INSTRUCTIONS Review the key information presented in this unit. If you dont remember the language, vocabulary or phrases listed, go back and review the unit. You can use these structures to talk about past habits or states.
LANGUAGE STRUCTURE
+ ?
used to
didnt use to
She didnt use to like playing with dolls. (state) My mom didnt use to get mad at me. (habit)
Did she use to live close to other kids? (state) Did you use to dress up as Superman? (habit)
+ ?
I would dress in superhero costumes. (habit) I wouldnt dress up as Superman. (habit) Would you get in trouble? (habit)
Review it in Language Structure: Review Talking About the Past with Used to and Would
You can use the following structures to talk about events that happened in the past. Past Simple Verb + ed verb + ed verb ending in - e: + d verb ending in a consonant + y: y + ied one-syllable verb, ends in 1 vowel + 1 consonant (except w or y) finish like carry stop plan finished liked carried stopped planned
LANGUAGE STRUCTURE
Questions and Short Answers with the Past Simple Questions Did I / he / she / it / we / you / they practice speaking Spanish? Answers Yes, No, I / he / she / it / we / you / they Answers Simple Verb do? go? Subject I They Past Tense walked on the beach. went last week. did. didnt = did not.
Information Questions with the Past Simple Who / What / When What When did did did Subject I / he / she / it / we / you / they you they
LANGUAGE STRUCTURE
+
(-
Ive / Youre / Were / Theyve (ve = have) Hes / Shes / Its (s = has) Negative havent (= have not) hasnt (= has not)
been to Paris.
? Questions
Have Has I / we / you / they she / he / it (ever) (ever) been to Ro? been to Ro?
you were born now *In questions, ever is used to ask about any time in your whole life, up to now. Answers
Yes,
have. has.
No,
havent. hasnt.
Spelling Past Participles verb + ed verb ends in -e: + d verb ends in constant + y: y + ied one syllable verb, ends in 1 vowel + 1 consonant two syllable verb, ends in 1 vowel + 1 consonant
Review it in Language Structure: Review Past Simple and Present Perfect
We use the past simple to talk about actions that began and finished in the past: I bought a bike yesterday. I worked at a restaurant when I was a teenager. We use the present perfect to talk about actions and situations that... Began and finished in the (recent) past but affect the present: Im going to go visit Suzanne. Shes (just) moved to a new apartment. Continue from the past until now: Ive worked at this company for 5 years. Ive talked to her today. (Its still today) I talked to her this morning. (Its now afternoon) We usually use a definitive time expression (last night, two weeks ago) with the past simple to talk about completed actions at a specific time in the past. We use yet / still / already with present perfect to talk about things that have happened (or not happened) up to now: Have you graduated from college yet? He still hasnt found a new job. She has already been to Europe. We use How long? / for / since with present perfect / present perfect continuous to talk about situations or actions that started in the past and are continuing now: Ive lived / been living in this city for 12 years.
Review it in Language Structure: Review Past Simple and Present Perfect
LANGUAGE STRUCTURE
Short answers Yes, No, Yes, No, I / you / we / they he / she / it have. havent. has. hasnt.
Have you been sleeping well? Has she been going to the gym lately? Questions with question words What have you been doing? How long have you been cleaning? Whos been helping you?
Review it in Language Structure: Review Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Continuous
No, I havent. Im tired all the time. Yes, she has. She looks great! Answers Ive been cleaning all day. Four about 3 hours. / Since 9 a.m. My daughter has.
Differences Between Present Perfect Continuous and Present Perfect Simple*: Present Perfect Continuous recent action that occurred numerous times Present Perfect Simple stative verbs recent action that occurred 1 time * With many verbs there is no difference in meaning between present perfect continuous and present perfect simple.
Review it in Language Structure: Review Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Continuous
Past Continuous
Positive I / He / She You / We / They Questions Was Were I / he / she you / we / they eating? was were eating. Negative I / He / She
LANGUAGE STRUCTURE
eating.
LANGUAGE STRUCTURE
to focus on the action/situation and to emphasize We were preparing the presentation all morning. how long. to show a situation is changing/developing Stative verbs (like, seem, think, have) are not normally used in the continuous. When these verbs are used in the continuous they suggest a temporary activity. We use perfect forms to talk about an action which happened before another action. By the time my boss offered me a bonus, I had already made the decision to leave the company. He is getting closer to a solution every day. Im thinking about applying for the position. (considering)
for actions/states that began earlier and continue Ive worked in my current position since 2005. to a later time. Ive worked in my current position for 3 years. to talk about the result of an earlier action. Ive finally finished the report I started yesterday.
With the perfect forms, the exact time that something happened is not important. We often combine the continuous and perfect forms: We had been researching the market.
Review it in Language Structure: Review of Continuous and Perfect Verbs
You can use these expressions to connect your ideas when you tell a story.
Telling a Story
That reminds me / The funniest thing I A few years ago / Last year, when I Every day / Usually... But one day / Then suddenly
USEFUL PHRASES
But some days later / You'll never guess what happened next!... In the end / Eventually Ever since then / The point is
Review it in Useful Phrases: Telling a Story