Classification of Signals

(Continuous and Discrete)

Continuous and discrete-time signals
Continuous and discrete-valued signals
Deterministic and random signals
Symmetric (Even) and Ant symmetric(odd) signals
Periodic signals and non-periodic (Aperiodic) signals
Causal, Noncausal and Anticausal signals
Right-handed and left-handed signals
Finite and infinite length signals
Energy and Power signals
Continuous and Discrete-Time signals
Continuoussignal
- It isdefinedfor all timet : x(t)
Discrete-timesignal
- It is defined only at discrete instants of time :
x[n]=x(nT)
Continuous and Discrete-Time Signals
Continuous-TimeSignals
Most signals in the real world are
continuous time, as the scale is
infinitesimallyfine.
Eg: voltage, velocity
Denote by x(t), where the time interval
maybebounded(finite) or infinite
Discrete-TimeSignals
Somereal worldandmany digital signals
arediscretetime, astheyaresampled
E.g. pixels, daily stock price (anything
that adigital computer processes)
Denote by x[n], where n is an integer
valuethat variesdiscretely
Sampled continuous signal
x[n] =x(nT) T issampleperiod
x(t)
t
x[n]
n
Continuous and Discrete valued signals
CV corresponds to a continuous y-axis
DV corresponds to a discrete y-axis
Digital signal
Deterministic signals, random signals
Deterministic signals
-There is no uncertainty with respect to its value at any time.
(ex) sin(3t)
Random signals
- There is uncertaintybefore its actual occurrence.
(ex) Noise of an amplifier
Even and odd signals
Even signals : x(-t)=x(t)
Odd signals : x(-t)=-x(t)
Even and odd signal decomposition
x
e
(t)=1/ 2(x(t)+x(-t))
x
o
(t)=1/ 2(x(t)-x(-t))
Even and Odd Parts of Functions
( )
( ) ( )
The of a function is
2
e
x t x t
x t
+
= even part
( )
( ) ( )
The of a function is
2
o
x t x t
x t

= odd part
Afunctionwhoseevenpart iszero, isoddandafunction
whoseoddpart iszero, iseven.
Various Combinations of even and
odd functions
Function type Sum Difference Product Quotient
Both even Even Even Even Even
Both odd Odd Odd Even Even
Even and odd Neither Neither Odd Odd
Combination of even and odd
function for DT Signals
Function type Sum Difference Product Quotient
Both even Even Even Even Even
Both odd Odd Odd Even Even
Even and odd Even or Odd Even or odd Odd Odd
Periodic signals, non-periodic signals
Periodic signals
- A function that satisfies the condition x(t)=x(t+T) for all t
T that satisfied the above equation is called fundamental
period of x(t).
- Fundamental frequency : f=1/ T
- Angular frequency : e=2t/ T
(radians/ sec)
Non-periodic signals
Anysignal x(t) for whichthereisnovalueof T tosatisfythecondition
of Equation(1) iscalledaperiodicor nonperiodicsignal.
Anon-periodicsignal isassumedtohaveaperiodT =
Exampleof nonperiodicsignal isanexponential signal
A Periodic signal with period To
x(t) x(t+T)
Causal and Anti-causal Signals
Causal signals: zerofor all negativetime
Anticausal signals: zerofor all positivetime
Noncausal signals : Non-zero values in both
positiveandnegativetime
causal
signal
anticausal
signal
noncausal
signal
Right-handed and left-handed Signals
Right-handed and left handed-signal : zero
between a given variable and positive or
negativeinfinity
Finite and infinite length
Finite-lengthsignal : nonzeroover afiniteinterval
t
min
<t<t
max
Infinite-length singal : nonzero over all real
numbers
Energy and Power over Infinite Time
For many signals, wereinterestedin examiningthepower
andenergyover aninfinitetimeinterval (-, ). Hence:
If thesums or integrals donot converge, theenergyof such
asignal isinfinite
Twoimportant (sub)classesof signals
1. Finitetotal energy(andthereforezeroaveragepower)
2. Finiteaveragepower (andthereforeinfiniteenergy)
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