F

a
a
D
o
O
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
s
.
c
o
m
Operational Amplifiers 3.5
A
v
v
v
o
i
= =?
(A) -10 (B) 10
(C) -11 (D) 11
A
v
v
v
o
i
= =?
(A) -10 (B) 10
(C) 13.46 (D) -13.46
The input to the circuit in fig. P3.5.3 is
v t
i
=2sin w mV. The current i
o
is
(A) -2sin wt mA (B) -7sin wt mA
(C) -5sin wt mA (D) 0
In circuit shown in fig. P3.5.4, the input voltage v
i
is
0.2 V. The output voltage v
o
is
(A) 6 V (B) -6 V
(C) 8 V (D) -8 V
For the circuit shown in fig. P3.5.5 gain is
A v v
v o i
= = -10. The value of R is
(A) 600 kW (B) 450 kW
(C) 4.5 MW (D) 6 MW
For the op-amp circuit shown in fig. P3.5.6 the
voltage gain A v v
v o i
= is
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v
i
v
o
40 kW
400 kW
R
Fig. P3.5.1
v
i
v
o
40 kW
400 kW
60 kW
Fig. P3.5.2
v
i
v
o
1 kW
10 kW
i
o
4 kW
Fig. P3.5.3
v
i
50 kW
25 kW
150 kW
10 kW
v
o
Fig. P3.5.4
R
v
i
v
o
100 kW
100 kW
100 kW
Fig. P3.5.5
R
v
i
v
o
R R
R R
R
Fig. P3.5.6
F
a
a
D
o
O
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
s
.
c
o
m
(A) -8 (B) 8
(C) -10 (D) 10
For the op-amp shown in fig. P3.5.7 open loop
differential gain is A
od
=10
3
. The output voltage v
o
for
v
i
=2 V is
(A) -1.996 (B) -1.998
(C) -2.004 (D) -2.006
The op-amp of fig. P3.5.8 has a very poor open-loop
voltage gain of 45 but is otherwise ideal. The
closed-loop gain of amplifier is
(A) 20 (B) 4.5
(C) 4 (D) 5
For the circuit shown in fig. P3.5.9 the input voltage
v
i
is 1.5 V. The current i
o
is
(A) -1.5 mA (B) 1.5 mA
(C) -0.75 mA (D) 0.75 mA
In the circuit of fig. P3.5.10 the output voltage v
o
is
(A) 2.67 V (B) -2.67 V
(C) -6.67 V (D) 6.67 V
In the circuit of fig. P3.5.11 the voltage v
i1
is
( sin ) 1 2 + wt mV and v
i2
10 = - mV. The output voltage
v
o
is
(A) - + 0 4 1 . ( sin ) wt mV (B) 0 4 1 . ( sin ) + wt mV
(C) 0 4 1 2 . ( sin ) + wt mV (D) - + 0 4 1 2 . ( sin ) wt mV
For the circuit in fig. P3.5.12 the output voltage is
v
o
=25 . V in response to input voltage v
i
=5 V. The
finite open-loop differential gain of the op-amp is
(A) 5 10
4
(B) 250.5
(C) 2 10
4
(D) 501
v
o
= ?
(A) 34 V (B) -17 V
(C) 32 V (D) -32 V
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183 Operational Amplifiers 3.5
v
i
v
o
100 kW
100 kW
Fig. P3.5.7
v
i
v
o
100 kW
2 kW
Fig. P3.5.8
8 kW
v
i
v
o
6 kW
10 kW
i
o
5 kW
Fig. P3.5.9
20 kW
20 kW
40 kW
60 kW
-1 V
+0.5 V
+2 V
v
o
Fig. P3.5.10
v
i2
v
i1
20 kW
20 kW
1 kW
1 kW
2 kW
v
o
Fig. P3.5.11
v
i
v
o
500 kW
1 kW
Fig. P3.5.12
+18 V
20 kW
40 kW
+15 V
v
o
100 kW
100 kW
Fig. P3.5.13
F
a
a
D
o
O
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
s
.
c
o
m
v
o
= ?
(A) -5.5 V (B) 4.58 V
(C) 5.5 V (D) -4.58 V
A
v
v
v
o
i
= = ?
(A) 5 (B) -5
(C) 6 (D) -6
Statement for Q.1617:
The circuit is as shown in fig. P3.5.1617.
The ideal closed-loop voltage gain is
(A) 1 (B) -1
(C) (D) 50
If open-loop gain is A
od
= 999, then closed-loop gain
is
(A) -0.999 (B) 0.999
(C) 1.001 (D) -1.001
For the circuit shown in fig. P3.5.18 the true
relation is
(A) v v
o o 1 2
= (B) v v
o o 1 2
= -
(C) v v
o o
=2
2
(D) 2
1 2
v v
o o
=
v
o
= ?
(A)
4
3
V (B) -
2
3
V
(C)
2
3
V (D) -
4
3
V
v
o
= ?
(A) -12 V (B) 12 V
(C) -18 V (D) 18 V
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3.5 Operational Amplifiers 184
+10 V
60 kW
20 kW
30 kW
+15 V
v
o
100 kW
20 kW
Fig. P3.5.14
R
R
R
v
i
v
o
R
R
Fig. P3.5.15
1 kW
v
i
v
o
50 kW
Fig. P3.5.1617
1 kW
10 kW
v
i
v
o1
R
R
v
o2
Fig. P3.5.18
1 kW
2 kW
R
3 kW 4 kW
12 V v
o
Fig. P3.5.20
10 kW
10 kW
48 kW
6 kW
5 kW
+6 V
v
o
Fig. P3.5.19
F
a
a
D
o
O
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
s
.
c
o
m
v
o
= ?
(A) -30V (B) 18V
(C) -18V (D) 28V
v
o
= ?
(A) 4 V (B) -4 V
(C) 5 V (D) -5 V
i
o
= ?
(A) 12 mA (B) 8.5 mA
(C) 6 mA (D) 7.5 mA
v
o
= ?
(A) -7.5 V (B) 7.5 V
(C) 8 V (D) -8 V
A
v
v v
vd
o
=
-
=
( )
1 2
?
(A) 8 (B) -6
(C) 6 (D) -8
v
o
= ?
(A) 6 V (B) -6 V
(C) -10 V (D) 10 V
A
v
v
v
o
i
= = ?
(A) 15.8 (B) -10
(C) -17.4 (D) -8
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185 Operational Amplifiers 3.5
4 kW
2 V
0.1 mA
v
o
8 kW
2 kW
Fig. P3.5.21
5 V
0.1 mA
v
o
10 kW
20 kW
Fig. P3.5.22
2m A 12 V
4 kW
3 kW
i
o
6 kW
Fig. P3.5.23
2.5 V
8 kW
4 kW
v
o
6 kW
6 kW
Fig. P3.5.24
4 kW
2 kW
+
-
v
1
v
2
v
o
6 kW
Fig. 3.5.25
v
o
3 kW
3 kW
6 V
2 kW
1
2
Fig. 3.5.26
2 kW
3 kW
v
o
v
i
1 kW
1 kW
Fig. P3.5.27
F
a
a
D
o
O
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
s
.
c
o
m
For the circuit shown in fig. P3.5.28 the input
resistance is
(A) 38 kW (B) 17 kW
(C) 25 kW (D) 47 kW
In the circuit of fig. P3.5.29 the op-amp slew rate is
SR =05 . V s m . If the amplitude of input signal is 0.02
V, then the maximum frequency that may be used is
(A) 0.55 10
6
rad/s (B) 0.55 rad/s
(C) 1.1 10
6
rad/s (D) 1.1 rad/s
In the circuit of fig. P3.5.30 the input offset voltage
and input offset current are V
io
= 4 mV and I
io
=150
nA. The total output offset voltage is
(A) 479 mV (B) 234 mV
(C) 168 mV (D) 116 mV
i
o
= ?
(A) -18 A (B) 18 A
(C) -36 A (D) 36 A
Statement for Q.3233:
Consider the circuit shown below
If v
i
=2 V, then output v
o
is
(A) 4 V (B) -4 V
(C) 3 V (D) -3 V
If v
i
= -2 V, then output v
o
is
(A) -6 V (B) 6 V
(C) -3 V (D) 3 V
v t
o
( ) = ?
(A) e u t
t
-
10
( ) V (B) -
-
e u t
t
10
( ) V
(C) e u t
t
-
1 6 .
( ) V (D) -
-
e u t
t
1 6 .
( ) V
The circuit shown in fig. P3.5.35 is at steady state
before the switch opens at t =0. The voltage v t
C
( ) for
t >0 is
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3.5 Operational Amplifiers 186
v
i
v
o
10 kW
240 kW
Fig. P3.5.29
v
i
v
o
5 kW
5 kW
500 kW
Fig. P3.5.30
i
s
2 kW
10 kW
4 kW
Fig. P3.5.28
6 A
2 kW
6 kW
2 kW
v
o
i
o
Fig. S3.5.31
D
1
D
2
v
i
v
o
2 kW
6 kW
3 kW
Fig. P3.5.3233
5 ( ) mA u t 250 W 1 kW
50 W
8 mF v
o
Fig. P3.5.34
F
a
a
D
o
O
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
s
.
c
o
m
(A) 10 5
12 5
-
-
e
t .
V (B) 5 5
12 5
+
-
e
t .
V
(C) 5 5
12 5
+
-
e
t
.
V (D) 10 5
12 5
-
-
e
t
.
V
The LED in the circuit of fig. P3.5.36 will be on if v
i
is
(A) >10 V (B) <10 V
(C) >5 V (D) <5 V
In the circuit of fig. P3.5.37 the CMRR of the
op-amp is 60 dB. The magnitude of the v
o
is
(A) 1 mV (B) 100 mV
(C) 200 mV (D) 2 mV
The analog multiplier X of fig. P.3.5.38 has the
characteristics v v v
p
=
1 2
. The output of this circuit is
(A) v v
s ss
(B) -v v
s ss
(C) -
v
v
s
ss
(D)
v
v
s
ss
If the input to the ideal comparator shown in fig.
P3.5.39 is a sinusoidal signal of 8 V (peak to peak)
without any DC component, then the output of the
comparator has a duty cycle of
(A)
1
2
(B)
1
3
(C)
1
6
(D)
1
12
In the op-amp circuit given in fig. P3.5.40 the load
current i
L
is
(A) -
v
R
s
2
(B)
v
R
s
2
(C) -
v
R
s
L
(D)
v
R
s
L
In the circuit of fig. P3.5.41 output voltage is | | v
o
=1
V for a certain set of w, R, an C. The | | v
o
will be 2 V if
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187 Operational Amplifiers 3.5
v
C
4 F m
+
-
5 V
20 kW
20 kW
20 kW
t=0
Fig. P3.5.35
470W
v
i
+10 V
10 kW
10 kW
Fig. P3.5.36
R
R
R
R
2 V
v
o
1 kW
1 kW
100 kW
100 kW
Fig. P3.5.37
v
ss
v
s
R
v
o
10 kW
X
Fig. P3.5.38
V
ref
= 2 V
Input
Output
Fig. P3.5.39
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
2
I
L
R
L
v
s
Fig. P3.5.40
F
a
a
D
o
O
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
s
.
c
o
m
(A) w is doubled (B) w is halved
(C) R is doubled (D) None of the above
In the filter circuit of fig. P3.5.42. the 3 dB cutoff
frequency is
(A) 10 kHz (B) 1.59 kHz
(C) 354 Hz (D) 689 Hz
The phase shift oscillator of fig. P3.5.43 operate at
f = 80 kHz. The value of resistance R
F
is
(A) 148 kW (B) 236 kW
(C) 438 kW (D) 814 kW
The value of C required for sinusoidal oscillation of
frequency 1 kHz in the circuit of fig. P3.5.44 is
(A)
1
2p
mF (B) 2p mF
(C)
1
2 6 p
mF (D) 2 6 p mF
In the circuit shown in fig. P3.5.45 the op-amp is
ideal. If b
F
= 60, then the total current supplied by the
15 V source is
(A) 123.1 mA (B) 98.3 mA
(C) 49.4 mA (D) 168 mA
In the circuit in fig. P3.5.46 both transistor Q
1
and
Q
2
are identical. The output voltage at T = 300 K is
(A) 2
10
2
1
1
2
log
v
v
R
R

(B) log
10
2
1
1
2
v
v
R
R

(C) 2.303 log

10
2
1
1
2
v
v
R
R

(D) 4.605 log

10
2
1
1
2
v
v
R
R

In the op-amp series regulator circuit of fig.

P8.3.47 V
z
= 62 . V, V
BE
=07 . V and b = 60. The output
voltage v
o
is
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3.5 Operational Amplifiers 188
100 pF
R
R R
R
F
v
o
100 pF 100 pF
Fig. P3.5.43
R
1
R
1
R
C
v
o
v = t
i
sin V w
Fig. P3.5.41
50 nF
v
i
v
o
6 kW
3 kW
Fig. P3.5.42
2.1 kW
C
C
1 kW
1 kW
1 kW
Fig. P3.5.44
47 kW
+15 V
100 W
V
z
= 5 V
v
o
Fig. P3.5.45
333 kW
333 kW
v
1
R
1
v
2
R
2
20 kW
20 kW
v
o
Fig. P3.5.46
F
a
a
D
o
O
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
s
.
c
o
m
(A) 35.8 V (B) 24.8 V
(C) 29.8 V (D) None of the above
*******
Solutions
(A) This is inverting amplifier
A
R
R
v
F
= - = - = -
1
400
40
10
(A) The noninverting terminal is at ground level.
Thus inverting terminal is also at virtual ground.
There will not be any current in 60 kW.
A
v
= - = -
400
40
10
(B) v t
o
= -
10
1
2 ( sin ) w mV = -20sin wt mV
i
v
t
L
o
= = -
4
5
k
sin w mA
i i
t
t
i 1
2
1
2 = = =
sin
sin
w
w
k
mA
i i i
o L
= -
1
= - - 5 2 sin sin w w t t = -7sin wt mA
(A) Gain of first stage A
v1
50
10
5 = - = -
Gain of second stage A
v2
150
25
6 = - = -
Total gain A A A
v v v
= =
1 2
30, v
o
= = 30 02 6 . V
(B) Let v
x
be the node voltage
v
R
v v v
x x x o
+ +
-
=
100 100
0 v v
R
o x
=
+

2 100

0
100
0
0
-
+
-
=
v v
R
i x
v
R
v
x i
= -
100
,
v
v
R
R
o
i
= - +

= -
100
2
100
10
2 100 1000 R + = - , R = 450 kW
(A)
0 0
0
1
-
+
-
=
v
R
v
R
i
, v v
i 1
= -
v
R
v v
R
v
R
1 1 2 1
0
0
-
+
-
+ = , 3
1 2
v v = , v v
i 2
3 = -
v v
R
v
R
v v
R
o 2 1 2 2
0
-
+ +
-
=
- + - - = 3 3 3 v v v v v
i i i i o

v
v
o
i
= -8
(A) i
v v
i
1
1
100
=
-
k
i
v v
o
2
1
100
=
-
k
, i i
1 2
= , v v v v
o i 1 1
- = -
2
1
v v v
o i
- = , v A v
o od
= -
1
v
v
A
o
od
1
= - = - =
2v
A
v v
o
od
o i
v
v
A
o
i
od
=
+

1
1
2
v
o
= -
+
= -
-
2
1 2 10
1996
3
( )
.
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189 Operational Amplifiers 3.5
v
i
v
o
1 kW
10 kW
i
o
4 kW
i
L
i
1
i
i
Fig. S3.5.3
+36 V
v
o
1 kW
30 kW
10 kW
Fig. P3.5.47
R v
1
v
2
v
i
v
o
R R
R R
R
Fig. S3.5.6
v
1
i
1
i
2
v
i
v
o
100 kW
100 kW
Fig. S3.5.7
F
a
a
D
o
O
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
s
.
c
o
m
(B) A closed loop gain A
v
v
A
A
CL
o
i
od
od
= =
+ 1 b
b =
+
=
2
8 2
02
k
k k
.
A
CL
=
+
=
45
1 45 02
45
( )( . )
.
(C) i
1
15
6
025 = =
.
.
k
mA, i i
1 2
=
v i
o
= - = - 10 25
2
k . V, i i i
o L 2
+ =
025
25
5
.
.
m
k
+ = - i
o
, i
o
= -075 . mA
(B) This is summing amplifier
v
o
= - - +

80
05
20
1
40
2
60
.
= -2.67 V
(B) Output of first op-amp v v
o i 1 1
20
2
= -
= - + 10 1 2 ( sin ) wt mV
The second stage is summing amplifier
v
t
o
= -
- +
-

20
10 1 2
1
10
1
( sin ) w
mV
= + 0 4 1 . ( sin ) wt mV
(B) v
v
i
+
=
+ 500 1
, v
A v
o
od i
=
501
( . )( ) ( ) 25 501 5 = A
od
, A
od
=2505 .
(A) v
+
=

+
+

+
=
18 40
20 40
15 20
20 40
17 V
v v
o
= +

=
+
1
100
100
34
k
k
V
(C)
v v v
+ + +
+
-
+
-
=
30
10
60
15
20
0
v
+
= + =
1
6
3
4
11
12
v v
o
= +

+
1
100
20
= + =
11
12
1 5 55 ( ) . V
(A) v v v
i + -
= =
let v
1
be the node voltage of T network
v
R
v v
R
- -
+
-
=
1
0 v v v
i 1
2 2 = =
-
v v
R
v
R
v v
R
o 1 1 1
0
-
+ +
-
=
-
3
1
v v v
o
= +
-
,
6v v v
i i o
= +
v
v
o
i
=5
(A) v v
i +
= , v v v
i o -
= = ,
v
v
o
i
=1
(B) v v
i +
= , v v
o -
=
A v v v
od i o o
( ) - =
A
od
=999
v
v
A
A
o
i
od
od
=
+
=
+
=
1
999
1 999
0999 .
(B) At second stage input to both op-amp circuit is
same. The upper op-amp circuit is buffer having gain
A
v
=1. Lower op-amp circuit is inverting amplifier
having gain A
R
R
v
= - = -1. Therefore v v
o o 1 2
= - .
(A) v
+
=

+
=
6 6
48 6
2
3
V, v v
o
= +

+
1
10
10
=
4
3
V
(A) Applying KVL to loop,
12 3 2
1 1
= + k k i i i
1
2 4 = . mA , i i
o
= =
1
2 4 . mA
i i
2 1
2 4 = - = - . mA
v i
o
= = -
2
1 2 4 ( ) . k V
v v i
o a o
= - ( ) 4k = - - = - 2 4 2 4 4 12 . ( . )( ) V
(A) v
v
o
1
4
4 8
12 8
4 8
=
+
+
+
( ) ( )
, v
+
= -2 V, v v
+ -
=
v
o
3
8 2 + = - , v
o
= -30 V
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3.5 Operational Amplifiers 190
8 kW
v
i
v
o
6 kW
10 kW
i
o
i
L
i
2
i
1
5 kW
Fig. S3.5.9
i
1
v
a
i
o
i
2
1 kW
2 kW
R
3 kW 4 kW
12 V v
o
Fig. S3.5.20
F
a
a
D
o
O
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
s
.
c
o
m
(A) v v
+ -
= = 5 V ,
v v
o +
-
=
10
01
k
. mA
v v
o +
- =1 , 5 1 - = v
o
, v
o
= 4 V
(D) v v
+ -
= =0, i
1
12
4
3 = =
k
mA
i
2
3 2 5 = + = mA, v
o
= - = - ( )( ) 5 3 15 V
i i i
o L 2
= + , 5
15
6
= +
-
i
o
, i
o
=75 . mA
(B)v v
+ -
= = 25 . V ,
v
o
( )
.
4
8 4
25
+
= v
o
=75 . V
(C) v v v
1 1 1 + -
= = , v v v
2 2 2 + -
= =
Current through 2 kW resistor
i
v v v v
=
-
=
-
- 1 2 1 2
2 2 k k
v i
o
= + + ( ) 6 2 4 k k k =
- ( )
( )
v v
1 2
2
12
k
k
v
v v
A
o
vd
1 2
6
-
= =
(C) v v
2 2
0
+ -
= = V, current through 6 V source
i = =
6
3
2
k
mA, v
o
= - + 2 3 2 m k k ( ) = -10 V
(D) v
v v
o o
+
=
+
=
( ) 1
1 3 4
, v
v v
i o
-
=
+
+
+
( ) ( ) 2
2 1
1
2 1
v v
+ -
= ,
v v v
o o i
4 3
2
3
= + ,
v
v
o
i
= -8
(B) Since op-amp is ideal
v v
- +
= , 2 4
1
k k i i
s
= i i
s
=2
1
v i i
s s
= + 2 10
2
k k
i i i
s 2 1
= + , v i i i
s s s
= + + 2 10
1
k k( ), i
i
s
1
2
=
v i i
i
s s s
s
= + +

2 10
2
k k
v
i
R
s
s
in
= = 17k
(C) Closed loop gain A
R
R
F
=

= =
1
240
10
24
k
k
The maximum output voltage v
om
= = 24 002 0 48 . . V
w
m
= =
SR
v
om
05
0 48
11 10
6
. /
.
. rad/s
(A) The offset due to V
io
is v
R
R
V
o io
= +

1
1
1
= +

= 1
500
5
4 404 m mV
Due to I
io
, v R I
o F io
= = = ( )( ) 500 150 75 k n mV
Total offset voltage v
o
= + = 404 75 479 mV
(A) 6
6
=
-v
o
k
, i
v
o
o
= - + 6
3k
i
o
= - +
-
= - 6
6 6
3
18
( ) k
k
A.
(B) If v
i
>0, then v D
o
<0
1
, blocks and D
2
conducts
A
v
= - = -
6
3
2
k
k
v
o
= - = - ( )( ) 2 2 4 V
(D) If v
i
<0, then v
o
>0, D
2
blocks and D
1
conduct
A
v
= - = -
3
2
15
k
k
. , v
o
= - - = ( )( . ) 2 15 3 V
(A) Voltage follower v v v
o
= =
- +
v
+
+
= = ( ) ( || ) 0 5 250 1000 1 m V, v
+
= ( ) 0
t = + = 8 1000 250 10 m( ) s
(A) v v
c c
( ) ( ) 0 5 0 5
- +
= = = V V
For t >0 the equivalent circuit is shown in fig. S3.5.35
t m = = 20 4 008 k . s
v e
c
t
= + -
-
10 5 10
0 08
( )
.
= -
-
10 5
12 5
e
t .
V for t >0
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191 Operational Amplifiers 3.5
2 mA 12 V
v
o
4 kW
3 kW
i
o
6 kW
i
L
i
1
i
2
Fig. S3.5.23
i
s
2 kW
10 kW
i
1
i
2
i
s
4 kW
Fig. S3.5.28
20 kW
4 F m 10 V
v
C

+
Fig. S3.5.35
F
a
a
D
o
O
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
s
.
c
o
m
(C) v
-
=
+
=
( )( ) 10 10
10 10
5
k
k k
V
When v
+
>5 V, output will be positive and LED will be
on. Hence (C) is correct.
(B) v
R
R
+
= = ( ) 2
2
1 V, v
R
R
-
= = ( ) 2
2
1 V, v
d
=0
V
v v
CM
=
+
=
+ -
2
1, v
R V
CMRR
o
F CM
=
1
CMRR = = 60 10
3
dB , v
o
= =
100
1
1
10
100
3
mV
(C) v v
+ -
= = 0 ,
Let output of analog multiplier be v
p
.
v
R
v
R
s
p
= - v v
s p
= - , v v v
p ss o
=
v v v
s ss o
= - , v
v
v
o
s
ss
= -
(B) When v
i
>2 V, output is positive. When v
i
<2 V,
output is negative.
Duty cycle =
T
T
ON
=
-
5
6 6
2
p p
p
=
1
3
(A)
v v
R
v v
R
s o
-
=
-
- -
1 1
2
1
v v v
s o
= +
v
R
v
R
v v
R
L
o + + +
+ +
-
=
2 2
0 v
R
R
v
o
L
= +

+
2
2
2 2
2
v v
R
R
v
s
L
- +
= + +

, v v
- +
=
0
2
= +
+
v
R
R
v
s
L
v
R
R
v
L
s +
= -
2
, i
v
R
L
L
=
+
, i
v
R
L
s
= -
2
(D) This is a all pass circuit
v
v
H j
j RC
j RC
o
i
= =
-
+
( ) w
w
w
1
1
, | | H j
R C
RC
( )
( )
( )
w
w
w
=
+
+
=
1
1
1
2 2
2
Thus when w and R is changed, the transfer function
is unchanged.
(B) Let R
1
3 = kW , R
2
6 = kW , C =50 nF
v
R
sC
v v
R
i i o
1
2
1
0
||

+
-
=
v
R
sR C
v
R
v
R
i i o
1
1
2 2
1 +

+ =
v
R
R
sR C v
i o
2
1
1
1 1 ( ) + +

=
[ ]
v
R
R R sR R C v
i
o
1
2 1 1 2
+ + =
v
v
R R
R
sR R C
R R
o
i
=
+
+
+

2 1
1
1 2
1 2
1

( )
v
v
R
R
s R R C
o
i
= +

+ 1 1
2
1
1 2
( || )
f
R R C
dB 3
1 2
1
2
=
p( || )
=
1
2 3 6 50 p( || ) k k n
= =
1
2 2 50
159
p( )
.
k n
kHz
(B) The oscillation frequency is
f
RC
=
1
2 6 p
80
1
2 6 100
k =
p p R( )
R = =
1
80 2 6 100
812
( )( )( )
.
k p p
kW
R
R
F
=29 R
F
= = ( . )( ) 812 29 236 k kW
(A) This is Wien-bridge oscillator. The ratio
R
R
2
1
21
1
21 = =
.
.
k
k
is greater than 2. So there will be
oscillation
Frequency =
1
2pRC
1 10
1
2 1
3
=
p( ) k C
C =
1
2p
mF
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3.5 Operational Amplifiers 192
V
4 V
2 V
p
6
5p
6
t
2p
Fig. S3.5.39
C
C
R
R
R
2
R
1
Fig. S3.5.44
F
a
a
D
o
O
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
s
.
c
o
m
(C) v v v
E + -
= = = 5 V ,
The input current to the op-amp is zero.
i i i
V Z C +
= +
15
= + i i
Z F E
a
=
-
+

=
15 5
47
60
61
5
100
49 4
k
. mA
(B) v v v
o o o
= -
333
20
1 2
( )
v v V
i
i
o BE t
c
s
1 1
1
= - -

ln , v v V
i
i
o BE t
c
s
2 2
2
= - -

ln
v v V
i
i
V
i
i
o o t
c
c
t
c
c
1 2
1
2
2
1
- = -

ln ln
i
v
R
c1
1
1
= , i
v
R
c2
2
2
=
v v V
v
R
R
v
o o t 1 2
2
2
1
1
- =

ln , V
t
=00259 . V
v v v
v
v
R
R
o o o
= - =

333
20
333
20
00259
1 2
2
1
1
2
( ) ( . ) ln
=

0 4329
2
1
1
2
. ln
v
v
R
R
=

0 4329 2 3026
10
2
1
1
2
. ( . ) log
v
v
R
R
=

log
10
2
1
1
2
v
v
R
R
(B) v v
+ -
= , v
v v
Z
o o
=
+
=
10
10 30 4
v v
o z
= = = 4 62 4 24 8 . . V
************
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193 Operational Amplifiers 3.5