0 to 75 ft) of static head. Interchangeable bowls and impellers fulfill the specified performance. Variation in head requires a deeper submergence, especially when the variation from the design head is to lower heads. When a unit is required to pump from a storage reservoir to a canal, the head will vary; but the minimum head will occur at maximum suction head (full reservoir)-which is helpful.

INTRODUCTION

USBR practice is to add a small percentage to pump design capacity to allow for wear prior to scheduled overhauls (fig. 2). Pump Specific Speed The specific speed ns of a pump n s-- where:

is:

heads greater than 9 m (30 ft) per stage. The radial-flow type is the most efficient at high heads and has been used for heads up to 610 m (2000 ft) per stage. Figure 1 shows the usual operating regimes for the different types of pumps. Figure 3 presents curves of expected pump efficiency versus specific speed for various pump capacities.

nVQ
ho.7;,

Net Positive Suction Head

n = rotational speed, r/min, h = best efficiency head developed, m (ft), and Q = best efficiency discharge, m:J/s (gal/min). Pump specific speed is defined as the rotational speed at which a given pump or geometrically and hydraulically similar pump discharges 1 m:J/s of discharge under 1 m of head (1 gal/min at 1 ft of head) while operating at the best (peak) efficiency point. The pump specific speed characterizes the type and shape of the impeller and is used to predict other important pump characteristics, dimensions, and mass. To obtain an approximate value of ns in units of r/min, mIls, and m, multiply U.S. customary ns (r/min, gal/min, and ft) times 0.01936. For double suction pumps, it is USBR practice to use one-half the capacity (QI2) ofthe pump to calculate ns and S. Thus, an identical specific speed versus head graph applies to both single and double-suction pumps. The range categorized: of pump specific speed can be

NPSH (net positive suction head) is defined as the total suction head above vapor pressure at the highest point ofthe impeller inlet edge. The NPSH available for the pump, at a given site, is calculated from the equation: NPSH where: Ha = atmospheric pressure head, Hs = suction head, Hu = water vapor pressure head, and H L = suction side head losses. Figure 4 illustrates NPSH. A particular pump design requires a certain minimum NPSH head (required) to prevent cavitation. The available NPSH at the plant site must be equal to or greater than the required NPSH. Operation with less than the required NPSH will cause the head and efficiency to drop, and destructive cavitation will occur on the impeller blades. Figure 5 illustrates the upper limit of pump specific speed versus design head for various conditions of Hs. The figure is based on data from pumps and pump-turbines which are operational. A higher speed and a wide range in head generally necessitate a higher value of available NPSH.

= Ha

+ Hs

Hu

- HL

.
.

High specific speeds greater than 155 (8000) usually indicate an axial-flow-type impeller.
Low specific speeds
of 87 (4500)

or less Suction Specific Speed

indicate the radial-flow-type impeller. . Medium values of specific speed generally indicate a mixed-flow-type impeller. There are no definite limits to define the operating regimes for the three types of impellers. However, experience has shown that an axial-flow-type impeller cannot be used efficiently for high heads and is seldom used for

Suction

specific speed S is defined

as:
0,7,')

nVQ = (NPSH)o.7.') = ns

h (NPSH )

SELECTING LARGE PUMPING UNITS

where:
head developed, n = rotational speed, Q = best efficiency discharge, and NPSH = net positive suction head at the site or absolute suction head less vapor p;essure head. The parameter S is used for pumps to describe the suction characteristics of an impeller. An S value within 153 to 155 (7900 to 8000) has been found to produce the best performance. If an impeller is designed for a higher suction specific speed to reduce the required NPSH, the blade entrance-angle must be flattened. This results in lower efficiency and a larger impeller-eye diameter for a given capacity [3]. Except for very special cases, higher suction specific speeds should not be considered.
Thoma Cavitation Coefficient

h = best efficiency

approximately 154 (7950). A similar curve to figure 5 in the Hydraulic Institute Standards [4] e~hibits a varying suction specific speed. FIgure 5 generally indicates a lower pump specific speed limit per given design head and suction head up to a specific speed of approximately 70 (3700), and higher limits above 70 than recommended in the Hydraulic Institute Standards.
Affinity Laws and Hydraulic Similarity

For a given centrifugal pump of constant impeller discharge diameter D, the performance variables of capacity Q, head H, power P, and rotational speed n, at points of equal efficiency '1, vary according to the relations: Capacity is directly proportional to speed,

. .

. Head is proportional speed, and

to the square of the

The parameter used for defining the operating condition, with respect to cavitation, is commonly known as the Thoma cavitation coefficient and is represented by the Greek letter sigma u. It is the ratio of NPSH to total pump head or: u

NPSH

For large pumping units, USBR defines critical sigma as the sigma value at which cavitation causes a I-percent loss in head. Critical sigma is determined by model tests for each impeller design. With the critical sigma values known, the required pump submergence can be determined with respect to suction water level for any environment. Critical sigma and required NPSH increase rapidly with discharge above the best efficiency point. Bureau experience has shown that if a pump is operated at a head considerably below best efficiency head (high discharge), no amount of available NPSH will prevent cavitation. Figure 6 shows the recommended sigma val ue versus pump specific speed. Figure 7 illustrates typical variations of critical sigma versus discharge for different pump specific speeds. Note that the curves on figures 5 and 6 are based on a constant suction specific speed S of

Power is proportional to the cube of the speed. For mixed-flow and radial-flow pumps, when speed is held constant and the impeller discharge diameter is varied slightly, the relations between points of equal efficiency can be expressed as: . Capacity is directly proportional to diameter, Head is proportional to the square of the diameter, and Power is proportional to the cube of the diameter. If both nand D are varied, both relations apply simultaneously. The affinity laws which follow from these relations can be applied to calculate changes in pump performance due to varied rotational speed or impeller discharge diameter of a given pump.

For constant Qa Qb

diameter: = na nb

For constant Qa
-

speed: Da
Db
-

Qb

z: =(~: r ~: =(::Y

z: =(~:r
P
~ Pb = --.!!: Db

()

:1

INTRODUCTION

where: a and b denote the same pump run at different speeds.

where: a and b denote the same pump with slightly different impeller diameters.

For geometrically and hydraulically similar machines (equal specific speeds) the performance data obtained from one unit can be used to estimate the performance of another unit (i.e., model test data used to estimate prototype performance) using the following laws of pump scaling [5]:

~:

(::) (z:r

z:

(::r(~:r

;: = (::r (z: r
and a modified efficiency: Moody equation to determine

~ ~

::

f14

(z:
and

where: a and b denote hydraulically similar two geometrically pumps.

Unit Characteristics
Sample Design Problem

There is a requirement for three equal-size canal relift pumping units discharging into a common line where the unit discharge centerline is at approximately 1000 m. The pumps are to be submerged to avoid the need for vacuum priming equipment.

X (d ISCh arge full capacity line loss at full capacity) The minimum head will occur with one unit
~

(Operating

capacitY)

2*

'

operating

and a static lift of 61.0 - 0.9

=60.1

m.

Minimum head = 60.1 + 0.3 + 1.5 + 5.5 (1/3)2 62.5 m = 96 percent of design head.

. Minimum capacity at maximum head (per unit) .. .. .. ., .. .. .. ., .14.2 m:J/s . Static lift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 m Average water temperature. . .. 35C

The maximum
units operating

head
and

will occur with

three

a static

lift of 61.0 + 0.9

61.9 m. Maximum head =61.9 + 0.3 + 1.5 + 5.5 =69.2 m 106 percent of design head. Trial Pump Specific Speed It is assumed the pumps are to be submerged 1 m (Hs = 1 m). Using figure 5, (pump specific speed versus design head at various suction heads) the upper limit of pump specific speed can be estimated and used as the trial pump specific speed n~ However, it is noted that figure 5 is based on sea level with a water temperature of 29C, and does not include suction side head losses He Therefore, prior to using figure 5 the desired suction head Hs-at plantsite el~vation and plantsite water temperature-should be corrected to sea level and a water temperature of 29C. For better accuracy the trial pump specific speed can be calculated considering that suction specific speed S should approximate 154 and using the equations: NPSH , S - ns

Figure 1 shows that consideration should be given to the radial-flow, vertical-shaft, spiralcase-type pump.

.
. .

Canal water surface may vary from normal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :to.9m Total suction side head loss per unit (including trashrack loss) . 0.3m Discharge side head loss per unit through the manifold. ......... 1.5 m

With three units in operation at full capacity, the head loss in the discharge line (including velocity head loss at the discharge structure) is 5.5 m. The hydraulic units are to be designed for best efficiency with two units operating. The pumps' will be driven by synchronous electric motors.

Head Range Begin by calculating the required total head range. In this case, the best efficiency (design) head is to occur with two units operating and a static lift of 61.0 m. Design head (100 percent head) + 5.5 (2/3F = 65.2 m.

=Ha
h

+ Hs - Hv - HL
0.75

(NPSH )

or n~ ' (N;S

S 7;) HY of

=61 + 0.3 + 1.5

From figure 6, at the plantsite elevation 1000 m and a water temperature of 35C:
Ha

Note that, for a number of units using a common discharge line-during operation at less than full capacity-the discharge line head loss is roughly equal to:

= 9.18 m atmospheric 0.57 m vapor pressure

hne h,a"

pressure,

and Hv =

"a exponent of ~.85 for the pipe friction portion oft he 10"a" and 88' 2.0 for any fIttIng 1088 and velocity head 10~~N {2002 . .
.
~'.""'---'-""""---

'When the di"ha'ge

In" in "',.e;

--l
7

..

./ ,.;eciamation'x

'i_~;ervice

Center

SELECTING LARGE PUMPING UNITS

Suction side losses HL were given as 0.3 m and suction head Hs has been assumed to be 1.0 m. Thus, the available NPSH for the pumping plant with I-m suction head Hs is estimated to be: NPSH and
==

hence: Q
==

(14.9) 1.02

==

15.2 m3/s

Rotational Speed and Pump Specific Speed Calculate the trial rotational speed n' from the trial pump specific speed n~; where:

9.18 + 1.0 - 0.57 - 0.3

==

9.31 m

n's -

154 65.2 0.75

9.31

==

35.8
n'

n~ hO.75 == -- Q

35.8 (65.2)0.75

15.2

==210 r/min

Capacity Requirements For estimating the capacity to be specified at design head h, reference is made to the performance curves of existing units of similar pump specific speeds. The curve on figure 8 shows a typical plant having a specific speed of 39. At 106 percent design head (maximum head for the example), capacity should be about 95 percent of that at best efficiency (design) head h. Therefore, to deliver 14.2 m:J/sin the example plant (at maximum head), the capacity at design head (design capacity) should be increased to: Q
==

However, since the pumps are to be driven by synchronous electric motors, the pump rotational speed should equal a synchronous speed. Consideration should be given to the fact that for extremely large motors a multiple of four poles is preferred [6]; however, standard motors are available in most multiples of two poles. Determine speed as follows:
120 (frequency) number of poles

Rotational

speed,

n ==

14.2 0.95

n
==

7200
==

14.9 m3/s

number

of poles

, at 60 Hz

The drop in efficiency and capacity caused by wear (between overhaul periods) also must be considered. Figure 2 presents percent loss in efficiency versus .,!h;..J?l for different water environments. Generally, canals are subject to contamination from windblown sand and silt equivalent to condition "B" (fig. 2); thus:

Using a multiple of two poles, the closest 60 Hz synchronous speed to 210 r/min is: 60 (120) 34

==

212 r/min

Therefore, the pump given condition is: nS

specific 212

speed

for the

nVQ
==

Vi52
==

_fh

hO.75

==

(65.2).75

36.0

"Q

...L65.2

"14.9

. == 21
Pump Submergence

From figure 2, a 2-percent loss in capacity can be predicted between 3-year overhaul periods. Therefore, the design capacity must be increased:

The submergence of the units can be estimated using ns 36.0. From figure 6, at best efficiency head, the recommended minimum
==

sigma

C1is:

UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

0"

1212 (ns)I.:J:J

106

1212 (36.0)I.:J1

106

= 0.142

9.13 - 9.18 + 0.57 + 0.3

= 0.82

From the performance curves on figure 8, at minimum head (96 percent design head), capacity will be about 105 percent of design capacity. Figure 7 (typical variation of critical sigma versus discharge) shows that at 105 percent capacity the expected critical sigma will be approximately 110 percent of critical sigma at best efficiency point. Therefore, at minimum head, critical sigma should be approximately:

m below the inlet canal water surface elevation which produces maximum total head.

Additional submergence may be considered to provide a factor of safety against cavitation and loss of efficiency. Pump Dimensions After estimating the rotational speed and pump specific speed with the given design head, the curves and equations of figure 13 are used to estimate the impeller inlet diameter D:J and the impeller discharge diameter Dl. For estimating Db determine the speed constant Ku [7] from either the curve (fig. 13) or the polynomial approximation: 6.4 ns Ku = 0.82 + 103 Dl is calculated 3.3 (nsF 106

0"

= 0.142

(1.10)

= 0.156

The same procedure for maximum head (106 percent design head) results in a critical sigma value of 0.132; whereas: NPSH , or NPSH v ~

= O"H

At maximum head, NPSH =0.132 (69.2) =9.13 m At design head, NPSH =0.142 (65.2)= 9.26m At minimum head, NPSH =0.156 (62.5) = 9.75m
For a plant at an elevation of 1000 m and average water temperature of 35C, figure 6 shows:

from the equation:

Dl

84 600 Ku v'h n
n = 212

With the values from the example, r/min, h = 65.2 m, and ns = 36, calculate:

. Atmospheric

. .

pressure head, Ha.. ..9.18 m head, Hv . 0.57 m Total suction side losses, HL . . . '" . . . .0.3 m
Water vapor pressure

Therefore, the highest point of the inlet edge of the impeller should be at least (fig. 4): m below the inlet canal water surface elevation which produces minimum total head, 9.26 - 9.18 + 0.57 + 0.3 = 0.95 m below the inlet canal water surface elevation which produces design head, and 9.75 - 9.18 + 0.57 + 0.3

K u. = 0 82 + 6.4 (36) 103

3.3 (36)2

106

= 1.05

= 1.44

and
Dl

84 600 (1.05) 65.2 212

= 3383

D3 is determined

by using figure 13:

Select the speed ratio factor a for the given ns from either the curve or from the equation:

10

SELECTING LARGE PUMPING UNITS

= 810

(1~~Or7()7 D;Jfrom the

For the given design head, calculate equation:

D:I

= 550aVh
n

Assuming V is constant and Q increases in direct proportion to the angular distance from the cut-water ("The wall dividing the initial section and the discharge nozzle portion of the casing * * * " [9]) or can be otherwise predicted, the spiral case diameter d can be approximated at various locations (i). From the equation of continuity:

whereupon:
d(i)

Q(j) 106 0.7854 V

a and D.,,

= 810

( )
~
212

n 10~0

11.7117

= 77.226
To find the radial length from the unit centerline to the outside of the spiral case at any location (i), add one-half the impeller discharge diameter D1, plus the spiral case diameter d(i), plus 0.1 times the impeller discharge diameter to allow for the diffuser ring. Thence, at any location (i) around the case, the radial length from the unit centerline to the outside of the spiral case can be approximated by:
Q(i) 106
0.7854

= 550

(77.226)

= 1618

mm

It is noted that, with the approximate impeller inlet diameter DI known, the suction tube dimensions also can be estimated by using USBR Report No. HM-2 [8]. U sing the estimated impeller discharge diameter Dl and pump specific speed ns, figure 14 is used to estimate the following spiral case dimensions: Rl R~ R;J R4

Radial

length

+ 0.6 Dl

= 0.180 = (3383) =

.155

A~J E F G

.125 = .090 = .835 = 1.065 .980 .890

= (3383) = (3383) = (3383) = (~j383) = (3383) = (3383)

= (3383) =

609 mm

= 423 = 304 = 2825 = 3603 = 3315 = 3011

524 mm
mm mm mm mm mm mm

In the example, dimension 14) is calculated, where:

F at location

2 (fig.

h = 65.2 m, Q = 15.2 m3/s, and ns = 36.0

K3 = (ns)-O.33 = 1.15 (36.0)-o.:J,3 V = K3 V2gh = 0.35

:0 0.35 V2 (9.82) 65.2 = 12.5 m/s

Spiral case dimensions also can be approximated analytically by using Stepanoffs [7] volute velocity equation: V=K3V2gh where:

Assuming cutwater:
Q(2)

location

(2) is nearly

2700 from the

= 270
d(2)

360

(Qd eSlgn . )

= 0.75

(15.2)

= 11.4

m3/s

(11.4) 106 0.7854 (12.5)

= 1078 mm to R(2)

v = velocity in the spiral case, and K3 = an experimental design constant:

K3

Therefore, R(2) = 538 mm as compared 524 mm from experience curves, and

F = d(2) + 0.6 Dl = 1078 + 0.6 (3383) = 3108 mm

= 1.15

(ns)

.11.1;1

whence

K3 may be calculated.

In this case, F (as calculated) is less than the dimension F of 3315 mm previously predicted

UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

11

by the experience curve of figure 14. This method, though perhaps less reliable, has the advantage of being easily programmed on a hand calculator to quickly calculate estimates. From figure 14: Dimension E G A Empirical curves millimeters 3603 3011 2825 Analytical method millimeters 3274 2909 2652

The pump efficiency 17, at design head and capacity (best efficiency), is estimated from figure 3. Using the design parameters previously calculated, the pump best efficiency will be approximately 91 percent. At design conditions: P

= 9.8

(15.2) 65.2

0.91

= 10

670 kW

~J

Impeller and Total Pump Masses

However, from figure 8, at maximum capacity (105 percent design capacity) the power requirement will be 102 percent of the requirement at design capacity. Therefore, the maximum pump power requirement is: P

In considering a spiral-case pump, for a particular design head h and impeller discharge diameter Db figure 15 is used to estimate the impeller mass and the total pump mass. The curves are based on data from existing pump designs and the equations shown (fig. 15) are polynomial approximations of the curves. Note that the total pump mass is expressed by two separate curves. One curve is used when the design head is less than 30 m and the other when the design head is greater than 45 m. Intermediate design heads require interpolation. For the example, where the design head h was greater than 45 m and the discharge diameter is 3383 mm, the total pump mass is about 94 metric tons. The impeller mass is approximately 16 t. A similar computation can be made to estimate the mass of a verticalcolumn pump with the experience curves shown on figure 16.

= 10

670 (102 percent)

= 10880

kW

A driver with a net output approximately 10 percent over the maximum pump requirement usually would be required to allow for overcapacity which the pump manufacturer may provide to assure his guarantee is fulfilled, and to provide for operation under conditions other than those anticipated.
Comments on Pump Selections

After determining the principal dimensions and mass of the pump, a layout can be made. With the aid of electrical and structural engineers, a cost estimate can be prepared. Consideration should be given to alternatives of rotational speed and submergence, number of stages, and style of pump relative to construction cost, operation and maintenance expense, and replacement life.

Pump Power Requirement

When calculating the pump power requirement P, for subsequent motor sizing, performance curves for a pump of similar specific speed should be used to predict the operating conditions that will demand maximum power. In the sample problem, from the shape of the curves (fig. 8, Flatiron), the power requirement is expected to be greatest at maximum capacity. Pump power requirement P in kilowatts 9.8 QH
'r/

is:

SELECTING LARGE PUMPING UNITS

BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Jansen, Robert B., "Edmonston Pumping Plant: Nation's Mightiest," Civ. Eng., vol. 42, No. 10, pp. 67-71, October 1972. [2] Stroh, Raymond G., Seitz, Bradley G., Lloyd, L. W., "Rapid Reversal of San Luis Pumping-Generating Units," IEEE Trans., Power Appar Syst., vol. P AS-89, No.6, pp. 1106-1111, July/August 1970. [3] Bates, Carlos G., "Pumping Unit Studies Final Evaluation Report," Prepared for Office of Saline Water, 39 p. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, December 1965. [4] Hydraulic Institute, "Standards for Centrifugal, Rotary, and Reciprocating Pumps," 13th ed., New York, 1975.

[5] Stelzer, R. S., Walters, R. N., "Estimating Reversible Pump-Turbine Characteristics," Engineering Monograph No. 39, 46 p., Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, 1977. [6] Walters, Richard N., Bates, Carlos G., "Selecting Hydraulic Reaction Turbines," Engineering Monograph No. 20, rev. ed., 55 p., Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, 1976. [7] Stepanoff, Alexey J., "Centrifugal and Axial Flow Pumps," 2d ed., J. Wiley, New York, 1957. [8] Bureau of Reclamation, "Proportions of Elbow-Type Suction Tubes for Large Pumps," Report No. HM-2, 10 p., Denver, June 1964. [9] Karassik, 1. J., Krutzsch, W. C., Fraser, W. H., Messina, J. P., "Pump Handbook," McGraw-Hill, New York, 1976.

12

FIGURES

13

FEET
1000

METERS - f- 300
f-250
i

--~-

-200
500 400 300

I
1
I

-150

-100 --80

I R \rltJ

-FlOW.

I VER- -'CD

;PIR.

CASI

200

- -60
-50
-40

100 ,- -30

, W (') <t f- 25 UJ _RADIAL-FLOW, 0: -20 w Q

-1~w I

-1-

--

- VERTICAL COLUMN

- - - OR SPIRAL CASE

50 140 130 1-

f-15

MIXED-FLOW, VERTICAL COLUMN

MIXED-FLOW, VERTICAL SPIRAL CASE

f-IO

ff-8 f20 1- f-6 -5 -4

101-

AXIAL-FLOW
1

HORIZONTAl,VERTICAl

OR INCLINED

-3
-2.5
-2-f---

,
. !
I

I
I

-1.5

,
3 I 4 I I 5 I

m3/s

2 I

ft 3/s

I
100

6 I I
200

DISCHARGE 10 8 15 I I II I I I I
300 400 500

- Q 20 I

30 40 I I I I
1000

50 60 80 100 I I I I I I I I
2000 3000

150 I

200 I

300 I I

10000

FIGURE I.-Large

pump

type

selection

guide.

lO6-D-380.

14

SELECTING LARGE PUMPING UNITS

no sand (0.0625-2 mm) or silt (0.004- 0.0625 mm) i but may contain cloy 0.004 mm) with a mean concentration of less than 100 mg/l and organic material. B Contains cloy 0.004 mm) and silt (0.004 -0.0625 mm) with a mean concentration of less than 500 mg/l, and for short periods, fine sand (0.0625-0.125 mm), C Contains cloy 0.004 mm) and silt (0.004-0.0625 mm), and sand (0.0625-2mm) with a mean concentration of less than 2000 mg/l which can occur as fine sand (0.0625-0125 mm) in small amount most of the year and coarse sand (0.125-2 mm) A Contains

during flood periods. Contains cloy 0.004 mm) and silt (0.004-0.0625 mm), and some fine sand (0.0625 - 0.125 mm) Or frequently contains coarse sand (0.125- 2 mm) and occasional grovel (2 -8 mm) with a mean concentration of greater than 1000 mgfl.

30.0

,I .I
// II'

20.0

,I
10.0 1->f8.0 I-<{ [/11

.I
/ ,I / /

1/

/
1/

./

1--U

./ / ./
<;)/

1./

/
1/
1./ / /

I-~ I-U
5.0 4.0

II

-~
-Z

/ V
/ l/

->U
/

3.0 -~ U 2.0

-u... u... _w

c..,/ 7'

1/

II
/

z
-

1/

-c.n
1.0

1/1/

0/

gs

-f-z -W

~-I
./

},
I/'

1/

V
./

V
/ / ./

V
I/'

),
/

V
Overhaul
Q

interval

-a:! _w
/ /

a..
/

/ /
V / / /

/ V
1/ /

11'

1/

Q<

> 3 m3/s- 3 Years 3 m3/s- 5 Years

0.5 0.4 0.3

/ /

0.2

1/

0.1

/
,
.04

/
/11
0.2
I .05

.1
0.3
I 0.1

J
0.8 1.0 2.0
I 0.5

HEAD. h

CAPACITY. Q

0.4 0.5
I 0.2

3.0

I11II11111
4.0 5.0
I 1.0 I 20

m
10
I 3.0 I 5.0

20

30
I 10.0

40

50~

I 0.3

(AIls)

FIGURE 2.~Loss

in efficiency

and capacity

due to wear between

overhauls.

106-D-381.

FIGURES

15

W U a:: w 95 a... I 0 90 I

fZ

~
Z w 0

S? (f)

85

', 'f" ,/
.J

." ~" ,,
/'

,.--

~
>U

80

~
b

- - --s) (ft3/: - -..--..... ' :::.... ~m% I ~57 2000 ~"" ..... '..... ~5.7 - - """"""' 200 - - -......... ......' ..... ~0.85 30 """' --~............ ~0.28 I0
-...........::
.........."'"

75

i'o.. .......

0.11

4 2
I

U I.J.. 70
a... ::!: ::::> a... 0

""

~~....... ~0.06 0.03

U W a... x w

f-

10

15 I 700

20 I 1000

30 I 1500

40 I 2000

50

60 I 3000

80 100 I I 4000 5000

150

200 I 10000

300 I 15000

400 I 20000

PUMP SPEC I FIC SPEEDFIGURE 3.-Expected pump efficiency

ns
speed. I06-D-882.

(r/min)(m%f5 mO.75 (r/min)(gal/min)0.5 (ft)0.75

versus specific

16

SELECTING LARGE PUMPING UNITS

~Lr
Ho
Minimum inlet water surface
NPSH=Ho + Hs - Hv -Hl

Hs

~
~
Atmospheric
~

Highest point of inlet edge

Vapor

)!(\ It

pressure

pressure

'"'"

'""',

Ho

reI
NPSH= Ho +Hs -Hv -Hl

Inlet
~

water

surface
'V

~~
Hs Highest poi nt of impeller inlet edge

Hl = Ho = Hv = Hs =

Suction side head losses Atmospheric pressure head

Water vapor pressure

head
head

Suction head NPSH = Net positive suction

FIGURE 4.-Net positive suction head. lO6-D-383.

FIGURES

17

(rim

i n)( gal Imin)0.5

ho.75

(r/mi n)(m3/S ).5

ho.75
50 000 40 000 30 000 500 20 000 400 300 en c: 1 0 w w Cl.. (/) u l.L. U w Cl.. (/) Cl.. ::E ::> Cl.. l.L. a f::E -.J a:: w Cl.. Cl.. ::> 1000

10000

200 150

5000 4000 3000

100 80 60 50

2000 1500

40 30

1000

20 15

Clear water at 29 e(85 OF) at sea leve I suction specific speed, 5=154 (7950) Single-suction overhung Impeller
HEAD( FIRST
40

600 10 300 I 900

200 150 I 500 I 400 100 I 300 80

STAGE)20

h
15 I 50 I 40 10 I 30 8 6 I 5
15

60 I 200

50

30 I 100

4 I

20

ft

'

FIGURE 5.-Pump

specific

speed versus design

head. 106-D-384.

18

SELECTING

LARGE

PUMPING

UNITS

3.0

2.0

--~

..L

(f) I

~-- <D
f1.0 -0.9 ~-0.8 -0.7 -0.6

I
-

/
,/

c;:: Ii

-- 8 0.5 -- 6
0.4 --~ 0.3

r---I
/

~/

-tj

tj

1212(ns)l.3:J 106
6

f-

--:;:

--;5
)

1/ I

( - 6.3(nS)'-33) 101 I I I IT speciI.f'IC spee . S~ucIon t

5=154(7950) (rim in )(m3/s ).5
300 400 I
20000

0.2

,V
)

/
30 40 I 2000

0.1 20 I 1000

~u~PI StfCIFIC ISPErD-lns

50 60

II

80

100 1 5000

I I

150

200 I 10000

(r/mln)(gal/mln)'

m 0.75
0.75

05

(ft)

ATMOSPHERIC ALTITUDE METERS FEET 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 0 1640 3280 4921 6562 8202 9843 11483 /3123

PRESSURE HEAD- He METERS FEET 10.351 9.751 9.180 8.637 8.120 7.628 7.160 6.716 6.295 33.959 31.992 30.118 28.337 26.640 25.026 23A91 22.034 20.653
"C

WATER TEMPERATURE
of

PROPERTIES
VAPOR PRESSURE -Hv

METERS 0.089 .125 .174 .239 .324 .434 .577 .752 .977

FEET 0.292 All .571 .783 1.062 1.425 1.892 2.467 3.206

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

41 50 59 68 77 86 95 104 113

FIGURE

6.-Recommended

minimum

sigma

at best efficiency

point.

lO6-D-385.

FIGURES

19

200

T ~I
c:

'~1

,~
....

180

'::"1

'""' I

"

<[
:::i;
<.!:>

"'7

(f)

160

140

i:i: -~ I(f)

>u z w u

II
J

c"'

'" "" "

I

7/
'/I
V
/

-gs
a z
120

u..

-I-

w '-ua:: w a...
100

n. =170(8800),
.........

II, !JV V
I
~'/

Ii

~~n.=97(5000)

n. =47(2400)"""'"
80

~n.=77(4000)

60 -

ns -

(r/minHm3/s)O.5- ((r/minHgal/min)O.5) mO.75 (ft )0.75

40

PERCENT ,
70 80 90

OF

BEST
100

EFFICIENCY
110

DISCHARGE
120 130

FIGURE 7.-Typical

variation

of critical sigma

versus discharge.

106-D-386.

20

SELECTING LARGE PUMPING UNITS

a:: 160 w ~

a:
0 z <t

FLATIRON
HEAD

POWER a PUMPING
COLORADO ns

PLANT,

140 120

=39(2000)

>U 100 Z W ~ 80 l.L.. l.L.. W 60 0<t W I40 fZ

t:! a::
w a..

20

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

PERCENT

CAPACITY

a:: w ~ 140 a a.. 0'20 Z <t

HEAD

DOS AMIGOS PUMPING PLANT, CALIFORNIA ns = 57( 3000)

<t :::!i'

c..:> (/)

t;
Z

100

80 '=' u l.L.. t:J 60

0 <t w I 40

~ w

20

SIGMA

J <t U 400 ;:: a:: u 300 fZ 200 w u a:: w 100 a..

120

u a:: w a..

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

130

PERCENT

CAPACITY

FIGURE

S.-Flatiron

and Dos Amigos

performance

curves.

106-D-387.

FIGURES

21

160

c:: w
:!= 0 a.. 140
120

OAHE PUMPING PLANT, SOUTH DAKOTA n. = 77 (4000)

~ <t
G Z
W

<t ~ <9 (f) -.J <t 500 u f4005 fz 300 W U a:: 200 ~

100

80 60

I..L. I..L.

~
0

<t W 40 ::r:: f-

~ u

20

100
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 130

c:: w a..

110

120

PERCENT

CAPACITY

c:: w :!= 0 a.. 0 Z <t >U Z W u I..L.

140 120 100 80

60

~
0 <t W ::r:: fZ W U a::

40
20

SENATOR WASH PUMPING -GENERATING PLANT, CALIFORNIA n. =87(4500)

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
110 120

a..

130

PERCENT

CAPACITY

FIGURE

9.-Dahe and Senator

Wash performance

curves.

106-D-388.

22

SELECTING

LARGE

PUMPING

UNITS

180

a:

~ 0
CL a

160

140 120

<1 ~<.D
(f)

<1 >u Z '=! U LL

100

POWER

500

b
a <1 w :c Iz W u a: w CL

80

400

..J <1 U Ia:: u IZ W U a: w CL

60

300

40

200

100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

PERCENT
210

CAPACITY

a: w ~ 0 CL a z <1 >u Z W U LL
LL W

200 180 160 140 120

100

"
'"
,Oo~

~SNAKE CREEK PUMPING PLANT,

NORTH DAKOTA ~ns=/64(8500)
<1

I I 111

I I

" ~-......--. """"

.............
~~./V

~~-qO

~<.D
(f)

a <1
w :c IZ

80
60 40

./

-...... ~/

600

..J <1 U Ia: u IZ W U a: w CL

~--'-..

~ a::
w CL

,,

500

400

~J

20

J?
/
V
/0 20

xS~\s;:
S\G~
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

~'"ll' V '"
120 130

300

200

100

PERCENT
lO.-Snake

CAPACITY
curves. 106-D-389.

FIGURE

Creek performance

FIGURES

23

160 140 120 0

;5 I
w u ffi a..

100 80

60
40 20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

PERCENT
<t ~

CAPACITY

~ (/)
-.J

200

<t U Ia:: U IZ W U a:: w a..

DOS AMIGOS PUMPING PLANT, CALIFORNIA ns = 60 (3100) Variable-pitch

100

25 PITCH 20

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

PERCENT
FIGURE 11.-Dos Amigos

CAPACITY
curves. 106-D-390.

performance

24

SELECTING LARGE PUMPING UNITS

200

"'~
180 160 140 0

ONEILL

~ :I:

120 100 80 60 40 20 0

\z lLJ
U 8:; ~

~" l\ ~'" '" ""-.. ." ~" '" " ,," ~~"-~/
2$.%'

(4600)Variable-pitch ~ns=89

PUMPING PLANT, CALIFORNIA

f--J--1---+---

IRffi. 85% ........... IGb.%'",

~:/
""""'"

- -"""" ............... .... 7...;;...", 100%

"""
NCY........

{~~
10 20 30 40

~~~~I l ~~I'~ ~I "

.............
1"50

~~q5%

,/< ~~./ ><.%

~",
~~~....70%

F"ffICIF"

.><

....--

-::: ::::s
112

---

70%'

"-.:

rTCHI~
60 70

15 '",80 90 100

~; 17.5
~~-2~

50

110

120

130

140

150

PERCENT
~ ~

CAPACITY

~
(j) .J ~ U ~

200

,
100

,7.ko PI)CH

24

a: u
~ Z lLJ U

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

12

./

5 ~

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

PERCENT

CAPACITY

FIGURE 12.-0'Neill

performance

curves.

lO6-D-391.

FIGURES

25

~ l}D3rJ
DI
400 300

I mpeller

Inlet Diameter

D3 =

5500<:.!h

n
a<:.;h
n'

,mm

(D =
3

ft
./

I I _I
0<:

o. ~07

=810

(I~~O)

t-'" &
0 fU ~r~
0

250 rO:: 200

0<:

=50 (1660)

0.707)

~./
/'
0(

~./

~,/

150

f<I
0

0::

100 90 80 70 60

w w a.. (j) ~II

'IS
fI'

,,/

./

/'

4)3= Speed

= Factor of ~3 ratio, peripheral

spee d

to spouting velocity h = Design head, m (ft)

n = Rotational speed, r/min

Impeller Dischdrge Diameter,D,= 8460~ KuJh,mm (D In' = 153 KuJh ft)

2.5 2.0

~1 fZ <I f(j) 0

,/ ./
./"

1.5

u 0 w w a.. (j)
.... 1,...00 "" 25 30 I 1500 40 I 2000
50 """,, '" 60

~.....

KtI =
( u.
150 200

u. 0 82 +
+ 300

6.4 ns 3.3(ns)2 - ~1Q6

1.2 ns _1.2(ns)~

K =082 250

Ip4,

109 mO.75

1.0 20

100

400 (r/min)(m3/s)0.5

I 1000

I 3000

I I I 4000 5000 6000

I 10000

I 15000

(r/ min )(9al /min)0.5 (ft)0.75

PUMP SPECIFIC
FIGURE I3.-Inlet and discharge diameter

SPEED-ns
approximations. 106.D.892.

26

SELECTING LARGE PUMPING UNITS

(r/min)(gal/min )0.5
(ft)0.75

)
R

7000

(rim in)( m3/s)0. 5 mO.75 130

120

,"

,~ R R I R '2 I

A-J -

6000 110
II)

J f
c: 0

I
V
J

5000

100 -I 9 o-~ 80

,
J

/ /

/
/

w
(f)

4000

7o-~ (f) 3000

-- I.J... u w

/ /
/' ~I , '/
Ji

/
/ /

I /
/

1/ / IJ I / / /
~J

/ I/

60 50

-~

2000

4
30

III II
J /11

/ I IJ /
VI / '/
PE,RCEN,T I MfELLER DI?CHA~GE
80 90

'I

// / /
9IAM~TER~
100 110 D, 120 130 140 150 160

1000

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Curves are derived from both USSR dimensional data and theoretical

dimensionsbased.on constants Ku and K3 from Stepanoff [7].

2

Size expander for economic discharge pipe and valve sizes.

FIGURE 14.-Approximate

spiral case dimensions.

106-D-393.

FIGURES

27

POUNDS METRIC X 1000 TONS 90 40

80

70 30
(f) (f)

60

Mass in metric tons

. = 242 20

<t
~50 CI:: W
....J
....J

4.450,
103

+ 3.1401- 0.190
106 109

a.. ~30

40

20 10

'a

Equations shown are poly nom ial approxi motions

of the empirical curves.

OJ in

millimeters.

700 300

~ a.. ~ :=I a..

J <t

~ <t

600

Mass in metric tons

8_18.401+17.501- 0.40, = 9 . 103 106 109
200 2 3

500

400

Design head

to t-

300
200 100

Design head =-45m (148 ft)

Mass in metric tons

100

0.60, =-110+2.90,+6.201 . + 103 106 109 a

I
2

1000 I I
3 4

I
5

I
6

2000 I
7

,
8

3000

mm I
II 12

I
9

10

I
13

I
14

I
15

I
16

I
17

ft

IMPELLER FIGURE I5.-Impeller and total pump

OISCHARGE

OIAMETER-

01

mass-centrifugal

vertical spiral-case

pump.

106.D.394.

28

SELECTING LARGE PUMPING UNITS

POUNDS METRIC X 1000 TONS

:r:

01We> OZ OW <{-I :r:z u:=i: <{=> w-I0

5 10 4

Curves

are based

on fabricated
1.2

design.

For cast design, multiply result

by

1.4

for single stage or

3
5
2

for a twoshown are

a::u Ou...
u...o
(/)

stage pump. Equations

(/)1-

power fit approximations of the empirical curves. 01 in millimeters.

<{u... ::;:;;;1'<) -II'<) <{-

Za:: Qw 1-1::E <{

Closed

-w

Closed impeller-single stage

200 c5 IOc5

..tN II -

80

Closed impeller-two stages Moss in metric tons=17C~Y5

~u

" Zz-I 0::;:;;; O=>Z W-I::E (/)o=> <{u-l CD a::

e> ~150 Ze> Wz -I W

7'0

60

50

(/)Wa::

8 '00
40 30

::;:;;;w-I a..-I a..::Ew ::E-a.. =>0::;:;;; a..w -I(/)Z 50 <{OW I--Ia.. OUO I-

~jw

Open impeller (low head) Mass in metric

ton s = 5Cci80)
2.6

20

10

Closed impeller-single stage

MASS
500 1000 1500 2000

in metric tons =9 (1000 )

I
6 7

0,

2.5

2500

mm
I
9

I
2

I
3

I
4

I
8

ft

IMPELLER
FIGURE

DISCHARGE

DIAMETER
mass.

0,

16.- Vertical column pump

106-D-395.

FIGURES

29

~i'

.0'

Cl'
PLAN

.
MOJ(- W. s. ::":

---'-----

MIn.

W5.:-=",,-

EXPLANATION

~
r.>~;:;J

Concrete

first

stage

Concrete

- second

stage

TRANSVERSE

SECTION

TYPICAL 250 m (820ft) PUMPING PLANT FIGURE 17.-Typical

250-m (820-ft)

HEAD

head pumping

plant.

I06-D-396.

30

SELECTING LARGE PUMPING UNITS

PLAN

PUMP

FLOOR

Mo-:_~S.
Min W.S.

--

XPLANA

TION

Concret,
Concrete

- first
- second

stag. slage

TRANSVRS

SCTION

TYPICAL 60 m (200ft) HEAD PUMPING PLANT

60-m (200-ft) head pumping plant. lO6-D-397.

FIGURE IS.-Typical

FIGURES

31

< S;, Veloclty=06m3/s ~II

~: "II

~
~

___z'5()MIn_-J Nearest obstruction or change In flow pattern

PLAN

Suction bell velocify will vary between manufacturers; however, the following graph can be used for estimating purposes.
2.0 .::: E

,: t:: C) 1.5
Q

-J

~
-J -J .. '"
C) -=

1.0

~0.5 Q

" '"
D := Suction Design 0 = V Suction =

10

bell entrance capacify, m 3/s bell velocity, mls

20 30 40 FIRST STAGE HEAD, diameter:= 2(O/TTV)O.5,m

50 m

60

TO

TRANSVERSE

SECnON

FIGURE

19.-Typical

TYPICAL 30 m (100 ft) HEAD PUMPING PLAN T 30-m (lOO-ft) head wet-pit pumping plant 106-D-398.

32

SELECTING LARGE PUMPING UNITS

Q"

-'

II

II

: il'i,1
I

III
PLAN

, ~1

Max WS-~~

"~,~
'~
~~,

''''" EXPLANATION "~stage

CJ
M>/~

Concrete

- first

Concrete - second stage 0

TYPICAL 17 m (55ft) PUMPING PLANT plant. lO6-D-399.

HEAD

TRANSVERSE
FIGURE 20.-Typical17-m

SECTION

(55-ft) head dry-pit pumping

FIGURES

33

--

-I

n--I

---

-~-----

1111 ",J'1 J~__~dllt_r1 I -J--{~]-=-"" ~':-III~ l.J LJ -, 1111 --

" -,1L1L---~~
PLAN

Normol

W.S.~
~

Mln w.S ~

TRANSVERSE

SECTION

PROSPECTIVE PUMPING
FIGURE 21.-Prospectiue 3-m (lOft) head pumping plant.

3m

(10

ft)

HEAD

PLANT

106-D-400.

BASIC E Q U A T I O N S
Using S I units Using U.S. customary units

Ku = 0.82

+ 6.4 (n,)

3.3 (n,)2 lo-"

K , = 0.82 + 1.2 (n,)

1.2 (nJ2

NPSH = H a + H,

H, - H,
9.8 Q h ' I

Power input, kilowatts =

[ l k W = 101.971 (m.kg)/s]

Power input, horsepower = Qh , Q fti3/s 8.82v [ l h p = 550 (ft*lb)/s]

Synchronous speed = 120 (frequency) number of poles Velocity in spiral case, V = K3

a=

NPSH -

Min. recommended a = 1.2 (n,)'.":' lo-"

Min. recommended a = 6.3 (n,)l..j:j 1 0 - 6

CONVERSlON FACTORS
To convert from foot (International) cubic foot per second gallons per minute gallons per minute horsepower, electric horsepower, metric pound (ft) (ft3/s) (gal/min) (gal/min) (hp) (hp) (Ib) To meter cubic meter per second cubic meter per second cubic feet per second watt watt kilogram To the index (m) (m3/s) (m3/s) (ft"/s) Multiply by

(w)
(w)
(kg)

To convert from customary specific speed

Multiply by

*Indicates exact conversion. E-05 represents l r 5 .