Session 4P5a SC4: Wireless Energy Transmission and Harvesting 2

Analysis, Design and Experimental Verication of Modied Folded Loop Antennas for RF Harvesting and RFID Applications on Metal Objects Hubregt J. Visser, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wireless Energy Harvester with a Switching Passive Charge Pump Rectier Andre Luis Rodrigues Mansano, Wouter A. Serdijn, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theoretical and Numerical Investigation of a Mid-infrared Energy-harvesting System Martino Aldrigo, Alessandra Costanzo, Diego Masotti, Riccardo Trevisan, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Novel Rectenna Using Modied Ground Plane for RF Energy Harvesting Jung-Ick Moon, In-Kui Cho, Seong-Min Kim, Soon-Ik Jeon, Jae-Ick Choi, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A High-eciency Matching Technique for Low Power Levels in RF Harvesting Iker Anchustegi-Echearte-Atienzar, David Jim enez-L opez, Manel Gasulla, Francesco Giuppi, Apostolos Georgiadis, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Co-design of a 90 nm CMOS Rectier and Small Loop Antenna for Large Range RF Energy Harvesters Mark Stoopman, S. Keyrouz, H. J. Visser, Kathleen Philips, Wouter A. Serdijn, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Stockholm, Sweden, Aug. 1215, 2013

Analysis, Design and Experimental Verication of Modied Folded Loop Antennas for RF Harvesting and RFID Applications on Metal Objects
Hubregt J. Visser Holst Centre/IMEC, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

Abstract To reduce energy consumption in buildings, wireless sensors are needed to measure
temperature, lighting conditions and presence of persons. Lighting and heating may then be adjusted based on these readings. This Smart Building Integration concept [1] relies on the widespread use of sensors. Powering of these sensors may be accomplished through RF [2]. For this remote powering, the antenna needs to have a specic complex input impedance, the value depending on the rectier circuit used and the RF power level incident upon the antenna [2]. To be able to realize this desired input impedance, the antenna needs to have sucient geometrical features for impedance tuning. Such an antenna has recently been introduced in [3]. The antenna consists of an asymmetrical, printed, folded dipole antenna on a dielectric substrate with (asymmetrically placed) short circuits in both arms, see Figure 1. The antenna design has been veried for free-space applications. In [3], rst full-wave simulation results of this antenna, placed on a EBG ground plane were shown for the antenna placed on a (metallic) object, see Figure 2. In this paper, we describe a two-phase approach to the design of an EBG-backed, modied folded dipole antenna having a desired complex input impedance and the experimental verication of the design. The antenna is designed for free space using the approximate analytic model developed in [3, 4]. The EBG ground plane is designed separately, using an approximate analytic model that is based on an equivalent circuit model of a gridded square-loop FSS [5]. The antenna characteristics are veried through full-wave simulations and input impedance measurements on a realized prototype. The EBG ground plane characteristics are veried also through full-wave simulations and through a microstrip transmission line measurement of a realized prototype. Finally, the antenna is placed on top of the EBG ground plane. This structure is full-wave characterized and the input impedance of the antenna is measured as a function of frequency. A ne-tuning scheme for a nal design will be discussed.

Figure 1: Antenna prototype.

REFERENCES

Figure 2: Antenna above EBG ground plane and simulated radiation pattern.

1. Snoonian, D., Smart buildings, IEEE Spectrum, Vol. 40, No. 8, 1823, August 2003. 2. Visser, H. J., Indoor wireless RF energy transfer for powering wireless sensors, Radioengineering, Vol. 21, No. 4, 963973, December 2012. 3. Visser, H. J., Printed folded dipole antenna design for rectenna and RFID applications, Proceedings EuCAP, 4 pages, 2013. 4. Visser, H. J., Approximate Antenna Analysis for CAD, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 2009. 5. Yilmaz, A. and M. Kuzuoglu, Design of the square loop frequency selective surfaces with particle swarm optimization via the equivalent circuit model, Radioengineering, Vol. 18, No. 2, 95102, 2009.

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Wireless Energy Harvester with a Switching Passive Charge Pump Rectier

Andre L. R. Mansano and Wouter Serdijn Biomedical Electronics Group, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

Abstract The conception of a wireless energy harvester with a switching passive charge
pump rectier and a passive voltage-boosting network (VBN) is presented. The VBN makes use of a inductive antenna to boost input voltage at the charge pump rectier (CPR) terminals. To improve the power conversion eciency (PCE), the VBN also provides control signals for switching action of the CPR which comprises MOS transistors as voltage-controlled switches in order to reduce conduction losses. Analytical models for the CPR are presented and compared to simulation results at low ISM band (13.56 MHz). Simulation results, in a 90 nm standard CMOS technology, shows a DC voltage of 1.35 V and a PCE of 11.9% for a 5-stage high ISM band (915 MHz) CPR with a 1 Mohm load at 18.2 dBm available input power (PS, AV) . To show technology scalability of the design, the CPR is also validated using a 0.18 m high-voltage (HV) CMOS technology. Moreover, scalability to operate over multiple sub-GHz ISM frequency bands has been proved.

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Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Stockholm, Sweden, Aug. 1215, 2013

Theoretical and Numerical Investigation of a Mid-infrared Energy-harvesting System

Martino Aldrigo1 , Alessandra Costanzo1 , Diego Masotti1 , and Riccardo Trevisan2
1

D.E.I., University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna 40136, Italy 2 D.E.I., University of Bologna/IMA Industries, Bologna, Italy

Abstract In this contribution we discuss the theoretical and numerical aspects of a novel
energy-harvester in the Infra-Red (IR) region, exploiting a misaligned-arms 8-element bow-tie antenna array as the radiating system, and a numerically-optimized Metal-Oxide-Metal (MOM) tunnel diode as the THz-power rectifying device [1]. In order to overcome the intrinsic limitations of solar panels (area occupation, raw-material cost, sensitivity to visible light and Ultra-Violet (UV) radiation only upon direct illumination), we propose a new way to deploy IR energy, which covers the frequencies up to about 400 THz and represents more than 40% of the total energy radiated by the sun. After choosing the operating frequency to be 100 THz ( 3 m), starting point of the CAD design (via CST Microwave Studio ) has been the modeling of the materials used for the substrate (SiO2 ) and the metallization (gold): the rst has negligible losses around 100 THz, whereas the latter exhibits (like all other metals) a strongly lossy dispersive behavior at such IR frequencies. The novel idea of misaligned printed monopoles stems from the traditional antenna-coupled-to-MOM-diode conguration and allows to design a compact bow-tie antenna array with a balanced corporate feed (i.e., with symmetric traces on opposite faces of the substrate) and only one diode: this way, the array factor can be constructively exploited to focus all the sun radiation received by the system into the nonlinear device. Each monopole is printed on a 100-nm thick SiO2 layer and is made of a 35-nm thick gold deposition, whose overall dimensions are: width (W ) of 987 nm and length (L) of 840 nm. The nal optimized CAD project consists in a 4 rows-by-2 columns matrix with a 0.8 -spacing along the x-(horizontal) and y -(vertical) direction. Figure 1(a) shows the proposed solution, whereas in Figure 1(b) the simulated radiation surface (linear scale) of the E -eld at 100 THz is plotted. Finally, the whole system made of the aforementioned bow-tie array and a customized futuristic MOM diode model with a strongly asymmetric and nonlinear behavior has been characterized by means of a nonlinear simulator [2], in order to predict the theoretical rectifying performance in presence of realistic solar-power levels incident onto the system itself (see Figure 2). In spite of the adopted MOM model, poor rectication properties have to be taken into account for solar energy-harvesting applications. A possible countermeasure could be represented by a multi-array macro-system, which would be still easy-to-be-embedded thanks to its nanometer-scale overall size. Moreover, the same system could be much more protably exploited by using a dedicated IR high-power source.

(a)

(b)
Figure 2: Conversion eciency (%) of the proposed bow-tie array as a function of the available power Pav . The maximum predicted value for is about 15%.

Figure 1: (a) 4-by-2 misaligned bow-tie antenna array; (b) simulated radiation surface (linear scale) of the E -eld at 100 THz.

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REFERENCES

1. Sanchez, A., C. F. Davis, K. C. Liu, and A. Javan, The MOM tunneling diode: Theoretical estimate of its performance at microwave and infrared frequencies, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 49, No. 10, 52705277, Oct. 1978. 2. Costanzo, A., A. Romani, D. Masotti, N. Arbizzani, and V. Rizzoli, RF/baseband co-design of switching receivers for multiband microwave energy harvesting, Elsevier Journal on Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Vol. 179, No. 1, 158168, Mar. 2012.

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Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Stockholm, Sweden, Aug. 1215, 2013

Novel Rectenna Using Modied Ground Plane for RF Energy Harvesting

Jung-Ick Moon, In-Kui Cho, Seong-Min Kim, Soon-Ik Jeon, and Jae Ick Choi Radio Technology Research Department Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Korea

Abstract In this paper, a novel antenna using modied ground plane for RF energy harvesting
was proposed. This antenna is composed of the main radiator and the modied ground plane. The main radiator designed as a dipole type covers WCDMA-band in Korea and the ground plane is used to harvest the RF energy from the main radiators, which dont disturb the main radiators electrical performance. The ground plane has a rectangular structure with vertical metallic walls in order to suppress and harvest the back-lobe of the antenna. The amount of the harvested energy from this rectenna is approximately 1% of the originally radiated power. The simulated gain of the proposed antenna is almost same with that of the printed dipole without the metallic walls. And the back-lobe of the proposed rectenna was reduced to 7.0 dB.

Figure 1: The proposed rectenna structure and its radiation patterns on E & H -plane. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This research was funded by the MSIP(Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning), Korea in the ICT R & D Program 2013.
REFERENCES

1. Heo, S., Ecient maximum power tracking of energy harvesting using a controller for power savings, ETRI Journal, Vol. 33, No. 6, Dec. 2011. 2. Siu, L. and K.-M. Luk, Unidirectional antenna with loaded dielectric substrate, IEEE Antenna and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 7, 2008.

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A High-eciency Matching Technique for Low Power Levels in RF Harvesting

I. Anchustegui-Echearte1 , D. Jim enez-L opez1 , M. Gasulla1 , 2 F. Giuppi , and A. Georgiadis2
1

Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Polit` ecnica de Catalunya, Catalonia, Spain 2 Centre Tecnol` ogic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya, Catalonia, Spain

Abstract Powering low-power devices (e.g., autonomous sensors) from electromagnetic waves
has been proposed in the literature [15]. Radiofrequency (RF) energy can be harvested either from the surrounding environment or from dedicated sources. A conventional RF harvester is mainly composed by an antenna, a matching network and a rectier. Reported RF-to-DC power eciencies are higher for increasing power levels at the RF input. In [3], eciencies around 70% and 40% are achieved for RF power levels of 10 dBm and 10 dBm, respectively. The circuits and diodes used for each power range are dierent in order to optimize the performance. This work focuses on the matching network stage in order to achieve high eciencies at low input power levels, in particular at 10 dBm. At this power level, the corresponding voltage amplitude at the antenna is low and comparable to the voltage drop of the diodes used in the rectier. So, in order to increase the rectier eciency, a boost of the antenna voltage is required before driving the rectier. Here, an L-network is proposed with a resonant frequency of 868 MHz (ISM band). As the voltage is boosted by the matching network there is no need to further boost it by using the rectier and thus a single-diode half-wave rectier was used. First, a theoretical analysis was performed that takes into account the parasitic capacitance of the diode. A zero-bias Schottky diode (HSMS2850) was selected. Then, simulations with ADS (Harmonic Balance) were carried out taking into account the circuit layout. The antenna was simulated by an RF generator with an output impedance of 50 . The selected components for the L-network were a 0.5 pF capacitor and a 27 nH inductor. Finally, a PCB implementation was performed achieving an RF-to-DC eciency of 45% at 868 MHz and at 10 dBm with an optimum load of 2.5 k. The input power was generated by an RF generator. Eciencies of 34.5% and 22.5% were achieved at 15 dBm and 20 dBm, respectively. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The work of I. Anchustegi-Echearte, D. Jim enez-L opez and M. Gasulla was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity under Project TEC2011-27397. The work of A. Georgiadis and F. Giuppi was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity under Project TEC2012-39143 and by EU Marie Curie project FP7-PEOPLE-2009-IAPP 251557.
REFERENCES

1. Soltani, H. N. and F. Yuan, A high-gain power-matching technique for ecient radiofrequency power harvest of passive wireless microsystems, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, Vol. 57, No. 10, 26852695, 2010. 2. Nintanavongsam, P., U. Muncuk, D. R. Lewis, and K. R. Chowdhury, Design optimization and implementation for RF energy harvesting circuits, IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topic Circuits Syst., Vol. 2, No. 1, 2433, 2012. 3. Marian, V., B. Allard, C. Vollaire, and J. Verdier, Strategy for microwave energy harvesting from ambient eld or a feeding source, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 27, No. 11, 4481 4491, 2012. 4. Costanzo, A., F. Donzelli, D. Masotti, and V. Rizzoli, Rigorous design of RF multi-resonator power harvesters, Proc. 4th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 14, Apr. 1216, 2010. 5. Andia Vera, G., A. Georgiadis, A. Collado, and S. Via, Design of a 2.45 GHz rectenna for electromagnetic (EM) energy scavenging, Proc. 2010 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS), 6164, Jan. 1014, 2010.

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Co-design of a 90 nm CMOS Rectier and Small Loop Antenna for Large Range RF Energy Harvesters
Mark Stoopman1 , S. Keyrouz2 , H. J. Visser2 , Kathleen Philips2 , and Wouter A. Serdijn1
1

Electronics Research Laboratory, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands 2 Imec-NL, Holst centre, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

Abstract The main design challenge for current state-of-the-art RF energy harvesters is to
improve the sensitivity (wireless range), eciency and robustness simultaneously. Generating a suciently large voltage to activate the rectier with a few W of power is the rst concern as MOS transistors inherently are voltage-controlled devices. To address these issues, a design methodology is described for the co-design and integration of a CMOS rectier and small loop antenna for highly sensitive RF energy harvesters. It is shown that the choice of antenna-rectier interface impedance plays a crucial role in this optimization. Following this methodology, a 5 stage cross-connected bridge rectier is designed that is brought at resonance with a highQ loop antenna by means of a 7-bit binary weighted capacitor bank. A feedback controlled voltage boosting and tuning network compensates any impedance variation in the interface that may occur in a realistic environment, making the RF energy harvester very robust while fully beneting from the passive voltage boost obtained from the high-Q network. Subsequently, a small loop antenna is designed which meets the specic requirements obtained from the rectier impedance. The rectier and capacitor bank have been implemented in standard 90 nm CMOS technology, includes ESD protection and are integrated on the antenna. Measurements in an anechoic chamber at 868 MHz show a 27 dBm sensitivity for 1 V output across a capacitive load and 27 meter range for a 1.78 W RF source in an oce corridor. The maximum power conversion eciency equals 40% at 17 dBm.