Welcome

Drilling Engineering
Full Fills the Dream of Geologists. G. Gogoi
Chief Engineer Drilling

Drilling EngineeringIt is that branch of petroleum Engineering that integrates all the information of geophysical, geological, reservoir and also the surface logistics to make an usable borehole (Well) up to the HC reservoir depth to produce HC in a most safest and optimal way without damaging the environment.

Drilling Engineering-is the art of science of making a hole into the earth crust for the purpose of economic extraction of HC or water or any other materials that have economic benefit to the human kind conforming to all local and international regulations.

Drilling Engineering
It is nothing but application of pure science in the form of technology while drilling a well. It is the art of making a beautiful, and robust, hole that is being created to some five to seven thousand meters deep in to the earth crust that will give you fruit for at least 20 years.

Where Drilling Engineering fails

Catastrophic like Blow out, Fire, loss of human life, loss of hydrocarbon, and above all irreparable damage to environment occurs like recently occurred in GOM. Therefore the drilling engineer simply can not deny that he did it. If his works do not work, he is damned. That is the phantasmagoria that hunts his nights and dogs his days. He comes from the job at the end of a day resolved to calculate it again.

Todays Agenda
Engineering Aspects of Well Casing seat selection and well architecture. Casing design and well planning. Rig selection and drilling operation. Down hole problems and Mechanical Earth Model. What we have learnt. Our expectation from this workshop

Drilling Engineering involves in Effective

well planning Risk Analysis and mitigation measures. Improve safety in operations and Environmental issues. Real time support. Engineering Analysis of events. Lessons learnt.

Effective Well Planning

Starts from pore pressure, fracture pressure knowledge of the area. These information are available from seismic data, offset well drilling data , wire line log data, LWD,MWD and production testing data. Best and accurate way of knowing fracture pressure is to conduct a LOT.

Well bore pressure and casing seat selection

Experimental Determination of Fracture Pressure

Leak-off test, LOT, - pressure test in which we determine the amount of pressure required to initiate a fracture Pressure Integrity Test, PIT, pressure test in which we only want to determine if a formation can withstand a certain amount of pressure without fracturing.

LOT

Casing Types and functions

Surface

Casing set to provide blowout protection, isolate water sands and prevent lost circulation.

It also often provides adequate shoe strength to drill into higher pressure transition zones.

In deviated wells, the surface casing may cover the build section to prevent key seating of the formation during deeper drilling.

Typically

cemented to the surface or the mud line.

Casing types and functions

Intermediate
Casing set to isolate unstable hole sections, lost circulation zones, low pressure zones, and production zones. Often set in the transition zone from normal to abnormal pressure. The cement top must isolate any hydrocarbon zones. Some wells require multiple intermediate strings. Some intermediate strings may also be production strings if a liner is run beneath them.

Casing types and functions

Production Casing used to isolate production zones and contain formation pressures in the event of a tubing leak. May also be exposed to injection pressures from fracture jobs down casing, gas lift or the injection of inhibitor oil. A good primary cement job is much more critical for this string.

Casing types and functions

Liner
A casing string which does not extend back to the wellhead, but instead is hung from another casing string. Liners are used in lieu of full casing strings to reduce cost, improve hydraulic performance when drilling deeper, allow the use of larger tubing above the liner top, and not represent a tension limitation for a rig. Liners can be either intermediate and production strings. Typically cemented over their whole length.

Casing types and functions

Tieback A casing string which provides additional pressure integrity from the liner top to the wellhead. An intermediate tieback is used to isolate a casing string which cannot withstand possible pressure loads if drilling is continued (usually due to excessive wear or higher than anticipated pressures). Similarly, a production tieback isolates an intermediate string from production loads. Tiebacks can be uncemented or partially cemented.

Preliminary Design
Preliminary

Design Data gathering and interpretation Determination of shoe depths and number of strings Selection of hole and casing sizes Mud weight design Directional design

Required Information: Formation Properties

Pore

pressure Formation tensile strength (fracture pressure) Formation compressive strength (borehole failure) Temperature profile Location of squeezing salt and shale zones Location of permeable zones Chemical stability/sensitive shales (mud type and exposure time)

Formation properties
Lost

circulation zones Shallow gas Location of fresh water sands Presence of H2S and/or CO2

Required informationDirectional Data

Surface

location Geologic target(s) Well interference data

Minimum Hole Diameter required

Minimum

hole size required to meet drilling objectives. Logging tool OD Tubing size(s) Packer and related equipment requirements Subsurface safety valve OD (offshore well) Completion requirements

Production Data
Packer

fluid density Produced fluid composition Worst case loads which may occur during completion, production and workover operations

Other information
Available

inventory Regulatory requirements Rig equipment limitations

Factors affecting shoe depth design

Regulatory

requirements.

Kick

tolerance. A 50-100 bbl kick volume is often used.

stability. This can be a function of mud weight, deviation and stress at the wellbore wall or can be chemical in nature. Often, hole stability problems exhibit time dependent behavior. The plastic flowing behavior of salt zones also needs to be considered.

Hole

Mechanical Earth Model

Other factors affecting shoe depth design

Differential

sticking. The probability of becoming differentially stuck increases with increasing differential pressure between the wellbore and formation, increasing permeability of the formation, and increasing fluid loss of the drilling fluid isolation. Shallow fresh water sands. Lost circulation zones be isolated before a higher pressure formation is penetrated.

Zonal

Other factors affecting shoe depth design.

Directional drilling concerns. A casing string is often run after an angle building section has been drilled. This avoids key seating problems in the curved portion of the wellbore due to the increased normal force between the wall and the drill pipe.

Uncertainty in predicted formation properties. Exploration wells often require additional strings to compensate for the uncertainty in the pore pressure and fracture gradient predictions.

Environmental Protection -A New Challenge in Petroleum Exploration A new dimension that drilling engineer has to incorporate in the Well Engineering plan. More and more environment friendly technology are in place- like mud chemicals, Robust compact Rig design. No body likes the environmental disaster like GOM in recent past

Drilling Operations

Drilling Operations

Drilling Operations

Rig Design
Each component of Rig plays an important role in achieving the objectives of the well. Highest load anticipated while drilling the well is considered to establish the Depth Rating of the Rig. Compare the rating of the existing rigs with the design loads. Select the appropriate rig and its component

Types of rigs
Land rigs Offshore rigs 1. Floating rigs. a)Semi submersible b) Drillship 2. Bottom supported Rigs a)Jack ups b) Plate form c) Berge

Rig components selected for rig sizing

Hoisting Rotating System Circulating System Solid control system. Tubular goods. Pressure control system-BOP Derrick capacity and substructure. Crew camp Total power requirement for the above

Oilwell Drilling
Oilwell drilling is the process of drilling a hole in the ground for the extraction of a natural resource such as natural gas or petroleum
Types of Drilling Wells: * Wildcat well A well drilled in an area where no current oil or gas production exists. Also called a rank wildcat. * Exploratory well A well drilled: (a) to find and produce oil or gas in an area previously considered unproductive; (b) to find a new reservoir in a known field, i.e., one previously producing oil and gas from another reservoir, or (c) to extend the limit of a known oil or gas reservoir.

* Development well A well drilled within the proved area of an oil or gas reservoir to the depth of a stratigraphic horizon known to be productive; a well drilled in a proven field for the purpose of completing the desired spacing pattern of production.
* Source: Glossary of Industry Terms, SPE

Well Planning
OBJECTIVES OF WELL PLANNING

Safety, Health & Environment: Safety & Environment receives the highest priority in well planning. Safety of rig personnel is placed above all other aspects of the plan.

The second priority involves the safety of well and rigequipment. Contingency plans for fire and blowout form an integral part of the well plan.

Minimum Cost: An important objective of well planning is to minimise the cost of the well without sacrificing or compromising on safety aspects Practicable: The final hole diameter should be large enough to facilitate desired completion The pay zone should not be irreparably damaged during drilling

Drilling Programme
The Drilling Programme can be broken down into 12 main sections:
(1) Well details (2) Well objectives (3) Casing policy Estimation of formation Pore Pressure Estimation of formation Fracture Pressure Casing Seat Selection Casing Design (4) Wellhead selection (5) BOP requirements (6) Cementing programme

Drilling Programme
(7) Deviation programme (8) Survey requirements (9) Mud programme (10) Bit and Hydraulics programme (11) Evaluation requirements Drilling log requirements Mud logging requirements Coring requirements MWD requirements Electric logging requirements Testing requirements (12) Estimation of well cost

A typical 3-stage, 5000 psi, Development Well Casing Policy

Depth (m) 150 1850

Hole Size 17.1/2 12.1/4

Mud Weight (lbs/cft) 66 67 67 68

Casing Type / Grade 13.3/8 x 68 PPF x N-80 x BTC 9.5/8 x 47 PPF x N-80 x BTC

Range (m) 0 - 150 0 - 1850

3670

8.1/2

68 - 76

5.1/2 x 20 PPF x N-80 x BTC

0 - 3670

Created on 10/04/2007 13:16:09

A typical 3-stage Casing Policy

13.375 in Csg 68.00 lbm/ft 150 m

9.625 in Csg 47.00 lbm/ft 1850 m

5.500 in Csg 20.00 lbm/ft 3670 m

A typical 4-stage, 10000 psi, Exploratory Well Casing Policy

Depth (m) 150 1500 Hole Size 26 17.1/2 Mud Weight (lbs/cft)

Casing Type / Grade

20 x 94 PPF x K-55 x BTC 13.3/8 x 68 PPF x N-80 x BTC 9.5/8 x 47 PPF x P-110 x BTC

Range (m)
0 - 150 0 - 1500 0 - 240 240 - 2610

66 67
66 67

3500

12.1/4

67 70

9.5/8 x 47 PPF x N-80 x BTC

9.5/8 x 47 PPF x P-110 x BTC

5.1/2 x 20 PPF x P-110 x BTC

2610 - 3500
0 - 530

4380

8.1/2

70 81

5.1/2 x 20 PPF x N-80 x BTC

5.1/2 x 20 PPF x P-110 x BTC

530 - 4270
4270 - 4380

A typical 4-stage Casing Policy

20.000 in Csg 94.00 lbm/ft 150 m

13.375 in Csg 68.00 lbm/ft 1500 m

9.625 in Csg 47.00 lbm/ft 3500 m

5.500 in Csg 20.00 lbm/ft 4380 m

Common Types of Drilling Bits

Side View of Diamond Bit

Natural Diamond Bits

PDC Bits

Soft Formation

Diamond bit

Larger diamonds Fewer diamonds Pointed nose

PDC bits

Courtesy Smith Bits

Relative Costs of Bits

$/Bit
Diamond Bits WC Insert Milled Bits Tooth Bits

Diamond bits typically cost several times as much as tricone bits with tungsten carbide inserts (same bit diam.) A TCI bit may cost several times as much as a milled tooth bit.

New technologies in Drilling

Horizontal and multilateral drilling. MWD/LWD with geo steering tools. MPD/UBD Casing while drilling. 5th generation Rigs for ultra water depth off shore well. Compact Rig design to drill in environmentally sensitive areas.

Drilling Performance Evaluation - Cycle & Commercial Speeds

Cycle & Commercial Time

Cycle Time (days) = Rig release date (Cur Loc) - Rig release date (Prev Loc)

Commercial Time (days) = Hermetical test / CBL date - Spud date

Rig Release
Spud-in Rig Release

Comml Time (Days)

Rig Down

Rig Move

Rig up

Drilling

Production Test

Cycle Time (Days)

Cycle & Commercial Speeds

Cycle Speed = Metreage x 30.42 (m/rig-month) Cycle days
Cycle Time (days) = Rig release date (Cur Loc) - Rig release date (Prev Loc)

1 Rig-month = 30.42 days

Cycle & Commercial Speeds

Comml Speed = Metreage x 30.42 (m/rig-month) Comml days
Commercial days = Hermetical test / CBL date - Spud date

1 Rig-month = 30.42 days

Benchmarks for Drilling Operations

Drilling Cycle Time Before Benchmarking

Rig Release Rig Down Rig Move Rig Up Spud-in Hermetical Testing Rig Release

Drilling

Production Testing

64 Days 147 Days

83 Days

Data: i. Vertical well having three stage Casing Policy, targeted for 3800 m to 4000 m. ii. Average rig movement distance: 40 to 50 km.

Drilling Cycle Time After Benchmarking

Cycle time after benchmarking for the same vertical well depth @ 3800 to 4000 m having three stage casing policy is:
Rig Release

Spud-in
Rig Move Rig Up

Hermetical Testing

Rig Release

Rig Down

Drilling

Production Testing

36 Days 105 Days

54 Days

15 Days

Bench-mark for ILM / Rig-up / Spud-in for Cluster Wells - Rigs with Branham Mast
Well Caging & Sand Bag Wall around Well

Rig down Mast & complete Dismantling

Assembling Mast & Floor

Casing Line Reeving & Mast Rig-up

Gen Rig-up / Spud-in

10

12

14

16

18

20

Days ---------->

Bench-mark for ILM / Rig-up / Spud-in for Cluster Wells - Rigs with Skytop Mast
Well Caging & Sand Bag Wall around Well

Rig down Mast & complete Dismantling

Assembling Mast & Floor

Casing Line Reeving & Mast Rig-up

Gen Rig-up / Spud-in

10

15

20

25

Days ---------->

Bench-mark for ILM / Rig-up / Spud-in for Rigs with Branham Mast
Well Caging & Sand Bag Wall around Well

Rig down Mast & complete Dismantling

Rig Move

Placement & Hook-up Tanks & Pumps /Assembling Mast

Casing Line Reeving & Mast Rig-up

Floorings/Railings Spud-in 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Days ---------->

Bench-mark for ILM / Rig-up / Spud-in for Rigs with Skytop Mast
Well Caging & Sand Bag Wall around Well

Rig down Mast & complete Dismantling

Rig Move

Placement & Hook-up Tanks & Pumps /Assembling Mast

Casing Line Reeving & Mast Rig-up

Floorings/Railings Spud-in 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Days ---------->

COST BREAK UP LOC: HSS

Casing 5.9%

Drill Bits 0.7%

Chemicals 1.7%

Other Indirect Cost 20.5%

Oilwell Cement 0.2% Gen Stores 0.3% POL 3.9% Other Consumables 4.7% Contract-WireLine 5.4% Contract TPT 0.3%

Contract CIVIL 1.7%

Contract Others 0.3%

In-house Operation Manpower 54.3%

COST BREAK UP LOC: TX

Other Indirect Cost 17.8%

Casing 11.4% Drill Bits 1.0% Chemicals 6.3% Oilwell Cement 0.7% Gen Stores 0.4% POL 7.2%

Other Consumables 3.7% Contract TPT 0.2% Contract CIVIL 3.8% Contract MMC 2.2% Contract Others 0.2%

In-house Operation Manpower 46%

What we have produced in this workshop?

We have produced a well, which is safe and sound (through the application of Drilling Engineering) that can be used to produce HC for at least 20years with out any problem! Success of Drilling Engineering in HC exploration provides job of clothing the bare hopes of Geologists with life, comfort and hope

Our expectation from this workshop..

Technological courses like drilling engineering can be introduced in our universities and Technical colleges to produce more and more skill people not only to cater for Indian scenario, but to world wide energy companies.

Thank you