US Army Corps of Engineers

Hydrologic Engineering Center

Calibration, Verification, and Application of a Two-Dimensional Flow Model

September 1983

Approved for Public Release. Distribution Unlimited.

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September 1983
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Technical Paper

Calibration, Verification, and Application of a Two-Dimensional Flow Model

D. Michael Gee

US Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) 609 Second Street Davis, CA 95616-4687
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

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10. SPONSOR/ MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/ MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S)

12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Presented at the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Conference on Frontier in Hydraulic Engineering held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, on 9-12 August 1983.
14. ABSTRACT

Information was required concerning velocity distributions in the outlet channel immediately downstream from the Harry S. Truman Dam generating facility. This information was to be used to ascertain hydraulic forces and flow directions for structural design of a fish net or other type of fish barrier to be placed across the outlet channel. The velocity distribution in the outlet channel is complex, governed by operation of various combinations of one to six pump-turbine units in either generation or pumpback mode. The flow pattern can be further complicated by spillway release with or without simultaneous operation of the powerhouse. To provide timely design information for the planned fish facilities, a mathematical model was used to predict the flow fields. This paper describes the model application and compares model results with prototype data.

15. SUBJECT TERMS

two-dimensional flow, modeling, finite elements

16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39-18

c. THIS PAGE

UU

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Calibration, Verification, and Application of a Two-Dimensional Flow Model

September 1983

US Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources Hydrologic Engineering Center 609 Second Street Davis, CA 95616 (530) 756-1104 (530) 756-8250 FAX www.hec.usace.army.mil

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Papers in this series have resulted from technical activities of the Hydrologic Engineering Center. Versions of some of these have been published in technical journals or in conference proceedings. The purpose of this series is to make the information available for use in the Center's training program and for distribution with the Corps of Engineers.

The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents.

The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products.

C a l i b r a t i o n , V e r i f i c a t i o n , and A p p l i c a t i o n of a Two-Dimensional Flow Model

D. Michael Gee

M.ASCE

Abstract Information w a s required concerning v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s i n t h e o u t l e t channel immediately downstream from t h e Harry S. Truman D a m g e n e r a t i n g f a c i l i t y ( s e e F i g 1 ) . T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n was t o b e used t o a s c e r t a i n h y d r a u l i c f o r c e s and f l o w d i r e c t i o n s f o r s t r u c t u r a l d e s i g n of a f i s h n e t o r o t h e r t y p e of f i s h b a r r i e r t o b e p l a c e d a c r o s s t h e o u t l e t c h a n n e l . The v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e o u t l e t c h a n n e l i s complex, governed by o p e r a t i o n of v a r i o u s combinations of 1 t o 6 pump-turbine u n i t s i n e i t h e r g e n e r a t i o n o r pumpback mode. The f l o w p a t t e r n can b e f u r t h e r c o m p l i c a t e d by s p i l l w a y r e l e a s e s w i t h o r w i t h o u t s i m u l t a n e o u s o p e r a t i o n of t h e powerhouse. To p r o v i d e t h t e l y design i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e planned i s % faci:it i e s , a m a t h e m a t i c a l model was used t o p r e d i c t t h e f l o w f i e l d s . Selection of a Mathematical Model

A model f o r s i m u l a t i o n of two-,dimensional f r e e s u r f a c e f l o w s i n t h e h o r i z o n t a l p l a n e w a s deemed a p p r o p r i a t e f o r t h i s s t u d y . The problem w a s p a r t i c u l a r l y w e l l s u i t e d f o r u s e of t h e two-dimensional f i n i t e element hydrodynamics model, RMA-2(?) which had b e e n used p r e v i o u s l y by h Hydrol o g i c E n g i n e e r i n g C e n t e r (HEC) on s e v e r a l p r o j e c t a p p l i c a t i o n s .

T, r

Data Summarv The d a t a r e q u i r e d t o perform t h i s s t u d y mag b e d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s : (1) "Run" d a t a , i . e . t h a t i n f o r m a t i o n r e q u i r e d t o e x e c u t e a s i m u l a t i o n , (2) " C a l i b r a t i o n " d a t a , i . e . p r o t o t y p e measurements which are used t o a d j u s t v a r i o u s model c o e f f i c i e n t s t o b r i n g t h e model's p e r formance i n t o conformance w i t h t h a t of t h e p r o t o t y p e , and (3) " V e r i f i c a t i o n " d a t a ; a d d i t i o n a l p r o t o t y p e measurements used t o e v a l u a t e model performance. Run d a t a were d e r i v e d from c o n s t r u c t i o n drawings of t h e o u t l e t c h a n n e l and r e l a t e d p h y s i c a l f e a t u r e s . C a l i b r a t i o n and v e r i f i c a t i o n d a t a cons i s t e d of s e v e r a l s e t s of d e t a i l e d v e l o c i t y measurements. Both magnitude and d i r e c t i o n of f l o w v e l o c i t y were measured a t s e v e r a l p o i n t s i n t h e v e r t i c a l a t s e v e r a l l o c a t i o n s a c r o s s t h e channel (see F i g 1 ) f o r t h r e e d i s c h a r g e s as shown i n T a b l e I. Values used i n t h i s s t u d y were a v e r a g e s of t h e p o i n t v e r t i c a l d a t a a t each l o c a t i o n .

Research H y d r a u l i c Engineer, Hydrologic Engineering Center US Army Corps of Engineers, Davis, C a l i f o r n i a , U S A

P r e s e n t e d a t t h e ASCE Conference on F r o n t i e r s i n H y d r a u l i c Engineering h e l d a t t h e Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. on 9-12 Augu s t 1983.

OUTLET

2 ,
CHANNEL

F i g . 1 Schematic Drawing of Study Area Showing F i n i t e Element Network

TABLE 1. DATE MEASURED 5 May 82 26 May 82 27 May 82 DISCHARGE (cf s ) 27,000 24,900 1.5,280

CALIBRATION CONDITIONS TAILWATER ELEV ( f t . NGVD) UNITS

Note: 1 c f s = 0.026 m 3 / s ;

1 f t = 0.305 m.
Network/Problem S c h e m a t i z a t i o n

Development of the F i ni t e Element ------

The f i n i t e element network was developed t o p r o v i d e d e t a i l i n t h e a r e a where a f i s h n e t was b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d and i n a r e a s of a n t i c i p a t e d s t r o n g v e l . o c i t y g r a d i e n t s . S u f f i c i e n t network d e t a i l was p r o v i d e d a t t h e powerhouse f a c e t o r e s o l v e f l o w s emanating from i n d i v i d u a l u n i t s . The a r e a schematized extended from t h e powerhouse f a c e downstream a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2700 f e e t . s t i l l i n g b a s i n was a l s o i n c l u d e d i n t h e area modeled as The s ~ i l l w a y c i r c u l a t i o n s i n t h a t a r e a a r e important t o t h e f l o w f i e l d i n g e n e r a l and t o a l l o w f o r s i m u l a t i o n of s p i l l w a y f l o w s i f d e s i r e d . I n g e n e r a l , curved-sided e l e m e n t s were u s e d a l o n g t h e f l o w b o u n d a r i e s t o a l l o w t a n g e n t i a l f l o w a l o n g t h e banks. The network used f o r c a l i b r a t i o n and prod u c t i o n r u n s i s shown on F i g . 1. Note t h e d i s t i n c t rows of e l e m e n t s a l o n g t h e p o s s i b l e n e t a l i g n m e n t s ; t h i s p r o v i d e s a mechanism f o r simulat i n g t h e e f f e c t of t h e f i s h n e t on t h e f l o w f i e l d by i n c r e a s i n g t h e bed roughness w i t h i n one of t h e s e rows o f e l e m e n t s t o a c c o u n t f o r head l o s s a c r o s s t h e n e t . Boundary c o n d i t i o n s used were; i n f l o w ( g e n e f a t e ) o r outflow (pumpback) r a t e s a t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e u n i t s , s l i p c o n d i t i o n s f o r o t h e r f l o w b o u n d a r i e s , and a p r e s c r i b e d w a t e r s u r f a c e e l e v a t i o n a t t h e downs t r e a m boundary. A l l s i m u l a t i o n s were of s t e a d y s t a t e c o n d i t i o n s . C alibration Process/Results The d a t a o b t a i n e d on 26 May 82 were used t o c a l i b r a t e t h e model and t h e o t h e r two d a t a s e t s used f o r v e r i f i c a t i o n . The measured v e l o c i t i e s showed a f l o w r e v e r s a l on t h e l e f t s i d e of t h e c h a n n e l w i t h v e l o c i t i e s t h e r e of up t o 1 f t / s e c (0.305 m/sec) d i r e c t e d towards t h e powerhouse. T h i s c i r c u l a t i o n i s a p p a r e n t l y d r i v e n by f l o w s from t h e powerhouse p e r s i s t i n g a s a j e t a l o n g t h e r i g h t bank. I n i t i a l model r u n s i n d i c a t e d a tendency f o r t h e j e t t o s t a y on t h e r i g h t s i d e of t h e c h a n n e l , however, i t d i f f u s e d and mixed a c r o s s t h e c h a n n e l much more c o m p l e t e l y t h a n was observed i n t h e p r o t o t y p e . The s i m u l a t e d v e l o c i t i e s were i n t h e downstream d i r e c t i o n across nearly t h e e n t i r e c r o s s s e c t i o n a t t h e l o c a t i o n of t h e measurement. U s e of s m a l l e r t u r b u l e n t exchange c o e f f i c i e n t s was i n d i c a t e d t o d e c r e a s e mixing i n t h e model. However, when c o e f f i c i e n t s l e s s t h a n a b o u t 1 5 / f t 2/ s e c (1. 4m2 / s e c ) were used t h e Newton-Raphson method used t o s o l v e t h e n o n l i n e a r s y s t e m of e q u a t i o n s d i d n o t converge.
A Chezy Boundary roughness i s d e s c r i b e d by t h e Chezy e q u a t i o n i n RMA-2. c o e f f i c i e n t of 120 f t % / s e c (66 & / s e c ) was u s e d ; a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u i v a l e n t Bottom f r i c t i o n does n o t p l a y a dominant r o l e t o a Manning's n of 0.020. i n t h i s problem, a s evidenced by t h e s m a l l head l o s s i n t h e r e a c h of

i n t e r e s t ( t h i s was confirmed by p r e l i m i n a r y s e n s i t i v i t y r u n s ) . Improvement of t h e c a l c u l a t e d flow d i s t r i b u t - i o n by v a r y i n g t h e bottom roughness s p a t i a l l y was n o t a t t e m p t e d because t h e r e was no p h y s i c a l j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r doing s o . The i n i t i a l approach t o o b t a i n i n g a convergent s o l u t i o n w i t h lower t u r L UUIcII~ . . - I ~ - + exchaiige c o e f f i c i e n ~ s w a s t o increase network d e t a i l . (The i n i t i a l network c o n t a i n e d 228 e l e m e n t s and 509 nodes; t h e f i n a l 313 e l e ments and 686 nodes.) I t was t h o u g h t t h a t t h i s would improve t h e model's performance f o r two r e a s o n s : (1) i n c r e a s e d network d e t a i l would a l l o w r e s o l u t i o n of s m a l l e r s c a l e flow f e a t u r e s , and ( 2 ) s m a l l e r exchange coe f f i c i e n t s a r e u s u a l l y , used w i t h s m a l l e r e l e m e n t s . Model performance improved somewhat, b u t was s t i l l u n s a t i s f a c t o r y . Attempts were a l s o made t o v a r y t h e t u r b u l e n t exchange c o e f f i c i e n t s i n t h e t r a n s v e r s e d i r e c t i o n from t h o s e i n t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l d i r e c t i o n . These e f f o r t s a g a i n d i d n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y improve t h e r e s u l t s . Convergence of t h e Newton-Raphson a l g o r i t h m r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e f i r s t I I guess" a t t h e s o l u t i o n b e f a i r l y c l o s e t o t h e f i n a l s o l u t i o n ; even f o r r e l a t i v e l y well-behaved f u n c t i o n s . The f i r s t g u e s s used i n RMA-2 i s z e r o v e l o c i t y everywllere and a h o r i z o n t a l water s u i t a c e . P r o v i s i o n a l s o e x i s t s t o u s e a s t h e f i r s t g u e s s t h e s o l u t i o n from a p r e v i o u s l y r u n simulation. H E C had used t h i s f e a t u r e i n a p r e v i o u s s t u d y of a s i t u a t i o n i n v o l v i n g a l a r g e change i n w a t e r s u r f a c e e l e v a t i o n w i t h i n t h e s t u d y domain. S u c c e s s i v e problems were s o l v e d , each having l a r g e r w a t e r s u r f a c e g r a d i e n t s and p r o v i d i n g t h e f i r s t g u e s s a t t h e s u b s e q u e n t problem s o l u t i o n u n t i l t h e d e s i r e d problem was s o l v e d . I t w a s d e c i d e d t o t r y t h i s t e c h n i q u e by u s i n g t h e convergent s o l u t i o n o b t a i n e d w i t h l a r g e exchange c o e f f i c i e n t s a s t h e b e g i n n i n g g u e s s f o r a s o l u t i o n w i t h a s m a l l e r exchange c o e f f i c i e n t s . T h i s t e c h n i q u e proved s u c c e s s f u l ' i n a l l o w i n g u s e of exchange c o e f f i c i e n t s of 7 . 7 f t 2/ s e c ( 0 . 7m2/ s e c ) which gave a s o l u t i o n t h a t c l o s e l y matched t h e observed d a t a ( s e e Fig 2 ) . The o t h e r c r i t i c a l a s p e c t of s u c c e s s f u l l y modeling t h e H.S. Truman f l o w f i e l d was s e l e c t i o n of t h e d e p t h a t t h e powerhouse. The p r o t o t y p e d i s c h a r g e e n t e r s ( o r e x i t s ) o v e r a b o u t t h e lower 2 / 3 of t h e t a i l r a c e d e p t h and i.s n o t u n i f o r m l y d i s t r i b u t e d o v e r t h i s p o r t i o n . A s RMA-2 i s a v e r t i c a l l y averaged model, c a p t u r i n g t h i s v e r t i c a l d e t a i l was n o t p o s s i b l e . Consequently, p r o p e r e n t r a n c e v e l o c i t i e s were o b t a i n e d by a d j u s t i n g t h e bottom e l e v a t i o n a t , and immediately downstream from, t h e powerhouse f a c e . The model was t h e n t e s t e d a g a i n s t t h e v e r i f i c a t i o n d a t a sets ( s e e f o r example F i g . 3) and produced r e s u l t s e q u a l l y a s good as t h e c a l i b r a t i o n run. P r o d u c t i o n Runs Once t h e model was c a l i b r a t e d and v e r i f i e d , p r o d u c t i o n r u n s were made. A l l c o e f f i c i e n t s and p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e model were unchanged from t h e c a l i b r a t i o n r u n s ; o n l y i n f l o w l o c a t i o n s and q u a n t i t i e s and downs t r e a m t a i l w a t e r e l e v a t i o n s were changed t o model t h e v a r i o u s o p e r a t i o n a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n s . To d a t e , f o u r t e e n g e n e r a t i o n and pumpback c o n f i g u r a t i o n s have been a n a l y z e d w i t h t h e model. The computed v e l o c i t y f i e l d s have provided v a l u a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n and d e s i g n of a v i a b l e fish facility.

OBSERVED
VECTOR

. .SIMULATED

-. rlg.

2,6 May 8 2 Observed and Simulated V e l o c i . t i e s (Calibration)

Fig. 3

27 Nay 8 2 Observed and S i m u l a t e d V e 1 o c i t i . e ~ (Veri.f i c a t i o n )

Fig. 4

Data Flow and Program Linkage

Performance of t h i s t y p e of s t u d y r e q u i r e s m a n i p u l a t i o n of s e v e r a l d a t a f i l e s , a p p l i c a t i o n of a t l e a s t t h r e e d i f f e r e n t computer programs, and g r a p h i c s c a p a b i l i t y f o r a n a l y s i s of i n p u t d a t a and s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s . The d a t a f l o w and correspondence between t h e computer programs a r e , s h o w n on F i g . 4 . A l l s i m u l a t i o n s were performed on HEC's Harris 500 minicomputer. The RMA-2 s i m u l a t i o n s r e q u i r e d 3-4 minutes of c . p . u . t i m e p e r i t e r a t i o n , o r a t o t a l t i m e of a b o u t 20 mi.nutes p e r s i m u l a t i o n . Acknowledgements The s t u d y was performed f o r and sponsored by t h e U S Army Engineer D i s t r i c t , Kansas C i t y . V e l o c i t y measurements were made by t h e U.S. Geol.ogica1 Survey. The f i n d i n g s and o p i n i o n s e x p r e s s e d h e r e i n a r e t h o s e of t h e a u t h o r and not: n e c e s s a r i l y t h o s e of t h e U S Army Corps of E n g i n e e r s . References I. Gee, D.M. and MacArthur, R.C. "Development of G e n e r a l i z e d F r e e Surf a c e Flow Models Using F i n i t e Element Techniques," F i n i t e Elements i n Water Resources; P r o c e e d i n g s of t h e Second ~ n t e r n a t i o n a lconferenceon F i n i t e Elements i n Water R e s o u r c e s , P e n t e c h P r e s s , J u l y 1978. Norton, W.R., and King, I . P . , "User's Guide and O p e r a t i n g I n s t r u c t i o n s f o r The Computer Program RMA,-2", r e p o r t t o The Sacramento District, U S Army Corps of E n g i n e e r s , Resource Management A s s o c i a t e s , Dec. 1976.

2.

Technical Paper Series

TP-1 TP-2 TP-3 TP-4 TP-5 TP-6 TP-7 TP-8 TP-9 TP-10 TP-11 TP-12 TP-13 TP-14 TP-15 TP-16 TP-17 TP-18 TP-19 TP-20 TP-21 TP-22 TP-23 TP-24 TP-25 TP-26 TP-27 TP-28 TP-29 TP-30 TP-31 TP-32 TP-33 TP-34 TP-35 TP-36 TP-37 TP-38 Use of Interrelated Records to Simulate Streamflow Optimization Techniques for Hydrologic Engineering Methods of Determination of Safe Yield and Compensation Water from Storage Reservoirs Functional Evaluation of a Water Resources System Streamflow Synthesis for Ungaged Rivers Simulation of Daily Streamflow Pilot Study for Storage Requirements for Low Flow Augmentation Worth of Streamflow Data for Project Design - A Pilot Study Economic Evaluation of Reservoir System Accomplishments Hydrologic Simulation in Water-Yield Analysis Survey of Programs for Water Surface Profiles Hypothetical Flood Computation for a Stream System Maximum Utilization of Scarce Data in Hydrologic Design Techniques for Evaluating Long-Tem Reservoir Yields Hydrostatistics - Principles of Application A Hydrologic Water Resource System Modeling Techniques Hydrologic Engineering Techniques for Regional Water Resources Planning Estimating Monthly Streamflows Within a Region Suspended Sediment Discharge in Streams Computer Determination of Flow Through Bridges An Approach to Reservoir Temperature Analysis A Finite Difference Methods of Analyzing Liquid Flow in Variably Saturated Porous Media Uses of Simulation in River Basin Planning Hydroelectric Power Analysis in Reservoir Systems Status of Water Resource System Analysis System Relationships for Panama Canal Water Supply System Analysis of the Panama Canal Water Supply Digital Simulation of an Existing Water Resources System Computer Application in Continuing Education Drought Severity and Water Supply Dependability Development of System Operation Rules for an Existing System by Simulation Alternative Approaches to Water Resources System Simulation System Simulation of Integrated Use of Hydroelectric and Thermal Power Generation Optimizing flood Control Allocation for a Multipurpose Reservoir Computer Models for Rainfall-Runoff and River Hydraulic Analysis Evaluation of Drought Effects at Lake Atitlan Downstream Effects of the Levee Overtopping at Wilkes-Barre, PA, During Tropical Storm Agnes Water Quality Evaluation of Aquatic Systems TP-39 TP-40 TP-41 TP-42 TP-43 TP-44 TP-45 TP-46 TP-47 TP-48 TP-49 TP-50 TP-51 TP-52 TP-53 TP-54 TP-55 TP-56 TP-57 TP-58 TP-59 TP-60 TP-61 TP-62 TP-63 TP-64 TP-65 TP-66 TP-67 TP-68 TP-69 A Method for Analyzing Effects of Dam Failures in Design Studies Storm Drainage and Urban Region Flood Control Planning HEC-5C, A Simulation Model for System Formulation and Evaluation Optimal Sizing of Urban Flood Control Systems Hydrologic and Economic Simulation of Flood Control Aspects of Water Resources Systems Sizing Flood Control Reservoir Systems by System Analysis Techniques for Real-Time Operation of Flood Control Reservoirs in the Merrimack River Basin Spatial Data Analysis of Nonstructural Measures Comprehensive Flood Plain Studies Using Spatial Data Management Techniques Direct Runoff Hydrograph Parameters Versus Urbanization Experience of HEC in Disseminating Information on Hydrological Models Effects of Dam Removal: An Approach to Sedimentation Design of Flood Control Improvements by Systems Analysis: A Case Study Potential Use of Digital Computer Ground Water Models Development of Generalized Free Surface Flow Models Using Finite Element Techniques Adjustment of Peak Discharge Rates for Urbanization The Development and Servicing of Spatial Data Management Techniques in the Corps of Engineers Experiences of the Hydrologic Engineering Center in Maintaining Widely Used Hydrologic and Water Resource Computer Models Flood Damage Assessments Using Spatial Data Management Techniques A Model for Evaluating Runoff-Quality in Metropolitan Master Planning Testing of Several Runoff Models on an Urban Watershed Operational Simulation of a Reservoir System with Pumped Storage Technical Factors in Small Hydropower Planning Flood Hydrograph and Peak Flow Frequency Analysis HEC Contribution to Reservoir System Operation Determining Peak-Discharge Frequencies in an Urbanizing Watershed: A Case Study Feasibility Analysis in Small Hydropower Planning Reservoir Storage Determination by Computer Simulation of Flood Control and Conservation Systems Hydrologic Land Use Classification Using LANDSAT Interactive Nonstructural Flood-Control Planning Critical Water Surface by Minimum Specific Energy Using the Parabolic Method

TP-70 TP-71 TP-72 TP-73 TP-74 TP-75 TP-76 TP-77 TP-78 TP-79 TP-80 TP-81 TP-82 TP-83 TP-84 TP-85 TP-86 TP-87 TP-88 TP-89 TP-90 TP-91 TP-92 TP-93 TP-94 TP-95 TP-96 TP-97 TP-98 TP-99 TP-100 TP-101 TP-102 TP-103 TP-104

Corps of Engineers Experience with Automatic Calibration of a Precipitation-Runoff Model Determination of Land Use from Satellite Imagery for Input to Hydrologic Models Application of the Finite Element Method to Vertically Stratified Hydrodynamic Flow and Water Quality Flood Mitigation Planning Using HEC-SAM Hydrographs by Single Linear Reservoir Model HEC Activities in Reservoir Analysis Institutional Support of Water Resource Models Investigation of Soil Conservation Service Urban Hydrology Techniques Potential for Increasing the Output of Existing Hydroelectric Plants Potential Energy and Capacity Gains from Flood Control Storage Reallocation at Existing U.S. Hydropower Reservoirs Use of Non-Sequential Techniques in the Analysis of Power Potential at Storage Projects Data Management Systems of Water Resources Planning The New HEC-1 Flood Hydrograph Package River and Reservoir Systems Water Quality Modeling Capability Generalized Real-Time Flood Control System Model Operation Policy Analysis: Sam Rayburn Reservoir Training the Practitioner: The Hydrologic Engineering Center Program Documentation Needs for Water Resources Models Reservoir System Regulation for Water Quality Control A Software System to Aid in Making Real-Time Water Control Decisions Calibration, Verification and Application of a TwoDimensional Flow Model HEC Software Development and Support Hydrologic Engineering Center Planning Models Flood Routing Through a Flat, Complex Flood Plain Using a One-Dimensional Unsteady Flow Computer Program Dredged-Material Disposal Management Model Infiltration and Soil Moisture Redistribution in HEC-1 The Hydrologic Engineering Center Experience in Nonstructural Planning Prediction of the Effects of a Flood Control Project on a Meandering Stream Evolution in Computer Programs Causes Evolution in Training Needs: The Hydrologic Engineering Center Experience Reservoir System Analysis for Water Quality Probable Maximum Flood Estimation - Eastern United States Use of Computer Program HEC-5 for Water Supply Analysis Role of Calibration in the Application of HEC-6 Engineering and Economic Considerations in Formulating Modeling Water Resources Systems for Water Quality

TP-105 TP-106 TP-107 TP-108 TP-109 TP-110 TP-111 TP-112 TP-113 TP-114 TP-115 TP-116 TP-117 TP-118 TP-119 TP-120 TP-121 TP-122 TP-123 TP-124 TP-125 TP-126 TP-127 TP-128 TP-129 TP-130 TP-131 TP-132 TP-133 TP-134 TP-135 TP-136 TP-137 TP-138 TP-139 TP-140 TP-141

Use of a Two-Dimensional Flow Model to Quantify Aquatic Habitat Flood-Runoff Forecasting with HEC-1F Dredged-Material Disposal System Capacity Expansion Role of Small Computers in Two-Dimensional Flow Modeling One-Dimensional Model for Mud Flows Subdivision Froude Number HEC-5Q: System Water Quality Modeling New Developments in HEC Programs for Flood Control Modeling and Managing Water Resource Systems for Water Quality Accuracy of Computer Water Surface Profiles Executive Summary Application of Spatial-Data Management Techniques in Corps Planning The HEC's Activities in Watershed Modeling HEC-1 and HEC-2 Applications on the Microcomputer Real-Time Snow Simulation Model for the Monongahela River Basin Multi-Purpose, Multi-Reservoir Simulation on a PC Technology Transfer of Corps' Hydrologic Models Development, Calibration and Application of Runoff Forecasting Models for the Allegheny River Basin The Estimation of Rainfall for Flood Forecasting Using Radar and Rain Gage Data Developing and Managing a Comprehensive Reservoir Analysis Model Review of U.S. Army corps of Engineering Involvement With Alluvial Fan Flooding Problems An Integrated Software Package for Flood Damage Analysis The Value and Depreciation of Existing Facilities: The Case of Reservoirs Floodplain-Management Plan Enumeration Two-Dimensional Floodplain Modeling Status and New Capabilities of Computer Program HEC-6: "Scour and Deposition in Rivers and Reservoirs" Estimating Sediment Delivery and Yield on Alluvial Fans Hydrologic Aspects of Flood Warning Preparedness Programs Twenty-five Years of Developing, Distributing, and Supporting Hydrologic Engineering Computer Programs Predicting Deposition Patterns in Small Basins Annual Extreme Lake Elevations by Total Probability Theorem A Muskingum-Cunge Channel Flow Routing Method for Drainage Networks Prescriptive Reservoir System Analysis Model Missouri River System Application A Generalized Simulation Model for Reservoir System Analysis The HEC NexGen Software Development Project Issues for Applications Developers HEC-2 Water Surface Profiles Program HEC Models for Urban Hydrologic Analysis

TP-142 TP-143 TP-144 TP-145 TP-146 TP-147 TP-148 TP-149 TP-150 TP-151 TP-152

Systems Analysis Applications at the Hydrologic Engineering Center Runoff Prediction Uncertainty for Ungauged Agricultural Watersheds Review of GIS Applications in Hydrologic Modeling Application of Rainfall-Runoff Simulation for Flood Forecasting Application of the HEC Prescriptive Reservoir Model in the Columbia River Systems HEC River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) HEC-6: Reservoir Sediment Control Applications The Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS): Design and Development Issues The HEC Hydrologic Modeling System Bridge Hydraulic Analysis with HEC-RAS Use of Land Surface Erosion Techniques with Stream Channel Sediment Models

TP-153 TP-154 TP-155 TP-156 TP-157 TP-158 TP-159 TP-160 TP-161

Risk-Based Analysis for Corps Flood Project Studies - A Status Report Modeling Water-Resource Systems for Water Quality Management Runoff simulation Using Radar Rainfall Data Status of HEC Next Generation Software Development Unsteady Flow Model for Forecasting Missouri and Mississippi Rivers Corps Water Management System (CWMS) Some History and Hydrology of the Panama Canal Application of Risk-Based Analysis to Planning Reservoir and Levee Flood Damage Reduction Systems Corps Water Management System - Capabilities and Implementation Status