o St
Electrokinetic phenomena result from the differential movement of two phases where the interface is an electrical double layer. The region containing the double layere is sheared at some distance from the solid surface creating a thin film associated with the solid. The electrical potential at the shearing plane is the zeta potential.
Electrokinetic phenomena
St
x
shear plane
% o
*
distance x from the surface charge density (amount surface potential o solid surface of surface charge determining plotted against the ions adsorbed ) plotted against electrolyte concentration towards the bulk solution ion concentration c c in the bulk solution zeta potential plotted against the electrolyte concentration c in the bulk solution
Electrokinetic phenomena
A solid surface in contact with a solution of an electrolyte usually carries an electric charge, o. This gives rise to an electric potential, o, at the surface, and a decreasing potential, , as we move through the bulk solution away from the surface, and in turn this effect the distribution of ions in the liquid. Two regions are of primary importance: the Stern layer immediately adjacent to the surface where ion size is important; and outside this region there is a diffuse layer. Because of difference in charge between the diffuse layer and the solid suface, movement of one relative to the other will cause charge separation and hence generate a potential difference, or alternatively, application of an electrical potential will cause movement of one relative to the other. The relative movement of the solid surface and the liquid occurs at a surface of shear. The potential at the shear plane is known as the zeta () potential and its value can be determined by measurement of electrokinetic phenomena. Zeta potential is almost identical with the Stern potential thus gives a measure of the potential at the beginning of the diffuse layer.
Electrokinetic Phenomena
Shear plane
Isoelectric point
H+ OH-
Shear Plane Low pH: not enough OH- so there is an excess positive charge.
Shear Plane
+ + + + + + +
Shear Plane
There is a point at which there are enough OH- and H+ ions to completely balance out the surface charge
(mV)
(mV)
pH
Electrokinetic phenomena
Electrophoresis a suspended, charged particle moves as a result of an applied electrical field Sedimentation potential an electrical potential created by the movement of charged particles through a liquid by gravity Electrosmosis a liquid flows along a charged surface when an electric field is applied parallel to the surface Streaming potential an electric potential created when a liquid is forced to move along a charged surface
Elektrokinetic phenomena
Electrophoresis - Movement of particle in a stationary
fluid by an applied electric field. Electroosmosis - Movement of liquid past a surface by an applied electric field Streaming potential - Creation of an electric field as a liquid moves past a stationary charged surface Sedimentation potential - Creation of an electric field when a charged particle moves relative to stationary fluid
Elektrokinetic phenomena
Electrophoresis - Movement of particle in a stationary fluid by an applied electric field. Electroosmosis - Movement of liquid past a surface by an applied electric field Streaming potential - Creation of an electric field as a liquid moves along a stationary charged surface Sedimentation potential - Creation of an electric field when a charged particle moves relative to stationary fluid
Electrophoresis
the movement of a charged particle through a liquid under the influence of an applied potential difference (electric current) Voltage source
support media: filter paper; cellulose acetate; gel media: starch gels; polyacrylamide gels; agarose gels; polyacrylamide-agarose gels
Detector
uelf =
velf Ex
[ =]
( m/s) (V/cm)
electrophoretic mobility
Smoluchowski equation
Hckel equation
velf =
dx [ =] m/s dt
= uelf r
= uelf
3 2
U E x = [ =] V/cm l
Electroosmosis
The movement of a liquid relative to an immobile charged surface of a capillary tube under the influence of an electric field
Electroosmosis
Movement of liquid past a surface by an applied electric field
Streaming potential
creation of an electric field as a liquid moves along a stationary charged surface
pressure
glass glass capillary capillary
i
E = sedimentation potential
Photocorrelation Spectroscopy - Brookhaven Zeta Plus; dilute suspensions; < 5 m; light scattering technique