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Method 2, Equivalent Pipe Diameters

Extra length of pipe to allow for miscellaneous losses 735 25 103 18:4 m So, total length for DP calculation 120 18.4 138.4 m
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DPf 8 0:0032 277 kN=m2

(138:4) 1:982 998 277,247 N=m2 3 2 (25 10 )

(5:3a)

Note: The two methods will not give exactly the same result. The method using velocity heads is the more fundamentally correct approach, but the use of equivalent diameters is easier to apply and sufciently accurate for use in preliminary design calculations.

5.4.3.

Power Requirements for Pumping Liquids

To transport a liquid from one vessel to another through a pipeline, energy has to be supplied to 1. Overcome the friction losses in the pipes; 2. Overcome the miscellaneous losses in the pipe ttings (e.g., bends), valves, instruments etc.; 3. Overcome the losses in process equipment (e.g., heat exchangers, packed beds); 4. Overcome any difference in elevation from end to end of the pipe; 5. Overcome any difference in pressure between the vessels at each end of the pipeline. The total energy required can be calculated from the energy equation: gDz DP=r DPf =r W 0 where W work done by the uid, J/kg; Dz difference in elevations (z1 z2 ), m; DP difference in system pressures (P1 P2 ), N=m2 ; DPf pressure drop due to friction, including miscellaneous losses, and equipment losses (see section 5.4.2), N=m2 ; r liquid density kg=m3; g acceleration due to gravity, m=s2 . If W is negative, a pump is required; if it is positive, a turbine could be installed to extract energy from the system. The head required from the pump DPf =rg DP=rg Dz The power is given by Power (W m)=h, and (W m) h, for a pump for a turbine (5:5a) (5:6a) (5:6b)

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252

CHAPTER 5

PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION

P2

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P1

Liquid Level Z2 Vessel 2 Pump Datum

Z1

Vessel 1

Figure 5.12. where m mass ow rate, kg/s; h efciency power out/power in.

Piping system.

The efciency will depend on the type of pump used and the operating conditions. For preliminary design calculations, the efciency of centrifugal pumps can be estimated using Figure 5.13.
75

70

65 125 60 100 75 55 50 50 25 45 10 Capacity, m3/h 90 Efficiency, % 200

20

30

40

50 Head, m

60

70

80

Figure 5.13.

Centrifugal pump efciency.

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5.4.

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Example 5.2

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A tanker carrying toluene is unloaded, using the ships pumps, to an on-shore storage tank. The pipeline is 225 mm internal diameter and 900 m long. Miscellaneous losses due to ttings, valves, etc., amount to 600 equivalent pipe diameters. The maximum liquid level in the storage tank is 30 m above the lowest level in the ships tanks. The ships tanks are nitrogen blanketed and maintained at a pressure of 1.05 bar. The storage tank has a oating roof, which exerts a pressure of 1.1 bar on the liquid. The ship must unload 1000 metric tons (tonnes) within 5 hours to avoid demurrage charges. Estimate the power required by the pump. Take the pump efciency as 70%. Physical properties of toluene: density 874 kg=m3, viscosity 0:62 mNm2 s.
Solution

Cross-sectional area of pipe Minimum fluid velocity

p (225 103 )2 0:0398 m2 4 1000 103 1 1 1:6 m=s 5 3600 0:0398 874 (5:4a)

Reynolds number (874 1:6 225 103 )=0:62 103 507,484 5:1 105 Absolute roughness commercial steel pipe, Table 5.2 0.046 mm Relative roughness 0.046/225 0.0002 Friction factor from Figure 5.11, f 0.0019 Total length of pipeline, including miscellaneous losses, 900 600 225 103 1035 m   1035 1:622 874 Friction loss in pipeline, DPf 8 0:0019 3 225 10 2 78,221 N=m2 Maximum difference in elevation, (z1 z2 ) (0 30) 30 m Pressure difference, (P1 P2 ) (1:05 1:1)105 5 103 N=m2 Energy balance 9:8(30) (5 103)=874 (78,221)=874 W 0 W 389:2 J=kg Power (389:2 55:56)=0:7 30,981 W, say 31 kW: (5:6a) (5:5)

(5:3a)

Note that this is the maximum power required by the pump at the end of the unloading when the ships tank is nearly empty and the storage tank is nearly full. Initially, the difference in elevation is lower and the power required is reduced. For design purposes the maximum power case would be the governing case and would be used to size the pump and motor.

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