Surface Pyrotechnics and Projectors, O.P.

1177 - Part 4 Page 1 of 45

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Chapter 7
GROUND PYROTECHNICS

Description is desirable. The 80 feet of wire can be halved

so that two 40-foot lengths can be attached to
119. Ground Pyrotechnics are designed to give the plunger, stretching both ways from the
warning of enemy marauders or infiltrating flare, and parallel to the enemy lines. The
hostile troops, to illuminate the ground in front following steps should be taken:
of entrenched or advancing troops, and for
communication by signaling. Pyrotechnic items (a) Secure the flare to a tree or stake by means
used in ground operations include tripwire of the belt and belt loop. It should be mounted
flares, parachute flares, pyrotechnic grenades, about three feet from the ground.
and a variety of ground signals.
(b) Attach the trip wires to a tree or stake just
Trip-Wire Flare Mk 1 Mod 0 less than 40 feet on either side of the tree or
stake to which the flare is attached.
120. Trip-Wire Flare Mk 1 Mod 0, Fig. 53, is
an alarming device which an approaching (c) A screw eye is fixed to the tree or stake on
enemy unconsciously sets off. It also gives which the flare is mounted. This screw eye
illumination for some 65 seconds. It burns with should be about six inches from the ground,
a bright yellow flame of 75,000 candlepower, directly beneath the plunger.
resulting in illumination of an area within a
radius of approximately 75 feet. The flare is (d) The free ends of the trip wire or wires are
packed in a watertight mailing tube container, then passed through the screw eye and secured
which includes the accessories that go with it; to the pull ring on the plunger of the firing
namely, 80 feet of wire, two screw eyes, and a mechanism. The wire or wires should be
belt for attaching the flare to a stake or tree. affixed so that there is no sag in the 40- or 80-
The flare itself consists of a steel tube 5.5 foot length, but not so taut that it will actuate
inches long and 2.5 inches in diameter. Fixed the plunger.
to one end is the firing mechanism, consisting
of a pull-type spring to which the trip wires are (e) After the wires and flare are installed, set
attached, a primer, and a firing pin. Included in the device by pressing up on the plunger and
the kit is an instruction sheet outlining the carefully withdrawing the safety pin.
procedure for mounting the flare. When
properly mounted, the flare, with its safety pin (f) Release. the upward pressure on the plunger
removed, is fired when the trip wire is pulled. slowly and note its travel downward. This
The wire is attached to a plunger with a should not be more than 0.25 inch. If, at that
notched end, which, when pulled, disengages point, further downward pressure is felt on the

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itself from the firing pin. The firing pin, under finger holding the plunger, return it to the up
spring pressure, then strikes the primer which position and replace the safety pin. Then slack
ignites a 0.3-gram charge of black powder. The off on the trip wires. Normally the plunger will
flash from the black powder ignites the not move downward more than 0.125 inch.
pyrotechnic candle. The candle, on burning,
creates sufficient pressure to blow off the (g) If at this point it has been found necessary
closure disc on the flare case, and thus exposes to replace the safety pin, repeat steps (e) and (f)
the flame. with caution, each time the safety pin is
removed.
Operation
(h) After the flare is set, free the plunger from
121. Some amount of ingenuity is necessary for any paint or other substance which may seal it
the most efficient operation of Trip-Wire Flare to the wall of the flare. This is done by
Mk 1. Like a booby trap, its concealment carefully turning the plunger through a 90-

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Figure 54.-Trip-Wire Flare M48

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degree arc without allowing it to travel 110,000 candlepower, and illuminates an area
downward. with a radius of 300 yards. The complete flare
consists of a base, on which the flare and

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Packing parachute unit is contained in a steel tube, 2.4

122. Each flare, with its accessories, is packed
in a watertight container. Ten such containers
are packed in a wood case. Each case contains
an instruction sheet for using Trip-Wire Flare
Mk 1 Mod 0.
Storage
123. General rules for storing pyrotechnic
ammunition as outlined in paragraphs 9 to 12,
inclusive, apply to Trip-Wire Flare Mk 1.
Although the flare and its container are
waterproofed, long periods of exposure to rain
or excess moisture may result in
malfunctioning. Deteriorated flares should be
disposed of as outlined in paragraph 20.
Safety Precautions
124. In mounting Trip-Wire Flare Mk 1, the
following safety precautions must be taken:
(a) A steel helmet should be worn while
mounting and setting the flare. The head must
be kept below and away from the flare as far as
possible.
inches inside diameter. In the base of the tube
is the propelling charge of 75 grains of
propellant powder. Above the propelling
charge is a fuze of approximately three
seconds' delay. This fuze ignites the expelling
charge in the shell as it attains the proper
altitude. The expelling charge then ejects the
candle and parachute, igniting the candle by
means of a second fuze which is threaded
through a felt pad that separates the candle
from the expelling charge. The entire flare is
fired by a trip wire attached to the firing
mechanism which is contained in a 0.25-inch
pipe mounted on the base parallel to the steel
tube containing the flare unit. The firing
mechanism consists of a firing pin, actuated by
a spring, a primer, an igniter, and a relay
charge. See Fig. 54. The flare is held in safe
condition by a double safety: a cotter pin which
holds the pull ring in place and a safety screw.
The flare may be fired either by a four-to six-
pound pull on the trip wires or by 20 to 30
pounds' pressure on a pressure cap. The flare is
hidden by burying it so that the top of the shell
is three inches below the ground.
Operation

(b) When two trip wires are used, each must be 126. The proper use of Parachute Trip Flare
attached to the plunger independent of the M48 requires the following steps:
other, although both may be passed through the
same screw eye. (a) The entire flare should be placed in a hole
so that the top of the shell is approximately
(c) To prevent self-illumination, the flare three inches below grade. Arrange the cord on
should be mounted at least 125 yards in the safety cotter pin so that it will not be
advance of the defense position. buried.

(d) It should be remembered that the plunger of (b) The earth should be tamped down on top of
the flare is actuated by a pull of six pounds. the case.
The plunger should be freed by turning it 90
degrees, after removing the safety pin. (c) The trip wire or wires should be attached to
a tree or stake in the direction or directions
Flare, Trip, Parachute M48 parallel to the enemy lines, or nearly so, and
hidden so well as ground conditions permit.
125. Parachute Trip Flare M48, listed as above,
is, in effect, a one-shot mortar fired by a trip (d) Attach the trip wire or wires to the pull ring
wire. It projects an illuminating flare to an of the firing mechanism.
altitude of 300 to 500 feet, where a parachute-

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borne candle ignites when expelled from the
shell case. The candle burns for about 20
seconds with a yellow-white light of
approximately
(e) Straighten the safety cotter pin so that it
may be withdrawn with a steady pull on the
cord, and remove the safety screw.
(f) Test the safety cotter pin for binding.

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Figure 55.-Trip Wire Flare M49

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Should it bind when the safety screw has been
removed, the trip wire may be too tight, or the
fuze may be defective. In either case, replace
the safety screw before correcting the defect.
(g) When the safety cotter pin moves freely,
leave it in place and cover the flare with loose
earth, camouflaging if necessary. Then
withdraw the safety cotter pin by drawing
gently on the cord.
(h) When leaving the flare set, care must be
taken not to step on the pressure cap at the top
of the firing mechanism, nor to contact the trip
wire.
(i) Record the location of the flare.
Packing
127. Parachute Trip Flare M48 is packed in an
individual carton, with one firing device and
the required length of suitably colored trip
wire. Four such cartons are shipped in a wood
box. The housing of the flare is painted and
marked in black type, indicating the name of
the flare, the lot number, and the date of
loading.
Storage
128. General rules for storing pyrotechnic
ammunition, as outlined in paragraphs 9 to 12,
inclusive, apply to Parachute Trip Flare M48.
Deteriorated flares should be disposed of as
outlined in paragraph 17.
Safety Precautions
129. In addition to the steps taken in paragraph
126, covering the operation of Parachute Trip
Flare M48, the following precautions should be (a) Attach the trip wire to a rigid object
taken:
(a) The flare should be planted so that it will
not endanger friendly personnel, and so that the (b) Loosen the thumb nut on the trigger. Press
illumination of 300-yard radius will not expose the safety lever on the fuze against the body of
defense positions.
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Flare, Trip, M49
130. Trip Flare M49, designated as above,
resembles a hand grenade in size and shape, but
is subject to instantaneous ignition, instead of
delayed action as are hand grenades. It is used
as a warning and illuminating signal to detect
or combat marauding or infiltrating enemy
troops. The flare consists of a cylindrical body
of laminated paper, 2.5 inches in diameter and
3.8 inches long, closed at both ends by metal
caps. The percussion cap, striker and safety
lever, and pin protrude from the head, the
safety lever extending around and down the
side of the body to the trigger. See Fig. 55. The
flare is mounted on a stake, post, or tree by
means of a hold plate and anchor clip in which
three keyhole slots fit over nail heads on the
object to which it is attached. When the safety
pin is pulled with the safety lever cocked in
safety position by the spring loaded trigger, the
trigger must be in the vertical position. The
flare is fired when the trigger is thrown out of
the vertical position, either by a pull on the trip
wire sending it one way, or a cutting of the
wire allowing the spring to go the other way,
releasing the safety lever. The flare burns with
approximately 40,000 candlepower.
Operation
131. Trip Flare M49 is mounted on a stake,
post, or tree, to the right of the field or area to
be illuminated, when looking toward the
enemy. It is mounted between 15 and 18 inches
from the ground by placing three nails in the
post, stake, or tree, and leaving the nail heads
extended so that they will fit into the keyhole
slots in the mounting plate. Then take the
following steps:
approximately 40 feet to the right and 15 to 18
inches above ground when facing the flare.
the flare and rotate the trigger
counterclockwise against the spring, until the
thumb nut is down at six o'clock and the finger
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(b) The housing of the flare should be carefully at the other end of the trigger restrains the fuze
inspected for tight joints before planting. The lever.
flare should not be planted in swampy or wet
ground so that moisture seeping into the flare
housing will cause malfunctioning.

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Figure 56.-Hand Illuminating Grenade Mk 1

(c) Pull the trip wire until it does not sag, and
wrap it once around the thumb nut. Then
tighten the thumb nut. At this point the trip
wire should not sag and the trigger should be
vertical. Have the fuze lever restrained by its
upper end, so that it will continue to hold the
lever after the safety pin is withdrawn.
(e) Should it be necessary to remove the flare,
reverse the steps above.
Packing
132. Trip Flare M49 is packed in wood boxes
containing 16 flares, each with three nails and a

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(d) Holding the safety lever with one hand,
carefully withdraw the safety pin from the fuze,
making certain that the trigger will not turn and
fire the flare.
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Storage
133. General rules for the storage of
pyrotechnics as outlined in paragraphs 9 to 12,
inclusive, apply to Trip Flare M49.
Safety Precautions
134. In addition to the operating instructions in
paragraph 131 above, the following safety
precautions should be taken when using or
setting Trip Flare M49:
(a) In regular installations, the safety pin of the
fuze is removed only after the flare is in place
and adjusted so that the trigger restrains the
safety lever.
(b) When used as a hand grenade, the pin may
be removed only while the safety lever is held
restrained by the throwing hand, and care must
be taken to keep the lever restrained until the
flare is thrown.
(c) The incendiary characteristics of Trip Flare
M49 must be continuously borne in mind.
Hand Illuminating Grenade Mk 1
135. Hand Illuminating Grenade Mk 1 is used
for illuminating areas in night operations. It is
similar in size and weight to the fragmentation
hand grenade, and may be fired by hand
launching or throwing, or by rifle or carbine,
provided the small arms are equipped with
Adapter, Grenade Projection, Ml. The hand
illuminating grenade burns for 25 seconds with
approximately 55,000 candlepower. It consists
of two steel cups joined together by force fit
and sealed with Petman Cement to provide
water-proofing.
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45-foot length of olive drab colored trip wire.
Each flare is marked to indicate the type and
model, lot number, manufacturer's initials, and
date loaded.
The upper half of the grenade body contains a
fuze of the Bouchon Type (see Fig. 56) , which
is similar in action to that used in the
fragmentation hand grenade. A safety lever is
held restrained in safety position by a safety
pin, the pin being removed just prior to
launching and while the lever is held firmly
against the side of the body of the grenade. The
body of the grenade is 4.3 inches long and has
a maximum diameter of 2.1 inches. The lower
half contains the illuminating compound and a
charge of black powder, which is ignited by the
primer flash. On release of the safety lever the
delay unit is ignited, and after a delay of seven
seconds the grenade body is blown apart and
the pyrotechnic is ignited.
Hand Operation
136. To launch Hand Illuminating Grenade Mk
1 by hand, hold it firmly in the throwing hand,
with the safety lever firm against the side of the
grenade body. When ready to throw, withdraw
the safety pin with the other hand. Still holding
the safety lever firm against the side of the
grenade body, draw the throwing arm back and
then throw the grenade. The safety lever must
not be released until the grenade leaves the
throwing hand.
Rifle Launching
137. When launching Hand Illuminating
Grenade Mk 1 from a rifle or carbine, care
must be taken to use the proper rifle or carbine
and the prescribed combination of launcher and
cartridge. The following combinations may be
used:
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RIFLE OR CARBINE GRENADE CARTRIDGE

LAUNCHER
Rifle, U. S., Cal. 30, M 1903 and M Launcher M1 Cartridge, Rifle Grenade, Cal. 30,
1903A3 M3.
Rifle, U. S., Cal. 30, M 1917 Launcher M2 Cartridge, Rifle Grenade, Cal. 30,
M3.
Rifle, U. S., Cal. 30, M1 Launcher M7 Cartridge, Rifle Grenade, Cal. 30,
M3.
Carbine, Cal. 30, M1, M1A1, or Launcher M8 Cartridge, Grenade Carbine, Cal.
M1A2 30, M6.

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Figure 57.-Adapter, Launcher, and Cartridge for use with Hand Illuminating Grenade Mk 1
Mod 0

In launching the grenade by rifle or carbine, (e) Close the bolt and aim the rifle or carbine at
take the following steps: the target; then elevate the barrel to` an angle
of 45 degrees and fire.
(a) Place the grenade in the adapter by inserting
the safety lever into the arming cup and forcing (f) It is recommended that the butt of the rifle
the joint bead of the grenade between the claws or grenade be rested on the ground or a suitable
of the adapter, Fig. 57. buttress. Do not fire the rifle from the shoulder
when in the prone position, or in other
(b) Place the adapter, with grenade, on the positions that do not permit the body to move
launcher and position it in accordance with the and absorb the recoil.
desired range; see range table.

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(c) Rotate the adapter on the launcher so that (g) Varying range may be obtained by using a
the safety lever is down or to one side of the positioning clip on the launcher, or on the rifle
sight. or carbine when either of the latter is held at
varying elevation. The following table may be
(d) Open the bolt and insert the cartridge in the used for reference:
magazine, taking care that it is the proper
cartridge for the rifle or carbine to be used.
RANGE IN YARDS ENGAGEMENT ON ELEVATION OF BARREL
LAUNCHER
90 5 rings show 45 degrees
100 4 rings show 45 degrees
115 3 rings show 45 degrees
140 2 rings show 45 degrees
160 1 ring shows 45 degrees
285 0 ring shows 45 degrees

(h) When firing without using the positioning clip, the following table may be used as a guide:

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RANGE IN YARDS ELEVATION OF GRENADE POSITION ON BURSTING

BARREL
205 15 degrees Ground
220 20 degrees Ground
240 25 degrees Ground
260 30 degrees Ground
280 35 degrees 10 feet altitude
285 40 degrees 10 feet altitude
280 45 degrees 20 feet altitude
240 50 degrees 25 feet altitude
215 55 degrees 50 feet altitude
200 60 degrees 75 feet altitude
160 65 degrees 100 feet altitude
115 70 degrees 125 feet altitude

Both the tables above are computed for use
with Rifle, U. S. Cal. 30, M1903 only. At
ranges of less than 160 yards the use of the
positioning clip is recommended, so that the
grenade will burst on or near the ground.
than ten feet from the nearest friendly
personnel.
(b) The pyrotechnic candle burns with a hot
flame and will ignite dry leaves or straw.

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Packing
138. Hand Illuminating Grenade Mk 1 is
packed in an individual bag of laminated
cellophane, heat sealed at both ends so as to be
waterproof. Each such package is then packed
in a mailing tube container. Twenty-five such
containers are shipped in a wood box.
Storage
139. General rules for storing pyrotechnic
ammunition as outlined in paragraphs 9 to 12,
inclusive, apply to Hand Illuminating Grenade
Mk 1. These grenades must be protected from
excess moisture and should not be subjected to
direct rays of the sun. Faulty or deteriorated
grenades should be disposed of as in paragraph
17.
Safety Precautions
140. When using Hand Illuminating Grenade
Mk 1 on soggy or swamp land, it may embed
itself and result in little, if any, illumination.
This is a physical limitation of the item and
should be borne in mind. Other precautions to
be taken with it are as follows:
(a) As the grenade bursts with considerable
force, it must be fired so that it explodes more
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(c) Once the grenade has been inserted in the
adapter, it must not be removed without first
re-inserting the safety cotter pin.
(d) When hand launched, the grenade must be
thrown immediately after the safety cotter pin
is removed.
Grenade, Smoke, White (HC) AN-M8
141. White Smoke Grenade (HC) AN-M8, Fig.
58, designated as above, is used for marking,
signaling or concealing details in tactical
operations on the ground. It is launched by
hand, and two seconds after launching emits
smoke which reaches maximum output in three
seconds and continues for approximately 2.5
minutes. The grenade is a cylindrical container
six inches long and 2.5 inches in diameter. The
fuze, with a safety lever and its safety pin,
protrudes 0.75 inch from the head end. It is
assembled complete as Fuze, Igniting, Grenade
M200A1, which is similar in appearance to a
Bouchon firing mechanism as used on other
pyrotechnic ammunition. A new fuze,
designated as M201, is currently under
procurement, but no attempt must be made to
refuze those grenades already issued.
Operation
142. To operate White Smoke Grenade (HC)
AN-M8, hold it in the throwing hand with the
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Figure 58.-Smoke Grenade (HC) AN–M8 and M18

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safety lever pressed firmly against the side of
the case. Withdraw the safety pin with the other
hand, draw the throwing arm back, and throw.
Do not release the safety lever until the grenade
leaves the throwing hand.
requested when ordering. Instructions for use
of this item are the same as those given in
paragraphs 141 to 145, inclusive. Only a small
quantity of this signal is available.
Grenade, Smoke, Colored, M18

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Packing 147. Colored Smoke Grenade M18, designated

as above, is similar to Colored Smoke Hand
143. White Smoke Grenade (HC) AN–M8 is Grenade M16 in paragraph 146, except that the
packed in an individual moisture-resistant fiber burning time of grenade M18 is reduced to one
container, and 25 such containers are shipped minute. It thus produces a larger and denser
in a wood box. The grenade is painted gray and cloud of smoke than the Grenade M16.
is marked in yellow on one band, showing Grenade M18 is designed to supersede Grenade
"HC" which is the type of smoke, and the word M16 eventually. Instructions for use are the
"SMOKE" to indicate the effect. same as those for White Smoke Hand Grenade
(HC) AN–M8, as described in paragraphs 141
Stowage to 145, inclusive.

144. General rules for the storage of Shell, Illuminating, 60-mm, M83, With Fuze,
pyrotechnic ammunition as outlined in Time (Fixed) M65, (Army Ordnance)
paragraphs 9 to 12, inclusive, apply to White
Smoke Grenade (HC) AN–M8. In stowage 148. The 60-mm Illuminating Shell M83,
aboard ship, however, this item should be designated as above, is used by ground troops
stowed in cool and dry locations above decks, to illuminate objectives beyond the range of
because of the difficulty in combating the other pyrotechnic ammunition. It is fired from
smoke in case of fire. a 60-mm mortar and furnishes 145,000
candlepower from a parachute-borne
Safety Precautions pyrotechnic candle. The shell is 14.28 inches in
length, 2.33 inches in diameter, weighs 3.7
145. In using White Smoke Grenade (HC) AN– pounds, and has four fins spaced about a
M8, the following safety measures should be hollow tail stem which contains the initial
taken: ignition charge and primer. Nested in the four
fins are pellets of propelling increments in
(a) The safety lever must not be released until bundles of square powder flake. See Fig. 59.
actual ignition is desired. The delay after the The escape of gases generated by the initiating
release of the safety lever is only two seconds. and propelling charges is provided by 16 vent
holes. The Fixed Time Fuze M65 in the nose of
(b) The grenade may be thrown with a full arm the shell functions approximately 14 seconds
swing, or it may be placed on the ground. It after the shell leaves the mortar. It expels the
should never be put within five feet of other candle and parachute, igniting the candle at the
inflammable material. same time. The time fuze is held in safety
position by a pull-ring safety pin, which is
(c) All personnel should remain more than five withdrawn immediately before loading it in the
feet from the grenade as it ignites and emits its muzzle of the mortar.
smoke. The smoke, though harmless, is
evolved with considerable force and with a Operation
tendency to give off hot particles of residue.
149. When ready to fire the 60-mm
Grenade, Smoke, Colored, M16 Illuminating Shell M83, the safety pin is pulled
and the shell dropped fins first down the
146. Colored Smoke Grenade M16, designated muzzle of the mortar. The loader must
as above, is similar to White Smoke Grenade withdraw his hands and immediately step back,
(HC) AN–M8, except that it emits colored as the shell slides
smoke. It is available in RED, YELLOW,
GREEN or VIOLET colors, and the color

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should be

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Figure 59.-Illuminating Shell M83

81

down the mortar barrel by gravity and strikes to 12, inclusive, apply to 60-mm Illuminating

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the firing pin to ignite the propelling charge. At Shell M83. Misfired or deteriorated shells
the instant of firing, a setback element in the should be disposed of as detailed in paragraph
fuze ignites the black powder time train in the 17.
nose of the shell. This burns for 14 seconds and
then ignites the expelling charge, dividing the Safety Precautions
shell and ejecting and igniting the pyrotechnic
candle suspended on its parachute. The candle 152. In firing 60-mm Illuminating Shell M83,
burns for 25 seconds and descends at a rate of the following safety measures must be taken:
about ten feet per second. The ballistic
properties of the illuminating shell are (a) The safety pin in the fuze is to be removed
markedly different from those of the standard only as the shell is loaded into the mortar and
60-mm service shell. The illuminating shell at no other time. Should the round misfire and
will thus not illuminate the target of the high the shell be removed from the mortar, the
explosive shell used in the same mortar at the safety pin must be replaced immediately.
same elevation.
(b) The shear wire just beneath the safety pin
Packing must not be disturbed. This fine wire passes
through the fuze and has its ends twisted on the
150. 60-mm Illuminating Shell M83 is packed outside. If the wire is broken or missing, the
in individual fiber containers. Six containers round should be discarded.
are packed in one outer container, and three
outer containers are shipped together, totaling (c) Not more than the four propelling
18 rounds per bundle. Each shell is painted increments are to be used under any
gray and is marked in black to indicate the type circumstances.
and model, the mortar from which it is to be
fired, the filler, and the lot number. The fuze Signals, Ground (Army Ordnance)
flange on each shell is stamped to indicate the
type and model, the manufacturer's symbol, the153. The variety of ground signals used in
lot number, and the date of loading. Naval pyrotechnics produce signal stars
(parachute borne), clusters of five stars which
Storage fall free, and other special effects. Each signal
consists of a cylindrical signal case six inches
151. General rules for the storage of long and 1.6 inches in diameter, equipped with
pyrotechnic ammunition as given in paragraphs a tail and fins to stabilize it in flight. They
9

Figure 60.-Signal, Ground, White Star, Parachute, M17

Figure 61.-Signal, Ground, White Star, Parachute, M17A1

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are fired from a ground signal projector or a (e) Ground Signal M21 produces a parachute-
rifle grenade launcher, and the proper firing borne AMBER star of 4,000 candlepower for
mechanism must be used with each signal. The 20 to 30 seconds. The tail is painted YELLOW
signal is projected to about 600 feet altitude, and embossed with the letters "AP", indicating
where the expelling charge ignites and ejects an AMBER parachute load.
the signal contained in the cylindrical case. A
time fuze, with a delay of six seconds, is (f) Ground Signal M22 produces five free-
provided so that the case may attain the altitude falling AMBER stars in cluster, each star
as the expelling charge ignites. Signals are of burning for five to seven seconds with 2,000
two types, one for use with Ground Signal candlepower. The tail is painted YELLOW and
Projectors M3 and M4, and one for use with embossed with the letters "AS", to indicate an
service rifles or carbines equipped with the AMBER star cluster load.
proper grenade launchers. The firing
mechanism for each type will be found Projector, Signal, Ground, M3 and M4
following the description of the type.
155. Ground Signal Projectors M3 and M4,
Signal, Ground, Series M17 to M22 resemble small mortars in that they consist of
open-end tubes, with closing caps at the
154. Ground Signal M17 to M22, inclusive, is opposite ends that hold a firing pin which
shown in Figs. 60 and 61. Each signal is for use ignites the primer of the ground signal when
with Ground Signal Projectors M3 and M4. the mortar is struck against the ground. The
The signal is nine inches long, including the signal is inverted and loaded into the muzzle of
tail assembly on which the initials indicating the projector. Leaving the projector tail first,
the content of the six-inch body are embossed. the signal reverses itself after attaining about
The expelling charge within the body ignites 100 feet altitude. It then proceeds nose first
and ejects the pyrotechnic approximately six until it reaches an altitude of 600 feet, where
seconds after it is fired. The signal list and the expelling charge ejects and ignites the
marking for the series is as follows: contents of the signal body.

(a) Ground Signal M17 produces a parachute-
borne WHITE star of 20,000 candlepower for
20 to 30 seconds. The tail vanes are painted
WHITE and embossed with the letters "WP",
indicating a white star parachute load.
(b) Ground Signal M18 produces five freely
falling WHITE stars in cluster, each star of
18,000 candlepower. The cluster burns for five
to seven seconds. The tail vanes are painted
WHITE and are embossed with the letters
"WS", indicating a white star cluster loading.
(c) Ground Signal M19 produces a parachute-
borne GREEN star of 5,000 candlepower
which burns for 20 to 30 seconds. The tail is
painted GREEN and is embossed with the
Signal, Ground, Series M17A1 to M22A1
and Series M17A1B2 to M22A1B2, Inclusive
156. Ground Signals of Series M17A1 to
M22A1 and of Series M17A1B2 to M22A1B2,
inclusive, are respectively designed to produce
the same signals as those of Series M17 to
M22, inclusive. However, they are for use with
rifles or carbines equipped with appropriate
grenade launchers; so the proper firing device
must be used. Both the series of signals are
identical, except that those marked with the last
two letters B2 are of steel construction. Both
these series of signals are 10.4 inches long,
including the tail assemblies, and the hollow
stem supporting the tail is of larger diameter
than the M17 to M22 series. These signals,

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letters "GP", indicating a green star parachute
load.
(d) Ground Signal M20 produces five freely
falling GREEN stars in cluster, each star
burning for five to seven seconds with 7,000
candlepower. The tail is painted GREEN and
embossed with the letters "GS", to indicate a
GREEN star cluster loading.
when launched with the proper devices, rise
nose first to the required altitude, instead of
starting tail first and reversing at 100 feet, as is
the case with series M17 to M22. They are
identified as to type and color by the same code
as series M17 to M22, but the paint and
embossed

83

lettering are on the head of each signal instead to 12, inclusive, apply to ground signals. Faulty
of on the tail vanes. See Fig. 61. Dr deteriorated signals should be disposed of as
detailed in paragraph 17.
Operation With Rifle or Carbine
Safety Precautions
157. Current models of Ground Signals
M17A1 to M22A1 and M17A1B2 to 159. The use of the proper firing mechanism
M22A1B2 are for use with service rifles or for firing ground signals cannot be too fully
carbines equipped with the appropriate model stressed. The following facts must be
grenade launcher. Early lots of the above remembered:
signals contained in the tail a special cartridge
known as CARTRIDGE, RIFLE GRENADE, (a) Use only CARTRIDGE, RIFLE, CAL. 30,
CAL. 30, M3 and are for use with RIFLE, U. S. M3, when firing with RIFLE, U. S., CAL. 30,
M1917, M1903 and Ml. No attempt should be M1917, M1903 or Ml.
made to fire the above signals from CARBINE
CAL. 30, M1 or M1A1, unless the Cartridge (b) Use only CARTRIDGE, GRENADE,
M3 is removed from the tail and replaced with CARBINE, CAL. 30, M6, when firing with
CARTRIDGE, CARBINE, GRENADE, CAL. CARBINE, CAL. 30, M1 or M1A1.
30, M6. This is accomplished by removing the
cork and clip from the tail of the signal and (c) In handling signals, the primers should be
substituting the cartridge M6 for the original protected against sharp blows or from contact
Cartridge M3. In more recent lots the signals with sharp instruments which might cause them
are packed in assortment. The assortment to fire.
includes 48 signals in a wood box, which also
contains 50 Cartridges M3 for use with the (d) Discard signals with dented or cracked
Rifle M1917, M1903 or Ml, and 50 Carbine cases, and with bent or deformed fins and tail
Grenade Cartridges M6, for use with Carbines supports.
M1 and M1A1. When the special cartridge is
fired, it ignites the propelling charge in the (e) When firing, care must be taken to keep all
signal, which is reduced to compensate for the personnel clear of the muzzle of the projector,
cartridge charge. The combined charge in the rifle, or carbine and below the level of the
cartridge and signal then projects the signal signal when it is placed on the launcher. Care
head first to the required altitude. must also be taken to aim the signal so that it,
or its parts, will not fall on friendly personnel
With the proper cartridge and grenade launcher or ammunition stores. Where practicable, some
the following steps should be taken to fire measure of cover should be taken to avoid
Ground Signals M17A1 to M22A1 and their

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counterparts of series M17A1B2 to M22A1B2: falling signal cases.

(a) Unseal the fiber container and examine the Pistol Rocket Signal Mk 1 Mod 2
signal to see that the case is not dented and that
the tail is straight and attached firmly to the 160. Pistol Rocket Signal Mk 1 Mod 2 is
case. similar in construction to Pistol Rocket Signal
Mk 1, Comet, as described under Submarine
(b) Remove the cork and clip from the tail and Pyrotechnics in paragraph 95. Signal Mk 1
place the signal on the launcher. Mod 2 produces a chameleon signal consisting
of three parachute-borne stars which burn
(c) If the signal is of the earlier lots, remove the successively in three colors. Each star burns for
cartridge from the cork assembly and load the approximately seven seconds before the next
rifle. If it is from the newer lot, use the color ignites, resulting in a total burning time
appropriate cartridge, which is separately for the signal of 21 seconds. The signal is fired
packed. from Pyrotechnic Pistol AN-M8, or Submarine
Rocket Pistol Mk 1, full instructions for which
Storage will be found in paragraphs 101 to 105, in the
section on Submarine Pyrotechnics. Fig. 62
158. General rules for the storage of shows a cross section of Pistol Rocket Signal
pyrotechnic ammunition detailed in paragraphs Mk 1 Mod 2.
9

84

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Figure 62.-Pistol Rocket Signal Mk 1

85

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Figure 63.-Pistol Rocket Signal Mk 2

86

Pistol Rocket Signal Mk 2 Mod 1 (Smoke)
161. Pistol Rocket Signal Mk 2 Mod 1, Fig. 63
is a smoke signal used for identification
between ground troops and air forces. It is
instead of the chameleon signal of the Signal
Mk 1 Mod 2. Instructions for firing, and the
details of storage, packing, and safety measures
will be found in the section on Submarine
Pyrotechnics in paragraphs 95, and 101 to 105,

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similar in construction and operation to Pistol covering Pistol Rocket Signal Mk 1, Comet,
Rocket Signal Mk 1 Mod 2 above, except that Pyrotechnic Pistol AN–M8, and the Submarine
it produces a parachute-borne smoke signal Rocket Pistol Mk 1.

Figure 64.-Snowflake Rocket Flare and Projector (British)

87

Chapter 8
MERCHANT SHIP PYROTECHNICS

Description charge. The tube is fitted into a base plate

162. Merchant Ship Pyrotechnics include
snowflake rocket flares, marine-type rockets,
and pistol rocket signals. Descriptions of the
items and instructions for use, details of
packing, and safety precautions for each are
given in the following paragraphs.
Snowflake Rocket Flare
163. Snowflake Rocket Flares, Fig. 64, are of
which is secured to the deck at an angle, to
insure a trajectory clear of the ship. The firing
angle also prevents the tube and fin assembly
of the rocket from falling back on deck when
the star and parachute are expelled. The rocket
should be fired into the wind, and on most
ships two projectors are loaded, so that the one
to windward may be used. In order to fire the
snowflake rocket flare, a cartridge is placed in
the breech of the projector and the flare itself is
slid down the tube from the muzzle. The

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British design formerly furnished for
distribution to U. S. merchant ships to provide
illumination for the location of submarines at
night. No distribution is being made at present.
Each flare furnishes some 300,000
candlepower for approximately 65 seconds at
an altitude of 1200 feet, where the flare ignition
takes place. The burning flare descends with
parachute suspension. The flare is projected
from a special projector which is fired either
electrically or by percussion. The rocket
consists of a tube, 36 inches long and 3.3
inches in diameter. It weighs approximately
nine pounds and contains the illuminating
element in the head and a propelling charge
and stabilizing fins at the base. A canvas skirt
extends from the head, part way down the tube.
It protects the flare and the projector, when the
flare is placed in it, from rain or spray. The
skirt is pulled over the outside of the projector,
when loading. The propelling charge is of
black powder, and the illuminating element is a
star of the usual type. After the rocket is fired
from the projector, it rises for about six seconds
before the expelling charge ejects the star and
its supporting parachute. The burning star
descends at the rate of approximately 20 feet
per second.
Operation
164. Snowflake rocket flare is carried loaded in
the special projector provided for it. This
projector, weighing 35 pounds, is a tube, fitted
with a breech-loading device into which a
special cartridge is loaded to ignite the rocket-
propelling
88
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Page 23 of 45
canvas skirt is draped over the muzzle to keep
out rain or spray until the actual firing of the
projector. At the command to fire, a pull on the
lanyard releases a cocked firing pin and fires
the special cartridge in the breech. This ignites
the black powder rocket, which raises the flare
to 1200 feet, where the star and parachute are
ejected and ignited by the expelling charge.
The following maintenance provisions should
be followed:
(a) The Snowflake Rocket Flare should be
wiped along its tube with an oily rag, to insure
a free fit into the projector tube.
(b) When left in the projector tube, the rocket
flare should be raised and lowered in the tube
each day until it is fired.
(c) Alight application of Cooper's or similar
grease is recommended on the rocket, so that it
will not stick in the projector and so that it will
repel rain or spray.
(d) The adhesive tape on the rocket head
should be kept waterproofed by painting if
necessary, and the canvas skirt may also be
painted for waterproofing, particularly at its
joint on the rocket head.
(e) The special cartridge in the projector should
be changed daily to insure positive firing.
(f) Spare snowflake rocket flares should be
inspected to make sure that the tape seal at the
base is not pierced. If pierced, it should be
repaired by gluing on a thin paper patch.
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Figure 65.-Rocket, White, Marine Type, Mk 1 Mod 0

89

Packing by merchant ships. It is a standard shower

rocket and weighs two pounds. It is fired by a

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165. Snowflake rocket flares are packed in
wood boxes containing six flares each. It has
often been found necessary to straighten fins
which have become slightly damaged or bent in
transit, or in removing them from the original
box. This may be done by tapping the fins back
into place. The special percussion cartridges
used with the projector are packed in metal
cans of ten cartridges.
Stowage
166. General rules for the stowage of
pyrotechnic ammunition as detailed in
paragraphs 9 to 12, inclusive, apply to
snowflake rocket flares. Defective or
deteriorated flares should be disposed of as
stated in paragraph 17.
Safety Precautions
167. The following precautions should always
be borne in mind when handling or operating
the projector or snowflake rocket flares:
(a) Snowflake rocket flares always head
upwind on firing. For this reason the windward
projector should be used, if two are aboard the
ship.
(b) Rockets which have been exposed to
weather over long periods should be replaced.
(c) The firing lock of the projectors loaded with 171. General rules for the stowage of
snowflake rocket flares should be left uncocked pyrotechnic ammunition as detailed in
until ready for firing.
(d) Rockets of the snowflake type have been
known to ignite prematurely. The operator
should stand six to eight feet from the projector not punctured.
when firing, and other personnel in the
immediate vicinity should take reasonable
cover.
(e) Firing lanyards should be led through tubes essential that the face be kept above and away
and fitted with guards to prevent accidental
firing of the projector, by tripping over the
lanyard.
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Page 25 of 45
quickmatch when the rocket is mounted on a
stave. When it rises to a height of about 250
feet, the shower of approximately 20 white
pellets appears in a burst. The burning time of
the shower is approximately five seconds. The
rocket body is 12 inches long and 1.5 inches in
diameter. Attached to the side of the body is a
socket, four inches long, which takes the rocket
stave, one of which is included in the package
containing the rocket. This stave fits snugly
into the socket and is 48 inches long. The base
of the rocket is sealed with a paper sealing disc,
which covers the end of the quickmatch.
Operation
169. To fire Marine Type White Rocket Mk 1
Mod 0, place the stave in the socket and then
place the assembly in a trough inclined at an
angle of 80 degrees. The paper sealing disc at
the base of the rocket body is then pierced and
a length of the quickmatch is exposed. The
rocket is fired by igniting the quickmatch.
Packing
170. Marine Type White Rockets are packaged
to include the wood stave which supports them
in the inclined position for firing. They are
shipped in containers of 18 units.
Stowage
paragraphs 9 to 12, inclusive, apply to Marine
Type White Rockets Mk 1 Mod 0. In stowage
it is essential that the item be kept dry and that
the paper sealing disc at the base of the body is
Safety Precautions
172. When igniting the quickmatch, it is
from the base of the rocket. It is also important
to have the stave securely positioned in the
inclined trough. Rockets left in firing position
for some time should be covered by day to
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(f) Care must be taken that the cartridges do not protect them from direct sun rays.
get damp. They should be changed daily, and
the retrieved cartridges should be wiped dry
before being stowed away.

Marine Type White Rocket Mk 1 Mod 0

168. Marine Type White Rocket Mk 1 Mod 0,

Fig. 65, is used for emergency signaling
purposes

90

Figure 66.-Pyrotechnic Outfit Mk 2 Mod 0

Pistol Rocket Signal Mk 3 Mod 0 Packing

173. Pistol Rocket Signal Mk 3 Mod 0, Fig. 66,
is a shower signal designed to supersede
Marine Type White Rocket Mk 1 Mod 0. It
may be fired from Pyrotechnic Pistol AN–M8
or Submarine Rocket Pistol Mk 1 Mod 0. The
signal is similar in appearance and construction
to Pistol Rocket Signal Mk 1, Comet. When
fired, Pistol Rocket Signal Mk 3 Mod 0 rises to
a height of 600 feet and in bursting expels
175. Pistol Rocket Signal Mk 3 Mod 0 will be
issued in kit form as described in paragraph
176. Each kit contains two Pyrotechnic Pistols
AN–M8 and 12 signals.
NOTE: This signal is not to be confused with
Pistol Rocket Signal Mk 1 Mod 3, which is
also a shower signal but has two separate bursts

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approximately 60 white pyrotechnic pellets in
shower.
Operation
174. Details for loading and firing pistol rocket
signals will be found in the section on
Submarine Pyrotechnics in paragraphs 101 to
105, covering Pyrotechnic Pistol AN–M8 and
Submarine Rocket Pistol Mk 1 Mod 0.
91
Chapter 9
MISCELLANEOUS PYROTECHNICS
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with a delay of five seconds between bursts.
This signal is not being issued at present and is
not available. Signal Mk 3 Mod 0 produces a
single burst.
Pyrotechnic Outfit Mk 2 Mod 0
176. Pyrotechnic Outfit Mk 2 Mod 0 is now
available. The outfit and contents are shown in
Fig. 66.
Description
177. Several pyrotechnic items are on the
procurement list which do not fall into any of
the foregoing classifications of ships
pyrotechnics, submarine pyrotechnics, etc.
These include such items as high-altitude
flares, mortars, salutes, and target rocket flares,
which will be described hereafter as
miscellaneous pyrotechnics.
High-Altitude Parachute Flare
178. The high-altitude parachute flare, Fig. 67,
is used primarily to illuminate seaplane landing
areas at night, so that incoming seaplanes can
alight on the water within the limits of marked
channels. It is also used to locate island bases
when low ceilings prevent proper visibility
from normal flying levels. The flare is fired
from a mortar, which will be described under
operational paragraph 179. The complete flare
consists of a steel tube, closed at one end by a
copper cup welded to it. The tube is 10.75
inches long and 2.5 inches in diameter. In the
tube are the pyrotechnic candle, of 85,000
candlepower and one minute burning time, a
cloth parachute, and the expelling charge. The
copper cup contains the propelling charge, a
mixture of 25 grams of smokeless powder and
black powder, and the primer and fuze
assembly. The fuze assembly delays the
ignition of the expelling charge until the flare
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Figure 67.-High-Altitude Parachute Flare reaches an altitude of 1,000 feet by the pressure
and Mortar of the propelling charge.

Operation

179. The high-altitude parachute flare is fired

from a special flare mortar, Fig. 67, designed
for this use. The flare mortar is a steel tube
which screws into a base plate, the steel tube
serving as the mortar barrel. This barrel is 36
inches long and 2.8 inches in outside diameter.
The steel base plate is 0.75 inch thick and one
foot square, having four holes drilled for
attachment to a boat deck or to a concrete base
on land. The base plate has a central stud, into
which a hardened steel firing pin is

92

press-fitted. This stud and pin may be removed Safety Precautions

with a socket wrench furnished with the flare
mortar. The base plate is drilled with three vent 182. In operating the flare mortar with the
holes to release air from the barrel and to allow high-altitude parachute flare, the following
the high-altitude parachute flare to drop freely safety measures should be taken:
down the barrel and against the firing pin. A
special barrel wrench is clamped to the lower (a) A suitable barrier should be erected to
end of the barrel and used for removing the shield the firing personnel.
barrel from the base plate so that it may be
cleaned. At the top end of the barrel, six inches (b) The tube of the mortar should be cleaned
from the muzzle, is a transverse pair of holes to each time it is fired.
permit the insertion of a release pin, which is
attached to a 30-foot lanyard. To fire a high- (c) The flare is subject to occasional misfire or
altitude flare from the mortar, take the hangfire. In such cases it is necessary to wait at
following steps: least three minutes before approaching the
mortar. Then the barrel may be unscrewed
(a) Remove the closing cap from the upper end from the base and cleaned. Misfires are
of the barrel, attach the 30-foot lanyard to the sometimes caused by a defective primer or a
release pin, and insert the pin in the transverse weak impact of the primer on the firing pin.
holes. The weak impact may be caused by
sluggishness in the fall of the flare down the
(b) Remove the flare from its container and barrel. In order to correct this, the barrel should
insert it carefully into the muzzle so that it rests be cleaned by swabbing with cloth dipped in
on the release pin with the copper cup end acetone or other solvent. Misfires are also
down. caused by chips of

(c) The flare is fired by pulling the lanyard and

release pin, which allows the flare to drop
sharply down the barrel against the firing pin.
The firing pin ignites the primer, which flashes

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into the propelling charge and ignites the fuze

assembly. When the flare reaches 1,000 feet
altitude, the fuze ignites the expelling charge
and the pyrotechnic candle. As the primer
ignites the propelling charge, it also breaks the
copper cup away from the flare housing. The
cup fills the barrel to form a gas seal.

Packing

180. High-altitude parachute flares are packed

in wood containers of 25 flares each. The flare
mortar is packed in a wood case containing two Figure 6B.-One-Inch Salute
mortars and the following accessories: two
barrel wrenches, eight nuts, eight washers, four copper base cups from previous rounds, which
extra firing pins, two release pins, and two
remain in the bottom of the barrel and prevent
chains.
the next round from striking the firing pin
normally.
Storage
One-inch Salute Mk 1 Mod 0 (also labeled 1
181. General rules for storage of pyrotechnic 1/4-inch Salute Mk 1 Mod 0)
ammunition detailed in paragraphs 9 to 12,
inclusive, apply to high-altitude parachute
183. The One-Inch Salute Mk 1 Mod 0, Fig.
flares. The mortar must be cleaned by 68, has been standardized for use by Marine
disassembly with the furnished tools after each Corps construction battalions and amphibious
use, and may be put into storage when not in training commands. It is used in training to
use.

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Figure 69.-Target Rocket Flare Mk 1 Mod 0

94

simulate actual battle sounds of a loud report Operation

and a bright flash. The One-Inch Salute Mk 1
Mod 0 is 1.75 inches long and 0.75 inch in
diameter. It consists of a spirally wound paper
tube, closed at both ends by strong paper cups
which are pressed on and glued. The tube
186. In order to assemble the flare on the nose
of the target rocket, the following procedure
should be followed:

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contains the salute charge, which is ignited by a (a) Remove the adhesive and the copper cup
1.75-inch length of firecracker fuze inserted
through the side of the tube and sealed with a
suitable adhesive.
Storage
184. General rules for storing pyrotechnic
ammunition detailed in paragraphs 9 to 12,
inclusive, apply to One-Inch Salutes Mk 1 Mod
0.
Target Rocket Flare Mk 1 Mod 0
185. Target Rocket Flare Mk 1 Mod 0, Fig. 69,
is for use attached to the nose of target rockets
and is used together with 3.25-inch target
rocket motors for night practices. The flare
consists of a steel tube in two sections, eight
inches long and 3.25 inches in diameter.
Separated by 0.5 inch, the two sections are held
together by four steel strips welded to each
section. Contained in the lower section of the
tube is a wood spacer, which carries the
pyrotechnic candle. The candle is
approximately three inches long and 1.5 inches
in diameter, resting in a cavity in the wood
spacer and extending to the top of the lower
section of the tube. An electric squib with two
leads is located over the starter composition of
the candle and is covered with kraft paper
through which the lead wires, four feet in
length, extend. The lead wires are attached to
two brass cotter pins and are coiled and fixed in
place between the upper and lower sections of
the steel tube, with the brass cotter pins tied to
one of the connecting strips. For stowage, a
copper cup covers the upper section of the tube
and the space between the upper and lower
sections. It is sealed to the lower section by a
strip of adhesive to prevent moisture absorption
by the pyrotechnic candle. The lowest portion
of the lower section of the steel tube is empty
for a depth of 2.25 inches, at which point the
wood spacer is positioned. This end of the tube
has four slots which are for loading the flare on
the nose of the target rocket.
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from the flare body.
(b) Attach the flare to the nose cap of the target
rocket by forcing it over the steel nose cap until
it seats on the shoulder at the base of the cap.
(c) Detach the brass cotter pins and lead wires
from the connecting strip between the sections
of the flare, pull out the lead wires, and attach
them to the electric cord leading from the
launcher receptacle by means of the brass
cotter pins.
(d) Secure the receptacle box wire so that it
will remain in place as the round leaves the
launcher rail.
Inasmuch as the flare lead wires are attached to
the same receptacle as are the rocket motors,
the flare will ignite and the motor will ignite
simultaneously. As the rocket is ignited, the
electric squib ignites the pyrotechnic candle
and the flame shoots out between the two
sections of the steel tube of the flare. The flare
burns for approximately 25 seconds, with an
average of 8000 candlepower.
Packing
187. Target Rocket Flare Mk 1 is enclosed in a
vinylite bag and packaged in a paper mailing
tube container. Twelve such containers and two
lead wires, for attachment to the receptacle box
in launching, are shipped in a wood case.
Storage
188. General rules for storing pyrotechnic
ammunition detailed in paragraphs 9 to 12,
inclusive, apply to Target Rocket Flare Mk 1.
The copper sealing cap should not be removed
from the flare until immediately prior to
assembling it on the nose of the rocket flare.
Safety Precaution
189. In case of misfire, the target rocket flare
will burn on the nose of the target rocket on the
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launcher for its full 25 seconds. Personnel

should be kept clear of the assembly until the
pyrotechnic burns out.

95

APPENDIX

Table 1-Shipping Data Table

2-Technical Data

96

ASSEMBLY NAME MARK SINGLE ROUND INNER CONTAINER

LENGTH DIAMETER NO. TYPE
RODS
Ships Emergency Ident. Signal 1 5.12 2.50 None None
Ships Emergency Ident. Signal 2 6.374 2.50 None None
Ships Emergency Ident. Signal 3 9.124 2.50 None None
Ships Emergency Ident. Signal 4 5.125 2.50 None None
Depth Charge Marker 1-1 12" 3.5 1 Mailing Tube
Depth Charge Marker 2 7.12 5.0 1 Corrugated
Paper
Signal Light 2 2.43 0.92 10 Corrugated
Paper
250 Corrugated
Paper
Navy Red Lights 1 9.53 1.50 6 Metal Can
12
Navy Blue Lights 1-1 9.53 1.50 6 Metal Can
12
"Abandon Ship" Signal Kit 1 6.51 4.25 None None
Submarine Emer. Ident. Signal 2-2 18.612 3 3/8 None None
Submarine Emer. Ident. Signal 3 18.612 3 3/8 None None
Submarine Emer. Ident. Flare 10 10" 4 1/4" None None
Submarine Emer. Ident. Flare 10-1 10" 4 1/4" None None
Submarine Emer. Ident. Flare 10-2 10" 4 1/4" None None
Submarine Emer. Ident. Flare 11 10" 4 1/4 " None None
Submarine Emer. Ident. Flare 11-1 10" 4 1/4" None None
Submarine Emer. Ident. Flare 11-2 10" 4 1/4" None None
Submarine Emer. Ident. Flare 12 10" 4 1/4" None None

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Submarine Emer. Ident. Flare 12-1 10" 4 1/4" None None

Submarine Emer. Ident. Flare 12-2 10" 4 1/4" None None
Submarine Float Signal 1-l 18.61 3 3/8 None None
Pistol Rocket Signal, Comet 1 14" 1.68 1 Mailing Tube
Float Flare 15 3.2 6.5 1 Mailing Tube
Aircraft Double Star Cartridge 3-3 3.85 1.520 10 Pasteboard
Aircraft Double Star Cartridge AN- 3.02 1.56 6 Pasteboard
M28
Aircraft Double Star Cartridge AN- 3.02 1.56 6 Pasteboard
M29
Aircraft Double Star Cartridge AN- 3.02 1.56 6 Pasteboard
M30
Aircraft Double Star Cartridge AN- 3.02 1.56 6 Pasteboard
M31
Aircraft Double Star Cartridge AN- 3.02 1.56 6 Pasteboard
M32
Aircraft Double Star Cartridge AN- 3.02 1.56 6 Pasteboard
M33
Aircraft Double Star Cartridge AN- 3.85 l.537 12 Pasteboard
M37
Aircraft Double Star Cartridge AN- 3.85 1.537 12 Pasteboard
M38
Aircraft Double Star Cartridge AN- 3.85 1.537 12 Pasteboard
M39
Aircraft Double Star Cartridge AN- 3.85 1.537 12 Pasteboard
M40
Aircraft Double Star Cartridge AN- 3.85 1.537 12 Pasteboard
M41
Aircraft Double Star Cartridge AN- 3.85 1.537 12 Pasteboard
M42
Trip-Wire Flare Mk 1 7.937 4.00 1 Mailing Tube
Trip Flare M48 7.3 5.25 1 Mailing Tube
Trip Flare M49 4. 2.5 None
Hand Illuminating Grenade 1 4.3 2.1 1 Mailing Tube
HC Smoke Grenade AN-M8 5.7 2.4 1 Mailing Tube
Colored Smoke Grenade M16 5.7 2.4 1 Mailing Tube
Colored Smoke Grenade Ml8 5.7 2.4 1 Mailing Tube
Ground Signal Mk17 to Mk22 9 1.63 1 Mailing Tube
White Star Signal Parachute Ml7A1 10.4 1.88 1 Mailing Tube
White Star Signal Cluster M18A1 10.11 1.88 1 Mailing Tube
Green Star Signal Parachute M19A1 10.4 1.88 1 Mailing Tube
Green Star Signal Cluster M20A1 10.l 1.88 1 Mailing Tube
Amber Star Signal Parachute M21Al 10.4 1.88 1 Mailing Tube

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Amber Star Signal Cluster M22A1 10.1 1.88 1 Mailing Tube

Red Star Signal Parachute M51A1 10.4 1.88 1 Mailing Tube
Red Star Signal Cluster M52A1 10.1 1.88 1 Mailing Tube
Shell, Illuminating, 60mm M83 14.2 2.37 1 Mailing Tube
Pistol Rocket Signal, Smoke 2-l 14" 1.68 1 Mailing Tube
British Snowflake Rocket 36" 3 5/16" None
Flare
White Rocket Marine Type ME1 12" 1 1/2" None
High-Altitude Flare 10 3/4" 2 1/2" None
1" Salute Not Available
Target Rocket Flare 1 Not Available

97

PACKING BOX
TOTAL RDS. TYPE DIMENSIONS (IN.) SQ. FT. CU. FT. WT.
12 Wood 8 1/4 x 9 1/2 x 13 1/2 0.9 0.61 21
12 Wood 8 1/4 x 9 1/2 x 13 1/3 0.9 0.61 23
12 Wood 12 3/4 x 9 1/2 x 13 1/2 0.9 0.94 35
12 Wood 8 1/4 x 9 1/2 x 13 1/2 0.9 0.61 21
10 Wood 14 x 23 x 29.5 4.7 5.5 60
10 Pasteboard 25 3/4 x 10 3/4 x 8 2.54 1.65 38.2
1000 Wood 24 x 15 9/16 x 12 3/16 2.53 2.6 96.1
96 Pasteboard 11 x 18 x 18 2.06 2.06 50
144 9 1/2 x 16 x 21 1/2 2.00 53
76 Pasteboard 11 x 18 x 18 2.06 2.06 50
144 9 1/2 x 16 x 21 1/2 2.00 53
16 7 x 18 x 18 1.41 43
25 Wood 20 1/2 x 22 x 19 1/2 2.98 5.1 101
25 Wood 20 1/2 x 22 x 19 1/2 2.98 5.1 101
20 Wood 11 1/2 x 14 3/4 x 23 7/8 2.45 2.35 82
20 Wood 11 1/2 x 14 3/4 x 23 7/8 2.45 2.35 82
20 Wood 11 1/2 x 14 3/4 x 23 7/8 2.45 2.35 82
20 Wood 11 1/2 x 14 3/4 x 23 7/8 2.45 2.35 82
20 Wood 11 1/2 x 14 3/4 x 23 7/8 2.45 2.35 82
20 Wood 11 1/2 x 14 3/4 x 23 7/8 2.45 2.35 82
20 Wood 11 1/2 x 14 3/4 x 23 7/8 2.45 2.35 82
20 Wood 11 1/2 x 14 3/4 x 23 7/8 2.45 2.35 82
20 Wood 11 1/2 x 14 3/4 x 23 7/8 2.45 2.35 82
25 Wood 20 1/2 x 22 x 19 1/2 2.98 5.1 113

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50 Wood 12 x 16 1/4 x 25 3/4 3.0 2.9 85

1 Wood 9 x 9 x 40 1.85 43
200 Wood 19 1/2 x 22 1/2 x 10 3/4 2.95 88
72 Wood 9 x 8 x 18 0.75 36
72 Wood 9 x 8 x 18 0.75 36
72 Wood 9 x 8 x 18 0.75 36
72 Wood 9 x 8 x 18 0.75 36
72 Wood 9 x 8 x 18 0.75 36
72 Wood 9 x 8 x 18 0.75 36
144 Wood 28 1/8 x 13 9/16 x 12 19/32 2.81 87.5
144 Wood 28 1/8 x 13 9/16 x 13 19/32 2.81 87.5
144 Wood 28 1/8 x 13 9/16 x 13 19/32 2.81 87.5
144 Wood 28 1/8 x 13 9/16 x 13 19/32 2.81 87.5
144 Wood 28 1/8 x 13 9/16 x 13 19/32 2.81 87.5
144 Wood 28 1/8 x 13 9/16 x 13 19/32 2.81 87.5
10 Wood Not Available
10 Wood 2.7 x 1.0 x 0.9' 2.94 2.68 88
1.79 x 1.26 x 0.81' 2.25 1.82 59
10 Wood
25 Wood 8 1/2 x 16 1/2 x 18 1/2 1.59 62
25 Wood 8 1/2 x 16 1/2 x 18 1/2 1.59 62
25 Wood 8 1/2 x 16 1/2 x 18 1/2 1.59 62
50 Wood 1.97 x .93 x 1.07' 1.83 1.95 67
50 Wood 2.12 x 1.05 x 1.11' 2.22 2.47 99
50 Wood 2.12 x 1.05 x 1.11' 2.22 2.47 99
50 Wood 2.12 x 1.05 x 1.11' 2.22 2.47 99
50 Wood 2.12 x 1.05 x 1.11' 2.22 2.47 99
50 Wood 2.12 x 1.05 x 1.11' 2.22 2.47 99
50 Wood 2.12 x 1.05 x 1.11' 2.22 2.47 99
50 Wood 2.12 x 1.05 x 1.11' 2.22 2.47 99
50 Wood 2.12 x 1.05 x 1.11' 2.22 2.47 99
88 Metal 2.69 x 1.19 x 1.11' 3.1 3.5 1.12
50 Wood 12 x 16 1/4 x 25 3/4 3.0 2.9 8.5
6 Wood 9 1/2x 12 1/2x 39 1/2 2.72 85
18 Wood 8 x 14 x 23 1.49 35
25 Wood 17 1/4 x 15 3/4 x 13 1.89 118

98

Table 2- Technical Data

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ASSEMBLY MARK ASSEMBLY SPEC. WEIGHT BURNING IGNITION APPROX.

NAME DWG. No. No. (LBS.) TIME DELAY CANDLE-
(SEC.) (SEC.) POWER
Ships Emergency 1 181796 2175 1.1 25±5 4.5 25,000
Identification
Signal
Ships Emergency 2 181797 2175 1.4 5±1 4.5
Identification
Signal
Ships Emergency 3 181798 2175 2.2 25±5 4.5
Identification
Signal
Ships Emergency 4 181796 2175 1.1 29±3 4.5 25,000
Identification
Signal
Depth Charge 1-1 344487 2675 3.5 15
Marker
Depth Charge 2 344505 2825 2.75 55 60 150
Marker
Signal Light Mk 2 2 344512 2703 0.06 6 None 350
Navy Red Lights 1 344438 2660 0.5 150 200
Navy Blue Lights 1-1 344438 2668 0.5 60 250
"Abandon Ship" 1 2604
Signal Kit
Submarine 2-2 163608 573 3.5 13 2.5 15,000
Emergency
Identification
Signal
2604
Submarine 3 163608 573 3.5 13 2.5 15,000
Emergency
Identification
Signal
2604
Submarine 3-1 163608 573 3.5 13 2.5 15,000
Emergency
Identification
Signal
2406
Submarine 10 242003 2404 3 120 None 15,000
Emergency
Identification Flare
2406
Submarine 10-1 242003 2404 3 120 None 20,000
Emergency

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Identification Flare
2404
Submarine 10-2 242003 2406 3 120 None 30,000
Emergency
Identification Flare
2404
Submarine 11 242003 2406 3 55 None
Emergency
Identification Flare
2404
Submarine 11-1 242003 2406 3 55 None
Emergency
Identification Flare
2404
Submarine 11-2 242003 2406 3 55 None
Emergency
Identification Flare
2404
Submarine 12 242003 2406 3 55 None
Emergency
Identification Flare
2404
Submarine 12-1 242003 2406 3 55 None
Emergency
Identification Flare
2404
Submarine 12-2 242003 2406 3 55 None
Emergency
Identification Flare
Submarine Float 1-1 217566 1070 3.5 23 15
Signal
Pistol Rocket 1 344418 2600 1.1 17 45,000
Signal, Comet
Pistol Rocket 2 1.2 21
Signal (Smoke)
Float Flare 15 344565 2901 26 300 300 150,000
Float Flare 15-1 27 Variable
Aircraft Double 3-3 Army Ord. 0.33 7 0 20,000
Star Cartridge
Aircraft Double AN- Army Ord. 0.31 7 0 9,000
Star Cartridge M28
Aircraft Double AN- Army Ord. 0.34 7 0 6,000
Star Cartridge M30
Aircraft Double AN- Army Ord. 0.31 7 0 9,000

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Star Cartridge M31

Aircraft Double AN- Army Ord. 0.32 7 0 9,000
Star Cartridge M32
Aircraft Double AN- Army Ord. 0.32 7 0 6,000
Star Cartridge M33
Aircraft Double AN- Army Ord. 0.35 7 0 25,000
Star Cartridge M37
Aircraft Double AN- Army Ord. 0.42 7 0 12,000
Star Cartridge M38
Aircraft Double AN- Army Ord. 0.35 7 0 20,000
Star Cartridge M39
Aircraft Double AN- Army Ord. 0.39 7 0 25,000
Star Cartridge M40
Aircraft Double AN- Army Ord. 0.39 7 0 20,000
Star Cartridge M42

99

ASSEMBLY MARK ASSEMBLY SPEC. WEIGHT BURNING IGNITION APPROX.

NAME DWG. No. No. (LBS.) TIME DELAY CANDLE-
(SEC.) POWER
2868
Trip-Wire Flare Mk 1 344540 2867 3.5 65 0 55,000
Trip Flare M48 20 3 110,000
Trip Flare M49 60 0 40,000
Hand Illuminating 1 344573 2751 0.60 25 7 50,000
Grenade
HC Smoke AN-M8 Army Ord. 1.75 120-150 2
Grenade
Colored Smoke M16 Army Ord. 1.12 10-150 2
Grenade
Colored Smoke Ml8 Army Ord. 1.1 60 2
Grenade
Ground Signal Mk Mk17- Army Ord. Same as equivalent A1 signals (below)
17 to Mk 22 22
White Star Signal M17A1 Army Ord. 1.04 20-30 6 20,000
Parachute
White Star Signal M18A1 Army Ord. 1.1 5-7 6 18,000
Cluster
Green Star Signal M19A1 Army Ord. 1.02 20-30 6 5,000
Parachute
Green Star Signal M20A1 Army Ord. 1.1 5-7 6 7,000
Cluster

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Amber Star Signal M21A1 Army Ord. 1.0 20-30 6 4,000

Parachute
Amber Star Signal M22A1 Army Ord. 1.06 5-7 6 2,000
Cluster
Red Star Signal M51Al Army Ord. 1.02 20-30 6 20,000
Parachute
Red Star Signal M52A1 Army Ord. 1.09 7 6 35,000
Cluster
Shell, Illuminating, M83 Army Ord. 4.19 15.01 14.4 to 120,000
60-mm. 17.2
British Snowflake British 9 65 6 300,000
White Rocket 1 344475 2673 2 5
Marine Type
High Altitude Int. Flare Co. 5 60 85,000
Flare HAPF-1
1' Salute 344600 3114 0.1 2
Target Rocket 1 344634 3138 1.3 25 0 8,000
Flare

100

DISTRIBUTION

Additional copies of OP 1177 may be obtained by submitting requests on NAVORD FORM

1, ORDNANCE PUBLICATIONS AND FORMS REQUISITION to the nearest Ordnance
Publications Distribution Center: Navy Yard, Wash. 25, D. C.; Adak, Alaska; Mare Island,
Calif.; Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides; Pearl Harbor, T. H.; Manus Island, Admiralty Islands.
Distribution Center mailing addresses should be obtained from the Standard Navy
Distribution List, or from the reverse side of NAVORD FORM 1.

DISTRIBUTION:

Standard Navy Distribution List No. 29

1 copy unless otherwise noted.

1. a-1; 2. a, c-f, h, i, k, m, n, q-u, w; 3. a-g, i, j*, k-r (1), t-yy, aaa-ccc; B3. (5 copies), LIONS,
CUBS, ACORNS; 4. a-f, h, i, j*, k-n, p-rr, tt-yy, aaa, bbb; 5. b (London only); 6. a, c; 7. a-f,
h-1, q-t, x, z, dd, ee; 7. (3 copies), p; 8. a*, b, f, h*, i, n (SPECIAL LIST K, BB), r, u, v, hh;
10. f*, g*, i, j, m*, s, t, u, kk, qq, ss; 10. (50 copies), nn; 11. a (BuShips, BuAer, BuDocks,
CNO, ComdtMarCorps); 12. a, b; 13. f-h, r, x, aa, cc, dd, ee, hh, nn, pp, ww; 14. a-e, g, h, q

* Applicable Addressees.

* U. S. Government Printing Office: 1945-610947-55

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RESTRICTED NAVY DEPARTMENT

BUREAU OF ORDNANCE
WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

To all holders of Ordnance OP 1177 CHANGE 3

Pamphlet 1177 insert change; 9 August 1945
write on cover 'Change 3 2 Pages - Page 1
inserted' Approved by The
Chief of The Bureau of
Ordnance

ORDNANCE PAMPHLET SURFACE

1177 is changed as follows: PYROTECHNICS AND
PROJECTORS

Add the following at the end of Paragraph 64, after the paragraphs already added by Change
1 to O.P. 1177 dated 1 May 1945.

Signal (Distress Day and Night) Mk 13 Mod 0:

The Signal, Mk 13 Mod 0 1s a combination distress signal for use under day or night distress
conditions, or both. Because of its small size it can be carried conveniently in pockets of life-
vests, flight suits or life rafts. It is particularly adapted for use by aircraft pilots downed at
sea.

General: This signal is similar in appearance and operation to the Signal, Distress, Smoke,
Hand, AN Mark 1 Mod 1. Whereas the Signal AN Mark 1 Mod 1 is a smoke signal for use
only under daytime distress conditions, the Signal Mk 13 Mod 0 contains the same orange
smoke canister in addition to a pyrotechnic flare pellet for use under night distress
conditions. The signal consists of a metal cylindrical outer case 5-1/8 inches long and 1-5/8
inches in diameter. Weight of the signal is 6.4 ounces. Both ends of the metal tube are closed
by a soldered cap to which is attached a pull ring for insertion of the index finger. Upon
removal of the soldered closing cap, a brass wire attached to the bottom thereof is pulled
through a small cup coated with a friction igniting composition. This action results in igniting
the pyrotechnic flare or the smoke composition depending on which pull ring is removed.
Smoke emission time is approximately 18 seconds. Flare burning time is 18 to 20 seconds.
Average candle power of the burning flare is 3,000 candles. The soldered caps on both ends
of the signal are covered with a paper cap in order to prevent the possibility of an accidental
pull on the pull rings. These paper caps should be removed sometime before actual use in
order that the pull ring will be readily accessible when desired.

Operation: The signal body carries an illustrated decalcomania which shows in detail the
method of operation. The flare end of the tube (for night use) can be identified by a series of
embossed projections extending around the case approximately 1/4" below the closure.

The following steps should be followed in the operation of this signal:

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(a) Having determined which end of the signal it is desired to use (smoke for day,
flare for night) remove the paper cap which is glued to the signal body. (This cap
should ordinarily be removed before the time of actual use, )

(b) Point signal away from face and give a quick pull on the pull ring which will
come away from the can, thereby igniting the composition.

NOTE; If unable to remove the soldered cap in this manner, bring the pull ring
down over the rim of the can and press down, using the ring as a lever to break the
seal.

(c) Hold signal at arm's length at an angle of about 30° from the horizontal to
prevent the possibility of hot drippings or discharge falling on the hand.

After one end has been used, the signal should immediately be doused in the water in order
to cool the metal parts. The signal should then be retained for use of the opposite end when
required. Each section of the signal is well waterproofed and insulated against transfer of
heat from one section to the other.

Stowage: The Signal, Mk 13 Mod 0 should be stowed in a cool, dry place, in accordance
with standard pyrotechnic stowage rules.

Packing: These signals are shipped from the place of manufacture in wooden boxes
containing 100 signals.

Weight of the box containing the 100 signals is approximately 70 pounds. It is contemplated
that a metal can to carry four (4) Signals, Mk 13 Mod 0 suitable for stowage on life boats,
floater nets etc. will also be made available at a later date.

Safety Precautions:

(a) When igniting the signal, it must be pointed away from the body and face at all
times.

(b) Signals should not be subjected to rough handling.

(c) Never attempt to ignite both ends of the signal at the same time.

(d)If possible, the signal should be doused in water immediately after using one
end, before using the opposite end.

DISTRIBUTION

Requests for additional copies of OP 1177 Ch. 3 should be submitted on NAVORD FORM
1, ORDNANCE PUBLICATIONS AND FORMS REQUISITION, to the nearest Ordnance
Publications Distribution Center: Navy Yard. Wash. 25, D.C.; Adak, Alaska; Mare Island,
Calif.; Pearl Harbor, T.H.; Guam Island, Marianas; Manus Island, Admiralty Islands.
Distribution Center mailing addresses should be obtained from List 10nn of the Standard

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Navy Distribution List, or from the reverse side of NAVORD FORM 1.

Standard Navy Distribution List No. 29 (C) and 32 (R) 1 copy unless otherwise noted.

1.; 2. a, c, d, f, h, i, 1, n, o, r, s, t, u; 3. except kk; B3. (5 copies), LIONS, CUBS, ACORNS;

5. b (London only); 6. a, b, c; 7. a-1, q-t, x, z, dd, ee; 7. (3 copies), p; 8. a*, b, f, 115, 1, n,
(SPECIAL L1STS K, BB), r, u, v, hh; 10. f*, g*, i, j, m*, s, t, u, nn*, qq, ss; 11. (BuShips,
BuAer, BuDocks, CNO, ComdtMarCoris) 12. a, b; 13. a(1), (2), (15), b(1), (5), (6), c(1), (3),
(4), (6), (8), (10); 14, a-e, g, h, q.

* Applicable addressees.

FIG. 1. SIGNAL (DISTRESS DAY AND NIGHT) MK 13 MOD. 0

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RESTRICTED NAVY DEPARTMENT

BUREAU OF ORDNANCE
WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

To all holders of Ordnance OP 1177 CHANGE 4

Pamphlet 1177 insert change; 25 August 1945
write on cover 'Change 4 2 Pages - Page 1
inserted' Approved by The
Chief of The Bureau of
Ordnance

ORDNANCE PAMPHLET SURFACE

1177 is changed as follows: PYROTECHNICS AND
PROJECTORS

After Paragraph 78, add the following:

When firing this signal from the new Hydraulic Type Air-operated Signal Ejector, the
following operating procedure should be followed:

(a) Load the signal in the barrel and push it forward toward the muzzle until the
spring loaded de-tent drops down behind the signal. The detent is located about 9"
from the breech end of the ejector.

(b) The safety pin should not be removed from the signal until the signal has been
pushed into the tube past the detent, and the breech door is about to be closed.

(c) For convenience in removing the safety pin ring, a lanyard may be attached to
the ring prior to loading the signal in the tube.

After Paragraph 79b, add the following:

(c) When firing this signal from the new Hydraulic Type Air-operated Signal
Ejector, the safety pin should not be removed until the signal has been loaded into
the tube to a point beyond the spring detent.

Insert attached page 42a (Figure 30a).

42a

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Figure 30a
SIGNAL (DISTRESS DAY AND NIGHT)
MARK 13 MOD 0

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