Ball bearing

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For individual balls that are sometimes incorrectly called "ball bearings", see Ball (bearing).

Working principle for a ball bearing

A 4 point angular contact ball bearing

A ball bearing with a semi transparent cage

Wingquist's and S F's self!aligning ball bearing

A ball bearing is a type of rolling!element bearing that uses balls to maintain the separation between the bearing races" #he purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction and support radial and a$ial loads" %t achie&es this by using at least two races to contain the balls and transmit the loads through the balls" %n most applications, one race is stationary and the other is attached to the rotating assembly 'e"g", a hub or shaft(" As one of the bearing races rotates it causes the balls to rotate as well" Because the balls are rolling they ha&e a much lower coefficient of friction than if two flat surfaces were sliding against each other" Ball bearings tend to ha&e lower load capacity for their si)e than other kinds of rolling!element bearings due to the smaller contact area between the balls and races" *owe&er, they can tolerate some misalignment of the inner and outer races"
Contents
+hide,

o o o o o o o

- *istory . /ommon designs ."- Angular contact .". A$ial ."0 1eep!groo&e 0 /onstruction types 0"- /onrad 0". Slot!fill 0"0 2elie&ed 2ace 0"4 Fractured 2ace

o o o o o o o o o o o o o

0"3 2ows 0"4 Flanged 0"5 /aged 0"6 /eramic hybrid ball bearings using ceramic balls 0"7 Self!aligning 4 8perating conditions 4"- 9ifespan 4". Failure modes 4"0 :a$imum load 4"4 9ubrication 4"3 1irection of load 4"4 A&oiding undesirable a$ial load 4"5 Fit 4"6 A&oiding torsional loads 3 Applications 4 1esignation 5 See also 6 2eferences 7 ;$ternal links

History[edit]
Main article: History of bearings Although roller bearings had been de&eloped since ancient times, the first modern recorded patent on ball bearings was awarded to <hilip =aughan, aBritish in&entor and ironmaster who created the first design for a ball bearing in /armarthen in -574" *is was the first modern ball!bearing design, with the ball running along a groo&e in the a$le assembly" +-, >ules Suriray, a <arisian bicycle mechanic, designed the first radial style ball bearing in -647, +., which was then fitted to the winning bicycle ridden by>ames :oore in the world's first bicycle road race, <aris!2ouen, in ?o&ember -647"+0,

Common designs[edit]
#here are se&eral common designs of ball bearing, each offering &arious trade!offs" #hey can be made from many different materials, including@ stainless steel, chrome steel, and ceramic 'silicon nitride 'Si0?4((" A hybrid ball bearing is a bearing with ceramic balls and races of metal"

Angular contact[edit]
An angular contact ball bearing uses a$ially asymmetric races" An a$ial load passes in a straight line through the bearing, whereas a radial load takes an oblique path that tends to want to separate the races a$ially" So the angle of contact on the inner race is the same as that on the outer race" Angular contact bearings better support Acombined loadsA 'loading in both the radial and a$ial directions( and the contact angle of the bearing should be matched to the relati&e proportions of each" #he larger the contact angle 'typically in the range -B to 43 degrees(, the higher the a$ial load supported, but the lower the radial load" %n high speed applications, such as turbines, Cet engines, and dentistry equipment, the centrifugal forces generated by the balls changes the contact angle at the inner and outer race" /eramics such as silicon nitride are now regularly used in such applications due to their low density '4BD of steel(" #hese materials significantly reduce centrifugal force and function well in high temperature en&ironments" #hey also tend to wear in a similar way to bearing steelErather than cracking or shattering like glass or porcelain" :ost bicycles use angular!contact bearings in the headsets because the forces on these bearings are in both the radial and a$ial direction"

Axial[edit]
An axial ball bearing uses side!by!side races" An a$ial load is transmitted directly through the bearing, while a radial load is poorly supported and tends to separate the races,so that a larger radial load is likely to damage the bearing"

Deep-groove[edit]
%n a dee !groove radial bearing, the race dimensions are close to the dimensions of the balls that run in it" 1eep!groo&e bearings can support higher loads"

Construction types[edit]
Conrad[edit]
#he "onrad!style ball bearing is named after its in&entor, 2obert /onrad, who was awarded British patent -.,.B4 in -7B0 and F"S" patent 6..,5.0 in -7B4" #hese bearings are assembled by placing the inner ring into an eccentric position relati&e to the outer ring, with the two rings in contact at one point, resulting in a large gap opposite the point of contact" #he balls are inserted through the gap and then e&enly distributed around the bearing assembly, causing the rings to become concentric" Assembly is completed by fitting a cage to the balls to maintain their positions relati&e to each other" Without the cage, the balls would e&entually drift out of position during operation, causing the bearing to fail" #he cage carries no load and ser&es only to maintain ball position"

/onrad bearings ha&e the ad&antage that they are able to withstand both radial and a$ial loads, but ha&e the disad&antage of lower load capacity due to the limited number of balls that can be loaded into the bearing assembly" <robably the most familiar industrial ball bearing is the deep!groo&e /onrad style" #he bearing is used in most of the mechanical industries"

Slot-fill[edit]
%n a slot!fill radial bearing, the inner and outer races are notched on one face so that when the notches are aligned, balls can be slipped in the resulting slot to assemble the bearing" A slot!fill bearing has the ad&antage that more balls can be assembled 'e&en allowing a full com lement design(, resulting in a higher radial load capacity than a /onrad bearing of the same dimensions and material type" *owe&er, a slot!fill bearing cannot carry a significant a$ial load, and the slots cause a discontinuity in the races that can ha&e a small but ad&erse effect on strength"

Relieved Race[edit]
2elie&ed race ball bearings are 'relie&ed' as the name suggests by basically ha&e either the 81 of the inner ring reduced on one side, or the 81 of the outer ring increased on one side" #his allows a greater number of balls to be assembled into either the inner or outer race, and then press fit o&er the relief" Sometimes the outer ring will be heated to facilitate assembly" 9ike the slot!fill construction, relie&ed race construction allows a greater number of balls than /onrad construction, up to and including full complement, and the e$tra ball count gi&es e$tra load capacity" *owe&er, a relie&ed race bearing can support significant a$ial loads in one direction ''away from' the relie&ed race("

Fractured Race[edit]
Another way of fitting more balls into a radial ball bearing is by radially 'fracturing' 'slicing( one of the rings all the way through, loading the balls in, re!assembling the fractured portion, and then using a pair of steel bands hold the fractured ring sections together in alignment" Again, this allows more balls, including full ball complement, howe&er unlike with either slot fill or relie&ed race constructions, it can support significant a$ial loading in either direction"

Ro s[edit]
#here are two ro# designs@ single!ro# bearings and double!ro# bearings" :ost ball bearings are a single!row design, which means there is one row of bearing balls" #his design works with radial and thrust loads"+4, A double!ro# design has two rows of bearing balls" #heir disad&antage is they need better alignment than single!row bearings"

Flanged[edit]

Bearings with a flange on the outer ring simplify a$ial location" #he housing for such bearings can consist of a through!hole of uniform diameter, but the entry face of the housing 'which may be either the outer or inner face( must be machined truly normal to the hole a$is" *owe&er such flanges are &ery e$pensi&e to manufacture" A more cost effecti&e arrangement of the bearing outer ring, with similar benefits, is a snap ring groo&e at either or both ends of the outside diameter" #he snap ring assumes the function of a flange"

Caged[edit]
/ages are typically used to secure the balls in a /onrad!style ball bearing" %n other construction types they may decrease the number of balls depending on the specific cage shape, and thus reduce the load capacity" Without cages the tangential position is stabili)ed by sliding of two con&e$ surfaces on each other" With a cage the tangential position is stabili)ed by a sliding of a con&e$ surface in a matched conca&e surface, which a&oids dents in the balls and has lower friction" /aged roller bearings were in&ented by >ohn *arrison in the mid!-6th century as part of his work on chronographs" +3, /aged bearings were used more frequently during wartime steel shortages for bicycle wheel bearings married to replaceable cups"

Ceramic !ybrid ball bearings using ceramic balls[edit]

/eramic bearing balls can weigh up to 4BD less than steel ones, depending on si)e and material" #his reduces centrifugal loading and skidding, so hybrid ceramic bearings can operate .BD to 4BD faster than con&entional bearings" #his means that the outer race groo&e e$erts less force inward against the ball as the bearing spins" #his reduction in force reduces the friction and rolling resistance" #he lighter balls allow the bearing to spin faster, and uses less energy to maintain its speed" While ceramic hybrid bearings use ceramic balls in place of steel ones, they are constructed with steel inner and outer ringsG hence the hybrid designation" While the ceramic material itself is stronger than steel, it is also stiffer, which results in increased stresses on the rings, and hence decreased load capacity" /eramic balls are electrically insulating, which can pre&ent 'arcing' failures if current should be passed through the bearing" /eramic balls can also be effecti&e in en&ironments where lubrication may not be a&ailable 'such as in space applications("

Self-aligning[edit]

Wingquist de&eloped self!aligning ball bearing from S F

Self!aligning ball bearings, such as the Wingquist bearing shown abo&e, are constructed with the inner ring and ball assembly contained within an outer ring that has a spherical raceway" #his construction allows the bearing to tolerate a small angular misalignment resulting from shaft or housing deflections or improper mounting" #he bearing was introduced by S F in -7B5"+4, #he bearing was used mainly in bearing arrangements with &ery long shafts, such as transmission shafts in te$tile factories" +5, 8ne drawback of the self!aligning ball bearings is a limited load rating, as the outer raceway has &ery low osculation 'radius is much larger than ball radius(" #his lead to the in&ention of the spherical roller bearing, which has a similar design, but use rollers instead of balls" Also the spherical roller thrust bearing is an in&ention that deri&es from the findings by Wingquist"

"perating conditions[edit]
#ifespan[edit]
#he calculated life for a bearing is based on the load it carries and its operating speed" #he industry standard usable bearing lifespan is in&ersely proportional to the bearing load cubed" +citation needed, ?ominal ma$imum load of a bearing 'as specified for e$ample in S F datasheets(, is for a lifespan of - million rotations, which at 3B *) 'i"e", 0BBB 2<:( is a lifespan of 3"3 working hours" 7BD of bearings of that type ha&e at least that lifespan, and 3BD of bearings ha&e a lifespan at least 3 times as long" +6, #he industry standard life calculation is based upon the work of 9undberg and <almgren performed in -745" #he formula assumes the life to be limited bymetal fatigue and that the life distribution can be described by a Weibull distribution" :any &ariations of the formula e$ist that include factors for material properties, lubrication, and loading" Factoring for loading may be &iewed as a tacit admission that modern materials demonstrate a different relationship between load and life than 9undberg and <almgren determined "+6,

Failure modes[edit]
%f a bearing is not rotating, ma$imum load is determined by force that causes plastic deformation of elements or raceways" #he identations caused by the elements can concentrate stresses and generate cracks at the components" :a$imum load for not or &ery slowly rotating bearings is called AstaticA ma$imum load"+6, For a rotating bearing, the dynamic load capacity indicates the load to which the bearing endures -"BBB"BBB cycles" %f a bearing is rotating, but e$periences hea&y load that lasts shorter than one re&olution, static ma$ load must be used in computations, since the bearing does not rotate during the ma$imum load" +6,

$aximum load[edit]
%n general, ma$imum load on a ball bearing is proportional to outer diameter of the bearing times width of bearing 'where width is measured in direction of a$le(" +6, Bearings ha&e static load ratings" #hese are based on not e$ceeding a certain amount of plastic deformation in the raceway" #hese ratings may be e$ceeded by a large amount for certain applications"

#ubrication[edit]
For a bearing to operate properly, it needs to be lubricated" %n most cases the lubricant is based on elastohydrodynamic effect 'by oil or grease( but working at e$treme temperatures dry lubricatedbearings are also a&ailable" For a bearing to ha&e its nominal lifespan at its nominal ma$imum load, it must be lubricated with a lubricant 'oil or grease( that has at least the minimum dynamic &iscosity 'usually denoted with the Hreek letter ( recommended for that bearing"+6,

#he recommended dynamic &iscosity is in&ersely proportional to diameter of bearing" +6, #he recommended dynamic &iscosity decreases with rotating frequency" As a rough indication@ for less than 0BBB 2<:, recommended &iscosity increases with factor 4 for a factor -B decrease in speed, and for more than 0BBB 2<:, recommended &iscosity decreases with factor 0 for a factor -B increase in speed"+6, For a bearing where a&erage of outer diameter of bearing and diameter of a$le hole is 3B mm, and that is rotating at 0BBB 2<:, recommended dynamic &iscosity is -. mmIJs"+6, ?ote that dynamic &iscosity of oil &aries strongly with temperature@ a temperature increase of 3BK5B L/ causes the &iscosity to decrease by factor -B"+6,

%f the &iscosity of lubricant is higher than recommended, lifespan of bearing increases, roughly proportional to square root of &iscosity" %f the &iscosity of the lubricant is lower than recommended, the lifespan of the bearing decreases, and by how much depends on which type of oil being used" For oils with ;< ''e$treme pressure'( additi&es, the lifespan is proportional to the square root of dynamic &iscosity, Cust as it was for too high &iscosity, while for ordinary oil's lifespan is proportional to the square of the &iscosity if a lower!than!recommended &iscosity is used" +6, 9ubrication can be done with a grease, which has ad&antages that grease is normally held within the bearing releasing the lubricant oil as it is compressed by the balls" %t pro&ides a protecti&e barrier for the bearing metal from the en&ironment, but has disad&antages that this grease must be replaced periodically, and ma$imum load of bearing decreases 'because if bearing gets too warm, grease melts and runs out of bearing(" #ime between grease replacements decreases &ery strongly with diameter of bearing@ for a 4B mm bearing, grease should be replaced e&ery 3BBB working hours, while for a -BB mm bearing it should be replaced e&ery 3BB working hours"+6, 9ubrication can also be done with an oil, which has ad&antage of higher ma$imum load, but needs some way to keep oil in bearing, as it normally tends to run out of it" For oil lubrication it is recommended that for applications where oil does not become warmer than 3B L/, oil should be replaced once a year, while for applications where oil does not become warmer than -BB L/, oil should be replaced 4 times per year" For car engines, oil becomes -BB L/ but the engine has an oil filter to continually impro&e oil qualityG therefore, the oil is usually changed less frequently than the oil in bearings"+6,

Direction of load[edit]
:ost bearings are meant for supporting loads perpendicular to a$le 'Aradial loadsA(" Whether they can also bear a$ial loads, and if so, how much, depends on the type of bearing" #hrust bearings'commonly found on la)y susans( are specifically designed for a$ial loads"+6, For single!row deep!groo&e ball bearings, S F's documentation says that ma$imum a$ial load is circa 3BD of ma$imum radial load, but it also says that AlightA andJor AsmallA bearings can take a$ial loads that are .3D of ma$imum radial load"+6, For single!row edge!contact ball bearings, a$ial load can be circa . times ma$ radial load, and for cone!bearings ma$imum a$ial load is between - and . times ma$imum radial load" +6, 8ften /onrad style ball bearings will e$hibit contact ellipse truncation under a$ial load" What that means is that either the %1 of the outer ring is large enough, or the 81 of the inner ring is small enough, so as to reduce the area of contact between the balls and raceway" When this is the case, it can significantly increase the stresses in the bearing, often in&alidating general rules of thumb

regarding relationships between radial and a$ial load capacity" With construction types other than /onrad, one can further decrease the outer ring %1 and increase the inner ring 81 to guard against this" %f both a$ial and radial loads are present, they can be added &ectorially, to result in total load on bearing, which in combination with nominal ma$imum load can be used to predict lifespan" +6,*owe&er, in order to correctly predict the rating life of ball bearings the %S8J#S -4.6- should be used with the help of a calculation software"

Avoiding undesirable axial load[edit]

#he part of a bearing that rotates 'either a$le hole or outer circumference( must be fi$ed, while for a part that does not rotate this is not necessary 'so it can be allowed to slide(" %f a bearing is loaded a$ially, both sides must be fi$ed"+6, %f an a$le has two bearings, and temperature &aries, a$le shrinks or e$pands, therefore it is not admissible for both bearings to be fi$ed on both their sides, since e$pansion of a$le would e$ert a$ial forces that would destroy these bearings" #herefore, at least one of bearings must be able to slide" +6, A 'freely sliding fit' is one where there is at least a 4 Mm clearance, presumably because surface! roughness of a surface made on a lathe is normally between -"4 and 0". Mm"+6,

Fit[edit]
Bearings can withstand their ma$imum load only if the mating parts are properly si)ed" Bearing manufacturers supply tolerances for the fit of the shaft and the housing so that this can be achie&ed" #he material and hardness may also be specified"+6, Fittings that are not allowed to slip are made to diameters that pre&ent slipping and consequently the mating surfaces cannot be brought into position without force" For small bearings this is best done with a press because tapping with a hammer damages both bearing and shaft, while for large bearings the necessary forces are so great that there is no alternati&e to heating one part before fitting, so that thermal e$pansion allows a temporary sliding fit"+6,

Avoiding torsional loads[edit]

%f a shaft is supported by two bearings, and the center!lines of rotation of these bearings are not the same, then large forces are e$erted on the bearing that may destroy it" Some &ery small amount of misalignment is acceptable, and how much depends on type of bearing" For bearings that are specifically made to be 'self!aligning', acceptable misalignment is between -"3 and 0 degrees of arc" Bearings that are not designed to be self!aligning can accept misalignment of only .K-B minutes of arc"+6,

Applications[edit]
%n general, ball bearings are used in most applications that in&ol&e mo&ing parts" Some of these applications ha&e specific features and requirements@

*ard dri&e bearings used to be highly spherical, and were said to be the best spherical manufactured shapes, but this is no longer true, and more and more are being replaced with fluid bearings"

Herman ball bearing factories were often a target of allied aerial bombings during World War %%G such was the importance of the ball bearing to the Herman war industry" +7, %n horology, the company >ean 9assale designed a watch mo&ement that used ball bearings to reduce the thickness of the mo&ement" Fsing B".B mm balls, the /alibre -.BB was only -". mm thick, which still is the thinnest mechanical watch mo&ement" +-B,

Aerospace bearings are used in many applications on commercial, pri&ate and military aircraft including pulleys, gearbo$es and Cet engine shafts" :aterials include :3B tool steel 'A:S447-(, /arbon chrome steel 'A:S4444(, the corrosion resistant A:S370B, 44B/ stainless steel, silicon nitride 'ceramic( and titanium carbide!coated 44B/"

Skateboard wheels each contain two bearings, which are subCect to both a$ial and radial time! &arying loads" :ost commonly bearing 4B6!.N is used 'a deep groo&e ball bearing from series 4B with 6 mm bore diameter(

Oo!Oos, there are ball bearings in the center of many new, ranging from beginner to professional or competition grade Oo!Oos"

SHAFT LOCKING MECHANISM D%SCR&'(&") '8/2 te$t may contain errors(

:archsl, -737 !*:>sASS:A? .,657,450 1%S;?HAH;AB9; S*AF# 98/ %?H :;/*A?%S: Filed Apri'l 0, -730 %? = ;? #82" A r %oJ<J&fr Fnited States <atent i 1%S;?HAH;AB9; S*AF# 9oc r?H :ncnA?is: *arry :" <assman, /edar 2apids, %owa, assignor to /ollins 2adio /ompany, /edar 2apids, %owa, a corporation of lowa Application April 0, -730, Serial ?o" 044,445

3 /laims" '/l" 54!30-( #his in&ention relates in general to &locking means and in particular to a shaft locking'means which may be quickly and easily detached" %t is oftentimes desirable to pro&ide a locking means for a controlled shaft so that it will not drift P,or mo&e due to &ibration or accidental engagement after once set" For e$ample, certain specifications require that a con trolled shaft be locked without placing any torsion on the shaft which might ha&e a tendency to rotate it" Also, in electronics it may be desirable to control a plurality of shafts from a front panel which may necessitate the control knobs being offset and a change in gear ratio between the control knobs and the control shaft" %t is an obCect of this in&ention, therefore, to pro&ide a shaft locking means which will not place torsion on th shaft" f Another obCect of this in&ention is to pro&ide a remo&able shaft transfer mechanism" Still another obCect of the in&ention is to pro&ide means for &arying the gear ratio between a controlled shaft and a gear knob" Further features, obCects and ad&antages will become apparent from the following description and claims when read in &iew of the drawings, in which@ Figure - is an e$ploded &iew of the shaft locking mechanism of this in&entionG and Figure . is an assembled sectional &iew of the apparatus" Figure . illustrates a controlled element -B which might be, for e$ample, a &ariable condenser that has a controlled shaft -- connected thereto" #he controlled shaft -- is mounted by means of a suitable bearing -. in a gear plate -0 which might, for e$ample, be the chassis of a radio recei&er" A dri&e gear -4 is mounted on the end of shaft --" A split stud -4 is $edly mounted in the plate -0, as for e$ample by passing it through an opening -5 in the plate and spinning an edge -6 o&er the other side of the plate" #he stud -4 is nonrotatably supported by the plate -0" #he stud has an enlarged hollow portion -7 which is formed with longitudinal slots so that a plurality of fle$ible fingers are formed" A locking shaft .- is threadedly recei&ed in the portion .. of the stud -4 and is formed with an enlarged tapered portion .0 which is engageable with the fingers -7 of the split stud" A slee&e .4 is mounted concentric about the locking shaft .- and has a portion .4 which rests on the split stud so that it may be rotatably supported thereby" #he end .5 of the slee&e .4 is formed with gear teeth .3 so as to dri&e the shaft -- when rotation of the slee&e .4 occurs" A knob shaft

.6 is mounted concentric about the locking shaft .- and may be locked to the slee&e .4 by means of a set screw .7" #he knob shaft passes through a front panel 0- which is formed with an opening 0." A hollow knob 00 is detachably connected to the knob shaft .6 by means of a set screw 04" A locking ring 04, as for e$ample a #ruarc, is mounted in a groo&e formed in the knob shaft .6 '.,657,450 <atented :ar" 0-, -737= through the knob shaft .6 and the knob 00 and a locking wing nut 05 is attached to its outer end" O

#he structure thus described 4allows the shaft -- to be locked without rotating it, in that the locking mechanism does not produce a rotary component in the locking action"P %n operation, suppose that it is desired to adCust the controlled element -B to a new position and lock it so that it will not be accidentally rotated by &ibration or other means" #he locking wing nut 05 is unscrewed so as to mo&e the camming portion .0 out of engagement with the fle$ible fingers -7 of the split stud which remo&es bearing stress between the locking stud fingers -7 and& the internal portion of the slee&e .4" When this bearingstress has been remo&ed, the knob 00 may be rotated freely through the knob shaft .6 and slee&e .4 to dri&e the controlled shaft -by means of'the gear -4" 8nce thefnew position is obtained, the wing nut 05 is tightened so as to mo&e the camming portion .0 to the right relati&e to Figure ., thereby forcing the lie$ible portions -7 outwardly against the slee&e .4" l#his locks the slee&e .4 to the split stud -4 and pre&ents it from rotating relati&e to the plate -0 for the reason that the split stud is firmly' and nonrotatably attached thereto" %t is to be reali)ed also that in the e&entthat it is desiredA by threading the lock shaft into the split stud and by' resetting the set screw .7" %t is seen that this in&ention pro&ides a simple and positi&e locking means which may be used to increase or decrease the gear ratio between a knob shaft and a controlled shaft"

Although it has been described with respect to pret ferred embodiments thereof, it is not to be so limited as changes and modifications may be made therein which are within the full intended scope of the in&ention as defined by the appended claims" % claim@ -" A shaft locking mechanism comprising, a gear plate, a controlled shaft rotatably supported in said gear plate, a dri&e gear mounted on said controlled shaft, a split stud nonrotatably supported by said gear plate, a slee&e ro!r tatably supported by the split stud and formed with a plurality of gear teeth at one end thereof which are en'! gageable with said dri&e gear, a knob shaft recei&ed concentrically within said slee&e, locking means for locking said slee&e to said knob shaft, a locking shaft passing concentrically through said knob shaft and threadedly recei&ed in said'split stud, and an enlarged tapered portion mounted on said locking shaft and engageable with said split stud to force it against said slee&e" ." :eans for locking a shaft without placing torsion thereon comprising, a plate, a controlled shaft rotatably supported by said plate, a dri&e gear attached to said controlled shaft, a split stud connected to said plate and formed with a threaded a$ial opening, a locking shaft threadedly recei&ed in said split stud, a tapered portion mounted on said locking shaft and engageable with said split stud, a slee&e formed with gear teeth at one end 'which are engageable with said dri&e gear and rotatthereon comprising, a plate, a controlled shaft rotatably supported by said plate, a dri&e gear attached to said controlled shaft, a split stud connected to said plate and formed with &a threaded a$ial opening,a locking shaft threadedly recei&ed in said split stud, a tapered portion mounted on said locking shaft and engageable with said split stud, a ,slee&e formed With gear teeth at one end which are engageable with said dri&e gear and rotatably supported by s aid split stud, a knob shaft concentric about !said locking "shaft and recei&ed within said slee&e to be locked thereto, a hollow knob mounted to said knob shaft, and 4a wing nut connected to said locking shaft for ylocking Aand unlocking ysaid slee&e to the split stud" P4" :eans for locking a shaft without placing torsion thereon comprising, a plate, a controlled shaft rotatably supported b y said plate, a Adri&e gear attached to said controlled shaft, a split Pstud Pconnected to said plate and formed with &a threaded a$ial opening and with a plurality of fle$ible lingers at one end thereof, a Plocking shaft threadedly recei&ed in said split stud, a tapered portion mounted on said locking shaft and engageable with said fle$ible lingers, a slee&e formed with gear teeth at one end which are engageable with said dri&e gear and rotatably supported by said split stud, a knob yshaft concentric about lsaid locking shaft and recei&ed within said slee&e to b e locked thereto, and a wing nut connected to said locking shaft for locking and unlocking said Slee&e to the Split stud" 3" :eans for locking a shaft without placing torsion thereon comprising, a plate, a controlled shaft rotatably supported by said plate, a dri&e gear attached to said controlled shaft, a split stud

connected to said plate and formed with a threaded a$ial opening, a locking shaft threadedly recei&ed in said split stud, a tapered portion mounted on said locking shaft and engageable with said split stud, a slee&e formed with gear teeth at one end which are engageable with said dri&e gear and formed with a necked!down portion which is engageable with a bearing surface on said split stud, a knob shaft concentric about said locking shaft and recei&ed Within said slee&e to be locked thereto, and a wing nut connected to said locking shaft for locking and unlocking said slee&e to the split stud"