Chapter 16: Fourier Series

16.1 Fourier Series Analysis: An Overview

A periodic function can be represented by an infinite sum of sine and cosine functions that are harmonically related: cos sin Fourier Coefficients: ; ; are calculated from Fundamental Frequency: harmonic frequencies

; where multiples of this frequency are called

Conditions that ensure that f(t) can be expressed as a convergent Fourier series: (Dirichlets conditions) 1. f(t) be single-values 2. f(t) have a finite number of discontinuities in the periodic interval 3. f(t) have a finite number of maxima and minima in the periodic interval 4. the integral || ;exists

These are sufficient conditions not necessary conditions; therefore if these conditions exist the functions can be expressed as a Fourier series. However if the conditions are not met the function may still be expressible as a Fourier series. 16.2 The Fourier Coefficients Defining the Fourier coefficients: Example 16.1 Find the Fourier series for the periodic waveform shown.

2 cos 2 sin

Assessment problems 16.1 & 16.2 ECEN 2633 Spring 2011 Page 1 of 5

16.3

The Effects of Symmetry on the Fourier Coefficients

Four types of symmetry used to simplify Fourier analysis 1. Even-function symmetry 2. Odd-function symmetry 3. Half-wave symmetry 4. Quarter-wave symmetry Even-function symmetry Simplified equations: 2 4 cos Odd-function symmetry Simplified equations: 4 sin

0;

Half-wave symmetry If the function is shifted one half period and inverted and look identical to the original then it is half-wave symmetric ; 2 A half-wave symmetric function can be even, odd or neither. Simplified Equations: 0; 0 0 4 cos 4 sin ECEN 2633 Spring 2011 Page 2 of 5

Quarter-wave symmetry An expression that has both half-wave symmetry and even or odd symmetry Half-wave & Even symmetry

8 cos All other values are zero Half-wave & Odd symmetry

8 sin All other values are zero Example 16.2

Assessment Problem 16.3 16.4 An Alternative Trigonometric Form of the Fourier Series cos

Where An and n are a complex quantity

Example 16.3

Assessment Problem 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 Not Covered Not Covered Not Covered

ECEN 2633

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16.8

The Exponential Form of the Fourier Series

Where Recalling

sin cos 2 2 Eulers formula cos sin cos sin 1, 2, 3, 2 2 1

Defining Cn

Example 16.6

Assessment Problem 16.8 16.9 Amplitude and Phase Spectra Amplitude spectrum: the plot of the amplitude of each term of the Fourier series of f(t) versus frequency Phase spectrum: the plot of the phase angle of each term versus frequency Line Spectra: plots above; since they occur at discrete values of the frequency Illustration of Amplitude and Phase Spectra Referring to example 16.6 sin 2 2 sin 1 5 5 Spring 2011 Page 4 of 5

Given 5 and

ECEN 2633

Since the function is even: bk=0,

4 4 10 cos cos sin 5

Effects of shifting f(t) on the time axis Amplitude experiences no change | | Phase is affected

ECEN 2633

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