Physical Chemistry II (TKK-1237) : Review Review

30/12/2013
13/14 Semester 3
Physical Chemistry II (TKK-1237)

1. Review
2. Liquid-liquid equilibria (2-components) 3. Liquid-liquid equilibria (3-components)
Outlines
Instructor: Rama Oktavian Email: rama.oktavian@ub.ac.id Office Hr.: M.13-15, W. 13-15 Th. 13-15, F. 13-15
4. Ternary diagrams
Review
Ch. 12
Equilibrium condition
Review
the chemical potential of each substance must have the same value in every phase in which that substance appears a state in which there are no observable changes as time goes by.
Review
Ch. 12
Phase diagram
Review
Ch. 12
Phase rule
the phase rule for a one-component system
Gibbs Phase Rule
30/12/2013
Review
Ch. 13
Solution Solution - homogeneous mixture of chemical species
Review
Ch. 13
Raoults Law and Ideal Solution (only one volatile componet)
One phase
Raoults law
Review
Ch. 14
Raoults Law and Binary Ideal Solution
Review
Ch. 14
Gaseous phase Partial pressure of component 1
Review
Ch. 14 Ch. 14
P-x,y diagram
Review
30/12/2013
Review
Ch. 14
T-x,y diagram
Review
Ch. 14
Azeotropes
Liquid-liquid equilibria
Basic concept of miscibility
1. Miscible e.g: Toluene-benzene 2. Partially miscible e.g: water-phenol 3. Immiscible e.g: water-nitrobenzene
Basic concept
Partially miscible solution Liquid (upper layer) A+ B In equilibrium condition
x2 A
2 1 A A
2 A
Liquid (bottom layer) A+ B
x1 A
1 A
Partially miscible liquid
P= 2, F= 1 the selection of temperature makes the compositions of the immiscible phases fixed P= 1, F = 2 (two liquids are fully mixed) both temperature and composition can be changed
Partially miscible liquid
1. Add small amount of nitrobenzene to hexane at 290 K, it still dissolves completely, P = 1 2. Add more nitrobenzene to hexane and mixture of nitrobenzene-hexane becomes saturated, add more nitrobenzene, the mixture will become two phases (line 2-3). 3. In point 3, the mixture will become saturated (more nitrobenzene) 4. In point 4, the mixture will become one phase (hexane will dissolve in nitrobenzene)
30/12/2013
Representation of liquid liquid phase diagram
Point A - Mixture of 50 g hexane (0.59 mol C6H14) and 50 g nitrobenzene (0.41 mol C6H5NO2) was prepared at 290 K There will be two phases solution with the composition at point 2 and point 3 xN= 0.35 and xN= 0.83 (these are the compositions of the two phases
Use Lever-Rule to determine the ratio of amount of each phase:
n l 0.83 0.41 7 n l 0.41 0.35

There is 7 times as much hexane-rich phase as there nitrobenzene-rich phase If the mixture is heated to 292 K, we go into a single phase region
Critical solution temperature
1. The upper critical solution temperature, Tuc 2. The lower critical solution temperature, Tlc
1. The upper critical solution temperature, Tuc The upper critical solution temperature, Tuc, is the highest temperature at which phase separation occur
2. The lower critical solution temperature, Tuc The lower critical solution temperature, Tlc, is the lowest temperature at which phase separation occur For triethylamine and water, the system is partially miscible above Tlc, and single phase below
30/12/2013
Some systems have both Tuc and Tlc, with a famous example being nicotine in water, where Tuc= 210oC and Tlc= 61oC 210 oC T1 T2 T3
nicotine / water solution
we cool a nicotine water solution of composition X2 from some temperature above the upper consulate temperature of 210 oC. At temperatures greater than T1 the nicotine and water are miscible When T1 is reached water saturated nicotine rich phase just begins to form and is in equilibrium with the predominant nicotine saturated water rich phase As the system is further cooled there will be two phase region. In the two phase region the 1 relative amounts of the phases present are again given by the lever law, e.g. at T2 we have: nX1 (X2 - X1) = nX3 (X3 - X2)
Temperature ( oC )
T4 61 oC 0
nicotine saturated water rich phase in equilibrium with a water saturated nicotine rich phase
lower consulate temperature
X1 X2 Xnicotine
X3
Distillation of partially miscible liquids
First case - the Tuc is lower than the azeotrope temperature
a1 initial composition and temperature one phase a2 the point where boiling begins and the vapor will have composition at b1 When the distillate is cooled enough to cause condensation, a single phase first forms, represent by point b2 point b3 represents the overall composition once the temperature is lowered back to the starting temperature
Another case - the Tuc is higher than the azeotrope temperature
a1 initial composition and temperature one phase It will start boiling at point a2 with vapor having composition given by point b1 This distillate will condense into a two phase liquid directly (b3).
30/12/2013
A system at e1 forms two phases up to the boiling point at e2 condensing a vapor of composition e3 gives a two-phase liquid of the same overall composition At e2, F = 0, their compositions and the temperature are fixed Immiscible liquids
Distillation of immiscible liquids
Immiscible liquids
The total vapor pressures of liquids is
Example: Aniline(1)-water(2) system, we want to distill 100 g of water from this mixture at 98.4C under atmospheric condition Call Gibbs Phase Rule
System of three components
p10 42mmHg
0 p2 718mmHg
P = 1, F = 4 T, P, x1, x2 P = 2, F = 3 T, P, x1
The mass of aniline that distills for each 100 g of water
30/12/2013
Ternary phase diagram
How to read it
Ternary phase diagram
Ternary phase diagram for methyl isobutyl ketone + acetone + water
100% C
100% B
Binodal / cloud point curve Liquid-liquid phase separation occurs
Plait point
100% A

Physical Chemistry II (TKK-1237) : Review Review

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Physical Chemistry II (TKK-1237) : Review Review

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

30/12/2013

Physical Chemistry II (TKK-1237)

the phase rule for a one-component system

Gibbs Phase Rule

Liquid (bottom layer) A+ B

n l 0.83 0.41 7 n l 0.41 0.35

lower consulate temperature

The total vapor pressures of liquids is

The mass of aniline that distills for each 100 g of water

Binodal / cloud point curve Liquid-liquid phase separation occurs

Anda mungkin juga menyukai