Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braov Vol.

12(47) - 2005

A MATHEMATICAL APPROACH TO TEACHING TENSES OF THE ENGLISH VERB

Laura SASU*
Abstract: The present paper presents an alternate method of teaching the tenses of the
English verb based on a purely mathematical pattern, which brings about a new perspective upon the logical mechanisms of grammar as well as a high degree of emphasis on the relation between time, aspect, tense, the actual situation described, forms, form deduction, verb phrase and all the related constituents.

Keywords: structure, verb forms, classification, verb phrase, indicative, time, aspect,
modality, perfective, non-perfective, progressive, non-progressive, mathematical approach, form, teaching, logical, addition.

1. Introduction ea!hin" "ra##ar to stu$ents s%e!iali&in" in te!hni!al fiel$s is often re"ar$e$ as $iffi!ult sin!e these stu$ents sho' far #ore interest in #athe#ati!s than in any other area. hus( it )e!o#es o)vious that su!!essful( fle*i)le tea!hin" #etho$s i#%ly the effort of tea!hin" lan"ua"e on a #athe#ati!al %attern( to the e*tent that allo's these stu$ents not only to !o#%rehen$ )ut also to use the ne'ly a!+uire$ "ra##ar in )oth s%o,en an$ 'ritten !o##uni!ation. . O!"#cti$# he o)-e!tive of this %a%er is therefore an atte#%t of translatin" .n"lish lan"ua"e an$ "ra##ar into the %erfe!tly lo"i!al !ontrastive lan"ua"e of #athe#ati!s( in or$er to rea!h the #athe#ati!al oriente$ #in$ in an easier an$ #ore effe!tive 'ay. %. C&a''i(ication o( $#r!' /e*i!al #or%holo"y0 a. !lass-!han"in" affi*ation0 (hos%ital-ise( si#%l-ify( en-lar"e) ). !lass-%reservin" affi*ation0 (co-e*ist( dis-li,e) !. !o#%osition0 (day-$rea#( baby-sit( white-'ash) $. !onversion0 (#ail( !al#) e. )a!,-for#ation0 (s!ul%t( sta"e) 1or#ally0 a. si#%le0 ("et) ). !o#%oun$0 (horse-,ee%)

!. !o#%le*2%hrasal ver)s0 ()rin" a)out) $. ver)al %hrase0 ()e in a hurry) 3re$i!ation0 a. !o#%lete0 (intransitive ver)s2refle*ive ver)s) ). in!o#%lete0 (au*iliaries2transitive ver)s( ver)s 4 %re%) !. $ou)le0 (intransitive ver)s a)le to shift to transitive )y ta,in" an o)-e!t) ransitivity) a. #ono-transitive0 5V.46$7 (shut the $oor) ). $itransitive0 5V.46$46i7 ($o so#e)o$y a favor) !. !o#%le* transitive0 5V.46$48o) (!all so#e)o$y a hero) $. intransitive0 5V. no 6)-7 ('al,) 1un!tionally) a. le*i!al ver)s0 (eat( 'al,) ). au*iliary ver)s0 %ri#ary au*iliary ver)s0 ($o( have( )e)2#o$al au*iliary ver)s0 (!an( 'ill( !oul$) !. se#iau*iliary ver)s0 (have to( have "ot to( )e a)out to *. Mor+,o&o-. o( &#/ica& $#r!' Ver) for#s0 1inite) ( i#e( 3erson( 9u#)er) 9on-finite0(:nfinitive( ;erun$( 3arti!i%le) <e"ular) (V= V1-s= V2= V3)= >V2?V3?V1-e$ (re!or$) :rre"ular)(V= V1-s= V2= V3)= >V22V3 ('rite) 0. Structur# o( t,# $#r! +,ra'#) 1inite)a. si#%le0 :#%erative- 'rite= 5V17 3resent si#%le-'rites= 5V1-(e)s7 3ast si#%le-'rote= 5V27). !o#%le*0 #o$al @ #ay 'rite= 5Ao$al Vau*.4 V17 %erfe!tive-has 'ritten= 5Vau* BCV. 4 Vle*.V37 %ro"ressive- is 'ritin"=5Vau*. B. 4 Vle*.V1-in"7 %assive- 'as 'ritten 5Vau* B. 4 Vle*. V37 9on-finite0 a. si#%le0 (to 'rite2'ritin") ). !o#%le* (to have 'ritten2havin" 'ritten2to )e 'ritin"2to )e 'ritten2)ein" 'ritten2to have )een 'ritten2havin" )een 'ritten2to have )een 'ritin"2havin" )een 'ritin"2to )e )ein" 'ritten) 1. T#n'#' o( t,# indicati$# 2ood

3ri#ary0 ense0 (%resent2%ast2future)= Cs%e!t0 (si#%le2!ontinuous2%erfe!t2%erfe!t !ontinuous)= Voi!e0 (%assive2a!tive)= Aoo$0 (in$i!ative2su)-un!tive2i#%erative)

De!on$ary0 3erson0 (1 22 23 )= 9u#)er0 (s".2%l.)

st n$ r$

1.1.

T#n'#

E.1:9: :690 ense is the lin"uisti! referen!e to o)-e!tive ti#e (e*tra-lin"uisti! !on!e%t)= it is the "ra##ati!al e*%ression of lo!ation in ti#e use$ to e*%ress ti#e relation 'ith res%e!t to the D%ee!h i#e. 1. 3CD 0 F GG GHGGGG:GGGG I 2. 3<.D.9 0 FGGGGGGGGGGHGGG GGG G I 3. 1U U<.0 FGGGGGGGGGGG:GGGGH GG I 1. . A'+#ct

E.1:9: :690 Cs%e!t is the "ra##ati!al !ate"ory of the ver)( refle!tin" the status of the a!tion 'ith res%e!t to $uration( result( et!. thus $ifferent 'ays of vie'in" the internal te#%oral situation= it is the su)-e!tive %oint of vie' relative to ti#e. 1. D:A3/.0 FGGGGGGGGG*GGGGGGGGGG G I 2. 869 :9U6UD0 FGG***:***GGGG GG I 3. 3.<1.8 0 F GGG ***)*:GG GI 4.3.<1.8 869 .0FG G***)*:***GGGI Do( all !o#)inations resultin" fro# #er"in" .9D.2.H .<9C/ :A. (o)-e!tive ti#e itself) an$ CD3.8 2:9 .<9C/ :A. (su)-e!tive ti#e) are referre$ to as .9D.D0 ense(3) H Cs%e!t(4)0 ?I 12 .9D.D of the in$i!ative #oo$

1. 3<.D.9 D:A3/.0 F 3a.GGGGGGG*GGGGGG G 1. I 2. 3<.D.9 869 :9U6UD0 F 3a.GGGGG***:***GGG GG G1. I 3. 3<.D.9 3.<1.8 0 F 3a.GGGGG****)***:G G G G1. I 4. 3<.D.9 3.<1.8 869 :9U6UD0 F 3a. GGG****)*:***GGG G 1. I 1. 3CD D:A3/.0 F 3a.GGG GGGG*GGGGG 3r.GG 1. I 2.3CD 869 :9U6UD0 F 3aGG ***:***G 3r. G G1. I 3. 3CD 3.<1.8 0 F 3a.G G G****)***:G 3r.GG 1. I 4. 3CD 3.<1.8 869 :9U6UD0 F 3a. G G****)*:*** 3r. GG1. I 1. 1U U<. D:A3/.0 F 3a.G G3r.GGGGGG*GGGGGGG 1. I 2. 1U U<. 869 :9U6UD0 F 3a.G G3r.GGG***:***GGGGGG1 . I 3. 1U U<. 3.<1.8 0 F 3a. 3r.GGG****)***:GGGGG1. I 4. 1U U<. 3.<1.8 869 :9U6UD0 F 3a. 3r.GGGG****)*:***GG 1. I 1.%. For2in- T#n'#' 9CA. ? CUH:/:C<J V.<B 4 8ontinuous ? B. 4 3erfe!t ? BCV. 4 /.H:8C/ V.<B V1-in" V3

1uture Ao$ality 3assive

? ? ?

K://2DBC// Ao$al V B.

4 4 4

V1 V1 V3

3<.D.9 D:A3/.0 F3a.GGGGG 1. I V1 write 3<.D.9 869 .0F3a.GG***:*** G1. I Be 4 V1-in" is writing 3<.D.9 3.<1.8 0 F3aG****)**: 1. I Bave 4 V3 has written 3<.D.9 3.<1.8 869 :9U6UD0 F 3a. GGG****)*:***GGG G 1. I Bave 4 V3 Be 4 V1-in" GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG have 4 )een 4V1-in" has been writing 3CD D:A3/.0 F 3aGG*GGGGG 3r.GG 1. I V2 wrote 3CD 869 .0F 3aGGG***:***G 3r. G1. I Be 4 V1-in" (%ast) was writing 3CD 3.<10 F 3a.G****)***:G 3r.G 1. I Bave 4 V3 (%ast) had written 3CD 3.<1.8 869 :9U6UD0 F 3a. GG****)*:*** 3r. GG1. I

Bave 4 V3 Be 4 V1-in" GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG have 4 )een 4 V1-in" (%ast) had been writing 1U U<. D:A3/.0 F 3a.GG3r.GGGG*G1. I Kill 4 V1 will write 1U U<. 869 .0 F 3a 3r.G***:***G1. I Kill 4 V1 Be 4 V1-in" GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 'ill 4 )e 4 V1-in" will be writing 1U U<. 3.<1.0 F 3a. 3r.G****)**: 1. I Kill 4 V1 Bave 4 V3

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 'ill 4 Bave 4 V3 will have written 1U U<. 3.<1.8 869 :9U6UD0 F 3a. 3r.GGGG****)*:***GG 1. I Kill 4 V1 Bave 4 V3 Be 4 V1-in" GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 'ill 4 have 4 )een 4 V1-in" will have been writing 3. Moda&it.

Ao$ality 'ith si#%le as%e!t %resent2%ast2future ti#e referen!e0 V#o$al 4 V1 can/could write Ao$ality 'ith %ro"ressive %resent2%ast2future ti#e referen!e0 V#o$al 4 V1 B. 4 V1-in" GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG V#o$al 4 B. 4 V1-in" Ao$ality 'ith %erfe!t %resent2%ast2future ti#e referen!e0

can/could be writing

V#o$al 4 V1 BCV. 4 V3 GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG V#o$al 4 BCV. 4 V3 can/could have written Ao$ality 'ith %erfe!t !ontinuous %resent2%ast2future ti#e referen!e0 V#o$al 4 V1 BCV. 4 V3 B. 4 V1-in" GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG V#o$al 4 BCV. 4 B..94 V1-in" can/could have been writing 4.T#n'#' L.1. 3resent si#%le0F 3a.GGGG*GGG 1. I L.1.1. E.1:9: :690 is use$ to $es!ri)e "eneral truths an$ states 'hi!h are re"ar$e$ as %er#anent= is use$ to $es!ri)e re%eate$ a!tions or ha)its= e*!la#ations intro$u!e$ )y Mhere2thereN= e*%lanations $e#onstrations= L.1.2. 16<A0 5 V1 7 V1s 3 s"= 5E64V1 7 5 E69O 4V1 7 L.1.3. CEV.<BD0 (of fre+uen!y) every $ay= every 'ee,= every #onth= every year= usually( #ostly( "enerally( rarely( sel$o#( fre+uently( al'ays( never= so#eti#es( at ti#es= L.1.4 .HCA3/.D0 C11:<AC :V.0 he stu$ent 'rites for#ulas every day. :9 .<6;C :V.0 Eoes the stu$ent 'rite any for#ulas every dayP
r$

9.;C :V.0 9o( the stu$ent $oesnOt 'rite any for#ulas. L.2. 3resent 8ont.0 F 3a.G***:*** 1.I L.2.1. Eefinition0 is use$ to re%resent an a!tion( vie'e$ in %ro"ress (!ontinuous) at the very ti#e of s%ee!h (%resent)= is use$ to re%resent an a!tion vie'e$ in %ro"ress= (!ontinuous) at the i#e of s%ee!h (%resent)( even if not literally at the very #o#ent of s%ea,in"= is use$ to e*%ress a $efinite arran"e#ent in the near future (i##e$iate %lans)= is use$ to e*%ress a non-ha)itual a!tion= is use$ to e*%ress a re%roa!h= L.2.2. 16<A) 5 B. 4 V1-in" 7 L.2.3. CEV.<BD0 (of %resent #o#ent) no'( ri"ht no'= this #o#ent= at the ti#e= at %resent( %resently= L.2.4. .HCA3/.D0 C11:<AC :V.0 he stu$ent is 'ritin" a for#ula right now. :9 .<6;C :V.0 :s the stu$ent 'ritin" a for#ula right nowP 9.;C :V.= 9o( the stu$ent isnOt 'ritin" a for#ula right now. L.3. 3resent 3erfe!t0 F3a. ***)**:G1. I E.1:9: :690 is use$ to e*%ress a !o#%lete$ a!tion (%erfe!t) still havin" an effe!t or result in the #o#ent of s%ea,in" (%resent)= is use$ to re%resent a!tivities !o#%lete$ in the i##e$iate %ast( often asso!iate$ either 'ith M-ustN or no ti#e referen!e at all= is use$ to e*%ress a!tivities !o#%lete$ in a %erio$ u% till the #o#ent of s%ee!h( 'ithout )ein" e*a!t a)out the ti#e= is use$ to re%resent a !o#%lete$ a!tion in an un!o#%lete$ ti#e interval= L.3.1. 16<A0 5 BCV. 4 V3 7 L.3.2. CEV.<BD0 (of interval( ti#e s%an( %erio$( un!o#%lete$ ti#e interval) -ust( yet( alrea$y( never( ever= forQ( sin!eQ= lately( re!ently= this #ornin"( this afternoon( this evenin"( this ni"ht( this 'ee,( this #onth( this year( this( s%rin"( this !entury= L.3.3. .HCA3/.D0 C11:<AC :V.0 he stu$ent has already 'ritten the for#ula. :9 .<6;C :V.0 Bas the stu$ent already 'ritten the for#ulaP 9.;C :V.0 9o( the stu$ent hasnOt 'ritten the for#ula yet. L.4. 3<.D.9 3.<1.8 869 . 0 F 3a.**)*:** 1. I L.4.1. Eefinition0 is use$ to e*%ress an a!tivity %artly !o#%lete$ (%erfe!t) )ut still in %ro"ress (!ontinuous) at the #o#ent of s%ea,in" (%resent)= is use$ to e*%ress an a!tivity )e"un in the %ast 'hi!h has only -ust finishe$ an$ is relevant to the !urrent situation= is use$ to $es!ri)e a re%eate$ a!tivity( in 'hi!h !ase a nuan!e of re%roa!h( irritation( 'on$er !an )e %resent= L.4.2. 1or#0 5BCV. 4 B..94 V1in" 7 L.4.3. C$ver)s0 (of interval of ti#e) sin!e= for= L.4.4. .HCA3/.D0 C11:<AC :V.0 he stu$ent has )een 'ritin" for an hour. :9 .<6;C :V.0 Bas the stu$ent )een 'ritin" for an hourP 9.;C :V.0 9o( the stu$ent hasnOt )een 'ritin" for an hour. L.5. 3CD D:A3/.0 F 3a. * 3r. 1. I

L.5.1. E.1:9: :690 is use$ to re%resent si#%le (si#%le) a!tions !o#%lete$ at a $efinite ti#e in the %ast (%ast)= is use$ to re%resent a series of a!tions in a se+uen!e( often as %art of a narrative= is use$ to $es!ri)e ha)itual( re%eate$ a!tions in the %ast( an$ 'ith ver)s of %er#anent !hara!teristi!= L.5.2. 16<A0 5 V2 7 5Ei$ 4 V17= 5E:E9O 4 V17 L.5.3. CEV.<BD0 (of $efinite %oint( or %erio$ in the %ast) yester$ay( last 'ee,( last #onth( last year( last !entury= ten years a"o( )efore( on Cu"ust 24 1R54= 'hen Q.%ast a!tion= L.5.4. .HCA3/.D0 C11:<AC :V.0 he stu$ent 'rote that for#ula ten minutes ago. :9 .<6;C :V.0 Ei$ the stu$ent 'rite that for#ula ten minutes ago. 9.;C :V.0 9o( the stu$ent $i$nOt 'rite that for#ula ten minutes ago. L.S. 3CD 869 .0 F3aG*:*G3r. G1. I L.S.1. E.1:9: :690 is use$ to re%resent an a!tion vie'e$ in %ro"ress (!ontinuous) )efore the #o#ent of s%ea,in" at so#e %oint in the %ast (%ast)= is use$ to $es!ri)e a %ast re%eate$ a!tion !ausin" annoyan!e= L.S.2. 16<A0 5KCD2K.<. 4 V1in"7 L.S.3. C$ver)s0 (of $efinite %oint or %erio$ in the %ast) yester$ay( last 'ee,( last #onth( last year( last !entury= ten years a"o( )efore( on Cu"ust 24 1R54= 'hen Q.%ast a!tion= at this ti#e yester$ay= L.S.4. .HCA3/.D0 C11:<AC :V.0 he stu$ent 'as 'ritin" the for#ula at this time yesterday. :9 .<6;C :V.0 Kas the stu$ent 'ritin" the for#ula at this time yesterdayP 9.;C :V.0 9o( the stu$ent 'asnOt 'ritin" the for#ula at this time yesterday. L.7. 3CD 3.<1.0 F 3a.*)*:G 3r. 1. I L.7.1. Eefinition0 is use$ to re%resent an a!tion !o#%lete$ (%erfe!t) )efore another a!tion or #o#ent in the %ast (%ast)= is use$ to $enote an a!tion that )e"an )efore another #o#ent in the %ast an$ !ontinue$ u% to that ti#e= L.7.2. 16<A0 5 BCE 4 V3 7 L.7.3. CEV.<BD0 (of $efinite %oint in the %ast( an$ of interval) sin!eQ= forQ= yester$ay( last 'ee,( last #onth( last year( last !entury= ten years a"o( )efore( on Cu"ust 24 1R54= 'hen2)eforeQ.%ast a!tion= at this ti#e yester$ay= L.7.4. .HCA3/.D0 C11:<AC :V.0 he stu$ent ha$ 'ritten the for#ula before he took the test . :9 .<6;C :V.0 Ba$ the stu$ent 'ritten the for#ula before he took the testP 9.;C :V.0 9o( the stu$ent ha$nOt 'ritten the for#ula before he took the test. L.L. 3ast 3erfe!t 8ontinuous0 F 3a. G G****)*:*** 3r. GG1. I L.L.1. E.1:9: :690 is use$ to re%resent a #ostly !o#%lete$ a!tion (%erfe!t) that is still vie'e$ in %ro"ress (!ontinuous) at a $efinite %oint in the %ast (%ast)= L.L.2. 16<A0 5BCE 4 B..9 4 V1in"7 L.L.3 CEV.<BD0 (of $efinite %oint in the %ast( an$ of interval)sin!eQ= forQ= yester$ay( last 'ee,( last #onth( last year( last !entury= ten years a"o( )efore( on Cu"ust 24 1R54= 'hen2)eforeQ.%ast a!tion= at this ti#e yester$ay=
th th th th

L.L.4. .HCA3/.D0 C11:<AC :V.0 he stu$ent ha$ )een 'ritin" for ten #inutes( when the test was over. :9 .<6;C :V.0 Ba$ the stu$ent )een 'ritin" for ten #inutes( when the test was overP 9.;C :V.0 9o the stu$ent ha$nOt )een 'ritin" for ten #inutes( when the test was over. L.R. 1uture Di#%le0 F 3a.GG3r.G* 1. I L.R.1. E.1:9: :690 is use$ to $enote si#%le a!tions (si#%le) to )e %erfor#e$ in the future (future)( 'hile the %erfor#an!e of an a!tion or the o!!urren!e of an event in the future #ay )e !ause$ )y o)-e!tive !ir!u#stan!es or )y a #i*ture of the for#er an$ a %ersonal ele#ent( or it #ay $e%en$ on a !on$ition= L.R.2. 16<A0 5K://2DBC// 4 V17 L.R.3. CEV.<BD0 (of $efinite %oint or %erio$ in the future) to#orro'= ne*t 'ee,( ne*t #onth( ne*t year( ne*t !entury= in 2055= in t'o years= after a fe' $ays= the follo'in" $ay= 'henQ.future a!tion= L.R.4. .HCA3/.D0 C11:<AC :V.0 he stu$ent 'ill 'rite the for#ula in ten minutes. :9 .<6;C :V.0 Kill the stu$ent 'rite the for#ula in ten minutes. 9.;C :V.0 9o( the stu$ent 'onOt 'rite the for#ula in ten minutes. L.10. 1U U<. 869 :9U6UD0 F 3a.GG3r.GGG***:***GGGG1 . I L.10.1. E.1:9: :690 is use$ to re%resent an a!tion vie'e$ in %ro"ress (!ontinuous) at so#e ti#e in the future (future)= L.10.2. 16<A0 5K://24 B. 4 V1-in"7 L.10.3 CEV.<BD0 (of $efinite %oint or %erio$ in the future) to#orro'= at this ti#e to#orro'= ne*t 'ee,( ne*t #onth( ne*t year( ne*t !entury= in 2055= in t'o years= after a fe' $ays= the follo'in" $ay= 'henQ.future a!tion= L.10.4. .HCA3/.D0 C11:<AC :V.0 he stu$ent 'ill )e 'ritin" a for#ula during the next two minutes. :9 .<6;C :V.0 Kill the stu$ent )e 'ritin" a for#ula during the next two minutesP

9.;C :V.0 9o( the stu$ent 'onOt )e 'ritin" the for#ula during the next two minutes. L.11. 1U U<. 3.<1.8 0 F 3a. 3r.GGG****)***:GGG1. I L.11.1 E.1:9: :690 is use$ to re%resent a !o#%lete$ a!tion (%erfe!t0 at so#e %oint in the future (future)= L.11.2. 16<A05K://2DBC// 4 BCV. V37 L.11.3. CEV.<BD0 (of $efinite %oint or %erio$ in the future an$ of interval of ti#e) to#orro'= at this ti#e to#orro'= ne*t 'ee,( ne*t #onth( ne*t year( ne*t !entury= in 2055= in t'o years= after a fe' $ays= the follo'in" $ay= 'henQ.future a!tion= forQ= sin!eQ= )yQ= alrea$y= L.11.4. .HCA3/.D0 C11:<AC :V.0 y !" o#clock the stu$ent 'ill have alrea$y 'ritten that for#ula. :9 .<6;C :V.0 Kill the stu$ent have alrea$y 'ritten that for#ula by !" o#clockP 9.;C :V.0 9o( the stu$ent 'onOt have 'ritten that for#ula yet by !" o#clock. L.12. 1U U<. 3.<1.8 869 .0 F 3a. 3r.GGG G****)*:***GG 1. I L.12.1. E.1:9: :690 is use$ to re%resent a %artly !o#%lete$ a!tion (%erfe!t) still vie'e$ in %ro"ress (!ontinuous) at so#e %oint in the future (future)=

L.12.2. 16<A0 5 K://2DBC// 4 BCV. 4 B..9 4 V1-in" 7 L.12.3. CEV.<BD0 (of $efinite %oint or %erio$ in the future an$ of interval of ti#e) to#orro'= at this ti#e to#orro'= ne*t 'ee,( ne*t #onth( ne*t year( ne*t !entury= in 2055= in t'o years= after a fe' $ays= the follo'in" $ay= 'henQ.future a!tion= forQ= sin!eQ= )yQ= alrea$y= L.12.4. .HCA3/.D0 C11:<AC :V.0 y !" o#clock the stu$ent 'ill have )een 'ritin" that for#ula for ten #inutes. :9 .<6;C :V.0 Kill the stu$ent have )een 'ritin" that for#ula for ten #inutes by !" o#clockP 9.;C :V.0 9o( the stu$ent 'onOt have )een 'ritin" that for#ula for ten #inutes for ten #inutes by !" o#clock. 1. Conc&u'ion :n tea!hin" %ra!ti!e 'ith stu$ents fro# te!hni!al fiel$s the ne!essity for stru!turin" the lan"ua"e tea!hin" #aterial on #athe#ati!al %atterns results in the stee% in!rease of )oth the stu$entsO interest an$ the $e"ree of !o#%rehension. C fle*i)le attitu$e to'ar$s tea!hin" #etho$s %ro#%ts the )enefits of a!tually a!hievin" a real !onta!t to the 'ay stu$ents are use$ to %ro!ess infor#ation. Ben!e( stru!turin" the tenses of the .n"lish lan"ua"e in for# of #athe#ati!al for#ulae( hi"hli"htin" the !o#%onent ele#ents( the !o#)inatory %rin!i%les a!!or$in" to the $esire$ result( an$ e#%hasi&in" the lo"i!al #e!hanis#s that %ro$u!e the final ver) %hrase turns the al#ost not !o#%rehensi)le %art of "ra##ar into an e+uation stu$ents are ea"er to solve( an$ thus %erfor# the ai# of the tea!hin" a!tivity( na#ely are a)le to %ro$u!e !orre!t !o#%le* ver) %hrases for the "iven real situation. C$$in" for#ulae( re#e#)erin" e+uations( su##in" u%( %erfor#in" "iven fun!tions are the %ro!esses stu$ents s%e!iali&in" in te!hni!al fiel$s are use$ to $o an$ 'hen an MalienN #aterial su!h as lan"ua"e( is %resente$ )ase$ u%on fa#iliar %atterns of lo"i!s an$ #athe#ati!s stu$ents 'ill rea!t to it( )y %ro$u!in" !orre!t ver) %hrases 'ithout hesitation on!e they have un$erstoo$ the #e!hanis#.

R#(#r#nc#' 1. Bin,el( ..) $ew %erspectives on &rammar Teaching in 'econd (anguage )lassrooms5 /a'rel!e .rl)au# Csso!iates( 1RRR( %. 23 - 12L

O abordare matematica a predrii timpurilor verbale ale limbii engleze

Rezumat: (ucrarea pre*int+ o modaliate alternativ+ de predare a timpurilor verbale ale
limbii engle*e in ba*a unei structuri strict matematice, care aduce o nou+ perspectiv+ asupra mecanismelor logice ale gramaticii, precum si o accentuare punctuala a relatiilor intre timp, aspect, timp verbal, situatia real+ descris+ , forme, deducerea formelor, predicat si toate elementele conexe . Cuvinte cheie: structura, forma verbala, clasificare, predicative, indicative, aspect, modalitate, perfect, non-perfect, progresiv, non-progresiv, abordare mathematica, forma, predare, logica, adunare.