Tutorial 2 – Heat

Temperature Conversions

K = C + 273 C = K – 273

Convert these temperatures from Celsius to Kelvin:

27 °C
560 °C
-184 °C
-273 °C

Convert Kelvin to Celsius

110 K
22 K
402 K
323 K

[Answers]

Convert these temperatures from Celsius to Kelvin: K = C + 273

27 °C = 27 + 273 = 300 K
560 °C = 833 K
-184 °C = 89 K
-273 °C = 0 K

Convert Kelvin to Celsius: C = K – 273

110K = 110 – 273 = -63°°C

22K = -251°°C
402K = 129°°C
323K = 50°°C

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Tutorial 2 – Heat

Specific Heat Capacities of Various Materials

SUBSTANCE SPECIFIC HEAT SUBSTANCE SPECIFIC HEAT

CAPACITY CP (J/KG ºC) CAPACITY (J/KG
ºC)
Aluminum 9.0 x 102 Alcohol (ethyl) 2.3 x 102
Brass 3.8 x 102 Alcohol(methyl) 2.5 x 102
Copper 3.9 x 102 Glycerine 2.4 x 102
Glass (crown) 6.7 x 102 Mercury 1.4 x 102
Glass (pyrex) 7.8 x 102 Nitrogen (liquid) 1.1 x 102
Gold 1.3 x 102 Water (liquid) 4.2 x 103
Iron 4.5 x 102 Water (ice) 2.1 x 103
Lead 1.3 x 102 Water (steam) 2.0 x 103
Sand 8.0 x 102 air 1.0 x 103
Silver 2.3 x 102

1. When 3.0 kg of water is cooled from 80.0°C to 10.0°C, how much heat energy is lost?

Q = mc p (T2 − T1 ) = 3.0 × 4.2 ×10 3 (10 − 80 ) = −8.8 ×10 5 J or - 880 kJ (heat loss)

2. How much heat is needed to raise a 0.30 kg piece of aluminum from 30 °C to 150 °C?

Q = mc p (T2 − T1 ) = 0.3 × 9.0 ×10 2 (150 − 30 ) = 3.2 x 10 4 J or 32 kJ

3. 25.2 kJ of heat are added to 2.0 kg of mercury to reach a final temperature of 130°C. What
was the initial temperature of the mercury?
Q Q 25.2 x 10 3
Q = mc p (T2 − T1 ) ⇒ (T2 − T1 ) = ⇒ T1 = T2 − = 130 − = 4.40 oC
mc p mc p 2 × 1.4 x 10 2

4. In an experiment to find the specific heat capacity of water the following results were obtained:
Mass of water in the polystyrene cup = 0.2 kg
Initial joule meter reading = 46 000 J
Final jou1emeter reading = 61 000 J
Initial temperature of water =20 oC
Final temperature of water = 37 °C
(a) Find the specific heat capacity of water.
(b) State two possible sources of errors in this experiment and describe how they affect the
experimental result.
(c) How can we improve the accuracy of the experiment?

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Tutorial 2 – Heat

(a) Energy transferred Q = E2 – E1 = 61 000 - 46000 = 15 000 J

∆T = T2 - T1 = 37 - 20 = 17 °C
Q 15000
c= = = 4410 J or J
m∆T 0.2 × 17 Kg.°C Kg.K
(b) Sources of errors include:
(1) the energy loss to the surroundings;
(2) some of the energy transferred is used to heat up the polystyrene cup, the stirrer and the
thermometer.
(c) Wrap the polystyrene cup with insulation material such as cotton wool or mineral fibre.

5. 0.4 kg of water at 80°C is added to 0.3 kg of water at 10°C in a polystyrene cup.

(a) What is the temperature of the mixture just after mixing?
(b) What is the assumption made in your calculation in (a)?
(c) How would the value in (a) change if the assumption you made is not true?

Let T be the temperature of the mixture.

Fall in temperature of hot water = (80 - T) °C
Rise in temperature of cold water = (T - 10) °C
Heat energy lost by hot water = heat energy gained by cold water
0.4 × 4200 × (80 - T) = 0.3 × 4200 × (T - 10)
Solving the above equation to give T = 50 °C, which is the temperature of the mixture.
(b) No energy is lost to the surroundings.
(c) The value of the final temperature would become smaller.

6. How much energy is required to melt 0.5 kg of ice at 0 °C and to raise the temperature to 80°C?
J
Given : Specific Latent Heat of fusion Lf = 3.34 x 105
kg
J
Specific heat capacity = 4200
kg.°C

Total energy required

= latent heat of fusion (ice at 0 °C → water at 0 °C ) + sensible heat (water from 0 °C→80°C)

= mL f + mcp ∆T

= 0.5 × 3.34 × 105 + 0.5 × 4200 × (80 – 0) = 3.35 × 105 J or 335 kJ

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Tutorial 2 – Heat

Heat Transfer

Example 1 - Fourier’s equation for conduction through a wall

Calculate the quantity of heat conducted through a brick wall of area 2 m2 and thickness 12
cm in 1 hour. The surface temperatures of the brick wall are 8 oC and 28 oC. The thermal
conductivity of the brick wall is 0.13 W/mK.

Solution:
kA
Q= (t1 – t2)
x
0.13 * 2
= × (28 – 8) = 43.3 W
0.12

The quantity of heat transfer in one hour is 43.3 × 3600 = 155880 J

Example 2 - Fourier’s equation for radial conduction through a pipe

Find the heat transfer to the outer surface of the pipe after 1 hour.

Radius 30mm pipe length = 10 m

o
Surface temperature 30 C
pipe conductivity = 45 W/m.K

Radius 25mm
Surface temperature 80oC

Solution: t1 = 80oC; t2 = 30oC; k = 45 W/m.K

r1 = 25 mm r2 = 30 mm L = 10 m
2π k L 2π × 45 × 10
Q = (t1 − t 2 ) = - (80 − 30)
 r2   30 × 10 −3 
ln   ln  −3 
 r1   25 × 10 
= 775397 W or 775.4 kW

After 1 hour, the quantity of heat transfer is 775.4 × 3600 = 2791440 kJ

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Tutorial 2 – Heat

Example 3 – Newton’s law of cooling

Find the heat loss to the air from the pipe.

Radius 30mm pipe length = 10 m

Surface temperature 40oC convective heat transfer coefficient = 20 W/m2K

surrounding air temperature = 28oC

Solution:

tw = 40oC ; tf = 28oC; h = 20 W/m2.K

Q = h A (tw – tf) = h (2πroL) (tw – tf) = 20 × (2π × 30×10-3 × 10) × (40 – 28)
= 452.4 W, heat flow from the cyclinder to the surrounding air as tw > tf.

Example 4 – Thermal Resistance

A brick wall 250 mm thick is faced with concrete 50mm thick. The brick has a coefficient of
thermal conductivity of 0.69 W/m.K while that of the concrete is 0.93 W/m.K. If the
temperature of the exposed brick face is 30 ℃ and that of the concrete is 5 ℃, determine (a)
the thermal resistance of the wall, (b) heat lost through a wall 10 m long and 5 m high and (c)
Determine the interface temperature.

t1 = 30 ℃, t3 = 5 ℃, x1 = 0.25 m, k1 = 0.69 W/m.K, x2 = 0.05 m, k2 = 0.93 W/m.K,

b = 10 m, h = 5 m

2
x x x 0.25 0.05
R= ∑ k = k1 + k 2 = 0.69 + 0.93 = 0.416 K / W
i=1 1 2

A(t1 − t 3 ) (bh)(t1 − t3 )
10 × 5(30 − 5)
Q= = = = 3000 W or 3 kW
R R 0.416
For the brick wall, Q = k1A(t1 − t 2 ) , heat transfer through a plane wall.
x1
Qx1 3000 × 0.25
The interface temperature, t 2 = t1 − = 30 − = 8.3 ℃
k1A 0.69 × (10 × 5)

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