Faculty : Centre For Diploma Studies Department : Civil Engineering Lab : Environmental Engineering & Hydraulic Test : Total

Solid Date : 19 March 2014

CENTRE FOR DIPLOMA STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DAC31401 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING & HYDRAULIC

Subject Code

LA B OR ATORY REPORT DAC 31401

MA1 TOTAL SOLID 2 DAA 26 FEBRUARY 2014 3 NIK MOHD HAMZAH BIN NIK MOHNAWI 1. NIK MOHD HAMZAH BIN NIK MOHNAWI 2. ZAHIR SOLIHIN BIN ZAWAWI 3. AAINAA HATIN BINTI AHMAD TARMIZI 4. LO JIAN YONG 5. MOHAMAD NUR SYIHABUDDIN BIN MOHD YUSOFF 6. MOHAMAD AFENDI BIN MAARUP

Code & Experiment Title Course Code Experiment Date Group Student Name Group Members

Lecturer / Instructor/ Tutor Name Submission Date

MR. IZAT BIN YAHAYA 19 MARCH 2014

TOTAL

/ 100
Received Stamp

Examiner Comments

Faculty : Centre For Diploma Studies Department : Civil Engineering Lab : Environmental Engineering & Hydraulic Test : Total Solid Date : 19 March 2014

OBJECTIVE
To provide and strengthen knowledge, skill, and understanding in solid determination and enable to relate theories taught to the practices in laboratory.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE
The objectives of this experiment are as follow: (1) (2) (3) (4) To apply knowledge in solid determination. To analyze the laboratory result and differentiate between suspended solid and dissolve solid. To identify problems and use their generic skill to solve problems. To develop ability to work in group.

THEORY
Solids refer to matter suspended or dissolved in water or waste water. Solids may affect water or effluent quality adversely in a number of ways. Waters with high dissolved solids generally are of inferior palatability and may induce a favorable physiological reaction in the transient consumer. Solids analyses are important in the control of biological and physical wastewater treatment process and for assessing compliance with regulatory agency wastewater effluent limitations. Generally, total solids is the term applied to the material residue left in the dishes after evaporation of a sample at 103C to 105C. Total solids include total suspended solids, and total dissolved solids. Total suspended solids is the portion of total solids retained by filter, and total dissolved solids is the portion of solids that passes through a filter of 2.0 m (or smaller) nominal pore size under specified conditions. Fixed solids is refer to the residue of total, suspended, or dissolved solids after heating to dryness for a specified time at a specified temperature (500C 50 C for 15 minutes). The weight loss on ignition is called volatile solids. Determination of fixed and volatile solids does not distinguish precisely between inorganic and organic matter because it includes losses due to decomposition or volatilization of some mineral salts. Settle able solids is the term applied to the material settling out of suspension within a defined period. It may include floating material, depending on the technique.

Faculty : Centre For Diploma Studies Department : Civil Engineering Lab : Environmental Engineering & Hydraulic Test : Total Solid Date : 19 March 2014

Settle able solids

Inhofe cone

Samples 20 ml

Microwave (at
103C - 105C) Total solids (TS)

Filter paper

Fibre glass filter ( 2.0m)

Dissolved Solid

Microwave (at
180 C for 30 minutes)

Microwave (at
180C for 30 minutes)

Suspended solids (SS)

Dissolved solids (DS)

Muffle furnace (at 500C for 15 minutes)

Muffle furnace (at 500C for 15 minutes)

Volatile suspended solids (VSS)

Fixed suspended solids (FSS)

Volatile dissolved solids (VDS)

Fixed dissolved solids (FDS)

Total volatile solids TVS = VSS + VDS

Total fixed solids TFS = FSS + FDS

Total solids (TS)

DIAGRAM 1.0

Faculty : Centre For Diploma Studies Department : Civil Engineering Lab : Environmental Engineering & Hydraulic Test : Total Solid Date : 19 March 2014

EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIALS

i. Evaporating dishes: Dishes of 100mL capacity made of porcelain, platinum or highsilica glass. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. Muffle furnace for operating at 500C Steam bath Desiccators Drying oven Analytical balance Magnetic stirrer Graduated cylinder Wide-bore pipette Low-form beaker 50C

Faculty : Centre For Diploma Studies Department : Civil Engineering Lab : Environmental Engineering & Hydraulic Test : Total Solid Date : 19 March 2014

PROCEDURES

A.

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

i.

A sample volume was selected (20ml) that will yield not more than 200 mg of total suspended solids.

ii.

The filter was placed on the base and clamped on funnel and the vacuum was applied. The filter was wet with small volume of distilled water to seal the filter against the base.

iii.

The sample was shaking vigorously and quantitatively required volume (ml) of samples was transferred to the filter using a large orifice, volumetric pipette. All traces of water were removed by continuing to apply vacuum after samples has passed through.

iv.

The pipette was rinsed and funneled onto the filter with small volume of distilled water.

v.

All traces of water were removed by continuing to apply vacuum after samples has passed through.

vi.

The disc filter was carefully removed from the base and was dried in an oven at 180C for about 30 minutes. Cooled in desiccators and weighted.

B.

Total Volatile Solids

If volatile solids are to be measured, the residue from method A is ignited at 500C 50C for 15 minutes in a muffle furnace. Balanced the temperature by cooled in desiccator and then weighted.. Stored in desiccator until needed.

Faculty : Centre For Diploma Studies Department : Civil Engineering Lab : Environmental Engineering & Hydraulic Test : Total Solid Date : 19 March 2014

RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

Unfiltered Sample DATA FOR TOTAL SOLID TEST Sample A 20.00 24.1885 41.1068 16.9183 36.7842 12.5957 24.1705 0.018 0.009 0.9 0.775 77.5 Sample B 20.00 23.2162 43.5029 20.2867 38.6438 15.4276 23.2137 0.0025 0.00125 0.125 0.775 77.5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Volume of sample (ml) Weight of evaporating dish (g) Weight of evaporating dish + sample Weight of sample (g) Weight of evaporating dish + sample after drying process at 180oC for 30 minutes Weight of solid (g) Weight of evaporating dish + solid after drying process at 500oC for 15 minutes Weight of volatile solid (g) Total Solid (TS) (mg/L) Percentage of solid in sample (%) Total volatile solid (VS) (mg/L) Percentage of volatile solid (%) Filtered Sample DATA FOR TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID (SS)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Volume of Sample (ml) Weight of filter paper (g) Weight of filter paper + solid after drying at 180oC Weight of solid (g) Weight of filter + solid after drying at 500oC 50oC (g) Weight of volatile solid (g) Total Suspended Solid (SS) (mg/L) Percentage of Volatile Suspended Solid (VSS) %

Sample A 20.00 0.09 0.0943 0.0043 0.0926 0.0026 0.0013 0.13

Faculty : Centre For Diploma Studies Department : Civil Engineering Lab : Environmental Engineering & Hydraulic Test : Total Solid Date : 19 March 2014 DATA FOR TOTAL DISSOLVE SOLID (TDS) Sample A 20.00 24.1885 41.1068 16.983 36.7842 12.5977 0.6298 24.1705 0.018 0.009 0.9 Sample B 20.00 23.2162 43.5029 20.2867 38.6438 15.4276 0.7714 23.2137 0.0025 0.00125 0.125

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Volume of sample (ml) Weight of evaporating dish (g) Weight of evaporating dish + sample (g) Weight of sample (g) Weight of evaporating dish + sample after drying at 180oC (g) Weight of Solid (g) Total Dissolve Solid (TDS) (mg/L) Weight of evaporating dish + solid after drying at 500oC 50oC (g) Weight of dissolved solid (g) Total dissolved Solid (SS) (mg/L) Percentage of Volatile dissolved Solid (VSS) %

(a) Total Solid (mg/L) (Sample A) mgTotal Solid/L = = 0.9 g/ml Total Solid (mg/L) (Sample B) = = 0.125 g/ml = 0.00125 mg/L (b) mg Total dissolved solids/L (Sample A) = = = 0.9 g/ml mg Total dissolved solids/L (Sample B) = = = 0.125 g/ml = 0.009 mg/ml = 0.009 mg/ml

= 0.00125 mg/ml

(d) mg volatile solids/L (Sample A)

= = 846.815 g/ml = 8.468 mg/ml

mg volatile solids/L (Sample A)

= = 1014.46 g/ml = 10.1446 mg/L

Faculty : Centre For Diploma Studies Department : Civil Engineering Lab : Environmental Engineering & Hydraulic Test : Total Solid Date : 19 March 2014

DATA ANALYSIS
1. Average total solid (TS). 0.009 + 0.00125 mg/L = 2 mg/L

2. Average suspended solid. = 0.0013 mg/L

3. Average dissolves solid. 0.009 + 0.00125 mg/L = 2 mg/L

Faculty : Centre For Diploma Studies Department : Civil Engineering Lab : Environmental Engineering & Hydraulic Test : Total Solid Date : 19 March 2014

DISCUSSION
1. Distinguish between suspended solid and dissolve solid. Total suspended solids are retained on a filter and weighed while total dissolved solids are solids dissolved in the solution that passes through the filter. The dissolved is a very small piece of organic and inorganic material contained in water. Excessive amounts make water unfit to drink or limit its use in industrial processes. Suggest some possible causes of high levels of total suspended solids. Domestic Wastewater has low TSS (around 400mg/L) because this domestic wastewater is discharged from our household usages: we are not using more solid from our house. The suspended solids for a wastewater sample was found to be 175 mg/L. If the following test results were obtained, what size sample was used in the analysis? Tare mass of glass fibre filter = 1.5413 g Residue on glass fibre filter after drying at 105 oC = 1.5538 g

2.

3.

Total Suspended Solid (TSS), mg/L =

(A-B) X 106 Volume of sample (mL)

Where: A : Residue on glass fibre filter after drying at 105oC (g) B : Tare mass of glass fibre filter (g) 175 mg/L = (1. 5538- 1. 5413) x 106 Volume of sample (mL) Volume of sample (mL) = (1.5538- 1. 5413) x 106 175 mg/L = 71.4286 mL

Faculty : Centre For Diploma Studies Department : Civil Engineering Lab : Environmental Engineering & Hydraulic Test : Total Solid Date : 19 March 2014

CONCLUSION
From the experiment, we found that from the table for total dissolve solid (TDS) ,found that the different result from sample A and B is 7.75x10-3 mg/L , also same for total solid. For the total volatile the different for sample A and B is 0.775 mg/L. Basically, the sample for both this sample that is non-filter and filter have different from all aspects.

REFERENCES
1. 2. 3. 4. http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env211/lab10.htm http://nitttrc.ac.in/Four%20quadrant/eel/Quadrant%20-%201/exp14_pdf.pdf http://nitttrc.ac.in/Four%20quadrant/eel/Quadrant%20-%201/exp15_pdf.pdf http://shamsalamin.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/determination-of-total-solidsdissolved-solids-and-suspended-solids-in-water2.pdf