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Journal of Sound and Vibration 271 (2004) 535545

JOURNAL OF SOUND AND VIBRATION

www.elsevier.com/locate/jsvi

Non-linear vibration of composite beams with an arbitrary delamination$

Song-Nan Luoa,b,*, Fu Yi-Minga, Cao Zhi-Yuanb
b a Department of Engineering Mechanics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China Department of Engineering Mechanics and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

Received 16 August 2000; accepted 10 March 2003

Abstract In this paper, the non-linear vibration, including the transverse shear, is investigated for composite beams with an arbitrary delamination through the width. The effects of different positions and sizes of the delamination on non-linear vibration of beams are considered. The amplitudefrequency curves of nonlinear free vibration are obtained. r 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction The composite materials, due to their specic natures, have been applied widely in the engineering. However, the static and the dynamic features of the composite constructions will be affected signicantly by the delaminations that occur in the imperfect manufacturing or in loading. Therefore, the static and dynamics studies for delaminated composite constructions are very important. Non-linear dynamic analysis of beams have been of considerable research interest in the recent years. Xia et al. [1] analyzed the harmonic responses of beams with longitudinal and transversal coupling by the incremental harmonic balance method. Kar and Dwiredy [2,3] investigated the non-linear dynamic behavior of a slender beam carrying a lumped mass subjected to principal parametric base excitation. The vibration of a split beam was researched by Wang et al. [4]. They observed that the fundamental frequency was not visibly reduced due to the short delamination. Later, the vibrations of a symmetric delaminated beam plate relative to buckled were researched by Yin and Jane [5]. They obtained that some new vibration modes and frequencies depend
$

This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China. *Corresponding author. E-mail address: luosnl@yahoo.com.cn (S.-N. Luo).

0022-460X/03/$ - see front matter r 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/S0022-460X(03)00279-7

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sensitively on the delamination length, the location and on the magnitude of the post-buckling load. Moreover, Chane and Liane [6] studied the free vibrations of delaminated beam plates with respect to post-buckling referential states. The study about non-linear vibration of composite beams with arbitrary delamination is scarce. In this paper, the beams with an arbitrary delamination through the width are divided into four regions. The basic equations are built in each region and the continuous conditions are founded. The B-specimen functions are used to describe the variations in the space, and the dimensionless differential equations about time are obtained by using Galerkins method. Finally, the amplitudefrequency curves of the non-linear vibration of composite beams with an arbitrary delamination are obtained by using the incremental harmonic balance method [7].

2. Basic equations Consider a composite beam with an arbitrary delamination under the axial force N 0 and the transverse distributed force p and the beam is divided into four regions, respectively denoted IIV as shown in Fig. 1. Supposing the thickness h in regions I and IV h2 in regions II, h3 in regions III, also h2 h3 h; the width is one unit, The distances from the middle surface of each region to the top or bottom surface of the beam are, respectively, denoted by ti1 and ti2 and the upper marks i=IIV. Now, consider a general beam, the displacement components u and w of any point that include the effect of transverse shear deformation may be described as follows: ux; z; t u0 x; t zfx; t; wx; z; t w0 x; t; 1 where u0 and w0 are the values of u and w at the middle surface and f is the rotation angle of the normal to the middle surface in the xz-plane. Taking the Green non-linear straindisplacement relations, we obtain
1 2 ex u0 ;x zf;x 2w;x ;

gxz w;x f:

Because of sy tyz txy 0; the stressstrain relation for the kth layer can be written as follows: ( ) " k #( ) k k C C s e x x 11 15 ; 3 k k k gzx s C15 C55 zx

Fig. 1. Conguration of beam with an arbitrary delamination.

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k in which s ij and eij are the Kirchoff stress components and the Lagrange strain components, k are elastic stiffnesses in the kth layer, The membrane stress resultants N ; the respectively, and Cij shear force Q and the stress couples M are obtained as follows: 2 1 N A1 u 0 ;x 2A1 w;x B1 f;x A2 w;x A2 f; 2 1 Q A2 u0 ;x 2A2 w;x B2 f;x A3 w;x A3 f; 2 1 M B1 u0 ;x 2B1 w;x D1 f;x B2 w;x B2 f;

where A1 ; A2 ; A3 ; B1 ; B2 and D1 are the integral constants related to material and geometrical parameters of the transverse section, and Rt Rt Rt k k k A2 1t2 c A3 1t2 c A1 1t2 c 55 dz; 11 dz; 15 dz; Rt Rt Rt k k k B1 1t2 zc B2 1t2 zc D1 1t2 z2 c 11 dz; 15 dz; 11 dz;
k where A2 B2 0; if we only consider the special orthotropic composite C15 0 beam and B1 0; if the x-axis is set at neutral layer of the beam. Neglecting the inuence of axial inertia and rotary inertia and considering the equilibrium in x and z directions, the non-linear equations of motion of the beam can be written

N;x g % Qf;x 0; Q;x Nw;x ;x p rAw . 0; Q M;x 0; 5 where g % is a factor of shear force representing the inuence of shear force on the axial force [8]. The inuence is considered when g % 1; and the inuence is neglected when g % 0: The inuence always is considered in present analysis, so, g % always equals 1. Eliminating u0 from Eq. (4), substituting the expressions of Q and M into Eq. (5) and only considering the special orthotropic composite beam, we obtain N;x A3 w;xx f;x f A3 w;x ff;x 0; A3 w;xx f;x Nw;xx N;x w;x p rAw . 0; D1 f;xx A3 w;x f 0: Introducing the dimensionless parameters as follows: xi xi ; li zi zi ; h li ki ; l %i D wi ti W i ; Fi fi ; ai1 1 ; h sh t AI pi l i 1 ; Pi I ; t l rdh A1 %i N Ni ; AI 1 %i Q Qi ; AI 1 %i M ai2 ti2 ; h 6

h bi i ; l %i C A3 ; AI 1

Di1 2 AI 1h

Mi ; AI 1h

where xi ; zi ; xi and zi are the local co-ordination, substituting Eq. (7) into Eq. (6) and considering each region for the delaminated beam, respectively, we obtain the dimensionless governing

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equations for the delaminated beam % i bi W;ixx Fi;x Fi C % i bi W;ix Fi Fi;x 0; % i1x C N
i . i 0; % i bi Wxx % i W;ixx bi N % i;x W;ix Pi bi ki2 W Fi;x bi N C

% i bi W;ix Fi 0: % i bi2 Fi;xx C D The dimensionless expressions of internal forces are % i bi Fi;x ; %i D M The dimensionless boundary conditions are % I; W I at xI 0; N
I I %I N % I W;I or Q xb ; F

%i C % i bi W % i;x Fi : Q

or

% I are given M % IV are given: or M 10

% IV ; W IV at xIV 1; N

or

IV IV % IV N % IV W;IV Q x b ;F

The dimensionless continuity conditions for the displacements are At the left end of the delamination: W I W II ; W I W III ; At the right end of the delamination: W IV W II ; W IV W III ; FIV FII ; FIV FIII : 11 FI FII ; FI FIII :

The dimensionless equilibrium conditions for the internal forces are At the left section of the delamination: % II M % III ; %I M M %I N % II N % III : N At the right section of the delamination: % II M % III ; % IV M M % IV N % II N % III : N % IV Q % II Q % III ; Q 12 %I Q % II Q % III ; Q

3. Method of solution As in Refs. [8,11], considering the additional axial force inuenced by non-linear, we separate the axial force into two terms. The rst term describes the axial force applied at the two ends, the second term describes the varying axial force with dimensionless co-ordinate x and the force being inuenced by geometrical non-linear deformation. So, as usual a solution of Eq. (8) is sought in

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the separable form N g N t Wi Fi

S 1 X m1
i S 1 X i

%i

%0

i S 1 X

i i Nm tFm x;

m1 i i Wm tGm x;

i Fim tGm x;

13

m1

in which, gi 1when i I; IV; gII gIII 1 when i II; III and their values are distributed i III i i i according to the ratio of AII 1 and A1 : The Nm ; Wm and Fm are the functions of the time t: Fm x i and Gm x are the basic functions of x that, respectively, relates to cubic B-specimen functions O3 x and ve order B-specimen functions O5 x: And suppose that the each region is divided evenly by Di 1=Si ; si is the number of specimen points in the region i: i x are The general expressions of Fm   x i x O3 i m : Fm D Note that N 0 t has satised the boundary conditions with zero when let gi 1 in Eq. (13), in order to satisfy the boundary conditions for second term of axial force equating zero at both ends in Eq. (13) the some of the expressions must be changed as follows:     x x I x O3 I 4O3 I 1 ; F0 D D     x x I F1 x O3 I 4O3 I 1 ; D D     x x IV IV IV 4O3 IV s 1 ; FsIV 1 x O3 IV s D D     x x IV IV IV 4O3 IV s 1 ; FsIV x O3 IV s D D in which, the expression of O3 x is 8 x 23 ; > > > > > 3 3 > > x 2 4x 1 ; 1< O3 x 2 x3 41 x3 ; 6> > > > 2 x3 ; > > > : 0;
i x are The general expressions of Gm i x Gm

xA2; 1; xA1; 0; xA0; 1; xA1; 2; jxjX2:

 O5

 x m : Di

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However, some of the expressions must be changed as follows for satisfying the simple supported boundary conditions at both ends       x x x I G0 x O5 I 3O5 I 1 12O5 I 2 ; D D D     x x I x O5 I 1 O5 I 1 ; G1 D D       x x x I G2 x O5 I 3O5 I 1 12O5 I 2 ; D D D       x x x IV IV IV IV 3O5 IV s 1 12O5 IV s 2 ; GsIV 2 x O5 IV s D D D     x x IV sIV 1 O5 IV sIV 1 ; Gs IV 1 x O5 IV D D       x x x IV IV IV IV 3O5 IV s 1 12O5 IV s 2 GsIV x O5 IV s D D D and for the clamped boundary conditions at both ends       x 16 x x I G0 x O5 I 1 O5 I 10O5 I 2 ; 66 D D D       26 x x x I G1 x O5 I O5 I 1 O5 I 1 ; 33 D D D       x x 16 x I G2 x 10O5 I 2 O5 I 1 O5 I ; 66 D D D       x x 16 x IV IV IV IV ; GsIV 2 x 10O5 IV s 2 O5 IV s 1 O5 IV s 66 D D D       26 x x x IV IV IV IV O5 IV s 1 O5 IV s 1 ; GsIV 1 x O5 IV s 33 D D D       x 16 x x IV IV IV IV GsIV x O5 IV s 1 O5 IV s 10O5 IV s 2 ; 66 D D D in which, the expression of O5 x is 8 > x 35 ; > > > > > x 35 6x 25 ; > > > > > > x 35 6x 25 15x 15 ; > < 1 O5 x 3 x5 62 x5 151 x5 ; > 120> > 5 5 > > > 3 x 62 x ; > > > 5 > > 3 x ; > > : 0;

xA3; 2; xA2; 1; xA1; 0; xA0; 1; xA1; 2; xA2; 3; jxjX3:

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i i According to the above expressions, the Fm and Gm can satisfy the displacement conditions at i both ends when ma 1 and s 1: Substituting Eq. (13) into Eq. (8), performing the Galerkins integrations in each region, i i from the rst resulting equation, then substituting Nm into the latter two resolving out the Nm resulting equations we obtain i i i i % 0 ai13mj Wm ai5mj Fim ai16kmnj Wk Fm Wn ai4mj gi N i . im 0; ai17kmnj Fik Fim Wn ai7j Pi ai8mj W i i i ai18mnj Wm Fn ai10mj Fim ai11mj Wm ai19mnj Fim Fin 0;

14

i i where ai4 ; y; ai19 are the integral constant that relate to the Fm x and Gm x: Eq. (14) are the basic governing equations for solving the non-linear vibrations of the delaminated beams. In these equations, the coupling of longitudinal and transversal motions and the effect of transverse shear deformation are included. Due to the number of unknown quantities is reduced, so that, the solving of the basic equations becomes easy. Substituting Eq. (13) into the expressions of internal forces, boundary conditions and continuous conditions, also the corresponding expressions can be obtained. The external loads on the beam are supposed in the following forms:

Pi t Pi0 Pit cos yt; % 0 t N0 Nt cos yt: N Using the incremental harmonic method and setting Nt N0t DNt ;
i Wm

15

Pit Pi0t DPi t; Fim Fi0m

y y0 Dy; 16

i W0 m

i DWm ;

DFim

% yt; t %0 y0 t; Dt % Dyt; and substituting Eqs. (15) and (16) into Eq. (14), we obtain: letting t
i i i .i %DWm ai8mj y2 bi3mj DFim 0 DWm b1mj b2mj cost

ri1j 2y0 Li1j Dy Li2j DPit Li3j DNt ;

i bi4mj DWm bi5mj DFim ri2j ;

17

i i where bi1mj ; bi5mj ; Li1j ; y; Li3j ;y are the constants that related to ai1 ; y; ai19 ; W0 m and F0m : The i i residuals r1j and r2j can be written as follows: i %W0 ri1j ai4mj gi N0 ai13mj gi N0t ai13mj cos t m i i i ai5mj Fi0m ai16kmnj W0 k F0m W0n i i i i i .i % ai8mj y2 ai17kmnj Fi0k Fi0m W0 n a7j P0 a7j P0t cos t 0 W0m ; i i i i i i i i i ri2j ai18mnj W0 m F0n a10mj F0m a11mj W0m a19mnj F0m F0n :

18

i Eq. (17) can be solved for the unknown functions DWm ; DFim and Dy when a set of i i 0 W0m ; F0m and N is given in which the corresponding increment is set to zero at each incremental step. By carrying out the incremental computation procedure as presented in Ref. [8], the exciting i and the rotation angle Fim can be determined. frequency y; the transverse deection Wm

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4. Numerical results and discussion Numerical results for non-linear free vibration of composite beams with an arbitrary delamination are presented. Set N0t DNt 0; Pi0 Pi0t DPi t 0
i i i i %: and expand the unknowns W0 m ; F0m ; DWm and DFm into Fourier series in t   N X % % kt kt i % W0 Aikm sin Bikm cos ; m t 2 2 k0;1;2;y   N X % % kt kt i i i % Ckm sin Dkm cos F0m t ; 2 2 k0;1;2;y   N X % % kt kt i i i % DWm t DAkm sin DBkm cos ; 2 2 k0;1;2;y   N X % % kt kt i i i % DFm t DCkm sin DDkm cos : 2 2 k0;1;2;y

19

%=2 and cos kt %=2 Substituting Eq. (19) into Eq. (17), and equating the coefcients of sin kt terms, a set of linear algebraic equation can be obtained as follows:
i bi6mj DWm bi3mj DFim ri1j 2y0 Li1j Dy; i bi4mj DWm bi5mj DFim r2j ;

20

where bi6mj ai8mj k=2y0 2 bi1mj : In the solving processes, only the lowest vibration model of the beam is considered. y1 represents the dimensionless foundational frequency. And take k 0; 1; 2; 3; 4 for Eq. (19) in the calculation. According to the above methods, vibration analysis (Ref. [9]) and buckling analysis (Ref. [12]) of composite beams with arbitrary delamination have been given. In Ref. [9], the dimensionless foundational frequencies of beams without delamination are calculated by using present method and are compared with by theory and the maximum error is 0.83%. In Ref. [12], the dimensionless buckling loads of composite beams with delamination are calculated according to the present method and are compared with the results in Ref. [13], and the two results are identical. These show that present methods are correct. In Figs. 26, the amplitudefrequency curves of non-linear free vibration of the composite beam with clamping of two ends are plotted. Suppose the number of layers is ve 0 /90 /0 /90 /0 , %2 h2 =h that l 1 m, l =h 30; l%1 l1 =l that represents the delaminated position in x direction, h % l2 =l that represents the delaminated length. represents the delaminated position in z direction, k And y1 is the fundamental linear foundational frequency and Wmax is the maximum displacement in z direction. Also the material elastic constants of the beam in each layer [10] are: E1 172:4 GPa; E2 7:79 GPa; G12 5:3 GPa; n12 0:21: Figs. 2 and 3 show that the frequency are larger with larger amplitude in non-linear free vibration. A harder non-linear character is shown in the amplitudefrequency response curves. As

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2.0 1.8

w 3 /h w 2 /h w 1 /h

/ 1

1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

w /h
% 0:1; l%1 0:45; h %2 0:2: % 0 0:8N % cr ; k Fig. 2. Amplitudefrequency response curves in each region: N

2 .0 1 .8 1 .6

w 3 /h w 2 /h w 1 /h

/ 1

1 .4 1 .2 1 .0 0 .0 0 0 .0 5 0 .1 0 0 .1 5 0 .2 0

w/h
% 0:1; l%1 0:45; h %2 0:4: % 0 0:8N % cr ; k Fig. 3. Amplitudefrequency response curves in each region: N

2.0 1.8

l 1 =0.25

l 1 = 0.45

/ 1

1.6 1.4

l 1 = 0.10
1.2 1.0 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

w m ax /h
%0 Fig. 4. Effects of the different positions of delamination on the amplitudefrequency response curves: N % 0:1; h %2 0:2: % cr ; k 0:8N

the amplitude is small, the frequency increases greatly with the amplitude. However, as the amplitude is larger, the frequency increases slowly with the amplitude. As the amplitude is further larger, the frequency also increases greatly with the amplitude.

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2.0 1.8

k=0.5 k=0.7 k=0.1 k=0.3

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

/ 1

1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.00

w max/h
% 0 0:8N % cr ; l%1 Fig. 5. Effects of the different length of delamination on the amplitudefrequency response curves: N %; h %2 0:2: 1=21 k
2.0 1.8
2 1

/1

1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.00

1 considering the influence 2 not considering the influence

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

wmax /h
% % 0 0:8N % cr ; k Fig. 6. Effects of the transverse shear deformation on the amplitudefrequency response curves: N %2 0:2; l%1 0:45: 0:1; h

The amplitudefrequency response curves are compared for different positions of delamination in Fig. 4. The effects of the different positions of delamination on the amplitudefrequency response curves are small and this character is similar to that in Ref. [9]. As the amplitude is larger, the effects become obvious. But as the amplitude is further larger, the effects become weaken. The amplitudefrequency response curves are compared for different length of delamination in Fig. 5. As the amplitude is small, the frequency is larger with the length of delamination being longer. As the amplitude is larger and the length of delamination increases, the non-linear character becomes weak, i.e., hard shape from strong hard shape. So the frequency increases slowly with the longer length of delamination. The effects of the transverse shear deformation on the amplitudefrequency response curves is shown in Fig. 6. It indicates that the inuence of transverse shear deformation cannot be ignored for non-linear vibration of composite beam. A comparison of the amplitudefrequency response curves for different materials is shown in Fig. 7. The other two materials are boron-epoxy composite material [10] and glass-epoxy

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2.0 1.8 1.6
1 graphite-epoxy 2 boron-epoxy 3 glass-epoxy

545

1 2 3

/1

1.4 1.2 1.0 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

wmax/h
% % 0 0:8N % cr ; k Fig. 7. Effects of amplitudefrequency response curves on the transverse shear deformation: N %2 0:2; l% 0:45: 0:1; h

composite material [11] and the material constants are: E1 137:9 GPa; E2 14:48 GPa; G12 5:86 GPa; n21 0:21 and E1 53:8 GPa; E2 17:93 GPa; G12 8:96 GPa;n21 0:25: As the amplitude is small, the effects of the different material on the amplitudefrequency response cures are small. As the amplitude is larger, the hard characters of the non-linear vibration become obvious with the larger ratio of E1 =E2 : References
[1] P.Q. Xia, Dominic Pun harmonic responses of beams with longitudinal and transversal coupling, Journal of Vibration Engineering (Chinese) 8 (1) (1995) 6772. [2] R.C. Kar, S.K. Dwiredy, Non-linear dynamics of a slender beam carrying a lumped mass with principal parametric and internal resonances, International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 34 (3) (1999) 515529. [3] S.K. Dwiredy, R.C. Kar, Dynamics a slender beam with an attacked mass under combination parametric and internal resonance. Part II: periodic chaotic responses, Journal of Sound and Vibration 222 (2) (1999) 281305. [4] J.T.S. Wang, Y.Y. Liu, J.A. Gibby, Vibration of split beam, Journal of Sound Vibration 84 (1982) 491502. [5] W.L. Yin, K.C. Jane, Vibration of a delaminated beam-plate relative to buckled states, Journal of Sound and Vibration 156 (1992) 125140. [6] T.P. Chang, J.Y. Liang, Vibration of post-buckled delaminated beam-plate, International Journal of Solids Structures 35 (12) (1998) 11991217. [7] S.L. Lau, W.S. Zhang, Nonlinear vibration of piecewise-linear systems by incremental harmonic balance method, Journal of Applied Mechanics 59 (1992) 153160. [8] S.N. Luo, Y.M. Fu, Z.Y. Cao, Interaction of shearing and axial forces in nonlinear dynamic analysis of beam, Journal of Hunan University (Natural Sciences Edition) (Chinese) 26 (9) (1999) 1242. [9] S.N. Luo, Y.M. Fu, Z.Y. Cao, Vibration analysis of composite beams with arbitrary delamination, Structure and Envirorment Engineering (Chinese) 1 (2000) 8084. [10] Andrzej Tylilcowski. Dynamic stability of nonlinear antisymmetrically laminated cross-ply rectangular plates, Journal of Applied Mechanics 56 (1989) 375381. [11] C.Y. Chia, Nonlinear Analysis of Plates, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1980. [12] S.N. Luo, Z.Y. Cao, Y.M. Fu, Buckling analysis of composite beams with delamination, Chinese Quarterly of Mechanics (Chinese) 22 (3) (2001) 322328. [13] H.Y. Huang, G.A. Kardomates, Buckling of orthotropic beam-plates with multiple delamination, International Journal of Solid Structures 35 (13) (1998) 13551362.