My

Additional

Mathematics
Module Form 4
(Version 2010)

Topic 2:

Quadratic Equations
by

NgKL
(M.Ed.,B.Sc.Hons.,Dip.Ed.,Dip.Edu.Mgt.,Cert.NPQH)

2.1

QUADRATIC EQUATION AND ITS ROOTS

PERSAMAAN KUADRATIK DAN PUNCANYA

Quadratic Equations in General For 1.

!Bentuk Am Persamaan Kuadratik)

The general form of a quadratic equation is given by ax 2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, and c are constants, a 0 and x an unknown. Bentuk a bagi persa aan kuadratik ada!a" ax 2 + bx + c = 0 di ana a, b, dan c sebagai pe a!ar, a 0 dan x
sebagai anu.

Exam les of quadratic equations in general form

Conto"#conto" persa aan kuadratik da!a bentuk a ia!a"!

$x% & '%x ( ) * +, 2.

k% & %k * +,

& %) * +

"bserve the exam les, the highest degree # ower$ of the unknown of the quadratic euations is 2.
Per"atikan conto" di atas, kuasa tertinggi anu persa aan kuadratik ia!a" 2.

%. &. +.

The roots of a quadratic equation are values of the unknown that satisfy the equation.
Punca persa aan kuadratik ada!a" ni!ai bagi anu .ang e uaskan persa aan itu.

' quadratic equation can only has the highest of two roots.
(ersamaan kuadratik mem unyai selebih)lebihnya dua unca saha*a.

The rimitive method to determine the roots of a quadratic equation is by substitution or trial and error method
Cara .ang pa!ing pri iti/ untuk enentukan punca#punca suatu persa aan kuadratik ia!a" dengan kaeda" penggantian dan pe erin.uan (kaeda" cuba#cuba).

E"ercise 2.1 1. #a$ ,rite each of the following quadratic equation in general form.
0u!iskan setiap persa aan kuadratik berikut da!a bentuk a .

x #2 + x $ = +

#b$

x# x &$ = % x #2 + x$

#c$

2# x + %$ 2 =1%

#d$

x2 =

x 2

2.

,rite whether the value given in each of the following quadratic equations is the root of the quadratic equation.
0entukan sa a ada ni!ai .ang diberikan ia!a" punca bagi persa aan kuadratik berikut

#a$

x 2 + x + & = 0.

x =&

#b$

% x 2 + / x + 2 = 0.

x=

1 %

#c$

+ x 2 = 1/ x -.

x=

2 +

#d$

x #- x /$ = 1.

x =

1 -

2.2

SO#UTION o$ QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

(PENYELESAIAN PERSAMAAN KUADRATIK)

1. 2.

To solve a quadratic equation means to find the roots of the quadratic equation.
(Men.e!esaikan suatu persa aan kuadratik bererti encari punca#punca bagi persa aan kuadratik itu).

2enerally, there are threes methods to determine the roots of a quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 . Secara a n.a terdapat tiga cara da!a enentukan punca suatu persa aan kuadratik ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , #a$ 3actorisation, (Pe /aktoran) #b$ 4om leting the square, (Pen.e purnaan 1uasa Dua) #c$ 5uadratic 3ormula. (2u us kuadratik) Solution &' Factorisation (Pen
e!esaian se"ara Pem#akt$ran).

!A% 1.

To determine the roots of a quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , factor com letely the ex ression ax 2 + bx + c to the form ( x ( p)(nx ( 3) 4it" , n, p and 3 are constants. (5ntuk enentukan punca persa aan kuadratik berbentuk ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , /aktorkan se!engkapn.a ungkapan
kuadratik ax 2 + bx + c kepada bentuk # x + p $# nx + 3 $ dengan , n, p dan 3 sebagai pe a!ar).

E"a (le 1. 6olve each of the following quadratics equations. (Se!esaikan setiap persa aan kuadratik .ang berikut) #a$ #b$

x 2 % x = 11 # x +1$#2 x %$ =12

6olution! (Pen.e!esaian) #a$

x 2 % x = 11

0%

0%x

x 2 %x 11 = 0 # x + %$# x -$ = 0

))11

)-x )%x

x2
Therefore, (Maka),

x +% = 0 x = %

or

x- = 0 x =-

6olution! (Pen.e!esaian) #b$

# x +1$#2 x %$ =12

)%

)-x

2 x 2 x % = 12 2 x 2 x 1+ = 0 # x %$#2 x + +$ = 0

2x

0+ )1+

0+x )x

2x 2
or %x + ) = +

Therefore, (Maka),

x % = 0

x =%

x =

+ 2

E"ercise 2.2)

6olve each of the following quadratic equation by factori7ation.

(Se!esaikan setiap persa aan kuadratik berikut dengan enggunakan keada" pe /aktoran).

#a$

x2 x - = 0

#b$ x 2 + 1% x + &0 = 0

#c$

x 2 + 1 x + 1+ = 0

#d$ 2 x 2 + / x & = 0

#e$

1+ x 2 + / x & = 0

#f$

1 x 2 10 x + % = 0

#g$

21x 2 2 x % = 0

#h$ - x 2 + &1x / = 0

#i$

1x 2 2 x % = 0

#*$

10 x 2 21x + 2 = 0

!*% 1.

Solution &' Co (letin+ t,e Square -et,od

!.en'elesaian secara .en'e (urnaan /uasa Dua%

4om leting the square method is most suitable to be used if factori7ation method cannot be em loyed or when the values of a, b and c are large. #1aeda" a at sesuai digunakan 6ika keada" pe /aktoran tidak dapat di/aktorkan atau ni!ai a, b dan c da!a persa aan
kuadratik agak besar).

2.

#a$ To do a com leting the square to the ex ression of ax % + bx , the term added u to the ex ression ax% ( bx. 89ngka
an ax
2 + bx

b 2a

is

boleh di*adikan kuasa dua sem urna dengan menambahkan sebutan

b 2 a

:.

ax 2 + bx = x 2 + = x2 +

b x a b b b x + a 2a 2a
2 2 2 2

b b ax 2 + bx = x + 2a 2a

#b$ 6imilarly, to do a com leting the square to the ex ression ax% ( bx ( c , the term
b is added u to the ex ression ax% ( bx ( c 2a
2

;eadaan yang sama, ungka an

2 a
b 2

ax 2 + bx + c

boleh di*adikan kuasa dua sem urna dengan menambahkan

sebuatan

ax 2 + bx + c = x 2 + = x2 +

b c x+ a a
2 2

b c b b x+ + a a 2a 2a
2

b c =x+ + 2a a
E"a (le 2)

b 2a

Ex ress the following quadratic ex ression in the form of com leting the square.
(5ngkapkan ungkapan kuadratik berikut da!a bentuk kuasa dua se purna).

#a$

x 2 + &x

#b$

2 x 2 %x

6olution! #(enyelesaian$!

 & & #a$ x 2 + & x = x 2 + & x + 2 2 = x 2 + & x + #2$ 2 #2$ 2 = # x + 2$ 2 &

#b $ 2 x 2 % x = x 2 = x2

% % % x + 2 & & 2 % < =x & 1

% x 2

E"a (le 0) 6olve the following quadratic equation by com leting the square.
#6elesaikan ersamaan kuadratik berikut secara enyem urnaan kuasa dua$.

#a$ #b$

x 2 %x + = 0 2 x 2 + %x = &
#b$ 2x% ( $x * x2 +
2

6olution! #(enyelesaian$! #a$ x% & $x & ) * + x%# $x * )

$ $ x% : $x ( = ) + %

$ x= % %
%
2

%
2

x% (

$ x( %

$ $ x * )( % %

$ $ = % + -
2

%+ + 8 %8 -

$ $ x + * % ( -

$% + 8 '7 -' '7

% %8 x = 2
x= % 2 2< &

% -' x + = & '7

x = % &1 & 1-

x=

% 2< + 2 &

x =

x = &.1<% 9
or
% 2< x= 2 &

% &1 + & 1-

x = 0.1+01 9
or
x = % &1 & 1-

x = 1.1<% 9

x = 2.%+01 x = 2.%+1 9

E"ercise 2.0 6olve the following quadratic equation by com leting the square method.
(Se!esaikan persa aan kuadratik berikut dengan kaeda" pen.e purnaan kuasa dua).

#a$. x 2 + - x + & = 0

#b$. x 2 10 x % = 0

#c$. 2 x 2 & x + 1 = 0

#d$. 2 x 2 = %# x +1$

#e$. % x 2 + = & x

#f$. 2# x + 2$ + & = %x # x 1$

E"a (le 2) 6olve the quadratic equation &x2 > 1x 0 1 ? 0 using quadratic formula. #6elesaikan ersamaan kuadratik & x 2 1 x + 1 = 0 secara !C% 1. Solution &' Quadratic For ula
!.en'elesaian secara ru us 1uadrati1% rumus kuadratik$.

6olution! #(enyelesaian$. =eside factorisation and com leting the square methods, quadratic equation can be solved by using quadratic formula. &x 2 1x + 1 =sesuatu 0 (Se!ain daripada kaeda" pe /aktoran dan pen.e purnaan kuasa dua, persa aan kuadratik bo!e" 6uga
dise!esaikan secara ru us kuadratik).

a = &,

b = 1,

c =1

2.

The quadratic formula is obtained by com leting the square method as shown below. (2u us kuadratik dipero!e"i dengan kaeda" pen.e purnaan kuasa dua persa aan kuadratik seperti di b ditun6ukkan b 2 &ac ba4a"). 9sing quadratic formula, x = 2a
x= # 1$ # 1$ 2 &# &$#1$ 2# &$ 1 -& 11 1 &1 1

ax 2 + bx + c = 0
b c x2 + x + = 0 a a b c x + x = a a
2

b c b b x + x + = + a a 2a 2a
2

b b2 c x + = 2 2a &a a = b 2 &ac &a 2

Therefore,

x=

1 &1 1 -.<21 = 1 1
1 + -.<21 1

x=

= x+ b b 2 &ac = 2a 2a b b 2 &ac 2a

1&.<21 1

x =1.1--

x=

or
x=

1 -.<21 1

1.0/2 1

x = 0.1%&

%. 5uadratic formula x =

b b 2 &ac 2a can be use to solve any quadratic equation even though the equation can be solve by either factorisation or com leting the square methods.

#@umus ;uadratik x = b

& ac

2a

boleh digunakan

untuk menyelesaikan sebarang ersamaan kuadratik tan a mengira sama ada ersamaan itu boleh diselesaikan dengan menggunakan kaedah emfaktoran dan enyem urnaan kuasa dua atau tidak$.

E"ercise 2.2 1. 6olve each of the following quadratic equations by using the quadratic formula.
(Se!esaikan setiap persa aan kuadratik berikut dengan enggunakan kaeda" ru u)

#a$.

2x 2 + +x = &

#b$. A % x 2 + & x + 11 = 0

#c$.

x 2 + 1 x = %

#d$. %# x 2 +1$ = / x

#e$. 2 x

& =% x

#f$. # x 2$ 2 = %# x + <$

2.0

FOR-ING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FRO- ROOTS

PEMBENTUKAN PERSAMAAN KUADRATIK DARIPADA PUNCA%PUNCANYA

1. 2.

Bf # x $# x $ = 0 , then x = 0 or x = 0 and the roots are and .

;ika # x $# x $ = 0 , maka x = 0 atau x = 0 dan punca#puncan.a ia!a" dan .

"n the other hand, if given dan as the roots of a quadratic equation, then,
Seba!ikn.a, 6ika diberi dan ia!a" punca#punca persa aan kuadratik, aka,

-et,od 1) 6te to form a quadratic equation is,

(!angka" e bentuk persa aan kuadratik ia!a")

# x $# x $ = 0
x # + $ x + = 0
2

where, %.

+ is the roduct of roots #("@$ (ia!a" Hasi! 0a ba" Punca <(H0P)= is the sum of roots#6"@$ (ia!a" Hasi! Darab Punca <(HDP)=
(>angka"#!angka" untuk e bentuk persa aan kuadratik daripada punca#punca ia!a",)

-et,od 2) 6te s to form a quadratic equation are. #i$ Cetermine the P?2, (Hitungkan H0P), #ii$ Cetermine the S?2, and (Hitungkan HDP, dan), #iii$ 3orm the quadratic equation by, (Bentukkan persa & ' (S(R)& ) P(R * +
2

aan kuadratik .ang dike"endaki iaitu)

x
2

# H0P $ x + HDP = 0

Bf given the equation as ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , then the x coefficient need to be ex ressed into the value of 1. (;ika diberi ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , per!u diungkapkan da"u!u peka!i x supa.a en6adi satu, iaitu) , " &2 + & + = + a a b b Then, ( aka), 6um of roots, S?2 = + = #Hasi! ta ba" Punca, H0P = + = a ) a c c = (roduct of roots, P?2 = = (Hasi! darab Punca, HDP = ) a a 2 + 2 = # + $ 2 2 is an im ortant and useful indentity &. 'TTEDTB"D!
2

PER-ATIAN @

= # + $

ia!a" satu identiti penting .ang berguna.

E"a (le 2) 3orm the quadratic equation in the form of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 which has the following roots.
#=entukkan ersamaan kuadratik yang mem unyai unca) unca berikut dalam bentuk ax 2 + bx + c = 0 $.

#a$

& dan > <

#b$

)% only.

6olution! #a$ 2iven & and < as the roots of the quadratic equation. Then, S?2 * - ( (:8) * :) P?2 ? -(:8) * :$7 Then, the quadratic equation,
x 2 # S?2 $ x + P?2 = 0 x 2 # +$ x +# %-$ = 0 x 2 ++ x %- = 0

#b$ 2iven )% as the only root of the quadratic equation. Then 6"@ ? #A%$ 0 #A%$ ? A("@ ? #A%$#A%$ ? < Then, the quadratic equation,
x 2 # S?2 $ x + P?2 = 0 x 2 # - $ x +< = 0 x 2 + - x +< = 0

E"a (le 3. Bf and are the roots of the quadratic equation % x 2 2 x + = 0 , form the quadratic equation which has the following roots.
and #b$ 2 and 2 6olution! 2iven the quadratic equation, % x 2 2 x + = 0 a = %, b = 2 and c = + Then, The roots of the quadratic equation are dan b 2 2 S?2 = + = = = Then, a % % c + P?2 = = = a %

#a$

#a$

The new roots are Then, S?2 = + =

2 2

and

P?2 =

2 + 2

2# + $

2 2
= = &

2 2 % = + % & = + The new quadratic equation formed,

x 2

& + % 12 = +

x 2 # S?2 $ x + P?2 = 0

& 12 x + = 0 + +
+ x 2 + & x 12 = 0

#b$

The new roots are 2 dan 2

S?2 = 2 + 2 = # + $ 2 2 2 % + & 10 = 2 = + $ % < % = $8

P?2 = # 2 $# 2 $ = ( ) % 2+ ) = # = < $ 2

The new quadratic equation formed.

x 2 # S?2 $ x + P?2 = 0 x2 %& < x+ 2+ < =0

<x% & $-x ( %) * + E"ercise 2.3 1. 3orm the quadratic equation from the given roots as shown in the table! Roots Quadratic Equation -et,od 1 -et,od 2

a.

2 and )%

b.

% and &

c.

)2 and )+

d.

% and &

e.

2 ' and # % )

f.

2k and )&

g.

" and + +

2. 3ind the value of

#4ari nilai

and k for each of the following quadratic equations with the roots given.
ersamaan kuadratik dengan uncanya diberi$.

dan nilai k bagi setia

#a$

% x 2 + x + k = 0 with roots )+ dan

1 . %

#b$ 2 x 2 + x k = 0 with roots 1 dan

1 . 2

#c$ 2 x 2 < = #k 1$ x with roots )% and

#d$ % x 2 + % = + x with roots .

2 and k + 1

%. 3ind the value of p for each of the following quadratic equations.

#4ari nilai p bagi setia ersamaan kuadratik berikut $.

#a$ "ne of the roots of the quadratic equation %x2 > x 0 +& ? 0 is twice of the other root.
#6atu dari ada unca ersamaan kali unc yang satu lagi$.
%x 2 px + +& = 0

#b$ "ne of the roots of the quadratic equation x%# px ( '% * + is thrice of the other root.
(Satu daripada punca persa aan tiga ka!i punc .ang satu !agi).
x 2 px + 12 = 0

ialah dua

ia!a"

#c$ "ne of the roots of the quadratic equation %Ax% ( px & B * + is square root of the other root.
#6atu dari ada unca ersamaan 2/x2 0 x > 1 ? 0 ialah kuasa dua unca yang satu lagi$.

#d$ "ne of the roots of the quadratic equation %x% ( '%x * %p & 8 is square of the other root.
#6atu dari ada unca ersamaan 2x2 0 12x ? 2 ) < ialah dua kali unca yang satu lagi.

0.2

CONDITION FOR T4.ES OF ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

!S4ARAT UNTU/ 5ENIS .UNCA .ERSA-AAN /UADRATI/%

1.

Ty es of roots of 5uadratic Equations ax%( bx ( c * + de end to the value of b%# -ac which b b 2 &ac derived from x = 2a #Eenis unca ersamaan kuadratik ax 2 + bx + c = 0 bergantung ke ada nilai b 2 &ac yang wu*ud dari ada
rumus kuadratik , x
= b b 2 & ac

$.

2a

2.

The foolowing table shows the ty es of roots of quadratic equations.

#Eadual di bawah menun*ukkan sifat unca ersamaan kuadratik$.

b 2 &ac > 0 T6o di$$erent roots

!Dua (unca &er&e7a%

b 2 &ac = 0 T6o equal roots

!Dua (unca sa a%

b 2 &ac < 0 No root

!Tiada (unca n'ta%

tangen 6traight line intersects the curve at two different oints.

#2aris lurus menyilang lengkung ada dua titik berlainan$. garis yang

6traight line meet the curve at oint.

#2aris lurus menyentuh lengkung satu titik saha*a$. ada

6traight line does not intersect, touch or meet the curve.

b 2 &ac 0
Two distinctive roots (Dua punca n.ata) %.

#2aris lurus tidak menyilang atau menyentuh lengkung$.

,hen the condition of roots of a quadratic equation is known, the value or range of values of unknown of the quadratic equations could be determined.
#' abila syarat untuk keadaan unca ersamaan kuadratik diberi, maka nilai atau *ulat nilai anu dalam ersamaan kuadratik itu da at ditentukan$.

E"a (le 8 Cetermine the ty e of roots of each of the following quadratic equations without solving the equation.
#Tentukan *enis unca bagi setia ersamaan kuadratik yang berikut tan a menyelesaikan ersamaan itu$.

#a$

2x 2 / x + & = 0

#b$

x 2 + %x + + = 0
#b$ 2iven x 2 + %x + + = 0 Then, a =1, b =%, c =+ Then, b 2 &ac = #%$ 2 &#1$#+$

6olution! #a$ 2iven 2 x 2 / x + & = 0 Then, a = 2, b = /, c = & Then, b 2 &ac = #/$ 2 &# 2$#&$

= &< %2 = 1/
6ince b 2 &ac > 0 , The equation has two different roots.
#(ersamaan itu mem unyai dua unya nyata yang berbe7a$.

= < 20 = 11
6ince b 2 &ac < 0 , The equation does not have any root.
#(ersamaan itu tidak mem unyai unya nyata$.

E"a (le 8) 3ind the ossible values of A .

#4arikan nilai)nilai yang mungkin bagi

if a straight line . * x & ' is the tangent to a curve . * x% & Ax (

*ika garis lurus

.=

x 1 ialah tangen ke ada lengkung

. = x

/x + /

.$

6olution!

. = x2 /x + / .
. = x 1
2iven,
x 1 FFFFF..#1$ . = x / x + / . FFF#2$
2

.=

6ubtitute #2$ dalam #1$ Then,

2

x 2 /x + /

= x 1

x /x x + / + 1 = 0 x 2 #/ + $ x + / + 1 = 0
'nd then,
a =1, b = / , c =/ +1

6ince the straight line is a tangent which meet the curve only at a oint, therefore the condition of the solution is b% & -ac * +.
#"leh kerana tangen garis lurus hanya menyentuh lengkung ada satu titik, maka enyelesaian b 2 & ac = 0 $.

b 2 &ac = 0

# / $ 2 &#1$#/ + 1$ = 0 &< + 1& + 2 21 & = 0 % 1& + &+ = 0 # +$# <$ = 0

* ) or Therefore, the ossible values of
#Gaka, nilai yang mungkin ialah,

*8 * ) or *8

are

? + atau <$

E"ercise 2.8 1. 6tate the condition of the roots for each of the following quadratic equations
#Tentukan keadaan unca bagi setia ersamaan kuadratik berikut$.

Quadratic Equation

9alue o$ b 2 &ac

Condition o$ t,e Roots

a. x 2 2 x + = 0

b. x 2 - x + < = 0

c. x 2 = % x -

d. % x 2 = 1 x + %

e. #2 x 1$# x + 1$ + 2 = 0

f. x # x +$ = +#% x + +$

g. x #1 & x $ = %

2. Bf the following quadratic equations have two equal roots, determine the ossible value of p.
;ika persa aan kuadratik berikut e pun.ai dua punca .ang sa a, cari ni!ai .ang ungkin bagi p.

#a$

px 2 + 2 x + p = 0

#b$

px 2 1 x + 2 = 0

%. Cetermine the range of p values if the following quadratic equations that have two distinctive different roots.
Cari 6u!at ni!ai p 6ika persa aan kuadratik berikut e pun.ai dua punca .ang berbeCa.

#a$ x 2 + & x + 1 p = 0

#b$ x 2 2 x p + 2 = 0

+. Ex ress a relationshi between p and 3 if the following quadratic equations have two equal roots.
#Terbitkan suatu erkaitan antara p dengan 3 *ika ersamaan kuadratik berikut mem unyai dua unca yang sama$.

#a$

px 2 <3x + & p = 0

#b$

px 2 + +3x + < p = 0

&. 3ind the range of k values if the following quadratic equations do not have any distinctive root.
4ari *ulat nilai k *ika ersamaan kuadratik berikut tiada unca.

#a$ x 2 + %x k = 0

#b$ 2 x 2 & x + % + k = 0

-. Ex ress a relationshi between "and k if the following quadratic equations have two distinctive different roots.
#Terbitkan suatu erkaitan antara p dengan 3 *ika ersamaan kuadratik berikut mem unyai dua unca yang berbe7a$.

#a$

&"x 2 2kx + " = 0

#b$ +kx 2 + "x + +k = 0

/. Ex ress a relationshi between p and 3 if the following quadratic equations do not have any root.
#Terbitkan suatu erkaitan antara p dengan 3 *ika ersamaan kuadratik berikut tidak mem unyai unca yang nyata$.

#a$ 2 px 2 + 2# p + 3$ x + 3 = 0

#b$

px 2 + #2 p 3$ x + 2 p + 3 = 0