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Mobility Ratio Control in Water-flooded
Reservoir with Incidence of Oilfield Scale
A. S. A. Fadairo
a
a
Department of Petroleum Engineering , Covenant University , Ota,
Nigeria
Published online: 06 Apr 2010.
To cite this article: A. S. A. Fadairo (2010) Mobility Ratio Control in Water-flooded Reservoir
with Incidence of Oilfield Scale, Petroleum Science and Technology, 28:7, 712-722, DOI:
10.1080/10916460902804689
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916460902804689
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Petroleum Science and Technology, 28:712722, 2010
Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 1091-6466 print/1532-2459 online
DOI: 10.1080/10916460902804689
Mobility Ratio Control in Water-ooded
Reservoir with Incidence of Oileld Scale
A. S. A. FADAIRO
1
1
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
Abstract The process of precipitation and accumulation of oileld scales around
the well bore vicinity are major ongoing ow assurance problems that may result in
formation damage. The phenomenon may negatively impact the success of a water-
ooding project that majorly depends on mobility ratio.
A predictive model has been developed for estimating the mobility ratio of a
water-ooded reservoir with possible incidence of oileld scale. Results show that the
high mobility ratio encountered after water breakthrough does not only depend on
the increase in water saturation and relative permeability but on the magnitude of
oileld scale saturation around the well bore.
Keywords mobility ratio, oileld scale, permeability damage, porous media, pres-
sure drop, skin factor
Introduction
Formation and deposition of scale in porous media due to extensive use of seawater
for oil displacement and pressure maintenance is a problem that results in permeability
damage after water breakthrough at reduced reservoir pressure (A. Fadairo et al., 2008a).
The phenomenon may provoke loss in productivity, injectivity, and efciency of a water-
ooding scheme that is generally dependent on mobility ratio.
Several research works have developed models on permeability damage due to
migration of mineral scale particles in porous media and indicated that permeability
damage is more likely to be severe near the well bore. Among other authors, Rachon
et al. (1996) presented a relationship between initial permeability and instantaneous
permeability as a porosity exponential function. Civan et al. (1989) developed a power
law model that is valid for a solid mineral deposition inducing permeability reduction of
up to about 80%. Chang and Civan (1996) presented a relationship between the initial
permeability and instantaneous permeability as functions of altered porosity and initial
porosity, by assuming a power law of 3.0. Moghadasi et al. (2005, 2006) modied Civian
et al.s (2001) model by introducing variable parameters such as particle concentration in
the uid, solid particles density against the depth, and time of invasion. A. Fadairo et al.
(2008, 2008b, 2009) recently presented an improved model of Moghadasi et al. (2005,
2006) and Civian et al.s (2001) formulation on formation permeability damage due to
mass transfer of particles owing through the porous media. The improved model was
adapted to handle oileld scale-induced permeability damage.
Address correspondence to A. S. A. Fadairo, Department of Petroleum Engineering, Covenant
University, KM 10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Nigeria. E-mail: adesinafadairo@yahoo.com
712
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Mobility Ratio Control 713
Effect of oileld scale-induced permeability on the success of a water-ooding
project that depends on mobility ratio has rarely been reported. Tahmasebi et al. (2007)
recently formulated an empirical correlation for predicting the permeability and apparent
mobility reduction due to calcium sulfate scale.
Mobility ratio is important in determining the success or failure of a water-ooding
project (Kumar et al. 2005; A. Fadairo et al., 2008a); hence, it is pertinent to determine
the key operational and reservoir/brine parameters that inuence the mobility ratio of a
water-ooded reservoir.
This article presents a predictive tool for estimating mobility ratio of a water-ooded
reservoir with possible incidence of oileld scale precipitation and accumulation. The
oileld scale saturation around the well bore has been identied through the derivation
of the model as one of the key parameters that inuences the mobility ratio after water
breakthrough.
The Model Assumptions
The analytical expressions derived in this study are based on the following fundamental
and general assumptions:
1. Solid precipitates are uniformly suspended in an incompressible uid.
2. The porous medium is homogeneous, isothermal, and isotropic.
3. The porous media contain a large number of pore spaces, which are interconnected
by a pore throat whose size is log-normally distributed.
4. The interaction forces between the medium and precipitated solid minerals are negli-
gible.
Formulation
Consider the simultaneous radial ow of oil and injected or produced water, saturated
with solid mineral scale particle at a location r, from the well bore. The total pressure
drop across the well bore is the summation of pressure drop due to ow of oil and water
and additional pressure drop due to scale deposition and around the well bore. That is,
^1
T
= ^1(due to uid) ^1(due to scale deposition) (1)
^1
T
= ^1
w
^1
o
^1
s
(2)
^1
T
=
q
w
j
w
2hKK
r
w
In
r
water
r
well

q
o
j
o
2hKK
r
o
In
r
oil
r
well

q
w
j
w
2hKK
r
w
s (3)
Rearranging Eq. (3) we get:
^1
T
=
q
w
j
w
2hKK
r
w

In
r
water
r
well
s

q
o
j
o
2hKK
r
o
In
r
oil
r
well
(4)
Multiply Eq. (4) by
2hKK
rw

w
to get:
2hKK
r
w
^1
T
j
w
= q
w

In
r
water
r
well
s

q
o
MIn
r
oil
r
well
(5)
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714 A. S. A. Fadairo
where
M(mobility ratio) =
1
r
w
j
o
1
r
o
j
w
(6)
Dividing Eq. (5) by q
o
In
r
oil
r
well
, we get:
2hKK
r
w
^1
T
q
o
j
w
In
r
oil
r
well
=
q
w
q
o
In
r
oil
r
well

In
r
water
r
well
s

M (7)
Rearranging Eq. (7) we get:
2hKK
r
w
^1
T
q
o
j
w
In
r
oil
r
well

q
w
q
o
In
r
oil
r
well

In
r
water
r
well
s

= M (8)
Formation damage due to oileld scale deposition during water-ooding results in
a positive skin effect around the well bore. The skin factor and pressure drop across
the skin due to oileld scale deposition were expressed respectively by A. Fadairo et al.
(2008b) as follows:
v Skin factor:
s = {1 z

S
s
(1 S
w
i
)|
3:0
1] In
r
s
r
w
(9)
v Pressure drop across the skin due to scale deposition:
^1
s
=
qTj
2hK
o
{1 z

S
s
(1 S
w
i
)|
3:0
1] In
r
s
r
w
(10)
Inserting Eq. (9) into (8) and rearranging, we get:
M =
1
q
o
In
r
oil
r
well

2hKK
r
w
^1
T
j
w
q
w

In
r
water
r
well
{1 z

S
s
(1 S
w
i
)|
3:0
1] In
r
s
r
well

(11)
The derivation of Eqs. (9) and (10) is expressed in detail in Appendix A.
Model Analysis
Computer software was developed for predicting the mobility ratio of a water-ooded
reservoir with possible incidence of mineral scale precipitation and deposition and es-
timate instantaneous additional pressure drop and skin factor induced by oileld scale
during water-ooding as a function of operational and reservoir/brine parameters.
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Mobility Ratio Control 715
Table 1
Amount of BaSO
4
and SrSO
4
precipitated as a
function of pore volume of seawater injected
Pore volume of
seawater injected, %
BaSO
4
precipitate,
g/m
3
0 0.0
10 71.0
20 65.0
30 58.0
40 48.0
50 42.0
60 32.0
70 25.0
80 18.0
90 10.0
100 0.0
(Source: Haarberg et al., 1992.)
The data of Haarberg et al. (1992) on scale formation shown in Table 1 and brine/
reservoir properties (Civan, 2001) listed in Table 2 were used as input for the model.
Discussion of Results
Flow rate of brine is the major parameter that inuences the magnitude of ow impairment
and determines the success of any water-ooding project and this depends on the mobility
ratio. Figure 1 shows the effect of brine ow rate on the mobility ratio of a reservoir with
possible incidence of scale precipitation as pore volume of seawater injected increased.
Table 2
Fluid and reservoir base case properties used as
input in the scale prediction model
Pay thickness, h 26 m
Initial permeability 0.5922E-13 m
2
(60 mD)
Initial porosity 0.05
Reservoir pressure 36,600 kPa
Bottom hole pressure 22,060 kPa
Reservoir temperature 353 K (80

C)
Brine formation volume factor 1.7
Brine viscosity 0.0007 Pa-s
Hydrocarbon formation volume factor 1.2
Hydrocarbon viscosity 0.003
Connate water saturation 0.2
(Source: Civan, 2001.)
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716 A. S. A. Fadairo
Figure 1. Mobility ratio against pore volume of water injected at different ow rates of produced
water.
High mobility ratio occurs earlier for the high ow rate case than the lower ow rate case.
Therefore, reduction in produced water ow rate will generally decrease the mobility ratio
and prolong the stable displacement of oil by water prior to signicant ow impairment
caused by deposited oileld scale, which promotes a high mobility ratio. From this gure
it can also be be observed that at low ow rate in the range of 0 m
3
/day to 11.92 m
3
/day,
mobility ratio is less than one (M < 1) and approximately constant as pore volume
of injected water increased, indicating that the displacement of hydrocarbon by water is
approximately stable; therefore, the critical ow rate for bypassthat is, the rate at which
water or brine would under run the hydrocarbon in the form of a water tonguecan be
approximately determined for a water-ooded reservoir with possible incidence of scale
deposition around the well bore.
The mobility ratio and skin factor variation due to precipitation of sulfate scale for
different pore volumes of seawater injected in a reservoir during production are shown
in Figure 2. From the gure it can be seen that there is a direct relationship between
the mobility and skin factor. The magnitude of positive skin determines the propensity
for water to bypass oil, causing unstable displacement in a water-ooded reservoir. The
skin factor increases as pore volume of seawater injected approaches a local maximum at
10% and begins to decrease beyond this pore volume. A similar trend was observed with
mobility ratio as shown in Figure 2. This observation may be due to a shift of equilibrium
from deposition to dissolution of scale beyond 10% pore volume; that is, deposited scale
experiences dissolution. The locations with high positive skin factors are most likely to
experience signicant ow impairment by deposited scale and easily produce an unstable
displacement of hydrocarbon by water.
Figure 3 corroborates Figure 2 where we observe that the mobility ratio is enhanced
by the presence of skin and as produced water rate increases.
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Mobility Ratio Control 717
Figure 2. Plot of mobility ratio and skin factor against pore volume of water injected at different
ow rates of produced water.
Figure 3. Plot of mobility ratio against pore volume of water injected.
Conclusion
The following conclusions were drawn from the results of this study:
1. The model developed has demonstrated that a high mobility ratio encountered after
water breakthrough in a water-ooded reservoir does not only depend on the increase
in water saturation and relative permeability but on key operational and reservoir/
brine parameters such as fractional change in mineral scale concentration per unit
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718 A. S. A. Fadairo
change in pressure, viscosity of brine, formation volume factor of the brine, solid
scale density, brine/hydrocarbon ratio, brine ow rate, hydrocarbon ow rate, pressure
drawdown, reservoir temperature, reservoir thickness, brine and hydrocarbon velocity
against injection time, and radial distance.
2. The model has shown that mobility ratio is directly proportional to the ow rate of
produced water and positive skin factor induced by scale and inversely proportional to
ow rate of hydrocarbon. Low mobility ratio generally increases hydrocarbon recovery.
Reduction in water production rate would generally decrease the mobility ratio and
prolong the stable displacement of oil by water prior to signicant ow impairment
by deposited oileld scale that pronounce high mobility ratio.
3. Results of the study show that the control of mobility ratio after water breakthrough
is signicantly dependent on oileld scale saturation around the well bore during the
process of water-ooding. The mobility ratio of a water-ooded reservoir remains
constant until water breakthrough and achieves an increasing local maximum at 10%
pore volume injected water as the ow rate of produced water increases with a
signicant jump beyond the critical ow rate observed at mobility ratio of 1. Similar
results corroborating the above were obtained with variation in skin factor.
4. The models could be used for diagnosis, evaluation, and simulation of a high mobility
ratio water-ooded reservoir and skin factor with possible incidence of oileld scale
in a water-ooding scheme.
Acknowledgments
The author thanks Dr. Falode Olugbenga of University of Ibadan for his technical
contribution and Father-Heroes Consult Nig Ltd. for their nancial support in carrying
out this research work.
References
Atkinson, G., Raju, K., and Howell, R. D. (1991). The thermodynamics of scale prediction.
SPE Paper no. 21021, Society of Petroleum Engineers International Symposium on Oileld
Chemistry, Anaheim, CA, February 2021, pp. 209215.
Chang, F. F., and Civan, F. (1996). Practical model for chemically induced formation damage.
J. Petrol. Sci. Eng. 17:123137.
Civan, F. (2001). Modeling well performance under non equilibrium deposition condition. SPE
Paper no. 67234, SPE Production and Operations Symposium, OK, March 2427.
Civan, F., Knapp, R. M., and Ohen, H. A. (1989). Alteration of permeability by ne particle
processes. J. Petrol. Sci. Eng. 3:6579.
Fadairo, A., Ako, C. T., Omole, O., and Falode, O. (2009). Effect of oileld scale on productivity
index. Adv. Sustain. Petrol. Eng. Sci. 1:295304.
Fadairo, A., Omole, O., and Falode, O. (2008a). Effect of oileld scale deposition on mobility
ratio. SPE Paper no. 114488, CIPC/SPE International Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,
June 1619.
Fadairo, A., Omole, O., and Falode, O. (2008b). Modeling formation damage induced by oileld
scales. J. Petrol. Sci. Tech. 27:14541465.
Fadairo, A. S. A. (2004). Prediction of scale build up rate around the well bore (Nigeria). M.Sc.
Thesis, Department of Petroleum Engineering, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Haarberg, T., Selm, I., Granbakken, D. B., stvold, T., Read, P., and Schmidt, T. (1992). Scale
formation in reservoir and production equipment during oil recovery II: Equilibrium model.
SPE J. Prod. Eng. 7:847857.
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Mobility Ratio Control 719
Kumar, M., Hoang, V., Satik, C., and Rojas, D. H. (2005). High mobility water ood performance
prediction: Challenges and new insights. SPE Paper no. 97671 SPE International Improved
Oil Recovery Conference in Asia Pacic, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, December 56.
Moghadasi, J., Mller Steinhagen, H., Jamialahmadi, M., and Sharif, A. (2005). Model study on
the kinetics of oil eld formation damage due to salt precipitation from injection. J. Petrol.
Sci. Eng. 46:299315.
Moghadasi, J., Sharif, A., Kalantari, A. M., and Motaie, E. (2006). A new model to describe
particle movement and deposition in porous media. SPE Paper no. 99391, 15th SPE Europe
Conference and Exhibition, Vienna, Austria, June 1215.
Rachon, J., Creusot, M. R., and Rivet, P. (1996). Water quality for water injection wells. SPE
Paper no. 31122, SPE Formation Damage Control Symposium, Lafayette, LA, February 14
15, pp. 489503.
Tahmasebi, H. A., Azad, U., Kharrat, R., and Masoudi, R. (2007). Prediction of permeability
reduction rate due to calcium sulfate formation in porous media. SPE Paper no. 105105 15th
SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference, Kingdom of Bahrain, March 1114.
Appendix A
Instantaneous Permeability as a Result of Solid Scale Saturation Near
the Well Bore Region
Consider the radial ow of a uid at constant rate q, saturated with solid-state particle at
a location r from the well bore. Assuming an idealized ow equation, A. Fadairo et al.
(2008a, 2008b) and A. S. A. Fadairo (2004) expressed the pressure gradient due to the
presence of scale in the ow path as follows:
dP
dr
=
q
w
T
w
j
w
exp(31
dep
C t )
21
i
hr
s
(A1)
where z
k
is dened as formation damage coefcient
1213
. That is, z
k
= exp(31
dep

C t )
Instantaneous local porosity can be dened as the difference between the initial
porosity and damaged fraction of the pore spaces (Moghadasi et al., 2005, 2006; A.
Fadairo et al., 2008b, 2009):
That is,

s
=
i

d
(A2)
Therefore,

s
=
i

q
2
w

JC
J1

T
T
w
j
w
t z
k
4
2
r
2
s
h
2
1
i
j
(A3)
Damage fraction of the pore spaces
d
can be dened as the ratio of the volume of
scale deposited to bulk volume of the porous media or the fraction of minerals scale that
occupied the total volume of porous media (A. Fadairo et al., 2008a; Moghadasi et al.,
2006):
That is,

d
=
volume of minerals scale deposited
bulk volume of the porous media
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The volume of scale dV, which drops out and gets deposited in the volume element over
the time interval, dt, is given as follows (since dV = Flow rate Time interval; Civan,
2001; A. S. A. Fadairo, 2004; A. Fadairo et al., 2008a, 2008b):
dV = q
w

dC
jdP

T
dP dt (A4)
where

dC
dP

T
is dened as the change in saturated solid scale content per unit change in
pressure at constant temperature.
Hence, the change in porosity due to scale deposition over time interval is given as:
J
d
=
q
w

dC
dP

T
dP dt
2r
s
drhj
(A5)
Substituting Eq. (A1) into Eq. (A5) and integrating the equation, we have

d
=
q
2

dC
dP

T
T
w
j
w
t z
k
4
2
r
2
s
h
2
1
i
j
(A6)
Substituting Eq. (A6) into Eq. (A2) and dividing both sides of equation by
o
, we have:

i
= 1
q
2

dC
dP

T
T j t z
k
4
2
r
2
s
h
2
1
i
j
i
(A7)
A. Fadairo et al. (2008b) recently expressed the fraction of mineral scale that occupied
the pore spaces at different radial distance from the well bore as follows:
S
s
=
q
2

dC
dP

T
T
w
j
w
t z
k
4
2
r
2
s
h
2

o
z

1
o
j(1 S
w
i
)
(A8)
Rearranging Eq. (A8), we have:

o
z

S
s
(1 S
w
i
) =
q
2

dC
dP

T
T
w
j
w
t z
k
4
2
r
2
s
h
2
1
o
j
(A9)
where z

can be dened as porosity damage coefcient. That is,

z

= exp(1
dep
C t ) (A10)
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Mobility Ratio Control 721
Substituting Eq. (A9) into Eq. (A7), we have:
=
o

o
z

S
s
(1 S
w
i
) (A11)
Dividing both sides of Eq. (A11) by
o
, we have:

o
= 1 z

S
s
(1 S
w
i
) (A12)
Consider the relationship between the initial permeability and instantaneous permeability
as a function of altered porosity and initial porosity dened by Civian et al. (1990) as:
1
s
1
o
=

3
(A13)
Instantaneous permeability induced by oileld scale can be expressed after substituting
Eq. (A12) into (A13) as
1
s
= 1
o
1 z

S
s
(1 S
w
i
)|
3:0
(A14)
Equation (A14) expresses oileld scale-induced permeability as a function of operational
parameters and reservoir/brine parameters.
The Skin Factor and Pressure Drop Across the Skin Due to
Scale Deposition
Formation damage due to oileld scale deposition during water-ooding results in a
positive skin effect around the well bore.
The skin factor is a dimensionless variable used in petroleum eld calculation to
estimate the magnitude of skin effect or degree of damage in formation. The skin factor
can be expressed conventionally as:
s =

1
o
1
s
1

In
r
s
r
w
(A15)
Substituting Eq. (A13) into (A14), we have:
s = {1 z

S
s
(1 S
w
i
)|
3:0
1] In
r
s
r
w
(A16)
Equation (A16) expresses the effect of oileld scale buildup on skin factor at different
pore volumes of seawater injected. This equation has equally expressed the inuence of
different operational and reservoir/brine parameters on the magnitude of skin effect.
Additional Pressure Drop across the Skin Due to Scale Deposition
Near the Well Bore
A positive skin factor causes additional pressure drop around the well bore vicinity. The
pressure drop across the skin ^1
s
is the difference between the actual pressure in the
well bore when it is owing and the pressure that would have been seen if the well were
undamaged. This can be expressed as:
^1
s
=
qTj
2hK
o
{1 z

S
s
(1 S
w
i
)|
3
1] In
r
s
r
w
(A17)
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
d
a
d

N
a
c
i
o
n
a
l

C
o
l
o
m
b
i
a
]

a
t

1
8
:
5
4

2
8

J
a
n
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

722 A. S. A. Fadairo
At initial production time, when t = 0, S
s
= 0, the skin factor s = 0 and the additional
pressure drop across the skin due to scale deposition ^1
s
= 0.
Substituting Eq. (A16) into Eq. (A17), we have:
^1
s
=
qTj
2hK
o
s (A18)
Nomenclature
B formation volume factor
C salt concentration, g/m
3
C (I) concentration at the well bore pressure, g/m
3
C (P) concentration at the reservoir pressure, g/m
3
dP change in pressure, Pa
F model parameter, sec
1
h thickness, m
K permeability M
2
1
dep
deposition rate constant m
3
/g sec
1
i
initial permeability, m
2
1
ro
oil relative permeability
1
rw
water relative permeability
1
s
instantaneous permeability, m
2
[M[ mobility ratio
P pressure, Pa
^1
s
additional pressure drop across the skin, Pa
^1
T
total pressure, Pa
q
o
oil ow rate, m
3
/day
q
w
water ow rate, m
3
/day
r
oil
radial distance covered by oil, m
r
s
radial distance covered by oileld scale, m
r
water
radial distance covered by water, m
r
well
well bore radius, m
S
s
saturation of sulfate (scale)
S
wi
connate water saturation
s skin factor
T temperature, K
t production time, sec
V volume of scale, m
3
Greek Letters
activity coefcient
z
K
permeability damage coefcient
z

porosity damage coefcient

j
w
water viscosity, Pa-sec
j
o
oil viscosity, Pa-sec
j density, g/m
3
instantaneous porosity

d
damaged fraction

o
initial porosity
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
d
a
d

N
a
c
i
o
n
a
l

C
o
l
o
m
b
i
a
]

a
t

1
8
:
5
4

2
8

J
a
n
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4