Separation Technique Sedimentation and flotation

How it separates Separates by density, using water (other solvents). Obtain both insoluble solids. Separates by solubility/ thermal stability. To obtain the solute from a solvent by evaporating off the solvent. Separates by solubility. To obtain the solute from the solution by evaporation.

Description method

Example of mixture Sawdust and sand

Evaporation

Add water to the mixture and stir. Allow heavy material (sediment) to settle. Scoop off floating material. Decant liquid to get sediment Place the solution in an evaporating dish heat using a Bunsen burner Let the solution evaporate.

Example of use in industry or daily life Heavy sediment in reservoirs is allowed to settle to the bottom as part of the purification process. Clothes drying on a line.

Water and table salt.

Crystallisation

Magnetic separation

Separates by magnetic attraction, makes use of the physical property of magnetic force

Simple distillation

To obtain the solvent from a mixture of pure liquids.

A solution is heated till about half its volume remains. It is allowed to cool down. Since most of the water has already been evaporated, the salt is able to crystallise. Hold a magnet close to the mixture. The magnetic materials, like iron, cobalt, or nickel, will be attracted to the magnet, leaving the non-magnetic materials, like sawdust, behind. The solution is placed in a conical flask. It is then placed onto a retort stand using wire gauze and is boiled using a Bunsen burner. The pure water will evaporate, leaving the solute

Water and sugar.

Crystallization is used in the manufacture salt.

Sawdust and iron fillings

In junkyards, electromagnets are used to attract magnetic scraps and separate them from other nonmagnetic waste.

Water and salt.

It is used in desalination plants to obtain pure water from seawater.

Fractional distillation

To obtain individual component from a mixture of miscible liquids.

Filtering

To obtain insoluble solids from a solvent or an emulsion.

Chromatography

Separates by solubility of the different coloured components in a solvent in a given solvents.

Use of separating funnel

Separates by miscibility of different liquids.

behind, and turn into water vapour, rising and condensing to form water droplets which will collect in the receiver placed below the mouth of the condenser. Place the solution in a flask with a fractioning column. The flask is heated over a burner. In the fractioning column, both condensation and vaporisation take place. Place the funnel lined with filter paper inside the conical flask and pour the solution slowly into the funnel. The residue will remain in the funnel while the solvent will be collected in the conical flask Mark a pencil line about 2 cm from the end of the chromatography paper. Put one drop of two different types of inks each on the line. Place the strip of paper inside a measuring cylinder containing a small amount of ethanol. The solvent will travel up the paper strip. Take the paper out and allow it to dry. Attach the separating funnel to the retort stand and place a beaker underneath it.

Petrol, diesel and kerosene

Oxygen and nitrogen are separated from air using fractional distillation.

Milo powder and water

After coffee powder is mixed with water, the coffee powder is filtered out from the resulting coffee.

Ink with differentcoloured components.

It is used for identifying poison or drugs

Cooking oil and water

It is used to separate iron from its ore. The lighter slag is left

Sublimation

Separate substances that sublime from substances that do not sublime

Pour the mixture of cooking oil and water into the separating funnel. Drain out the liquid at the bottom layer. This liquid is at the bottom because it is the denser liquid. Collect it using a beaker. Pour out the liquid left in the funnel through its mouth into a separate beaker. Pour the substances into a dish. Heat the dish over a Bunsen burner and wrap a wet cloth around an inverted funnel. When the vapour comes into contact with the cool cloth, it solidifies onto the wet cloth. The substance that cannot sublime will be left behind in the dish.

on the top which is removed and pure iron is left behind in the furnace.

Dry ice is able to keep the food fresh and cold. At the same time, it is able to sublime, so this ensures that the ice will not melt and wet the fresh food.