Mechanism Synthesis and Analysis

Synthesis design a mechanism to perform a

desired function

Analysis given a mechanism, perform kinematics

and kinetics analysis

Graphical techniques Analytical methods

Mechanism
Machines are mechanical devices used to accomplish work. A mechanism is a heart of a machine. It is the mechanical portion of the machine that has the function of transferring motion and forces from a power source to an output. Mechanism is a system of rigid elements (linkages) arranged and connected to transmit motion and/or force in a predetermined fashion.

Mechanism consists of linkages and joints.

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Four-Bar Linkage

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

The Slider-Crank Mechanism

Input link, crank

Coupler link, connecting rod

Output link, piston (slider)

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Example of Mechanism
4
2 4 3 1 2

3
5 6

Can crusher

Simple press

4 1 2 3

Rear-window wiper
Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Example of Mechanisms
6 5 2 4 Moves packages from an assembly

bench to a conveyor

Six bar

Six bar
2 4

Six bar
1 3 2 6 5

4 6

Lift platform
Ken Youssefi

Microwave carrier to assist people on wheelchair

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Example of Mechanisms

Lift platform Front loader

Device to close the top flap of boxes

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Stair climbing mechanism

Example of Mechanisms

A box that turns itself off

Airplane landing gear mechanism

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Example of Mechanisms

Rowing type exercise machine Conceptual design for an exercise machine

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Example of Mechanisms

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Example of Mechanisms

Extension position

Flexed position

Six-bar linkage prosthetic knee mechanism

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Four-Bar Linkage Categories

Case I
a)

shortest link + longest link < summation of the other two links

Shortest link is the driver with either one of the adjacent links as the ground link (fixed). The result is two different types of crank-rocker mechanisms, input link rotates 360 (crank) and output link oscillates (rocker)

fixed

fixed

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Four-Bar Linkage Categories

Case I
shortest link + longest link < summation of the other two links

b) Shortest link is fixed. The result is a double-crank mechanism. Both, input and output links rotate 360.

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Four-Bar Linkage Categories

Case I
shortest link + longest link < summation of the other two links

c)

The longest link is fixed and either one of the intermediate links is the driver. The result is a double-rocker mechanism. Both, input and output links oscillate.

Grashof condition one link rotates 360

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Four-Bar Linkage Categories

Case II
shortest link + longest link > summation of the other two links

There are four possible mechanisms depending on which link is fixed. All mechanisms are double-rockers.

Case III

shortest link + longest link = summation of the other two links

Same mechanisms as in case I with the addition of a branching point (all links become collinear).
Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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4-Bar mechanisms

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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4-Bar mechanisms
S+l>p+q 4 double rocker mechanisms

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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The Slider-Crank Mechanism

Input link, crank

Coupler link, connecting rod

Output link, piston (slider)

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Slider-Crank Mechanism

Offset slider-crank mechanism

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Slider-Crank Mechanism
The mechanism has a stroke B1B2 equal twice the crank length r2. Locations B1 and B2 are called the extreme positions (limiting) of the slider

In-line slider crank mechanism

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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The Slider-Crank Mechanism

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Slider-Crank Mechanism - Inversion

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Categories of Mechanisms
Function generation mechanisms

Output is a specified function of input

Motion generation mechanisms The orientation of the object is important, rigid body guidance Path generation mechanisms

A point on a link moves on a specified path

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Mechanism Categories
Function Generation Mechanisms
A function generator is a linkage in which the relative motion between links connected to the ground is of interest.

A four-bar hand actuated wheelchair brake mechanism

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Mechanism Categories
Function Generation Mechanisms

A four-bar drive linkage for a lawn sprinkler

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Mechanism Categories
Function Generation Mechanisms
A four-bar function generation mechanism to lower an attic stairway.

A four-bar function generation mechanism to operate an artificial hand used for gripping.
Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Mechanism Categories
Motion Generation Mechanisms In motion generation, the entire motion of the coupler link is of interest (rigid body guidance).

2
Moving joints

3
Fixed pivot points

New Rollerblade brake system

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Mechanism Categories
Motion Generation Mechanisms

Four-bar automobile hood linkage design

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Mechanism Categories

Six bar
2 4 1

Six bar
1 3 2 6

3 5

4 6

Lift platform

Microwave carrier to assist people on wheelchair

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Mechanism Categories
Path Generation Mechanisms In path generation, we are concerned only with the path of a tracer point and not with the motion (rotation) of the coupler link.

Crane straight line motion

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Mechanism Categories
Path Generation Mechanisms with timing

A four-bar path generation mechanism to guide a thread in an automatic sewing machine

Ken Youssefi

A four-bar path generation mechanism as part of an arm-actuated propulsion system for a wheelchair Mechanical Engineering Dept.
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Primary Joints

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Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Higher Order Joints

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Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Motion Generation Mechanisms

Rotating a monitor into a storage position

Ken Youssefi

Moving a storage bin from an accessible position to a stored position

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Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Motion Generation Mechanisms

Moving a trash pan from the floor up over a trash bin and into a dump position
Ken Youssefi

Lifting a boat out of water

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Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Straight line Mechanisms

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Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Straight line Mechanisms

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Straight Line Mechanism

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Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Straight Line Mechanism - Application

Straight line mechanism with dwell

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Scotch Yoke Mechanism

Example car window

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Geneva Mechanism

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Linear Geneva Mechanism

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Ratchet Mechanism

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Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Straight Beam Walking Mechanism

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Roller and Flat Follower Cams

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Cylindrical Cam Mechanism

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Gears Rack and Pinion

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Gears
Worm Gear Sets Bevel gears Planetary Gear set

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Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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V-8 Engine

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Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Type of Motion and Mechanisms

Most power sources that are readily available today are either of the pure rotational motion type, such as electric motor or hand crank, or of the pure translational type, such as pneumatic or hydraulic cylinder, or linear actuators.

Translation to Translation

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Type of Motion and Mechanisms

Rotational to Rotational

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Type of Motion and Mechanisms

Rotation to Translation

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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References
Mechanism Design, Analysis and Synthesis by Erdman and sander, fourth edition, Prentice-Hall, Machines and Mechanisms by Uicker, Pennock and Shigley, third edition, Oxford Machines and Mechanisms by Myszka, PrenticeHall

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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