Nathalia Daz V

Solution

a) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
7
4s
2
: Electron
configuration of a transition
metal because of an incomplete d
sublevel (while the outermost
level contains at most two
electrons, their next to outermost
main levels have incompletely
filled d sub-orbitals)

b) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
: Electron
configuration of an inert gas
because of filled 3s and 3p
sublevels.



c) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
: Electron configuration
of a halogen because it is one
electron deficient from having a
filled L level.

d) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
: Electron
configuration of an alkaline earth
metal because of two s electrons.

e) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
2
4s
2:
Electron
configuration of a transition
metal because of an incomplete d
sublevel.

f) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
: Electron
configuration of an alkali metal
because of a single s electron.


Solution
The centers of the two atoms will remain separated by the equilibrium spacing r
0
.
(a) Curves of E
A
, E
R
, and E
N
are shown on the plot below (Fig.1.)


b) From this plot
r
0
= 0.28 nm;
E
0
=-4, 49 eV

(c) From Equation
2.11 for E
N

A = 1,436;
B = 5, 86 x 10
-6
;
n= 9
Fig.1. Curves of E
A
, E
R
, and E
N

Thus:

r0= 0,28
E0=-4,49
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
B
o
n
d
i
n
g

E
n
e
r
g
y

,

e
V

Interatomic separation, nm
EA
ER
EN




Solution
3.20

Vc: unit cell volume

BASE AREA:
The base area is equal to six times the area of the equilateral triangle, OAB (Fig.2.). The
area of equilateral triangle, OAB
OAB=0, 5*AB*OP =1/*AB*AOsin60
=

Area of the basal plane

Base area=

Fig.2. a. HCP unit cell b. the basal plane c. equilateral triangle, OAB.


UNIT CELL VOLUME:

3.43.


Base area= (

Base area=

The unit cell volume is just:

Solving for n':

) (

) (

)
(

) (

)




Thus, these are 18 Al2O3 units per unit cell, or 36 Al3+ ions and 54 O2- ions, From table
3.4 the radii of these two ion types are 0,053 and 0,140 nm, respectively.




THE TOTAL SPHERE VOLUMEN, V
S

APF: atomic packing factor

3.53. Indices for directions.


3.73. The planar densities of the (100) and (110) planes for BCC.

a. b.
Fig.3. a. BCC unit cell within which is drawn a (100) plane. b. A BCC unit cell within
which is drawn a (110) plane.

a. Number of atoms centered on (100) plane:

Area of (100) plane: The side lengths in a square are equal to the unit cell edge length:

A:[

]
B:[

]
C:[

]
D:[

]
Thus, the area of this square is just


4R
3
|
\


|
.
|
|
2
=


16R
2
3
.
Planar density of the (100):



PD
100
=
number of atoms centered on (100) plane
area of (100) plane




=
1 atom
16 R
2
3
=
3
16 R
2


b. Number of atoms centered on (110) plane: (

)

Area of (100) plane:


Fig. 4. The planar section represented.
x=

z=4R

y = (4R)
2

4R
3
|
\


|
.
|
|
2
=
4R 2
3


Area (110)=

Planar density of the (110):



PD
110
=
number of atoms centered on (110) plane
area of (110) plane




=
2 at oms
16R
2
2
3
=
3
8 R
2
2

Planar density is the fraction of total crystallographic plane area that is occupied by atoms.
The planar density for the (100) is less than planar density for the (110).