They are the summarised statements and reports prepared by business concerns to disclose their accounting information and communicate them to the interested parties. Financial statements include mainly two statements which the accountant prepares at the end of a given period. These are Income Statement (Profit and Loss Account) and Position Statement (Balance Sheet). These statements are supplemented by Cash Flow Statement, Fund Flow Statement, Statement of Retained Earnings, Schedules etc. Income Statement: It is prepared to determine the operational position of the concern. It is a statement of revenues earned and the expenses incurred for earning that revenue. The difference is either profit or loss. The income statement is prepared for a particular period. Position Statement: It is one of the important financial statements depicting the financial strength of the concern. It shows on the one hand the properties that it utilises and on the other hand the sources of these properties. The balance sheet shows all the assets owned by the concern and the liabilities and claims it owes to owners and outsiders. It is prepared as on a particular date. Cash Flow Statement: It summarises the causes of changes in cash position of a business enterprise between two Balance Sheet dates. It focuses attention on cash changes only. It describes the sources of cash and its uses. Fund Flow Statement: It is designed to analyse the changes in the financial condition of a enterprise between two periods. This statement will
show the sources from which the funds are received and the uses to which these have been put. Statement of Retained Earnings: Also known as Profit and Loss Appropriation Account. It shows the appropriation of earnings like dividend paid, transfer to reserve, etc. The balance in this account will show the amount of profits retained and carried forward. Schedules: A number of schedules are prepared to supplement the information supplied in the Balance Sheet. The schedules of investments, fixed assets, debtors, etc. are prepared to give details about these transactions. All these schedules are used as part of financial statements.
ANALYSIS
AND
INTERPRETATION
OF
FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS
The financial statements become meaningless unless they are analysed and interpreted. On proper analysis and interpretation of the results, they become of valuable and useful. Managerial decisions often depend on the results of financial statements and their interpretations. Analysis of financial statement is the process of determining the significant operating and financial characteristics of a firm from the accounting data. It is the treatment of the information contained in the financial statements to afford a full diagnosis of the profitability and financial position of the firm. It helps the executives to evaluate past performance, present financial position, liquidating situation, profitability of the firm, and to make forecast for the future earnings.
Interpretation of financial statement refers to drawing inferences or conclusions on the basis of analysis conducted on the financial statements. Proper interpretation leads to proper conclusion and judgement and taking effective measures for improvements.
expected changes that may take place in the near future. Trend ratios help to measure the future prospects of the business. Progress of the firm: By comparing the profit and loss account and balance sheet figures of the current year with those of the previous year or of the previous years helps to measure the progress of the firm. Comparative statements are prepared for the purpose of measuring the progress of the firm.
Stability The firms ability to remain in business in the long run, without having to sustain significant losses in the conduct of its business. Assessing a companys stability requires the use of the income statement and the balance sheet, as well as other financial and non-financial indicators.
The financial data given in the statement should be recognized and rearranged. It involves grouping of similar data under same heads, breaking down of individual components of statement according to its nature and reducing the data to a standard form. A relationship is established among financial statements with the help of tools and techniques of financial analysis such as ratios, trends, common size statements, fund flow statements, etc. The information is interpreted in a simple and understandable way. The significance and utility of financial data is explained for help in decision making. The conclusions drawn from interpretation are presented to the management in the form of reports.
Looks after overall funds management and arranges funds required for the capital schemes and working capital form govt., banks and financial institutions etc. Timely payment of all taxes, levies & duties under the Law, Maintenance of records and filing returns statements connected with such taxes, levies and duties with the appropriate authorities, as per law. All the power involving financial implications are to be exercised in prior consultation with head of concerned finance department. In the event of any difference of opinion between the General Manger and the Head of Finance Dept., the matter shall be referred to Managing Director who after consulting Director (Finance) shall issue appropriate instruction after following the prescribed procedures.
financial statements and narrate the inside story. Such analysis emphasises on the performance appraisal and assessing the profitability of different activities. Horizontal Analysis: When the financial statements for a number of years are reviewed and analysed, the analysis is called horizontal analysis. The preparation of comparative statements is an example of horizontal analysis. As it is based on data from year to year, rather than on one date or period or time as a whole, this is also known as Dynamic Analysis. Vertical Analysis: It is also known as Static Analysis. When ratios are calculated from the Balance Sheet of one year, it is called vertical analysis. It is not very useful for long term planning as it does not include the trend study for future. Long term Analysis: In the long run, the company must earn a minimum amount sufficient to maintain a suitable rate of returm on the investment to provide for the necessary growth and development of the company and to meet the cost of capital. Thus, in the long run analysis the stress is on the stability and earning potentiality of the concern. In long term analysis, the fixed assets, long term debt structure and the ownership interst is analysed. Short term Analysis: It is mainly concerned with the working capital analysis. In the short run, a company must have ample funds readily available to meet its current needs and sufficient borrowing capacity to meet the contingencies. Hence, in short term analysis, the current assets and current liabilities are analysed and cash position of the concern is determined. For short term analysis the ratio analysis is very useful.