WIDENER UNIVERSITY School of Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME 303A Experiment #8 COMBINED STRESSES IN A PRESSURE VESSEL

Performed by: Group 4 Submitted by: Andrew D. Bushner Robert Barrett Stephen Borden Date: 10/31/2012 Andrew D. Bushner Dylan Decker Date: 10/24/2012

Bushner 2 Abstract: The objectives of this experiment were to determine the normal stresses in a cylindrical pressure vessel and to determine the material properties for the material of the vessel. An additional objective was to make a comparison of the calculated and measured stresses on the surface of the cylindrical vessel subjected to a torque while pressurized. The experiment was carried out by applying several different pressures to a cylindrical pressure vessel and recording the strain readings given from a computer program. The strain values were used to determine the normal stresses and material properties for the material of the vessel. Additionally, the values were used to determine shear strain, shear stress, torque, principal stresses, and maximum shearing stress for the vessel. The results found were all of the stresses and material properties of the cylindrical pressure vessel were successfully and accurately calculated.

Bushner 3 Introduction:A pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold the contents, such as gas or liquids, at a certain pressure. Pressure vessels can keep the contents at pressures different from the ambient pressure. Common forms of pressure vessels include thin-walled vessels, storage tanks, and transportable containers. Thin-walled pressure vessels are those with a diameter that is 10 times or more the thickness of the wall, which include hot water storage tanks, boilers, pipelines, and diving cylinders. The pressure differential is dangerous and many fatal accidents have occurred in the history of pressure vessel development and operation so it is important to understand the stresses as well as material involved in pressure vessels. Understanding theses stresses and material properties can determine safety parameters such as maximum safe operating pressure and temperature. In this experiment, a thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessel was placed under several different pressures and the corresponding strain values were recorded. The values of strain were used to determine normal stresses and material properties of the cylindrical pressure vessel. Additionally, a comparison was made between the calculated and measured stresses on the surface of the cylindrical pressure vessel when subjected to a torque while pressurized.

Bushner 4 Procedure Experimental Procedure: First, the strain gauges #4 and #5 of the Technovate Stress Analysis System Model 9800 were connected to the strain indicator and the computer program LabVIEW was opened. The strain gauges were then calibrated and the program was set up for testing. Once the gauges and program were properly set up, a pressure of 50 psi was applied to the vessel and the corresponding readings of the longitudinal (#4) and hoop (#5) strains were recorded both while loading and unloading the vessel. Then, pressures of 100, 150, and 200 psi were applied and all the corresponding strains were recorded. For Part 2 of this experiment, both pressure and torque were applied to the cylindrical pressure vesselfrom the 60 rosette instead of the 90 rosette. The strain gauges #1, #2, and #3 of the Technovate Stress Analysis System Model 9800 were connected to the strain indicator and the computer program LabVIEW was opened. The computer program and gauges were set up the same way as before and then a pressure of 50 psi was applied to the vessel. The three strain values were recorded and the pressure was increased in the same manner as before. Pressures of 100, 150, and 200 psi were applied and the corresponding strain values were recorded. However, only the values of strain were recorded while loading the vessel and not while unloading.

Theoretical Calculations: In order to compare the experimental strains with the theoretical strains, the theoretical strain needed to be calculated. To calculate the theoretical hoop strain, the following formula was used.

Bushner 5

Where E is the modulus of elasticity, His the hoop stress, v is Poissons ratio, and L is the longitudinal stress.To calculate the theoretical longitudinal strain, the following formula was used.

Where E is the modulus of elasticity, His the hoop stress, v is Poissons ratio, and L is the longitudinal stress. However, to calculate the theoretical hoop and longitudinal strains, the hoop and longitudinal stresses needed to be found. In order to calculate the hoop stress, the following formula was used.

Where p is the applied pressure, r is the radius of the vessel, and t is the wallthickness of the vessel. In order to calculate the longitudinal stress, the following formula was used.

Where p is the applied pressure, r is the radius of the vessel, and t is the wall thickness of the vessel. In order to find Poissons ratio, modulus of elasticity, and shear modulus of the vessel, multiple equations needed to be used. To determine the experimental Poissons ratio, the following formula was used.

Bushner 6 Where H is the hoop strain and Lis longitudinal strain. The second material property to be found was the modulus of elasticity.

Where Lis the longitudinal stress, Lis longitudinal strain, and v is Poissons ratio. Finally, the shear modulus could be calculated.

Where E is the modulus of elasticity andv is Poissons ratio. Also, since two values for the strain in Part 1 were collected, an average, or mean, had to be calculated.

Where

is the mean,xi is each individual value, and Nis the total number of values. In order to

determine the shear stress and experimental torque, the shear strain needed to be calculated.

Where x is the strain in the x-direction, y is the strain in the y-direction, and is the angle of the strain off the x-axis. The xand y values were found using matrices and the three strain values found for each applied pressure. Once the shear strain was found, the shear stress and experimental torque could be calculated. To determine the shear stress, the following formula was used.

Bushner 7 Where G is the published shear modulus and xy is the calculated shear strain. Then, the experimental torque was calculated by the following formula.

Where J is the polar moment of inertia, ro is the outer radius of the vessel, and xy is the calculated shear stress. However, the polar moment of inertia needed to be calculated before the experimental torque could be determined.

Where Do is the outer diameter of the vessel and Di is the diameter of the vessel minus the wall thickness. In order to compare the experimental torque with the theoretical torque for each applied pressure, the theoretical torque needed to be calculated.

Where F is the applied force and a is the lever arm length. The applied force also needed to be calculated.

Where P is the applied pressure and A is the area of the pump piston diameter. Finally, the principal stresses and maximum shearing stress can be calculated. To calculate the principal stresses, the following formula was used.

Bushner 8 Where Lis the longitudinal stress, H is the hoop stress, and xy is the calculated shear stress. To calculate the maximum shearing stress, the following formula was used.

Where 1is the maximum principal stress and 2 is the minimum principal stress. After all the values necessary were calculated, a comparison can be made between the experimental and calculated values with their corresponding theoretical values:

Bushner 9 Results Table 1. Experimental strain compared to theoretical strain for Part 1 of the experiment
Applied Pressure [psi] 50 100 150 200 Strain, x 10-6 Hoop Strain, H Longitudinal Strain, L Individual Average Theoretical % Difference Individual Average Theoretical % Difference 67.5 35.5 77.5 52.17 48.56 33.3 24.55 35.44 87.5 31 78 69.5 84.5 104.34 19.01 64.75 49.10 31.87 91 60 103 91.5 99.5 156.51 36.42 92.5 73.65 25.59 96 93.5 130 100 130 208.67 37.70 100 98.20 1.83 ---

Table 2. Hoop and longitudinal stresses and experimental Poissons ratio compared to theoretical Poissons ratio for Part 1 of this experiment
Applied Pressure Hoop Stress, Longitudinal Stress, [psi] H [psi] L [psi] 50 100 150 200 750 1500 2250 3000 375 750 1125 1500 Strain, x 10-6 Poisson's Ratio, v Hoop Strain, H Longitudinal Strain, L Individual Average Individual Average Experimental Average Published % Difference 67.5 35.5 77.5 33.25 0.09 87.5 31 78 69.5 84.5 64.75 0.43 91 60 0.34 0.3 13.41 103 91.5 99.5 92.5 0.40 96 93.5 130 100 130 100 0.44 ---

Table 3. Experimental modulus of elasticity compared to theoretical modulus of elasticity and experimental shear modulus compared to theoretical shear modulus for Part 1 of this experiment
Applied Pressure [psi] 50 100 150 200 Modulus of Elasticity, E [psi] Experimental 18,480,493 6,333,157 10,476,585 9,592,691 7,500,000 12,220,000 14.27 3,422,518 2,608,696 Average Published Shear Modulus, G [psi] Published % Difference % Difference Experimental Average 8,474,576 2,211,831 4,179,405 4,700,000 11.08

Bushner 10 Table 4. Experimental strain collected for Part 2 of this experiment

Applied Pressure [psi] 50 100 150 200

1 45 100 148 195

Strain, x 10-6 2 15 53.5 81 99

3 55.5 129.5 205 279

Table 5. Shear strain and stress and experimental torque compared to theoretical torque for Part 2 of this experiment Applied Pressure Shear Strain, Shear Stress, xy Torque, T -6 [psi] xy x 10 [psi] Experimental Theoretical % Difference 50 34.64 162.81 465.51 391.40 18.94 100 53.69 252.36 721.53 782.79 7.83 150 77.36 363.62 1039.63 1174.19 11.46 200 110.85 521.00 1489.62 1565.58 4.85

Table 6. Principal stresses and maximum shearing stress calculated for Part 2 of this experiment Principal Stresses [psi] Applied Pressure Maxium Shearing [psi] Maximum, 1 Minimum, 2 Stress, max [psi] 50 810.82 314.18 248.32 100 1577.01 672.99 452.01 150 2357.29 1017.71 669.79 200 3163.20 1336.80 913.20 Table 1 shows the experimental hoop and longitudinal strains collected in the first part of the experiment and the average of the values for each applied pressure. Additionally, it shows the calculated theoretical hoop and longitudinal strains and the percent difference between the average experimental strain and the theoretical strain. Table 2 shows the calculated hoop and longitudinal stresses as well as the experimental Poissons ratio for each applied pressure and the average of all the experimental Poissons ratios for Part 1 of the experiment. It also shows the

Bushner 11 theoretical Poissons ratio and the percent difference between the average experimental Poissons ratio and the theoretical Poissons ratio. Table 3 shows the calculated experimental moduli of elasticity and shear moduli of each applied pressure for Part 1 of the experiment. Moreover, it shows the theoretical modulus of elasticity and shear modulus as well as the percent difference between the average experimental modulus of elasticity and shear modulus and the theoretical values. Table 4 shows the experimental strain values collected for Part 2 of the experiment. Table 5 shows the calculated shear strains and stresses for each applied pressure for Part 2 of the experiment. Plus, it shows the calculated experimental torque and the calculated theoretical torque for Part 2 of this experiment and the percent difference between the values. Finally, Table 6 shows the calculated principal stresses and maximum shearing stress calculated for each pressure from Part 2 of this experiment.

Bushner 12 Discussion: The percent difference between the average hoop strain of each applied pressure and the calculated theoretical hoop strain was somewhat high, with one percent difference about fifty percent and a couple around thirty-five percent. Also, the percent difference between the average longitudinal strain of each pressure and the calculated theoretical longitudinal strain was somewhat high, with most about thirty percent. The most probable reason for the high percent differences was the way the strain values were collected. The computer program used displayed the data in graphical form and the graphs were constantly fluctuating so it was hard to get an accurate value. However, the percent differences of the material properties of the vessel were all low. The percent difference between the average experimental Poissons ratio and the theoretical Poissons ratio was low, only being about fourteen percent. Additionally, the percent difference between the average experimental modulus of elasticity and the theoretical modulus of elasticity was low, only being about fifteen percent. Lastly, the percent difference between the average experimental shear modulus the theoretical shear modulus was also low, only being about eleven percent. Though, most the individual values for each applied pressure for the material properties of the vessel were much higher or lower than the theoretical values but the averages were about the same. The reason the individual values for each applied pressure for the material properties were much higher or lower than the theoretical values was because, in order to calculate the values, the experimental strain values needed to be used and those values had high percent difference when compared to the theoretical values. The second part of this experiment, the shear strain and shear stress were calculated so that the experimental torque could be determined. The calculated experimental torque was compared to the calculated theoretical torque and no percent difference was greater than twenty

Bushner 13 percent. Since the experimental torque had a low percent difference when compared to the theoretical torque, the conclusion can be made that the shear stain and shear stress were calculated accurately as well. In addition, the principal stresses and maximum shearing stress for each applied pressure were calculated using the hoop and longitudinal stresses. Since the hoop and longitudinal stresses were used to calculate the principal stresses and maximum shearing stress for each applied pressure, meaning the conclusion can also be made that the values were calculated accurately. Even though some percent differences were high, the expected results were achieved in this experiment. The values of strain were used to determine normal stresses and material properties of the cylindrical pressure vessel. Additionally, a comparison was made between the calculated and measured stresses on the surface of the cylindrical pressure vessel when subjected to a torque while pressurized. The experiment was carried out sufficiently but could have been done more efficiently. If a more accurate way of obtaining strain values was available, the results could have been more accurate and the experiment could have been carried out more efficiently.

Bushner 14 References Department of Mechanical Engineering. ME 303 - Mechanical Measurements Laboratory I: Experiment #8 Combined Stresses in a Pressure Vessel. Widener University, 2012.

Online Materials Information Resource.MatWeb, LCC, 1996-2012. Web. 21 October 2012. <www.matweb.com>.