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Production of methanol from biomass
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Carlo N. Hamelinck (currently working with Ecofys b.v. the Netherlands, anaalweg 1!"#, $trecht the Netherlands%&ndr' P.C. aai) ($trecht $niversity * Co+ernicus nstitute of -ustainable evelo+ment and nnovation, Heidelberglaan /, $trecht the Netherlands%
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 This chapter is broadly based on Hamelinck CN and Faaij APC, 2002, Future prospects or production o methanol and hydro!en rom biomass, "ournal o Po#er $ources 111%1&'1(22)
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1,ntroduction
Methanol (CH
3
OH), also known as methyl alcohol or wood alcohol, is the simplest alcohol. It can be sed as a !el, either as blend with "asoline in internal combstion en"ines
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 or in !el cell #ehicles
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. $lso, Methanol has a #ersatile !nction in the chemical indstry as startin" point !or many chemicals.Methanol is prodced natrally in the anaerobic metabolism o! many #arieties o! bacteria and in some #e"etation. %re methanol was !irst isolated in 1&&1 by 'obert oyle, by distillation o! bowood. In 1*3+, the rench chemists -mas and %eli"ot determined its elemental composition. In 122 $/ de#eloped a process to con#ert synthesis "as (a mitre o! carbon monoide and hydro"en) into methanol. 0his process sed a inc oide  chromim oide catalyst, and reired etremely #i"oros conditions4 pressres ran"in" !rom 35561555 bar, and temperatres o! abot +55 7C. Modern methanol prodction has been made more e!!icient thro"h the se o! catalysts capable o! operatin" at lower  pressres. $lso the synthesis "as is at present mostly prodced !rom natral "as rather than !rom coal.0oday (2558) the "lobal methanol prodction capacity is abot +5 Mtonneyear, the actal prodction or demand is abot 32 Mtonne (Methanol Institte 2558). /ince the early 1*5s, lar"er plants sin" new e!!icient low6pressre technolo"ies are replacin" less6e!!icient small !acilities. In 1*+, more than three arters o! world methanol capacity was located in the traditional markets o! 9orth $merica, :rope and ;apan, with less than 15 percent located in <distant6!rom 6market< de#elopin" re"ions sch as /adi $rabia. t !rom that time most new methanol plants ha#e  been erected in de#elopin" re"ions while hi"her cost !acilities in more de#eloped re"ions were bein" sht down. 0he crrent standard capacities o! con#entional plants ran"e between 2,555 and 3,555 tonne methanol per day. Howe#er, the newest plants tend to be mch lar"er, with sin"le trains o! 8555 tonneday in %oint =isas, 0rinidad (start6p in 255+), 8555 tonneday in -ayyer, Iran (start6p in 255&), and 8555 tonneday in =aban, Malaysia (start constrction in 255&).Methanol prodced !rom biomass and employed in the atomoti#e sector can address se#eral o! the problems associated with the crrent se o! mineral oil deri#ed !els, sch as ener"y secrity and "reenhose "as emissions.0his chapter discsses the technolo"y !or the prodction o! methanol !rom biomass. or a selection o! concepts, e!!iciencies and prodction costs ha#e been calclated.
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 *n =urope methanol may be blended in re!ular !asoline up to > by 3olume #ithout notice to the consumer) Hi!her blends are possible like <? %? > methanol #ith 1 > !asoline& but #ould re4uire adaptations in cars or specially de3eloped cars) <oreo3er, blends hi!her than  > re4uire adaptations in the distribution o uels to !as stations and at the !as stations themsel3es) Pure methanol is sometimes used as racin! uel, such as in the *ndianapolis 00)
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 <ethanol can be the source or hydro!en 3ia on board reormin!) 8irect methanol uel cells are under de3elopment that can directly process methanol %3an den Hoed 200;&)
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