5.

0 RESULT

Experiment 1 : Span = 500mm No 1 2 3 Mass (N) 1.962 2.943 3.924 Deflection (experimental) -1.60 -2.39 -2.99 Theorical Def. (Y) - 1.928 x 10-3 - 2.893 x 10-3 - 3.857 x 10-3 % Different
8.30 x 104 8.25 x 104 7.74 x 104

Experiment 2 : Span = 400mm No 1 2 3 Mass (N) 1.962 2.943 3.924 Deflection (experimental) -0.82 -1.19 -1.59 Theorical Def. (Y) - 9.873 x 10-4 - 1.481 x 10-3 - 1.975 x 10-3 % Different
8.30 x 104 8.03 x 104 8.04 x 104

Experiment 3 : Span = 300mm No 1 2 3 Mass (N) 2.943 3.924 4.905 Deflection (experimental) -0.35 -0.52 -0.66 Theorical Def. (Y) - 6.248 x 10-4 - 8.331 x 10-4 - 1.041 x 10-3 % Different
1.55 x 105 6.23 x 104 6.33 x 104

For Extra Calculation/Experiment with 300 mm span and x=L/3 (300 (from experiment 3, no. 3), the hanger and the digital dial test indicator is place at the L/3 (300mm / 3) of the span.
No. Mass* (N) Deflection (Experimental) 3 4.905 - 0.64 Theoretical Def. (ymax) % Difference

- 1.041 x 10-3

6.14 x 104

CALCULATION

Given, Esteel = 207 x 109 Nm-2 Width, b = 19.20 x 10-3 m Thick, d = 2.00 x 10-3 m

From Equation, I

bd 3 12

(0.01920 )( 0.002 ) 3 12

= 1.28 x 10-11 m4

Experiment 1 : Span = 500 mm When, N = 1.962 N

y m ax PL3 48 EI

(1.962)(0.5) 3 48(207x109 )(1.28x10 11 )

= - 1.928 x 10-3 m

When, N = 2.943 N
y m ax PL3 48 EI

(2.943)(0.5) 3 48(207x109 )(1.28x10 11 )

= - 2.893 x 10-3 m

When, N = 3.924 N
y m ax PL3 48 EI

(3.924)(0.5) 3 48(207x109 )(1.28x10 11 )

= - 3.857 x 10-3 m

Experiment 2 : Span = 400 mm When, N = 1.962 N

y m ax

PL3 48 EI

(1.962)(0.4) 3 48(207x109 )(1.28x10 11 )

= 9.873 x 10-4 m When, N = 2.943 N
y m ax PL3 48 EI

(2.943)(0.4) 3 48(207x109 )(1.28x10 11 )

= 1.481 x 10-3 m

When, N = 3.924N
y m ax PL3 48 EI

(3.924)(0.4) 3 48(207x109 )(1.28x10 11 )

= 1.975 x 10-3 m

Experiment 3 : Span = 300 mm When, N = 2.943 N

y m ax PL3 48 EI

(2.943)(0.3) 3 48(207x109 )(1.28x10 11 )

= 6.248 x 10-4 m

When, N = 3.924 N
y m ax PL3 48 EI

(3.924)(0.3) 3 48(207x109 )(1.28x10 11 )

= 8.331 x 10-4 m

When, N = 4.905 N
y m ax PL3 48 EI

(4.905)(0.3) 3 48(207x109 )(1.28x10 11 )

= 1.041 x 10-3 m

Percentage of Differences Between the Experimental Deflection and Theoretical Deflection Experiment 1 : Span = 500 mm When, N = 1.962 N % Difference = { 1.60 ( 1.928 x 10-3 )} ( 1.928 x 10-3) x 100 = 8.30 x 104 %

When, N = 2.942 N % Difference = { 2.39 ( 2.893 x 10-3)} ( 2.893 x 10-) x 100 = 8.25 x 104 %

When, N = 3.924 N % Difference = { 2.99 ( 3.857 x 10-3)} (3.857 x 10-3) x 100 = 7.74 x 104 %

Experiment 2 : Span = 400 mm When, N = 1.962 N % Difference = { 0.82 ( 9.873 x 10-4)} (9.873 x 10-4) x 100 = 8.30 x 104 %

When, N = 2.943N % Difference = { 1.19 ( 1.481 x 10-3)} ( 1.481 x 10-3) x 100 = 8.03 x 104 %

When, N = 3.924N % Difference = { 1.59 ( 1.975 x 10-3)} ( 1.975 x 10-3) x 100 = 8.04 x 104 %

Experiment 3 : Span = 200 mm When, N = 2.943N % Difference = { 0.35 ( 6.248 x 10-4)} ( 6.248 x 10-4) x 100 = 1.55 x 105 % When, N = 3.924 N % Difference = { 0.52 ( 8.331 x 10-4)} (8.331 x 10-4) x 100 = 6.23 x 104 % When, N = 4.905 N

% Difference = { 0.66 ( 1.041 x 10-3)} (1.041 x 10-3) x 100 = 6.33 x 104 %

6.0 DISCUSSION Comment on the different between the theoretical and experimental results. Referring to the results from the calculation, we can conclude that, the different between the theoretical and experimental results are very big for both Experiment 1, 2, and 3. Thus, the percentage (%) of the difference between the theoretical and experimental results are extremely big and high. From the experiment done, we can notice that, the span with longer length will give us the bigger value of deflection when the load is place at the mid span for both theoretical and experimental results. While for the span with shorter length, the deflection is slightly small compare to the longer span. For Experiment 1 (span 500mm), when the load of 200g or 1.962 N was place at the mid span, test indicator give us the reading of deflection with -1.60. When the load is increased to 2.943 N and 3.924 N respectively, the deflection recorded by test indicator are 2.39 and -2.99. The values of the deflection for both theoretical and experimental results increase proportionally to the load when the load of 200g, 300g and 400g is place on the mid span. For Experiment 2 (span 400mm), when the load of 200g or 1.962 N was place at the mid span, test indicator give us the reading of deflection with -0.82. When the load is increased to 2.943 N and 3.924 N respectively, the deflection recorded by test indicator are -1.19 and -1.59. But, the value of deflection for this experiment is smaller than the experiment 1. This is because the length of the span used, 400mm, is shorter than experiment 1. The values of the deflection for both theoretical and experimental results increase proportionally to the load when the load of 200g, 300g and 400g is place on the mid span. For Experiment 3 (span 300mm), when the load of 300g or 2.943 N was place at the mid span, test indicator give us the reading of deflection with -0.35. When the load is increased to 3.924 N and 4.905 N respectively, the deflection recorded by test indicator are

-0.52 and -0.66. The value of deflection for this experiment is smaller than the experiment 1 and experiment 2. This is because the length of the span used, 300mm, is shorter than the span used for experiment 1 and experiment 2. The values of the deflection for both theoretical and experimental results increase proportionally to the load when the load of 300g, 400g and 500g is place on the mid span.

From the results we get from this experiment, though the different between the theoretical and experimental results are very big, but the deflection in the span increase when the load is increase. Besides that, the value of deflection also increase when the length of span used is longer. Thus, we conclude that, the deflection of span is proportional to the load we place on it and the length of the span we used.

7.0 QUESTIONS

Calculate the deflection when x = L/3 (experiment 3, no. 3). Check the result by placing the digital dial at this position. Calculation : When x = L/3, this mean that x = 100.0 mm (300/3), the value for Deflection (Experimental) we get is 0.64 and the Theoretical Deflection we get from the calculation is 1.041 x 10-3 m. The percentage (%) of the difference between the theoretical and experimental results for this extra experiment is 6.14x 104 %.

When, N = 4.905 N
y m ax PL3 48 EI

(4.905)(0.3) 3 48(207x109 )(1.28x10 11 )

= 1.041 x 10-3 m

When, N = 4.905 N % Difference = { 0.64 (1.041 x 10-3 4)} (1.041 x 10-3) x 100 = 6.14 x 104 %

7.2 Calculate Vmax in experiment 2, no.2. Given, Esteel = 207 x 109 Nm-2 Width, b = 19.20 x 10-3 m Thick, d = 2.00 x 10-3 m From Equation, I

bd 3 12

(0.0192 )( 0.002 ) 3 12 PL2 16 EI

= 1.28 x 10-11 m4

From Equation, v m ax

(2.943)(0.4) 3 16(207x109 )(1.28x10 11 )

= 4.44 x 10-3 m

8.0 CONCLUSION

From this experiment, our group managed to determine the relationship between span and deflection. In determining the deflections of the beams under load, elastic theory is used. From the experiment and the results we get from this experiment, we notice that, the span with longer length will give us the bigger value of deflection when the load is place at the mid span for both theoretical and experimental results. While for the span with shorter length, the deflection is slightly smaller compare to the longer span though the load used is same with the longer one. Though the different between the theoretical and experimental results are very big, but the deflection in the span also increase when the load is increase. Thus, we conclude that, the deflection of span is proportional to the length of the span and the load we place on it.

REFERENCE R. C. Hibbeler (2000). Mechanic Of Materials. 4th. ed. England: Prentice Hall International, Inc.