ENM 222

Theory of Machines
Lecture 1: Gears

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly Mechanical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, South Valley University, Qena-83523, Egypt. Email: noubyluxor@gmail.com

 ENM 222
: - - - - - - - - - - - - . : - - ( )- - - - - V -.3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

Outline of Presentation
Power transmission Definition of Gear Why Using Gears Types of gears Advantages &Disadvantage Applications of gears

3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

GEARS
Power transmission is the movement of energy from its place of generation to a location where it is applied to performing useful work
A gear is a component within a transmission device that transmits rotational force to another gear or device

3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

Gears
DEFINITION OF GEARS A gear is a wheel with teeth on its outer edge. The teeth of one gear mesh (or engage) with the teeth of another.

Gears meshing or engaged

3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

Gears Motion
Driver and Driven Two meshed gears always rotate in opposite directions.

Driven gear

Driver gear

3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

Gears
Idler gear
Driver

Idler gear

Driven

3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

Why Use Gears?

Reduce speed Increase torque Move power from one point to another Change direction of power Split power

Generally this functionality is accomplished by many gears mounted in a gear box!

3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

TYPES OF GEARS
Gears are classified according to the shape of the tooth pair and disposition into spur, helical, double helical, straight bevel, spiral bevel and hypoid bevel, worm and spiral gears, Rack and pin Gears

3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

SPUR GEAR
Spur gears tooth profile is parallel to the axis of rotation, transmits motion between parallel shafts.
Gear (large gear)

Pinion (small gear)

Internal gears

3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

1. 10

SPUR GEAR
Teeth is parallel to axis of rotation Transmit power from one shaft to another parallel shaft Used in Electric screwdriver, clock, gearbox, washing machine and many mechanical machine

3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

11

Advantages &Disadvantages of Spur Gears

Advantages Cost Ease of manufacture Availability Disadvantages Only works with mating gear Axis of each gear must be parallel

3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

12

Helical Gear
Teeth are inclined to the axis of rotation, the angle provides more gradual engagement of the teeth during meshing. Teeth angle to the gear axis (usually 10 to 45) called helix angle. It can be mounted on perpendicular shafts, adjusting the rotation angle by 90 degrees

3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

13

Helical Gears
Advantages Smooth and quiet due to gradual tooth engagements (spur gears whine at high speed due to impact). Helical gears good up to speeds in excess of 5,000 ft/min More tooth engagement allows for greater power transmission for given gear size. Can withstand the largest capacity at 30,000 hp. Parallel to perpendicular shaft arrangement. Disadvantage More expensive Resulting axial thrust component
3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

14

Herringbone or Double helical

To avoid axial thrust, two helical gears of opposite hand can be mounted side by side, to cancel resulting thrust forces
Herringbone gears are mostly used on heavy machinery.

3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

15

Bevel Gears
Bevel gears are used to transfer drive through an angle of 90o. Teeth are formed on conical surfaces, the teeth could be straight or spiral.

3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

16

Bevel gears
Bevel gears are useful when the direction of a shaft's rotation needs to be changed They are usually mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but can be designed to work at other angles as well The teeth on bevel gears can be straight or spiral locomotives, marine applications, automobiles, printing presses, cooling towers, power plants, steel plants, railway track inspection machines, etc.

3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

17

Spiral Bevel Gears

Same advantage over bevel gears as helical gears have over spur gears!! Teeth at helix angle Very Strong Used in rear end applications (see differentials)

3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

18

Differential Gear
The differential gear is used to help cars turn corners. The differential gear (placed midway between the two wheels) allows the wheels to turn at different speeds while providing the same torque to both wheels.

3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

19

Bevel Gears
Gear axis at 90, based on rolling cones Advantages
Right angle drives

Disadvantages
Get axial loading which complicates bearings and housings

3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

20

Worm gears
Worm gear sets consists of a helical gear and a power screw (worm), used to transfer motion between non-parallel and non-intersecting shafts.
Worm gears are used when large gear reductions are needed. It is common for worm gears to have reductions of 20:1, and even up to 300:1 or greater Many worm gears have an interesting property that no other gear set has: the worm can easily turn the gear, but the gear cannot turn the worm Worm gears are used widely in material handling and transportation machinery, machine tools, automobiles etc
3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

Worm and wheel 1. 21

Worm and Worm gear

3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

22

Advantages &Disadvantage of Worm Gears

Gears that are 90 to each other Advantages
Quiet / smooth drive Can transmit torque at right angles No back driving Good for positioning systems
worm gear

Disadvantage
Most inefficient due to excessive friction (sliding) Needs maintenance Slower speed applications
3/8/2014

worm

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

23

Rack and pinion gear

Rack and Pinion sets a special case of spur gears with the gear having an infinitely large diameter, the teeth are laid flat. The rack and pinion gear is used to convert between rotary and linear motion. Pinio n

Rack

Radial drilling machine spindle movement with rack and pinion arrangement

3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

1. 24

Rack and pinion

Rack and pinion gears are used to convert rotation (From the pinion) into linear motion (of the rack) A perfect example of this is the steering system on many cars

3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

25

Summary
Spur Gears Helical Gears

Simplest of the gears Used to connect parallel shafts Simple shape Low cost No thrust loads from teeth engagement
3/8/2014

Smooth operation as it results in gradual gear engagement Could connect parallel or non parallel shafts Higher thrust loads from teeth reaction forces
26

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

Summary
Bevel gear Worm & wheel

Could be used to connect two shafts that are at an angle The teeth may be straight or helical Two gear have conical surfaces
3/8/2014

Very low transmission ratios High torque transmission High Friction loses Used in power steering systems, presses, rolling mills
27

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

Summary
Rack & pinion

Converts the rotational motion into linear motion Could have straight or bevel teeth Provides less backlash Greater feedback
3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

28

Report 1

APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF GEARS

3/8/2014

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

29

Questions?