Transmission Lines 1

TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY
I. The Transmission Line Model:

Consider the following repeating (uniform) sequence of "lumped" circuit elements:
Applying elementary circuit analysis to each node of such a "discrete" transmission line we
may write a set of basic circuit equations.

v
n+1
t ( ) v
n
t ( ) R
s
i
n +1
t ( ) L
s
d
dt
i
n+1
t ( ) [ I-1a ]

i
n +1
t ( ) i
n
t ( ) G
p
v
n
t ( ) C
p
d
dt
v
n
t ( ) [ I-1b ]
The crucial matter is that the voltage and current vary both in time and space! To obtain a
solution, we first deal with the time dependence by making use of the "phasor" concept --
i.e. we replace the time dependent variables with their Fourier Transforms

v
n
t ( ) V
n
( ) exp j t [ ] d
and i
n
t ( ) I
n
( ) exp j t [ ] d
[ I-2]
or in the language of circuit analysis

v
n
t ( ) V
n
( ) exp j t [ ] { } V
n
( ) cos t +
V
( ) [ I-3a ]
i
n
t ( ) I
n
( ) exp j t [ ] { } I
n
( ) cos t +
I
( ) [ I-3b ]
TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY PAGE 2
R. V. Jones, October 23, 2002
Thus, the set of differential circuit equations for a discrete, uniform transmission line
becomes a huge set of algebraic equations -- viz.
V
n+1
( ) V
n
( ) Z
s
( ) I
n +1
( ) [ I-4a ]
I
n +1
( ) I
n
( ) Y
p
( ) V
n
( ) [ I-4b ]
where Z
s
( ) R
s
+ j L
s
and Y
p
( ) G
p
+ j C
p
are, respectively, the series
impedance and the shunt (parallel) admittance of the transmission line.
II. Exact Solutions of Transmission Line Equations:
Our task is to solve Eqs. [ I-4 ]. To that end, we first cast this array of coupled
inhomogeneous equations in the form of a set of coupled, homogeneous algebraic
equations -- viz.
Z
s
( ) Y
p
( ) V
n
( ) V
n +1
( ) + V
n1
( ) 2 V
n
( ) [ II-1a ]
Z
s
( ) Y
p
( ) I
n
( ) I
n +1
( ) + I
n 1
( ) 2 I
n
( ) [ II-1b ]
Fortunately, here is an amazingly simple set of solutions for this enormous set of algebraic
equations. These solutions may be written in the form
V
n
( ) a complex constant { } exp j n ( ) [ ] [ II-2a ]
I
n
( ) another complex constant { } exp j n ( ) [ ] [ II-2b ]
We might characterize these solutions as constant phase solutions in the sense that the
solution at a given node along transmission line is identical to the solution at an adjacent
node except for constant phase factor. If these constant phase solutions are to be valid
solutions of Eqs. [ II-1 ], the phase constant ( ) must satisfy the equation
Z
s
( ) Y
p
( ) exp j n ( ) [ ] exp j n +1 ( ) ( ) [ ] + exp j n 1 ( ) ( ) [ ] 2 exp j n ( ) [ ] [ II-3 ]
Canceling the common exp j n ( ) [ ] factor on both sides of the equation, we obtain
Z
s
( ) Y
p
( ) exp j ( ) [ ] + exp j ( ) [ ] 2
exp j ( ) 2 [ ] exp j ( ) 2 [ ] { }
2
2 j sin ( ) 2 [ ] { }
2
[ II-4 ]
Thus, we have obtained an extremely important result which we will, hereafter, refer to as
the dispersion relationship for a discrete, uniform transmission line -- viz.
2 j sin ( ) 2 [ ] t Z
s
( ) Y
p
( )
[ II-5 ]
Important Special Cases:
1. The "Ideal" or "Lossless" LC-Transmission Line:
If we take Z
s
( ) j L
s
and Y
p
( ) j C
p
, then Eq [ II-5 ] becomes
sin ( ) 2 ( ) L
s
C
p
2 [ II-6 ]
which is the dispersion relationship of a discrete, uniform, ideal trans-
mission line (Note that the discrete ideal line is, effectively, a low-pass filter.).
2. The "Lossy" RC-Transmission Line:
If we take Z
s
( ) R
s
and Y
p
( ) j C
p
, then Eq [ II-5 ] becomes
sin ( ) 2 ( ) 2 j [ ]
1
j R
s
C
p
[ II-7 ]
We have a problem! What, in heavens name, do we mean by the square root of
j (i.e. the fourth root of 1)? To interpret what is meant by j , note that
j
1 + j
2

'

;

2
so that
j t
1+ j
2
'
;
[ II-8 ]
Therefore, the dispersive relationship for a "lossy" RC-transmission line -- i.e. Eq.
[ II-7 ] becomes
sin
2

_
,
sin
+ j
2

_
,
sin

2

_
,
cos
j
2

_
,
+ cos

2

_
,
sin
j
2

_
,
t
1 j { }
2
R
s
C
p
2
[ II-9 ]
which yields, upon equating real and imaginary parts,
sin

2

_
,
cosh

2

_
,
t
1
2
R
s
C
p
2
[ II-10a ]

cos

2

_
,
sinh

2

_
,
m
1
2
R
s
C
p
2
. [ II-10b ]
For ease of interpretation, we make the small argument approximation so that
t
R
s
C
p
2
Phase shift per section [ II-11a ]

m
R
s
C
p
2
Attenuation per section [ II-11b ]
III. Continuous Transmission Lines
An Approximate Solution of Transmission Line Equations:
In most instances, we are interested in continuous rather than discrete transmission lines.
To obtain a representation of the voltage across and current along a continuous line, we
develop a "continuous approximation" of the basic circuit equations by making use of a
Taylor expansion for small node spatial separation. Before looking at the most general
case, it is useful to first look at the lossless or ideal case. From Eqs. [ I-1 ] we may write
the basic circuit equations

v
n+1
t ( ) v
n
t ( ) L
s
d
dt
i
n+1
t ( ) [ III-1a ]

i
n +1
t ( ) i
n
t ( ) C
p
d
dt
v
n
t ( ) [ III-1b ]
Using the Taylor expansion for small node spatial separation, z, we obtain

v
n+1
t ( ) v
n
t ( ) + z
n+1
z
n
( )
z
v
n
t ( ) v
n
t ( ) + z
z
v
n
t ( ) [ III-2a ]
i
n +1
t ( ) i
n
t ( ) + z
n+1
z
n
( )
z
i
n
t ( ) i
n
t ( ) + z
z
i
n
t ( ) [ III-2b ]
Therefore Eqs [ III-1a ] and [ III-1b ] become

v
n
t ( ) + z
z
v
n
t ( ) v
n
t ( ) L
s
d
dt
i
n
t ( ) + z
z
i
n
t ( )

'

;

[ III-3a ]

i
n
t ( ) + z
z
i
n
t ( ) i
n
t ( ) C
p
d
dt
v
n
t ( ) [ III-3b ]
To first-order in z, we obtain the famous inhomogeneous "telegrapher equations" for
a lossless transmission line -- viz.

z
v z, t ( ) l
s
t
i z, t ( ) where l
s
lim
z0
L
s
z

_
,
[ III-4a ]

z
i z, t ( ) c
p
t
v z, t ( ) where c
p
lim
z0
C
p
z

_
,
[ III-4b ]
which, in turn, yields the even more famous homogeneous "wave equations"

2
z
2
v z, t ( ) l
s
t
i z, t ( ) l
s
z
i z, t ( ) l
s
c
p
2
t
2
v z, t ( )
or

2
z
2
v z, t ( ) l
s
c
p
2
t
2
v z, t ( ) [ III-5a ]
and
2
z
2
i z, t ( ) l
s
c
p
2
t
2
i z, t ( ) [ III-5b ]
The truly remarkable point is that any old function of the form

v z, t ( ) f z vt ( ) and/or of
the form

v z, t ( ) g z + v t ( ) will satisfy the Telegrapher and Wave equations!!!!
Wave equation(s):

2
z
2
v z, t ( ) l
s
c
p
2
t
2
v z, t ( ) f z vt ( ) l
s
c
p
v ( )
2
f z v t ( ) [ III-6a ]

2
z
2
v z, t ( ) l
s
c
p
2
t
2
v z, t ( ) g z + v t ( ) l
s
c
p
+v ( )
2
g z + vt ( ) [ III-6b ]
Telegrapher equations:

z
i z, t ( ) c
p
t
v z, t ( ) c
p
v ( ) f z v t ( ) i
+
z, t ( ) c
p
v f z vt ( ) [ III-7a ]

z
i z, t ( ) c
p
t
v z, t ( ) c
p
+v ( ) g z + v t ( ) i
z, t ( ) c
p
v g z + v t ( ) [ III-7b ]
so that
v =
1
l
s
c
p
is the wave velocity [ III-8a ]
z
c
=
1
c
p
v
l
s
c
p
is the characteristic impedance [ III-8b ]
General Uniform, Continuous Transmission Line:
We now turn to the more general case represented by Eqs. [ I-4 ]. Again, we develop a
"continuous approximation" of these equations by making use of a Taylor expansion for
small spatial separation of the nodes. Thus, Eqs. [ I-4 ] become
V
n
( ) + Z
s
( ) I
n
( ) V
n1
( ) V
n
( ) z
z
V
n
( ) [ III-9a ]
I
n
( ) Y
p
( ) V
n
( ) I
n +1
( ) I
n
( ) + z
z
I
n
( ) [ III-9b ]
Once again, to first-order in z, these gyrations lead to a more general version of the
inhomogeneous Telegrapher equations -- viz.
z
V z, ( ) z
s
I z, ( ) where z
s
lim
z0
Z
s
z

_
,
[ III-10a ]
z
I z, ( ) y
p
V z, ( ) where y
p
lim
z0
Y
p
z

_
,
[ III-10b ]
and to a more general version of the homogeneous Helmhotz equation(s) -- viz.
2
z
2
V z, ( ) z
s
y
p
V z, ( ) [ III-11a ]
2
z
2
I z, ( ) z
s
y
p
I z, ( ) [ III-11b ]
Drawing on our experience above in the analysis of the discrete case, we now look for
solutions in the form
V z, ( ) V
o
exp ( ) z [ ] and I z, ( ) I
o
exp ( ) z [ ] [ III-12 ]
so that
( ) V z, ( ) z
s
I z, ( ) and ( ) I z, ( ) y
p
V z, ( ) [ III-13 ]
and
2
( ) V z, ( ) z
s
y
p
V z, ( ) and
2
( ) I z, ( ) z
s
y
p
I z, ( ) [ III-14 ]
where ( ) is, in general, complex -- i.e. ( ) ( ) + j ( ). Therefore, if the
proposed solution is to valid we must have
2
( ) ( ) + j ( ) [ ]
2
z
s
( ) y
p
( ) r
s
+ j l
s
[ ] g
p
+ j c
p [ ]
[ III-15 ]
On equating real and imaginary parts of this expression, we obtain
2
( )
2
( ) r
s
g
p

2
l
s
c
p
[ III-16a ]
and 2 ( ) ( ) r
s
c
p
+g
p
l
s [ ]
. [ III-16b ]
In the small attenuation approximation, we see that the phase shift per unit is given by
( ) l
s
c
p
1
r
s
l
s
g
p
c
p

'

;

[ III-17a ]
and the attenuation per unit length by
( )
1
2
r
s
c
p
l
s
+ g
p
l
s
c
p

'

;

[ III-17b ]
If we consider, once again, the all important special case of a "lossless" LC transmission
line -- i.e. where g
p
r
s
0, we see that
( ) ( ) + j ( ) 0 t j l
s
c
p
[ III-18 ]
Thus, for a general uniform, continuous transmission line, the linear combination
of two independent frequency domain solutions may be written
V z, ( ) V
+
( ) exp ( ) z [ ] +V
( ) exp + ( )z [ ] [ III-19 ]
where ( ) z
s
( ) y
p
( ) . In the time domain for a single frequency, we have

v z, t ( ) V
+
( ) exp ( ) z + j t [ ] +V
( ) exp + ( ) z + j t [ ] { } [ III-20 ]
To be concrete and for ease of interpretation, we discuss in much of what follows a general
lossless or non-attenuating transmission line so that the time domain solution becomes

v z, t ( ) V
+
( ) exp j t ( )z [ ] { } +V
( ) exp j t + ( )z [ ] { } ( )
V
+
( ) cos t ( )z +
+
[ ] + V
( ) cos t + ( )z +
[ ]
[ III-21 ]
As in earlier discussions, we interpret
V
+
( ) cos t ( )z +
+
[ ]
as a continuous wave propagating to the right (positive z-direction) and
V
( ) cos t + ( )z +
[ ]
as a continuous wave propagating to the left (negative z-direction). From one of the
Telegrapher equations -- viz. Eq. [ III-10a ] -- we see that
I z, ( )
1
z
s
( )
z
V z, ( ) [ III-22a ]
so that
I z, ( ) I
+
( ) exp ( ) z [ ] + I
( ) exp + ( ) z [ ]
1
Z
c
( )
V
+
( ) exp ( )z [ ] -V
( ) exp + ( )z [ ] { }
[ III-22b ]
where Z
c
( ) z
s
( ) ( ) z
s
( ) y
p
( ) [ III-23 ]
is the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. For a "lossless" LC
transmission line, we see that
Z
c
( ) Z
c
l
s
c
p
[ III-24 ]
Finally, we introduce the extreme important (but rather confusing) notion of a spatially
varying wave impedance which is define as
Z z, ( )
V z, ( )
I z, ( )
Z
c
( )
V
+
( ) exp ( )z [ ] +V
( ) exp + ( ) z [ ]
V
+
( ) exp ( ) z [ ] -V
( ) exp + ( ) z [ ]

'

;

Z
c
( )
1 + V
( ) V
+
( ) [ ] exp +2 ( ) z [ ]
1 - V
( ) V
+
( ) [ ] exp +2 ( ) z [ ]

'

;

Z
c
( )
1 +
V
z, ( )
1 -
V
z, ( )

'

;

[ III-25 ]
where
V
z, ( ) V
( ) V
+
( ) [ ] exp +2 ( ) z [ ] [ III-26 ]
is the spatial varying voltage reflection coefficient. Thus, we may write the general
solution in the compact form
V z, ( ) V
+
( ) exp ( )z [ ] 1 +
V
z, ( ) { } [ III-27a ]
I z, ( ) Z
c
( ) V
+
( ) exp ( )z [ ] 1 -
V
z, ( ) { } [ III-27b ]
IV. Transmission Lines Terminations:
It remains for us to determine the spatial varying wave impedance and reflection coefficient
which must satisfy the dual equations
Z z, ( ) Z
c
( )
1 +
V
z, ( )
1
V
z, ( )

'

;

[ IV-1a ]
V
z, ( )
Z z, ( ) Z
c
( )
Z z, ( ) + Z
c
( )
[ IV-1b ]
at every point along the transmission line. To that end we must consider the effect of
transmission line terminations.
LOADED TRANSMISSION LINE
Consider first some simple, but important cases.
1. A "shorted" transmission line -- i. e. Z z
L
, ( ) 0 so that
V
z
L
, ( ) 1.
At other points along the line
V
z, ( ) V
( ) V
+
( ) [ ] exp +2 ( ) z [ ]
V
z
L
, ( ) exp +2 ( ) z z
L
[ ] { } [ IV-2 ]
so that in this case
V
z, ( ) exp 2 ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } [ IV-3a ]
and
V z, ( ) V
+
( ) exp ( )z [ ] 1 exp 2 ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } ( )
V
+
( ) exp ( )z ( ) z
L
z [ ] [ ] exp + ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } exp ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } ( )
V
+
( ) exp ( )z
L
[ ] exp + ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } exp ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } ( )
[ IV-3b ]
When the attenuation is zero
V z, ( ) 2 j V
+
( ) exp j ( ) z
L
[ ] sin ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } [ IV-4a ]
Z
c
( ) I z, ( ) 2V
+
( ) exp j ( ) z
L
[ ] cos ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } [ IV-4b ]
Z z, ( )
V z, ( )
I z, ( )
= j Z
c
( ) tan ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } [ IV-4c ]
Such a solution is called a "pure" standing wave. It is a spatial varying
voltage oscillation which may be observed with an oscilloscope. The pattern
that would be observed is graphed below as it would be seen at 16 distinct
times equally spaced at 1/16 of a period. The voltage across the short is, of
coarse, zero at all times! There is, of course, another voltage node whenever
( ) z
L
z [ ] 2 z
L
z [ ] ( ) integer [ ].
VOLTAGE ACROSS A SHORTED TRANSMISSION LINE
2. An "open" transmission line -- i. e. Z z
L
, ( ) so that
V
z
L
, ( ) +1.
V
z, ( ) +exp 2 ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } [ IV-5a ]
and
V z, ( ) V
+
( ) exp ( )z [ ] 1 + exp 2 ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } ( )
V
+
( ) exp ( )z ( ) z
L
z [ ] [ ] exp + ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } + exp ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } ( )
V
+
( ) exp ( )z
L
[ ] exp + ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } + exp ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } ( )
[ IV-5b ]
V z, ( ) 2 V
+
( ) exp j ( ) z
L
[ ] cos ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } [ IV-6a ]
Z
c
( ) I z, ( ) j 2 V
+
( ) exp j ( ) z
L
[ ] sin ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } [ IV-6b ]
Z z, ( )
V z, ( )
I z, ( )
= j Z
c
( ) cot ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } [ IV-6c ]
Again as above, the solution is a "pure" standing wave. However, the
"open" line is the dual of the "shorted" line in the sense that the role of current
and voltage are reversed.
3. A "matched" transmission line -- i. e. Z z
L
, ( ) Z
c
( ) so that
V
z
L
, ( ) 0.
V
z, ( ) 0 [ IV-7a ]
and V z, ( ) V
+
( ) exp ( )z [ ] [ IV-7b ]
V z, ( ) V
+
( ) exp j ( ) z [ ] [ IV-8a ]
I z, ( ) Z
c
( )V
+
( ) exp j ( )z [ ] [ IV-8b ]
Z z, ( )
V z, ( )
I z, ( )
= Z
c
( ) [ IV-8c ]
Such a solution is called a "pure" running wave. In such cases, the average
value (or the amplitude) of the current and voltage are spatially uniform.
VOLTAGE ACROSS A MATCHED TRANSMISSION LINE
4. The general case -- i. e. Z z
L
, ( ) any special value.
In these cases the solutions are combinations of standing and running
waves! For nonattenuating lines the, so called, voltage-standing-wave-
ratio or VSWR is an important measure of the character of the solution. From
Eq. [ III-27a ] we see that
V z, ( ) V
+
( ) 1 +
V
z, ( ) [ IV-9a ]
where
V
z, ( ) V
( ) V
+
( ) [ ] exp +2 j ( ) z [ ]
V
( ) exp j
V
z, ( ) z
[ ]
[ IV-9b ]
Therefore, we have the definition
VSWR
V z, ( )
Max
V z, ( )
Min
1 +
V
( )
1 -
V
( )
[ IV-10 ]
Note that for a pure running wave solution VSWR=1 and for a pure standing
wave solution VSWR= .
We have one last really important task -- viz. establishing the all important
wave impedance transformation . To that end we see from Eqs. [ IV-1 ]
that
Z z, ( ) Z
c
( )
1 +
V
z, ( )
1 -
V
z, ( )

'

;

Z
c
( )
1 +
V
z
L
, ( ) exp 2 ( ) z
L
z [ ] { }
1 -
V
z
L
, ( ) exp 2 ( ) z
L
z [ ] { }

'

;

Z
c
( )
exp + ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } +
V
z
L
, ( ) exp ( ) z
L
z [ ] { }
exp + ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } -
V
z
L
, ( ) exp ( ) z
L
z [ ] { }

'

;

[ IV-11 ]
But
V
z
L
, ( )
Z z
L
, ( ) Z
c
( )
Z z
L
, ( ) + Z
c
( )
so that
Z z, ( ) Z
c
( )
exp + ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } +
Z z
L
, ( ) Z
c
( )
Z z
L
, ( ) + Z
c
( )
exp ( ) z
L
z [ ] { }
exp + ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } -
Z z
L
, ( ) Z
c
( )
Z z
L
, ( ) + Z
c
( )
exp ( ) z
L
z [ ] { }

'

;

Z
c
( )
Z z
L
, ( ) exp + ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } + exp ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } [ ]
+ Z
c
( ) exp + ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } exp ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } [ ]

Z z
L
, ( ) exp + ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } exp ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } [ ] +Z
c
( ) exp + ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } + exp ( ) z
L
z [ ] { } [ ]

'

;

[ IV-12a ]
or more compactly
Z z, ( ) Z
c
( )
Z z
L
, ( ) + Z
c
( ) tanh ( ) z
L
z [ ] { }
Z
c
( ) + Z z
L
, ( ) tanh ( ) z
L
z [ ] { }

'

;

[ IV-12b]
For non attenuating lines, this expression reduces to the famous impedance
transformation formula -- viz.
Z z, ( ) Z
c
( )
Z z
L
, ( ) + j Z
c
( ) tan ( ) z
L
z [ ] { }
Z
c
( ) + j Z z
L
, ( ) tan ( ) z
L
z [ ] { }

'

;

[ IV-13 ]
Applications of the famous impedance transformation formula:
a. "Shorted" transmission line:
Z
short
z, ( ) Z
c
( )
0 ( ) + j Z
c
( ) tan ( ) z
L
z [ ] { }
Z
c
( ) + j 0 ( ) tan ( ) z
L
z [ ] { }

'

;

j Z
c
( ) tan ( ) z
L
z
[ ] { }
[ IV-14a ]
b. "Open" transmission line:
Z
open
z, ( ) Z
c
( )
( ) + j Z
c
( ) tan ( ) z
L
z [ ] { }
Z
c
( ) + j ( ) tan ( ) z
L
z [ ] { }

'

;

j Z
c
( ) cot ( ) z
L
z
[ ] { }
[ IV-14b ]
c. "Matched" transmission line:
Z
match
z, ( ) Z
c
( )
Z
c
( ) + j Z
c
( ) tan ( ) z
L
z
[ ] { }

Z
c
( ) + j Z
c
( ) tan ( ) z
L
z [ ] { }

'

;

Z
c
( )
[ IV-14c ]
d. Quarter wavelength matching transformer:
Z
4
z, ( ) Z
c
( )
Z z
L
, ( ) + j Z
c
( ) tan 2 { }
Z
c
( ) + j Z z
L
, ( ) tan 2 { }

'

;

Z
c
( ) [ ]
2
Z z
L
, ( )
[ IV-14d ]
Matched if Z
c
( ) Z
4
z, ( ) Z z
L
, ( ) !!!
V. Parameters of a Coaxial Transmission Line:
We now look to Maxwell's Equations (in integral form) for values of the line parameters of
a coaxial line of inner radius a and outer radius b :
We first make use of the Gaussian law of electrostatics to obtain the capacitance of the line.
Assume a Gaussian surface which is an imaginary coaxial cylinder which has a radius r in
the range a, b [ ] and a length

l so that

r
E

n dA
S
0
dV
V
[ V-1 ]
leads to

E
r
2 r l [ ]
dV
dr
2 r l [ ]
Q
0
[ V-2 ]
or

dV
1
2
0
Q
l

_
,
1
r

_
,
V
1
2
0
Q
l

_
,
ln
b
a

_
,
[ V-3 ]
Therefore, the capacitance per unit line length is

c
p
Q l ( )
V
2
0
ln b a ( )
[ V-4 ]
Obtaining the inductance of the line is a bit more complicated. We make use of Ampre's
law to find the magnetic field and then use Faraday's law to find the induced emf associated
with a time varying current. We apply the integral form of Ampre's to a circular loop of
radius r which is coaxial with the inner conductor so that

r
B d

l
L

0
r
J

n dA
S
[ V-5 ]
leads to
B
2 r [ ]
0
I or B
0
2
I
r

_
,
[ V-6 ]
We use this expression for the field to find the changing magnetic flux through a loop in the
median plane of the coaxial line.

emf
r
E d

l
L
t
r
B

n dA
S
t
l B
dr
a
b

'

;

0
2
l
dr
r
a
b

'

;

I
t

0
2
l ln b a ( ) { }
I
t
[ V-7 ]
Therefore, the inductance per unit line length is
l
s
0
2
ln b a ( ) [ V-8 ]
Therefore, Maxwell's equations give us expressions for the all important transmission line
parameters of a coaxial line -- viz.
v =
1
l
s
c
p
0
ln b a ( )

1
]
1
ln b a ( )
2
0

1
]
1
0
phase velocity [ V-9a ]
Z
c
l
s
c
p
0
ln b a ( )
2

1
]
1
ln b a ( )
2
0

1
]
1
ln b a ( )
2

1
]
1
0
characteristic impedance [ V-
9b ]
VI. Jones on Smith Charts:
Let us examine a very important property of the pair of equations [ IV-1a ] and [ IV-1b ].
Recall that
Z z, ( ) Z
c
( )
1 +
V
z, ( )
1 -
V
z, ( )

'

;

[ VI-1a ]
or

z
1 +
1 -
where z Z z, ( ) Z
c
( ) [ VI-1b ]
Writing this expression in terms of real and imaginary parts we see that
z
r
+ j z
i
1 +
r
+ j
i
1 -
r
j
i
1 +
r
+ j
i
1 -
r
j
i

'

;

1 -
r
+ j
i
1 -
r
+ j
i

'

;

1 -
r
2
i
2
+ j 2
i
1 -
r
( )
2
+
i
( )
2
[ VI-2 ]
Equating real and imaginary components on either side of the equation

z
r
1 -
r
2
i
2
1 -
r
( )
2
+
i
( )
2 [ VI-3a ]

z
i
2
i
1 -
r
( )
2
+
i
( )
2
[ VI-3b ]
we obtain

1 2
r
+
r
2
+
i
2
1
z
r
1 -
r
2
i
2
{ } [ VI-4a ]

1 2
r
+
r
2
+
i
2
1
z
i
2
i
{ } [ VI-4b ]
or with further messaging

r
2
z
r
+1
z
r

'

;

2
r
+
i
2
z
r
+1
z
r

'

;

1 z
r
z
r
[ VI-5a ]

r
2
2
r
+1 +
i
2
2
i
z
i
0 [ VI-5b ]
Completing the square in both cases

r
2
2z
r
z
r
+1
+
z
r
z
r
+1

1
]
1
2

'

;

+
i
2
z
r
z
r
+ 1

1
]
1
2
+
1 z
r
z
r
+1
1
z
r
+1

1
]
1
2
[ VI-6a ]

r
2
2
r
+1 { } +
i
2
2
i
z
i
+
1
z
i

1
]
1
2

'

;

1
z
i

1
]
1
2
[ VI-6b ]
Therefore, the loci of constant z
r
and constant z
i
in the
r
,
i
[ ] plane are equations for
circles -- viz.
CIRCLES OF CONSTANT "RESISTANCE" CIRCLES OF CONSTANT "REACTANCE"

z
r
z
r
+ 1

'

;

2
+
i
2
1
z
r
+1

'

;

2
[ VI-7a ]

r
1 { }
2
+
i
1
z
i

'

;

2
1
z
i

'

;

2
[ VI-7b ]
radius =
1
1 + z
r
; center=
z
r
1 + z
r
, 0

_
,
radius =
1
z
i
; center = 1,
1
z
i

_
,

1
r
i
z
r
1 z
r
0
z <
r
1
z >
r
1
1
r
i
These isoresistance and isoreactance curves are the basis for the famous
and very useful Smith charts.
1

1
P. H. Smith, Electronics 12, 29 (1939); 17, 130 (1944)

Transmission Lines 1

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TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY

I. The Transmission Line Model:

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