information
is required
(1)
(2)
PIPING
&
(P&ID-SEE
(3)
(4)
LINE DESIGNATION
SHEETS OR TABLES,
INCLUDING
ASSIGNATION
OF LINE NUM.
BERS-SEE
4.2.3 AND 5.2.5
FROM THE
PROJECT
GROUP
INSTRUMENTATION
5.2.4)
These sheets contain tabulated data showing nominal pipe size, material
specification, design and operating conditions. Line numbers are assigned in
sequence 'of flow, and a separate sheet is prepared for each conveyed fluid
-see 5.2.5.
DIAGRAM
(5)
SPECIFICATIONS
FOR MATERIALS
IN PIPING SYSTEMS-SEE
4.2.'
(6)
SCHEDULE
DATED
ON
(7)
CONTROLS
(METHODS
TO BE ADOPTED
FOR
JOB
OF COMPLETION
DATES
FED-BACK
INFORMATION)
USED
(UP.
OF WORKING,ETC.)
EXPEDITING
THE
A drawing number relates the drawing to the project, and may be coded
to show such information as project (or 'job') number, area of plant, and
originating group (which may be indicated 'M' for mechanical, etc.). Figure
5.15 shows a number identifying part of a piping system.
The drawing control shows the drawing number, title, and progress toward
completion. The status of revision and issues is shown-see 5.4.3. The drawing
control is kept up-to-date by the group leader.
Example 2
Example 1
CHARTS
The piping materials specification usually has an index to the various services
or processes. The part of the specification dealing with a particular service
can be identified from the piping drawing line number or P&I 0 line numbersee 5.2.4 under 'Flow lines'. AI! piping specifications must be strictly adhered
to as they are compiled from information supplied by the project group.
Although the fittings, etc., described in the Guide are those most frequently
used, they will not necessarily be seen in every piping specification.
On some projects (such as 'revamp' work) where there is no specification,
the designer may be responsible for selecting materials and hardware, and it is
important to give sufficient information to specify the hardware in all essential
details. Non-standard items are often listed by the item number and/or model
specification for ordering taken from the catalog of the particular manufacturer.
This shows, for each item of equipment, the equipment number, equipment
title, and status-that
is whether the item has been approved, ordered, and
whether certified vendor's prints have been received.
PLANNING,
SUPERVISION,
DESIGN
COORDINATION
LEAD
DESIGNER
IS}
or
SENIOR
DESIGNER
IS}
EQUIPMENT
LAYOUTS
& PIPING
&
CALCULATIONS
FROM
P&IDS
PRODUCE
DESIGN
DESIGNE
DETAILED
TO
RS'
INSTRUCTIONS
There are two types of drawings to file-those produced by the group and
those received by the group. The former are filed in numerical order under
plant or unit number in the drawing office on a 'stick file' or in a drawersee 4.4.1 D. The filing of the latter, 'foreign', prints is often poorly done, causing time to be wasted and information to be lost. These prints are commonly
filed by equipment index number, placing all information
connected with
that item of equipment in the one file.
A suggested method for filing these incoming prints is illustrated in chart 4.3,
which cross-references process, function, or area with the group originating
the drawing, and with associated vessels, equipment. etc. All correspondence
between the project and design groups, client, vendors, and field would be
filed under 'zero', as shown.
SOLVENTS
6
STEAM
SYSTEM
Vellum paper and mylar film are used for drawings. Drawing sheets must be
translucent to the light used in copying machines. Mylar with a coated drawing
surface is more expensive than vellum, but is preferable where durabilityand
dimensional stability are important. Sheets can be supplied printed with border
and title block and with a 'fade-out' ruled grid on the reverse side. 'Isometric'
sheets with fade-out 3D-degree grid are available for drawing isos.
ANSI 14.1 defines the foil owing flat drawing-sheet sizes (in inches): (A) 8Yzx 11,
(B) l1x17,
Pencil leads used in the drawing office are available in the following
beginning with the softest: B (used for shading), HB (usually used for
only), F (usually softest grade used for drafting), H (grade most often
drafting), 2H (used for drawing thinner lines such as dimension lines),
4H (used for faint lines for layout or background). Softer penciling
grades,
writing
used for
3H and
is prone
The architect's scale is used for piping drawings, and is divided into fractions
of an inch to one foot-for
example, 3/8 inch per foot. The engineer's scale
is used to draw site plans, etc., and is divided into one inch per stated number
of feet, such as 1 inch per 30 feet.
Several types of eraser and erasing methods are available-use of each is given
in table 4.1: Rubber in various hardnesses from pure gum rubber (artgum)
for soft pencilling and cleaning lead smears, to hard rubber for hard penceiling
and in k; 'plastic' is cleaner to use, as it has less tendency to absorb graphite;
'magic rub' for erasing pencil from plastic films. Most types of eraser are
available for use with electric'erasing machines.
An erasing shield is a thin metal plate with holes of various shapes and sizes so
that parts of the drawing not to be erased may be protected.
~M
MATERIAL
TRACING
PAPER.
or
LINEN
HARD
PENCIL
INDIAN
INK
PHOTOGRAPHIC
BACKGROUND
SRE, or
HRE. or
SRE
IHRE
--
artgum
SEPIA
IOZALlD),
or PHOTOCOPY
PAPER
(PHOTOSTAT)
PLASTIC
FILM
KEY:
SOFT
PENCIL
SRE
Wet
eraser.
Chemical
SR
HRE, or
SRE
PE
Wet
Blade,
Wet PE, or
Blade
PE
soft rubber.
HR
bleach
for
removing
Bleach
or
IHRE
hard
black
Wet PE, or
Bleach
rubber,
I
photographic
ink,
P
silver
are limited in application, but are useful for making drawings for photographic
reproduction, such as panel boards, charts, and special reports-see 4.4.13,
under 'Photographic layouts'.
The first two machines are usually used in drawing offices in place of the
slower teesquare:
DRAFTING MACHINE allows parallel movement of a pair of rules set
at right angles. The rules are set on a protractor, and their angle on the
board may be altered. The protractor usually has 15-degree clickstops and
vernier scale.
RULE, or SLIDER, permits drawing of long horizontal
only, and is used with a fixed or adjustable triangle.
PARALLEL
plastic.
deposit
lines
PANTOGRAPH
reduction
'CHART
: 4.3
or enlarge-
A light box has a translucent glass or plastic working surface fitted underneath with electric lights. The drawing to be traced is placed on the illuminated su rface.
Original drawings are best filed flat in shallow drawers. Prints filed in the
drawing office are usually retained on a 'stick', which is a clamp for holding
several sheets. Sticks are housed in a special rack or cabinet.
Original drawings will eventually create a storage problem, as it is inadvisable
to scrap them. If these drawings are not sent to an archive, after a period of
about three years they are photographed to a reduced scale for filing, and only
the film is retained. Equipment is available for reading such films, or large
photographic prints can be made.
TABLE
: 4.1
\
Plant models are often used in designing large irt:;tallations involving much
piping. When design of the plant is completed. the model is sent to the
site as the basis of construction
in the place I)f orthographic drawings.
Some engineering companies strongly advocate tl'11lr use, which necessitates
maintaining a model shop and retaining trained personnel. Scaled model
piping components are available in a wide ran!)!! of sizes. The following
color coding may be used on models:PIPING
...
EQUIPMENT
INSTRUMENTS
GREY
ORANGE
ELECTRICAL
GREEN
A Polaroid (or video) camera can be used to supply views of the plant and
unrecorded changes. Filed drawings of a plant do not always include alterations, or deviation from original design.
ADVANTAGES
Alternately,
positives may be marked directly
tions to the field.
Piping plan and elevation drawings can be elirninated; only the model,
plot plan, P&I D's, and piping fabrication drawings (isos) are required
- see 4.4.13.
crews
DISADVANTAGES
Duplication
The model is not easily portable and is liabll! to damage during transportation
The following
technique produces equipment layout 'drawings',
especially useful for areas where method study or investigational
are required.
and is
reports
~5r1
l:Ji
In double-line drawing, valves are shown by the symbols in chart 5.6 (refer
to the panel 'Drafting valves'). Double-line representation is not used for
entire piping arrangements, as it is very time-consuming,
difficult to read,
and not justified technically.
BUTT
SIMPLI FI ED
PRACTICE'
I
CONVENTIONAL
PRACTICE
.1.1
ANSI Y32.2.3
(Not current
practice)
WELD
SOCKET
WELD
SCREWED
JOINT
r I: 1
r r1r
f r+
The joint symbol may be omitted if the type of joint is determined by a piping specification. It is usually
preferred
10 use the dot weld symbol
to make the type of construction
clear'
for example.
to distinguish
between
a tee and a stub-in.
TABLE
1
5.1
PIPING
DRAWINGS
(PLANS,
ELEVATIONS,
150S
AND
sPOOL
OF
BUILDINGS,
UNITS,
ETC.
CENT~RLINE
PIPING
UNDERGROUND,
OR
BY
OBSCURED
-----:::z...
EQUIPMENT
WAll. Ere
FUTURE
PIPING
EXISTiNG
PIPING
EQUiPMENT
FUTURE
OUTLINES,
DIMENSION
LINES,
DOUBLE-LINE
PIPING
EQUIPMENT
eXISTING
__
EQUIPMENT
PRIMARY
PROCESS.
SERVICE
OR
UTILITY
pRiMARY
PROCESS,
SERVice
OR
VTIUTY.
U TlJ R E
=EX75T7NG=z.. =
___
~E=.z....
.E~I~.
_
_
UNDERGROUND
SIGNAL
UNDERGROUND
lINES
IlNSTRUMENTI
INSTRUMENT
AIR
{PNEUMATIC
INSTRUMENT
LIQUID
(HYDRAULIC
SIGNALI
SIGNAl)
El,ECTA1C
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INSTRuMENT
CAP!LLARY
OR
SONIC
TUSING
Chart
other
types
to be
Symbols that are shown in a similar way in all systems are collected in chart
5.7.
Chart 5.8 gives some symbols, signs, etc., which are used generally and are
likely to be found or needed on piping drawings.
DRAWINGS I
MATCHLINE
OUTLINES
lines. Many
readily recoglines, particor draftsman
CHART 5.2A
VESSELS
COLUMNS
----
[2;],
/
,,
'C;HARTSI
"0/
I)
)
liquid from
solid + liquid
,:~
'.".
:!f;
?l
~I
II)
T:AY
~I
'"
II
iIi..
)
1 ADDiTIVE
)
~.I
"ii..
MAIN STREAM
',;:
:ij;
.....
m}
Q:=
,.,f )
r:=:l~:~~~~T
mmrrn
~::;~~~
~--I
~
......
LQ..
~
y;
Of
EJECTOR
LJ0
r
)
I
,
ODD
o
P5'I
,.
DRYER {BAT~H)
ROTARYDRYER~ROTARYKILN
FEEO',
.....+?<t:>
LIQUOR
_;)ii~
FEEO.
CAKE
'('i)"
RIED
PRODUCT
.. ~AKE
mm
k,
..
FlLTRATE/L1QUQR
Solid from
solid + gas
\I
---v
FEED
ii.i
THICKENED
OUTFLOW
~r
'WC",
J><J ~
THESE SYMBOLS
CAN BE USED FOR HYDRAULIC
PNEUMATIC
ACCUMULATORS,
USED TO SMOOTH
PULSATING
OR
()
()
'.
TO
ACT
OUTFLOW
FROM
AS RESERVOiRS
OR
THE
VARIABLE
DEMAND.
I~
GHART 5.3 )
(.
BEND (State Radiusl
BLIND FLANGE
I END VIEW'
I~
0-
'\,-,:
~I
(I)
+ ,+ +
LATROLET
MITER
~
ELBOW, 90, SR
~
PIPE
REDUCER,
G)
SR~
SR
CONCENTRIC
EXPANDER FLANGE
FIELD WELD
<;
r-
~11- @
~
I
~
TOP VIEW
HOSE
RETURN
SEE 'COUPLING'
1--"
SOCKOLET
SLlP-0N FLANGE
SWAGE,
CONCENTRIC
-0-0-D-I
1\ 1\ ~
ECCENTRIC
STATE WHETHER TOP
OR BOTTOM IS 'FLAT'
I~LG
Ii
THIS CHART
@)
THREDOLET
TEE
@
CW
~-
-0I
~
SHOW AS 'WELDOLET'-
WELDINGNECK
WELDOLET
REINFORCEMEN~
FOR LATERAL
--l~
1
@
I
I
-:j
MITER
M~
3-PIECE
THIS CHART
---i
RED FLG
..JIL L
IL
-{:::>-
TOP VIEW
I@
ON~7
....J
Q)
(I)
HI
H
2-PIECE
WRAPAROUND
SADDLE
(j)
1-1~t
-{:::>-
REDUCING ELBOW
SADDLE
@)
SWEEPOLET
FLANGE
REINFORCEMENTS
SHOW AS 'WELDOLET'-
STUBIN
TOP VIEW
r END VIEW
SIDE VIEW
I J:
I
THIS CHART
END VIEW
(j)ED.FLGi
REDUCING FLANGE
FULL-COUPLING
HALF-COUPLING
JL
NIPOLET
ECCENTRIC
ELBOLET
NAME OF ITEM
LR
~I
ELBOW,900,
END VIEW
SIDE VIEW
LATERAL
FULL or HALF-
LINES SHOW CONNECTED PIPE, AND ARE NOT A PART OF THE SYMBOL.
.'1
IN CHARTS 5.3 THRU 5.5, THE SYMBOL IS SHOWN IN HEAVY LlN~. LIGHTER
NAME OF ITEM
EN~
'
~
~
MITER
Mep
M~
M~
I
'CHARTS
SYMBOLS FOR
SOCKET-WELDED SYSTEMS
SYMBOLS FOR
SCREWED SYSTEMS
DRAfTING VALVES
CHART 5.6 GIVES THE BASiC SYMBOLS FOR VALVES.
THESE BASIC SYMBOLS ARE USED OR ADAPTED AS
FOLLOWS,
VALVE
WITH:
SYMBOL
SINGLEL1NE
~iXJ~
~
~ >-r
&,
r-' I ::::!.lII
@l
Only malleable.-iran and cast
iron returns are available.
Far
NO SOCKETWELDING
IS AVAILABLE.
REQUIRED.
WELDING
FORGED-STEEL
IF A lBD-DEGREE
IT MAY
RETURN,
BE MADE
ECCENTRIC
STATE WHETHER TOP
OR BOTTOM IS 'FLA f
-t>+-
{:::::>+
--t=-->.,
IS
A BUTT
OR TWO SOCKET-WELDING
TOP VIEW
USING
~
~
FiniNG
ReTURN
(A)
Show
the
basic
(B)
Draw
flange
re)
Draw
these lengths
scaled to the flange-face-toflange-face
or center-to
flange-face
dimensions
for
the valve.
(D)
00
valve
to
symbol
between
flanges.
scafe.
ECCENTRIC
STATE WHETHER TOP
OR BOTTOM IS 'FLAT'
of valve
on the
""I -.,
CHART 5.7
SYMBOL
NAME OF ITEM
JACKETED
PIPE
WITH INSULATION
I~
)
)
SEE
DRAIN
DWG ________
DTl _________
ORIFICE
C-L
-L8
I
EJECTOR
PERSONNEL
PROTECTION
use
of insulation)
(PersonnelProtection)--...I
,--T
,-~
EDUCTOR
X"
I
~'"
...
>
>
(1) Whhou'
Check,
Disconnected
~
z
Connected
0
u
'"u
3
Disconnected
Connected
REMOVABLE
RUPTURE
SPOOL
VENT
(for line)
VENT
FOR TANK
12
~
11<
1<
-Q>--1t-<Q-
SYMBOL
SUPPORT
----D)--t-0--
-11
u-
_G
GUIDE
.:"5~ ...51,
SCREEN
ELECTRIC
Conical.
TRACING
Moumed
(REMOVEO
WATER. ETC.',,?
EXHAUST
HEAD
(for steam)
EXPANSION
FLAME
JOINT
Flanges
Mounted
between
Flanges
STEAM
TRACING
SCREEN
Flat.
(EXHAUST
,....--STEAMf
(Flow
ARRESTOR
~
FLEXIBLE
HOSE
COUPLl
NG
-1-
-,-
J;
II if[
z
J;
HANGER
SOCKET-WELDING
FLANGED
SPRING
HANGER
L. to R.)
>
>
;::
---.rv"V"\..r-
from
1---j-
0-
;;:
---1~
X ..
~~
~~or~~~
"Y'
BUTT-WELDING
X"
INSULATION
SHOE
between
1"Y1
[60]
!
!I
1
(
FLOOR
SUPPORT
SPRING
SUPPORT
I--.H
I
jL
1--11 S
1 ___
II
1______.
~~::j~~ i
SCREWED
I
j
ANCHOR
---1?1
DISC
i-~~-r
~o~
[!]
-f:~
FLANGE
ASSEMBLY
(protective
{for line)
SYMBOL
TRAP
~
ST AT10N
NAME OF ITEM
x"
RING
CONTROL
SYMBOL
SH
88
DESCRIPTION
~~~~C;~TF~~N~
OFSHEET~
H0 L 0
STATE REASONlFOR
FOR 'HOLD' --..,
@
-&
PLACE TRIANGLE
ADJACENT TO
REVISED AREA
ON FRONT OF SHEET
OF SHEET
ENCIRCLE AREA
OF CHANGE INCLUDING
REVISION TRlANGLE
ON REAR OF SHEET
I
SYMBOL LOCATING AXES OF REFERENCE,
INTERSECTION
OF ORDINATES
ICOORDINATE POINT}
---~---
(2)0 0
(l)~
TYPICAL SECTION INDICATQRS. LETTERS T
AND '0' SHOULD NOT BE USED TO AVQID
CONFUSION WITH NUMERALS T AND '0',
IF MORE THAN 24 SECTIONS ARE NEEDED,
USE COMBINATIONS OF LETTERS AND NUMERALS. SHOW NUMBER QF THE DRAWING
QN WHICH SECTION WILL APPEAR
L-.J
or
or
(J)J
(2) ]
(3)
'CONSTRUCTION
HQLD' MARKING_ IF SUFFICIENT INFORMATION
IS NOT AVAILA8LE
TO FINALIZE
PART OF THE DESIGN THE
'HOLD' MARKING IS USED TO INSTRUCT THE
CONTRACTOR TO AWAIT A LATER REVISION
QF THE DRAWING BEFORE STARTING THE
WORK IN QUESTION
OPENINGS.
(1l OPENING
STRUCTURAL
111 ANGLE_
'FIniNG
MAKEUP' SYMBOL
INOT PREFERRED
ING MAKEUP'}
OF
INSTRUMENT
'LOOP'
~~G/
NUMBER
SHADINGS
Upp" 1m,.
FUNCTiONAL
COVERED.
(ARCH.
STEEL SECTIONS,
12} CHANNEL.
(3)=1
DISCONTINUED
(3) I-BEAM
WENT/FleAT/Oft-
~t;;~;I;;~fo.'TfFICATIDN
INSTRUMENT
BALLOQN, USUALLY DRAWN
7116-INCH DIAMETER ON P&ID's AND PIPING
DRAWINGS ITQ 3/8 IN. PER FT SCALE}
[\\X\\\,
VIEWS,
VARIABLE
BE
(l)-.=J
PROCESS
MAY
CHARTS-
---Et-TYPE
V\lHICH
u~d
to terminate
drawing)
CHART 5.9
Typical Welding Symbols
Chain Intermittanl
Location
Signilicance
Pitch
rlength
Weld
Arrow Side
size
I/
::[> :
01
Other Side
No Arrow Side
or Other Side
Signiflcance
Include
angle of
COunterslrH(
-.......
31ze (diameter
?fClOleat-...........
NOI
DOl)
",00
""
~
Pitch (diSTance
between
sentecsi
8OCk"
weld ~
-~-
Oeot/'10Ifililngin\nC;.,~
'omiSSion
Indicates
filling
\,.J
1st operation
Location
Significance
-_./
-2ncoperation--;';'-
-v--
"~8ockmg
-1- - /-
01
----l"'-"weld
-;':'-l;toperation
1"'\0
2nd operallo;,
I'"
Arrow Side
Increm'3r1t
S,zeor
lengtt>_\
strength
fdistance
of Increments
Leo9lh
is Gomp1etei
Pitch
between centers)
--........'~I~
:rY~:"'L
,no,m""
\."C9lh 01mo,m,c"
Back Welding Symbol
of welds
lnlermittanl
m;~~m6':: /
Staggered
(distance
b~tween centers7
Other Side
--""""":>e
rP'tcn
\\~I/
:= <RSEW
Pco""
DOUble-Sevel-Groove
No Arrow Side
or Other Side
Significance
weldSIZ'2;~",
-~/
Iii
w"c,,"~
ArrQwp;::-s tOwa~d' /
W8i
size
ROQt
'j
Welding Symbol
~ember(o
opening
,,,~<8'"
Dn~para1l0n\
gouge
bepr"oared
rWe1fJ.Slze
-~/
7C
Ie
\'Nelds,ze
Complete
Penetration
Indicates
complete
regardless
or 10lnt
of type
preparation
/~~(JP
penetration
of weld
processreleren7
'-tH
be included
symbol,
reference
Designation
Processes
is made
of 'Nelding
':Jy ~etters,
are to
welding
R" ,ndicatesbacking
remol/ed aflerwelding
Convex Contour
Symbol
to Table',
and
of AWS
Allied
A24~86
Reproduced
from AWS A2.4-86: SymbQls for Welding, Brazing and Nondestructive Examination, by
permission
of the American Welding Society. A comPlete COpy of A2.4-86 may be obtained from the
American Welding Society, 550 N.W. Lejeune Road, Miami Florida 33126. Telephone (305) 443-9353.
The 'welding symbol' devised by the American Welding Society has eight
elements. Not all of these elements are necessarily needed by piping designers.
The assembled welding symbol which gives the welder all the necessary instruction, and locations of its elements, is shown in chart 5.9. The elements
are:
REFERENCE
ARROW
SUPPLEMENTARY
& OTHER
FINISH SYMBOLS
TAIL
SPECIFICATIONS,
LINE
'.
DATA
SYMBOLS
The following is a quick guide to the scheme. Full details will be found in
the current revision of 'Standard Welding Symbols' available from the
American Welding Society.
l
~
'groove'
symbol
Reference line and arrow: The symbol begins with a reference line and arrow
pointing to the joint where the weld is to be made. The reference line has two
'sides': 'other side' (above the line) and 'arrow side' (below the line)-refer
to the following examples and to chart 5.9.
for
~~:'
~~~;,o;~~t:t:,ee;:'~:
'" ~
l:7
DIMENSIONING
CHART
Arrow
side
"
"
or
or
OtherSi~
-----Arrow side
Other
5.9
Suppose the weld is required to be 1/4 inch in size, and the bevel is to be
3/16 inch deep:
These dimensions are shown
to the left of the weld symbol:
Y----J
Other side
side
16
1
i
~
or
ArroWSi~
FIGURE
I
15.1
BASIC WELDING SYMBOLS
(0)
T
SQUARE
--TF
BACK
SACKING
\.J
'y
"lUG
. SLOT
SPOT,"
'ROJECTION
lEVEl
.".
/\ I"
i .1.8
?'\
SEAM
:e
'r
EDGE
FLANGE
1(
FlARE'V
CORNER
flANGE
II
FLARE-BEVEl
)\ Ie
~~
;~
Going back to the fillet weld joint without a bevel, if the weld needs to
be 1/4-inch in size and 6 inches long, like this:
Going back to the example of a simple fillet weld, if the weld is required
all around a member,
If a series of 6-inch long welds is required with 6-inch gaps between them
(that is, the pitch of the welds is 12 inches), thus:
IV;
'/4
V6-12
WELD
CONTOUR
MEl TTHRU
is indicated
by adding a finish
WELD ALL
AROUND
FLUSH
CONVEX
-----..
~
CONCAVE
'--../
.1.8
.2.3
All information
for constructing piPing systems is contained in drawings,
apart from the specifications, and the possible use of a model and photographs.
GROW FROM
5.2.1
It is also referred to as
of a 'schematic'.
A solvent
recovery
A real or supposed need for industrial or national security may restrict information appearing on drawings. Instead of naming chemicals, indeterminate
or traditional terms such as 'sweet water', 'brine', 'leach acid', 'chemical B',
may be used. Data important to the reactions such as temperatures, pressures
and flow rates may be withheld.
Sometimes certain key drawings are locked
away when not in use.
FIGURE 5.2
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
CONDENSATE
SLUDGE
COOLING
WATER RETURN
RECLAIMED SOLVENT
i WATER
SEPARATOR
W_A_T_ER
LB/HR
PSIG
STEAM
DWG
STORAGE TANK
DRAIN
NO
SG
DEG F
LB/HR I
SG
DEG Fi
RECLAIMED
DWG
SOLVENT
NO
WATER
DWG
NO
SLUDGE
<DWG
NO (
CONDENSATE
DWG NO
SEPARATOR
SIZE, DUTY
EQUIP NO __
SOLVENT VAPORIZOR
SIZE, DUTY
EQUIP NO
_
SOLVENT PREHEATER
SIZE, DUTY
EQUIP NO
_
STREAM NO
1
2
LB/HR
PSIG
SG
DEG F
SOLVENT COOLER
SIZE, DUTY
EQUIP NO
_
WATER SEPARATOR
SIZE, DUTY
EQUIP NO
_
--,
)
)
)
)
)
)
Directions of flow within the diagram are shown by solid arrowheads. The
use of arrowheads at all junctions and corners aids the rapid reading of the
diagram. The number of crossings can be minimized by good arrangement.
Suitable line thicknesses are shown at full size in chart 5.1. For photographic
reduction, lines should be spaced not closer than 3/8 inch.
Process and service streams entering or leavin~ the flow diagram are shown
by large hollow arrowheads, with the conveyed fluid written over and the
continuation
sheet number within the arrowhead, as in figure 5.3.
.2.3
)
)
-t__
"'_f
Instrument-controlled
and manual valves which are necessary to the proces~
are shown. The following valves are shown if required by a governing code or
regulation, or if they are essential to the process: isolating, bypassing, venting,
draining, sampling, and valves used for purging, steamout, etc., for relieving
excess pressure of gases or liquids (including rupture discs), breather valves
and vacuum breakers.
Piping fittings, strainers, and flame arrestors should not be shown unless of
special importance to the process.
Only instrumentation
essential to process control should be shown. Simplified
representation
is suitable. For example, only instruments such as controllers
and indicators need be shown: items not essential to the drawing (transmitters, for example) may be omitted.
Systems for providing services should not be shown. However, the type of
service, flow rates, temperatures
and pressures should be noted at consumption rates corresponding
to the material balance-usually
shown by a 'flag'
to the line-see
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
.
lb
DISPOSAL
figure 5.3.
OF WASTES
'ta ('IGORES'
The routes of disposal for all waste streams should be indicated. For example,
arrows or drain symbols may be labelled with destination, such as 'chemical
sewer' or 'drips recovery system'.
in some instances the disposal or waste.
treatment system may be detailed on one or more separate sheets. See 6.13
where 'effluent' is discussed.
The process material balance can be tabulated on separate 8;12 x 11-inch sheets,
or along the bottom of the process flow diagram.
'__ ~_~.-
__
,
for a flow
The layout of the P&ID should resemble as far as practicable that of the
process flow diagram. The process relationship of equipment should correspond exactly. Often it is useful to draw equipment in proportion vertically, but to reduce horizontal dimensions to save space and allow room for
flow lines between equipment.
Crowding information is a common drafting
fault - it is desirable to space generously, as, more often than not, revisions
add information.
On an elevational P&ID, a base line indicating grade or
first-floor level can be shown. Critical elevations are noted.
For revision purposes, a P&ID is best made on a drawing sheet having a grid
system-this is a sheet having letters along one border and numbers along the
adjacent border. Thus, references such as 'A6', 'B5', etc., can be given to an
area where a change has been made. (A grid system is applicable to P&ID's
more complicated than the simple example of figure 5.4.)
Allocate
only.
As with the process flow diagram, directions of flow within the drawing are
shown by solid arrows placed at every junction, and all corners except where
changes of direction occur closely together. Corners should be square. The
number of crossings should be kept minimal by good arrangement.
Process and service streams entering or leaving the process are noted by" hollow
arrows with the name of the conveyed fluid written over the arrowhead and
the continuation sheet number within it. No process flow data will normally
be shown on a P&I D.
-+=__
._f
identification
balloons 7/16th-inch
square
diameter-see
5.5
Special points for design and operating procedu res are noted-such as lines
which need to be sloped for gravity flow, lines which need careful cleaning
before startup, etc.
SEPARATORS,
of equipment
The P&I D should show all major equipment and information that is relevant
to the process, such as equipment names, equipment numbers, the sizes,
ratings, capacities, and/or duties of equipment, and instrumentation.
If the locations of traps are known they are indicated. For example, the trap
required upstream of a pressure-reducing
station feeding a steam turbine
should be shown.
'Future' equipment, together with the equipment that will service it, is shown
in broken outline, and labeled. Blind-flange terminations to accommodate
future piping should be indicated on headers and branches. 'Future' additions
are usually notanticipated
beyond a 5-year period.
Steam traps on steam piping are not otherwise indicated, as these trap positions are determined when making the piping drawings. They can be added
later to the P&I D if desired, after the piping drawings have been completed.
Pressure ratings for equipment are noted if the rating is different from the
piping system. A 'typical' note may be used to describe multiple pieces of
identical equipment
in the same service, but all equipment numbers are
written.
DRIPLEGS
DIAGRAM
.2.4
to be used for
on the piping
SLOPE x ..
PER FOOT'
FIGURE
COOLING
)DWG
5.4
WATER
NO )~-----------------
STEAM
)DWG
NO )-----------------COOLING
74/B2/2"/412/20
CONDENSATE
DWG
SEPARATOR
EQUIP NO
WATER
DWG NO
NO
Show and tag process and service valves with size and identifying number if applicable. Give pressure rating if different from line specification
Indicate any valves that have to be locked open or locked closed
Indicate powered operators
Signal-lead
ISA scheme
instrument
installation
of instruments
by the symbol-refer
These sheets are tabulated lists of lines and information about them. The
numbers of the lines are usually listed at the right of the sheet. Other
columns list line size, material of construction (using company's specification
code, if there is one), conveyed fluid, pressure, temperature, flow rate, test
pressure, insulation or jacketing (if required), and connected lines (which
will usually be branches).
The sheets are compiled and kept up-to-date by the project group, taking all
the information from the P&IO. Copies are supplied to the piping group for
reference.
On small projects involving only a few lines line designation sheets may not be
used. It is useful to add a note on the P&IO stating the numbers of the last
line and last valve used.
(1)
ORTHOGRAPHIC
(2)
PICTORIAL
Control stations are discussed in 6.1.4. Control valves are indicated by pressure rating, instrument identifying number and size-see figure 5.15, for example.
Drains, funnels, relief valves and other equipment handling wastes are shown
on the P&ID. If an extensive system or waste-treatment
facility is involved,
it should be shown on a separate P&ID. Wastes and effluents are discussed
in 6.13.
Process equipment may be provided with various services, such as steam for
heating, water or refrigerant for cooling, or air for oxidizing. Plant or equipment providing these services is usually described on separate 'service P&I D's'.
A service line such as a steam line entering a process P&ID is given a 'hollow
arrow' line designation taken from the service P&ID. Returning service lines
are designated in the same way. Refer to figure 5.4.
Stations
6.1.5.
providing
steam,
compressed
Refer to
_10
Plan views are more common than elevational views. Piping layout is developed
in plan view, and elevational views and section details are added for clarity
whe re necessa ry.
PICTORIAL
VIEWS
In complex piping systems, where orthographic views may not easily illustrate the design, pictorial presentation
can be used for clarity. Ineither
isometric or oblique presentations, lines not horizontal or vertical on the
drawing are usually drawn at 30 degrees to the horizontal.
Figure 5.6 illustrates how circular shapes viewed at different angles are approximated by means of a 35-degree ellipse template. Isometric templates
for valves, etc., are available and neat drawings can be rapidly produced with
them. 0 rthographic and isometric templates can be used to produce an
oblique presentation.
.2.4
.2.7
to enable
plan and
drawings
basis for
The piping group produces a 'site plan' to a small scale (1 inch to 30 or 100ft
for example). It shows the whole site including the boundaries, roads,
railroad spurs, pavement, buildings, process plant areas, large structures, storage areas, effluent ponds, waste disposal, shipping and loading areas. 'True'
(geographic) and 'assumed' or 'plant' north are marked and their angular
separation shown-see figure 5.11.
PLAN
)'
6v
c1F~
,----, I
51f-
----
..
Iv I
Iv
:FIGURES
I 0
f
1/
.....
ELEVATION
ISOMETRIC
[ll]
/'
OBLIQUE
KEY PLAN
A 'key plan' is produced by adapting the site plan, dividing the area of the
site into smaller areas identified by key letters or numbers. A small simplified
inset of the key plan is added to plot plans, and may be added to piping and
other drawings for reference purposes. The subject area of the particular
drawing is hatched or shaded, as shown in figure 5.8.
"~-
V
3
~
KEY PLAN
NOTES
When the equipment arrangement has been approved and the piping arrangement determined,
small dimensioned drawings of process vessels are made
(on sheets 8Y2 x 11 or 11 x 17 inches) in order to fix nozzles and their
orientations,
manholes, ladders, etc. These drawings are then sent to the
vendor who makes the shop detail drawings, which are examined by the
project engineer and sent to the piping group for checking and approval.
Vessel drawings need not be to scale. (Figure 5.14 is an example vessel
drawing.)
~
<l:
UJ
a:
<l:
UJ
-'
:I:
f<l:
MATCHLINE
;:
::E
AREA '3'
Piping drawings should be correlated with the following drawings from other
design groups and from vendors. Points to be checked are listed:
Z
t:J
E.'\Gl.VEERI,'\G
CO.HP.4..VY
_111_111_111_,11_111_,11+111
=
i
EQUIPMENT
ARRANGEMENT
PIPING PLAN,
AREA ','
DRAWING
When the equipment arrangement drawings are approved, they are developed
into 'plot plans' by the addition of dimensions and coordinates to locate
all major items of equipment and structures.
North and east coordinates of the extremities of buildings, and centerlines of
steelwork or other architectural
constructions should be shown on the plot
plan, preferably at the west and south ends of the installation. Both 'plant
north' and true north should be shown -see figure 5.11.
Architectural drawings:
Paths of ducting and rising ducts, fan room, plenums, space heaters, etc.
Electrical drawings:
Positions of lights
boxes and
Instrumentation drawings:
Dimensions of equipment
etc.
such as conveyors,
Process equipment and piping systems have priority. Drawings listed on the
preceding page must be reviewed for compatibility with the developing piping
design.
Pertinent background details (drawn faintly) from these drawings help to
avoid interferences.
Omission of such detail from the piping drawing often
leads to the subsequent discovery that pipe has been routed thru a brace,
stairway, doorway, foundation, duct, mechanical equipment,
motor control
center, fire-fighting equipment, etc.
Completed
piping drawings will also show spool numbers, if this part
of the job is not subcontracted
- see 5.2.9.
Electrical and instrument
cables are not shown on piping drawings, but trays to hold the cables are
indicated-for
example, see figure 6.3, point (8).
It is not always possible for the piping drawing to follow exactly the logical
arrangement of thi;l P&I D. Sometimes lines must be routed with different
junction sequence, and line numbers may be changed. During the preliminary
piping studies, economies and practicable improvements may be found, and the
P&ID may be modified to take these into account.
However, it is not the
piping designer's job to seek ways to change the P&I D.
On drawings showing a plan view, place a north arrow at the top left
corner of the sh~et to indicate plant north-see figure 5.11
Do not draw in the area above the title block, as this space is allocated
to the bill of materiel, or to general notes, brief descriptions of changes,
and the titles and numbers of reference drawings
If plans and elevations are small enough to go on the same sheet, draw
the plan at the upper left side of the sheet and elevations to the right
and bottom of it, as shown in figure 5.9
.2.7
.2.8
Take line numbers from the P&ID. Refer to 5.2.4 under 'Flow lines on
P&ID's' for information on numbering lines. Include line numbers on
all views, and arrowheads showing direction of flow
Draw all pipe 'single line' unless special instructions have been given
for drawing 'double line'. Chart 5.1 gives line thicknesses (full size)
,------"-------
I
I
I
1
w'
..J'
u:'
G:
E
r--~---------I
r--------l
I I
I I
I IL __ ~
I
I
1
"'
~:
u. I
~I
~I
1
~
<t 1
II
~i
~I
01
~:
r--I
I
L
I
I
I
I
FIGURES
: fo.,
able),
h"
drawings.
Take lines continued on another sheet to a match line, and there code
with line numbers only. Show the continuation
sheet numbers on
matchlines-see
figure 5.8
~
PLAN
::1'1
ELEVATION
I
I
I
I
--------1
I
..J
VALVE,
etc. /
'Rolled
FITTINGS,
PLAN VIEW
If pipe sleeves are required thru floors, Indicate where they are needed
and inform the group leader for transmitting this information to the
group(s) concerned
FLANGES,
VALVES
The following items should be labeled in one view only: tees and ells
rolled at 45 degrees (see example, this page), short-radius ell, reducing
ell, eccentric reducer and eccentric swage (note on plan views whether
'top flat' or 'bottom flat'), concentric
reducer, concentric
swage,
non-standard
or companion
flange, reducing tee, special items of
unusual material, of pressure rating different from that of the system,
etc. Refer to charts 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5 for symbol usage
Label control valves to show: size, pressure rating, dimension over flanges, and valve instrument number, from the P&ID-see figure 5.15
If a valve is chain-operated,
note distance of chain from operating
floor, which for safety should be approximately
3 ft
For pumps,
DRIPLEGS
Draw plan views for each floor of the plant. These views should show
what the layout will look like between adjacent floors, viewed from
above, or at the elevation thru which the plan view is cut
If the plan view will not fit on one sheet, present it on two or more
sheets, using matchlines to link the drawings. See figure 5.8
(~{~r.J
(T11\~/~}
T~'J-
i:;-i
~
DRAWINGS
or steam
PIPING
ROLL ELL.....--/
ROLLTEE~
AT 45
AT 45
and nozzles
Driplegs are indicated on relevant piping drawing plan views. Unless identical,
a separate detail is drawn for each dripleg. The trap is indicated on the dripleg piping by a symbol, and referred to a separate trap detail or data sheet.
The trap detail drawing should show all necessary valves, strainers, unions,
etc., required at the trap-se.e figures 6.43 and 6.44.
The piping shown on the dripleg details should indicate whether condensate
is to be taken to a header for re-use, or run to waste. The design notes in
6.10.5 discuss dripleg details for steam lines in which condensate forms
continuously.
Refer to 6.10.9 also.
ELEVATIONS
& DETAILS
Draw to a large scale any part needing fuller detail. Enlarged details
are preferably drawn in available space on elevational drawings, and
should be cross-referenced
by the applicable detail and drawing numbeds)
Identify sections indicated on plan views by letters (see chart 5.8) and
details by numbers. Letters I and 0 are not used as this can lead to confusion with numerals. If more than twentyfour sections are needed
the letter identification
can be broken down thus: A 1-A 1, A2-A2,
B4-84,
and so on
Do not section plan views looking toward the bottom of the drawing sheet
as
(SECTIONS)
informati on
information
FABRICATION
FROM
DRAWINGS'
ORTHOGRAPHIC
.2.8
.2.9
PIPING
DRAWINGS
/::
)
)
)
)
)
)
~
~\-~\-\--\--\~
IDENTIFY
BY lIt~E
NUMBER
-_\~~~~~_\_-~~.~-
Isos are usually drawn freehand, but the various runs of pipe, fittings and
valves should be roughly in proportion
for easy understanding. Anyone
line (that is, all the piping with the same line number) should be drawn
on the minimum number of iso sheets. If continuation
sheets are needed,
break the line at natural breakpoints such as flanges (except orifice flanges),
welds at fittings, or field welds required for installation.
Items and information
The two most common methods for producing piping designs for a plant
are by making either plan and elevation drawings, or by constructing a scaled
model. For fabricating welded piping, plans and elevations are sent directly
to a subcontractor,
usually referred to as a 'shop fabricator' -if a model is
used, isometric drawings (referred to as 'isos') are sent instead.
Isometric views are commonly used in prefabricating parts of butt-welded
piping systems. Isos showing the piping to be prefabricated are sent to the
shop fabricator. Figure 5.15 is an example of such an iso.
The prefabricated parts of the piping system are termed 'spools', described
under 'Spools', this section. The piping group either produces isos showing
the required spools, or marks the piping to be spooled on plans and elevations,
depending on whether or not a model is used (as shown in chart 5.10).
F rom these drawings, the subcontractor
makes detail drawings termed
'spool sheets'. Figure 5.17 is an example spool sheet.
CHART
5.10
and angles
(by centerlines)
symbol, and amplify
by
location
and orientation
number of control
for each instrument
valves
connection
FIGDR~
5.10
Shop and field welds. Indicate limits of shop and field fabrication
(1)
(2)
Lists the cut lengths of pipe, fittings and flanges, etc. needed to make
the spool
(3)
Materials of construction
Gives materials
finished piping
(4)
numbers
by pipesupport
positions
number
Some States in the USA have a trades agreement that 2-inch and smaller
carbon-steel piping must be fabricated at the site. This rule is sometimes
extended to piping larger than 2-inch.
NUMBERING
of the
& SPOOLS
Spool numbers are allocated by the piping group, and appear on all
piping drawings. Various methods of numbering can be used as long as
identification
is easily made; A suggested method follows:Iso sheets can be identified by the line number of the section of line that is
shown, followed by a sequential number. For example, the fourth iso sheet
showing a spool to be part of a line numbered 74/BZ/6/412/23
could be
identified: 74/BZ/6/412/23--4.
Both the spool and the spool sheet can be identified by number or letter
using the iso sheet number as a prefix. For example, the numbering of
spool sheets relating to iso sheet 74/BZ/6/412/23-4
could be
74/BZ/6/412/23-4-1,
74/BZ/6/412/23-4-2,
etc.,
74/BZ/6/412/23-4-A,
74/BZ/6/412/23-4-B,
etc.
The full line number need not be used if a shorter form would suffice for
identification.
Spool numbers are also referred to as 'mark numbers'. They are shown on
isos and on the following:(1)
(2)
(3)
DIMENSIONING
All alloyspools, and spools with 3 or more welds made from 3-inch (occasionally 4-inch) and larger carbon-steel pipe are normally 'shop-fabricated'.
This
is, fabricated in the shop fabricator's workshop, either at his plant or at
the site. Spools with fewer welds are usually made in the field.
of construction,
the spool
HORIZONTAL
FROM REFERENCE
POINTS
REFERENCE
VERTICAL
S.:
II.
REFERENCE
Before any building or erecting begins, the site is leveled ('graded') with
earth-moving equipment.
The ground is made as flat as practicable, and after
leveling is termed 'finished grade'.
.2.9
.3.2
The high8st graded point is termed the 'high point of finished grade',
(HPFG), and the horizontal plane passi.ng thru it is made the vertical reference
plane or 'datum' from which plant elevations are given. Figure 5.12 shows
that this horizontal plane is given a 'false' or nominal elevation, usually 100 ft,
and is not referred to mean sea level.
The 100 ft nominal elevation ensures that foundations, basements, buried
pipes and tanks, etc., will have positive elevations. 'Minus' elevations, which
would be a nuisance, are thus avoided.
Large plants may have several areas, each having its own high point
finished grade. Nominal grade elevation is measured from a benchmark,
illustrated in figu re 5.12.
structures
of
as
SOUTHWEST CORNER
OF PLANT: COORDINATES
N 110, E 200
\
\--\-
-\
-T-.J-------------------
,I
~!
'Ii
ELEVATION OF EQUIPMENT
CENTERLINE STATED AS
10S'-4" OR 5'-4" ABOVE HPFG
\
_.i
.;;c-o..-L_1, _-L_---'-_~_:_C~_~_A-_R_~MONUMENT
The US Department of Commerce's Coast and Geodetic Survey has estabI',shed a large number of references for latitude and longitude, and for
elevations above sea level. These are termed 'geodetic control stations'.
Control stations for horizontal
to as 'triangulation
stations' or
vertical reference are referred
have not been established for
DRAWING DIMENSIONS-&
TOLERANCES
MAINTAINED
IN ERECTED PIPING
Sufficient dimensions should be given for positioning equipment. for fabricating spools and for erecting piping. Duplication of dimensions in different
views should be avoided, as this may easily lead to error if alterations are
made.
'Fi"GUR-ES ----.
5.11 & 5.12
VESSELS
PUMPS
EQUiPMENT
LINES
LINES
STANDARD
VALVES
SHOWING ElEVATIONS
\ VESSELS
) PUMPS
I EQUIPMENT
NON-STANDARD)
REFERENCE
LINE
OR LONGITUDE)
CAN BE EITHER
OR A CENTERLINE
t IT IS NECESSARY
STANDARD
TO SHOW THESE
DIMENSIONS
IDEFINED
AN ORDINATE
OF BUILDING
DIMENSIONS
BY ANY
ILiNE
PIPE-GENERAL
VALVES
EQUIPMENT
METERS
INSTRUMENTS
+-----3'tlo.
OF LATITUDE
STEEL
FOR
ITEMS
RECOGNIZED
LACKING
STANDARD)
SINGLE PIPE TO NOZZLE:
CENTERLINE ELEVATION
PIPE AT NOZZLE
SHOW
OF
EL
~
DRAINS A,~D SEWERS:
SHOW 'INVERT ELEVATION'
Plan views convey most of the dimensional information, and may also show
dimensions for elevations in the absence of an elevational view or section.
234
tl"
~'
1--f---t:~RENCE-Ll-t--------l
--l----'--
II "
,I
I
~I
~I
liS
t-1--0--G
I!
I
I
'I
!
I
IE
-~
@ f0:l7
T~
i
I
I
j
IIEI
O----J
j
'
~,
'
------i!
I
I
I
I
FINISHED FLOOR:
SHOW ELEVATION
OF FLOOR
OF HIGH POINT
FIN FLR EL
7777;)77;7
r-
Draw dimension lines unbroken with a fine line. Write the dimension
just above a horizontal line. Write the dimension of a vertical line
sideways, preferably at the left. It is usual to terminate the line with
arrowheads, and these are preferable for isos. The oblique dashes shown
are quicker and are suitable for plans and elevations, especially if the
dimensions are cramped
- do not
.3.2
.3.3
Most lengths Will be stated to the nearest sixteenth of an inch. Dimensions which cannot or need not be stated to this precision are shown
with a plus-or-minus sign: 8' -7", 15' -3", etc.
Dimensions under two feet are usually marked in inches, and those
over two feet in feet and inches. Some companies prefer to mark all
dimensions over one foot in feet and inches
Attempt to round off non-critical dimensions to whole feet and inches.
Reserve fractions of inches for dimensions requiring this precision
-EB
J
Reserve horizontal
If a certain piping arrangement is repeated on the same drawing, it is sufficient to dimension the piping in one instance and note the other
appearances as 'TYP' (typical).
This situation occurs where simiiar
pumps are connected to a common header. For another example, see
the pump base in figure 6.17
DIMENSIONS
ON MACHINE
Do not terminate
DIM
DIM
I
I
DIM
I"
\"
DIMENSIONS
"""
-i-
I
I
'--'
DIM
.I-
01M
~[;<JI
J.
"""
'--'
DIM
DIM
ON PIPING DRAWINGS
"""
'--'
DIM
I"
dimensions,
DRAWINGS
.11.
TABLE
5.2
FITTING MAKEUP
If a number of items of standard dimensions are grouped together it is unnecessary to dimension each item, as the fabricator knows the sizes of standard fittings and equipment.
It is necessary, however, to indicate that the
overall dimension is 'fitting
makeup' by the special cross symbol, or
preferably by writing the overall dimension. Any non-standard item inserted
between standard items should be dimensioned.
CENTERLINE ELEVATIONS
MAY B GIVEI< FOR OESlGI<
OFFICE REFERENCE
,{
}"[
TANGENT
L1NE
1
-~~
,0
~i
\'-./
--------+---
3 LEGS, EQUALLY
SPACED.
TO NOZZLES
FROM
SCH 40 PIPE
A
CE5,
but if location
FACES
OF
PROJECT
In order to clearly show all dimensions, the best aspect of the piping must
be determined. Freedom to extend lines and spread the piping without regard
to scale is a great help in showing isometric dimensions. The basic dimensions
set out in 5.3.2, 5.3.3, and the guidelines in 5.2.9 apply.
Figure 5.15 illustrates the main requirements of an isometric drawing, and inincludes a dimensioned offset. Figure 5.16 shows how 6ther offsets are dimensioned.
Dimension in the same way as plans and elevations
Give sufficient dimensions for the fabricator to make the spool drawings
-see figu re 5.17
-----8
&--
N3
FROM
UNLESS
NOZZLE
FLANGED
THE
SURFACE
OTHERWiSE
SIZE:
PROJECTION.
NOZZLES
FOLLOWING
INTERNAL
VESSEL,
SPECIFIED:-
6"
SHALL
DISTANCES
OF
8"
10"
E~"GINEEBING
CO.UPANl'
.3.3
'ISO'
EXAMPLE
FIGURE 5.15
.3.4
SPOOL NUMBERS
74/BZ!6.1412/23-'A
74,'82/6/412/23-1-8
74:'BZi6/412/231-C
74/BZi6/411J23-1-D
74iSZ:6 411/23'E
1
0~
\,,-~~
Os
'~<
I CENT,'RLINES
OF STEEL
, ~
:;'R~~:~~~~~O~Y~~MBERING
ITTERING IN THE
OTHER OIR,'CTION
'. ,
I
I '" /
./'
I e'....ABOVE GRADE
I OR FINISHED flOOR
ELEVA nON PLUS
, HANOWHEEL RADIUS
FIGURES
I ABBR EVIATE
I AS REQUIRED
l\~
74 !BZ/6!412 /23-1
PLANT/AREA
~
FLUID
NOMINAL
/',
~
PIPE SIZE
I.
"-
ISO NUMBER
'-.......NUMBER
MATERIAL
OF LINE
SPECIFICATION
Allowance for weld spacing (root gap) is c; shop set-up problem and should
not be considered in making assembly drawings or detailed sketches, The
Pipe Fabrication Institute recommends that an overall dimension is shown
which is the sum of the nominal dimensions of the component parts.
A spool sheet deals with only one design of spool, and shows complete
dimensional detail, lists material for making the spool, and specifies how
many spools of that type are required Figure 5.17 shows how a spool from
figure 5.15 would be dimensioned.
EXAMPLE
FROM
5.15
PIPE
1
2
THIS
HERE
AND
ISOMETRIC
VIEW
FOR EXPLANATION
IS
SPOOL
NOT
DRAWING
PART
AT
IS SHOWN
~jPS
1
I
~'P':3 6
,"JPS
, 3' -10
5/8"
SCH 40
x 01-11
5/8"
SC~
A-S38
A-538
,,
]'-0
40
A-538
ONLY,
OF
THE
RIGHT
LR SLL
NPS 5 SiD
8W
FLANGES
5
NPS 4 CL 3GG
so FlF
A-l0S
NP5 6 CL 150
50 RF
A-10S
THREDCLET
NPS 6
NPS
I
I
~
in!
~i
!
(PLAN
G;
DRAWN:
a:
4_1_1
__
NUMBER REQUIRED:_1
REFERENCE DRAWINGS
z 3
SPECIFICATION: __
. -----0
DRAWING
NO. SHOWING
SPOOL)
CHECKED: IAPPROVED:
__
OTHER
NPS
3/~
CL 3000
A-105
r=:5!I .3.4
.4.4
P&I D's, process flow diagrams and line designation
engineers in the project group.
Title of drawing
Number of issue, and revision number
Except for spool drawings, all piping drawings are checked by the piping group.
Orientation:
Orthographic spool drawings produced by the piping fabricator are not usually
checked by the piping group, except for 'critical' spools, such as spools for
overseas shipment and intricate spools.
Usually an experienced designer within the piping group is given the task
of checking. Some companies employ persons specifically as design checkers.
The checker's responsibilities
Equipment
reduced)
changes
That the drawing includes reference number(s) and title(s) to any other
relevant drawings
That all dimensions are correct
Agreement
orientation,
nozzle
Prints of drawings are checked and corrected by marking with colored pencils.
Areas to be corrected on the drawing are usually marked in red on the print.
Correct areas and dimensions are usually marked in yellow.
Checked drawings to be changed should be returned to their originator whenever possible, for amendment. A new print is supplied to the checker with
the original 'marked up' print for 'backchecking'.
Provision of line vents, drains, traps, and tracing. Check that vents are
at all high points and drains at all low points of lines for hydrostatic
test. Driplegs should be indicated and detailed. Traps should be identified, and piping detailed
Location
and identification
connections
The following items should be labeled in one view only: tees and ells
rolled at 45 degrees (see example In 5.2.8), short-radius ell, reducing
ell, eccentric reducer and eccentric swage (note on plan views whether
'top flat' or 'bottom flat'), concentric reducer, concentric swage,
non-standard
or companion flange, reducing tee, special items of
unusual material, of pressure rating different from that of the system,
etc. Refer to charts 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5 for symbol usage
That insulation
of equipment
Piping arrangement
Possible interferences
Adequacy of clearances of piping from steelwork, doors, windows and
braces, ductwork,
equipment and major electric apparatus, including
control consoles, cables from motor control centers (MCC's), and firefighting equipment. Check accessibility for operation and maintenance
'FIGURES
~5.16&5.17 ,-
Accessibility
for operation and maintenance, and that adequate manholes, hatches, covers, dropout and handling areas, etc. have been
provided
Foundation
(1)
That section letters agree with the section markings on the plan view
(2)
(3)
requirements
once, either
information
sheet number(s)
This section briefly describes the purposes of instruments and explains how
instrumentation
may be read from P&ID's. Piping drawings will also show
the connection (coupling, etc.) to line or vessel. However, piping drawings
should show only instruments connected to (or located in) piping and vessels.
The only purpose in adding instrumentation
to a piping drawing is to identify
the connection, orifice plate or equipment to be installed on or in the piping,
and to correlate the piping drawing to the P&ID.
(4)
(5)
Many instruments combine two or more of these five functions, and may also
have mechanical parts integrated - the commonest example of this is the
self-contained control valve (see 3.1.1 0, under 'Pressure regulator', and
chart 3.1).
Instrumentation
is shown on process diagrams and piping drawings by symbols.
The functions of intruments are shown, not the instruments. Only the primary connection to a vessel or line, or devices installed in a line (such as
orifice plates and control valves) are indicated.
There is some uniformity,
among the larger companies at least, in the way in
which instrumentation
is shown. There is a willingness to adopt the recommendations of the I nstrument Society of America, but adherence is not always
complete. The ISA standard is S5.1, titled 'Instrumentation
symbols and identification' .
Compliance with the ISA scheme is to some extent international.
This is beneficial when drawings go from one country to another, as there is then no difficulty in understanding the instrumentation.
are
showing the measured value by a dial and pointer, pen and paper roll or
digital display. Anotherform
of indicator is an alarm which gives audible
or visual warning when a process variable such as temperature approaches
an unsafe or undesired value.
TYPE
OF
INSTRUMENT~
PROCESS
VARIABLE--r
'LOOP'
NUMBER
~~G 1:
8
'
Upped,",
FUNCTiONAL
IDENTiFICATiON
~t;;~:'7~~rJTIFICA
TlON
In figure 5.18, 'P', '1', and 'F' denote process variables pressure, temperature,
and flow respectively. 'I' and 'G' show the type of instrument; indicator
and gage respectively. Table 5.3 gives other letters denoting process variable,
type of instrument, etc. The number '8', labeled 'loop number', is an example
sequential number (allocated by an instrumentation
engineer).
INSTRUMENT MOUNTING,
& MUL TIPLE-FUNCTION INSTRUMENTS
A horizontal line in the ISA balloon shows that the instrument performing
the function is to be 'board mounted' in a console, etc. Absence of this line
shows '[ocal mounting', in or near the piping, vessel, etc.
M
~
for instrument
(TI\
\W
The ISA standard uses the term 'loop' to describe an interconnected group
of instruments, which is not necessari!v a closed-loop arrangement: that is,
instrumentation
used in a feedback (or feedforward) arrangement.
If severa! instruments are interconnected, they may be all allocated the same
number for 'loop' identification.
Figure 5.19 shows a process line served bV
one group of instruments (loop number 731 to sense, transmit and indicate
temperature, and a second group (loop number 74) to sense, transmit, indicate, record and control tlow rate.
ANALySiS
BURNER (Flame)
COMBUSTION
USER'S CHOICE
USER'S CHOICE
VOLTAGE
FLOW RATE
USER'S CHOICE
CURRENT
(Electric)
POWER
TIME (Time Control/Clock)
LEVEL
USER'S CHOICE .. "
USER'S CHOICE
USER'S CHOICE
PRESSUREIVACUUM
RADIATION
SPEED (or Frequency)
TEMPERATURE
MULTIVARIABLE
VIBRATION
WEIGHT (or Force)
UNCLASSiFIED
EVENT (Response to)
POSITION, DIMENSION
A
B
B
C
0
E
F
G
I
J
K
L
M
N
0
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
ALARM
" . A
USER'S CHOICE
B
CONTROLLER
C
CONTROL VALVE
CV
TRAP
"
CV
SENSOR (Primary Element)
E
RUPTURE DISC
E
SIGHT orGAGE
GLASS
G
TELEVISION
MONITOR
G
INDiCATOR
I
CONTROL STATION
K
LlG HT (Pilot/Operation)
L
USER'S CHOICE
'"
N
FLOW RESTRICTION
ORIFICE
0
TEST POINT {Sample Pointl
P
RECORDER
R
SWITCH
S
TRANSMITTER
T
MULTIFUNCTION
U
VALVE/DAMPER
V
WELL
W
UNCLASSIFIED
X
RELAY
y
DRIVER
Z
ACTUATOR
Z
THE QUALIFYiNG
/Tj\
tj]}
TOTAL
RATIO
I
I
SAFETY
'HAND'
u--~
LETTER is USED:-
01 FFERENTIAL.
ITEM
To denote a hand-operated
item
FIGURES
valve or
or hand-started
To denote instrument
action
value of the process variable
on 'high'
set
on 'low'
set
TABLE
5.3
LIST
ITEM NUMBER
OF
Ii QUANTITY
DESCRIPTION
II
To provide a path
(AI
Non-powered
(B)
or pressure
Powered
ofjl/.{id
SEPARATION:
by mechuYlical
IV
HEATING
OR COOLING:
To
change the temperature
of the fluid
by adding or removing heat
To remove
means from
MEASUREMENT:
VI
RATING:
FEATURE:
HARDWARE
ordinary
flanges. bolt
To
measure
Ancillary
hardware
valve,
orifice
plate,
by a pipe
MATERIAL:
See that all items in the list have been given a sequential item number
venturi
Pump, ejector
material
tire fluid
In-line
schedule number, a
P-1. SCH = schedu Ie,
XXS= double-extraInstitute.
Pipe is available seamless or with a welded seamexamples of designations are: SMLS = seamless, FBW =
fu rnace-butt-welded,
ERW = el ectric-resistance-welded
GAL V = galvanized. Specify ends: T&C = th reade'd and
coupled, BE = beveled end, PE = p lain end.
FLOW CONTROL:
Top roduce a lurge
change in flow rate
NONE:
EXAMPLE
I
Pipe, fittings.
III
Descriptions are best headed by the NAME of the item, followed by the SIZE,
RATING, FEATURE(S), and MATERIAL.
As material listings are commonly
handled by data-processing equipment, beginning the description of an item
by name is of assistance in handling the data. The description for 'pipe' is
detailed.
INTENDED
DUTY OF HARDWARE
WITH
RESPECT
TO
FLUID
CONVEYANCE:
MATERIEL
CLASS
Jacketed
pipe,
tracer
reinforcement,
hanger,
catalogs
item number
line or arrow
of materiel is
drawings
Simple arrangements and short lines minimize pressure drops and lower
pumping costs.
Designing piping so that the arrangement
to mechanical or thermal movement-refer
piping', this section.
to
Take gas and vapor branch lines from tops of headers where it is
necessary to reduce the chance of drawing off condensate (if present)
or sediment which may damage rotating equipment
Outside buildings, piping can be arranged: (1) On piperacks. (2) Near grade
on sleepers. (3) In trenches. (4) Vertically against steelwork or large items
of equipment.
possible
to do so
ARRANGE
FOR SUPPORTING
REMOVING
EQUIPMENT
& CLEANING
LINES
CLEARANCES
& ACCESS
Keep field welds and other joints at least 3 inches from supporting
steel, building siding or other obstruction.
Allow room for the joint
to be made
Allow room for loops and other pipe arrangements to cope with expansion by early consultation
with staff concerned with pi pe stressing.
Notify the structural group of any additional steel required to support
such loops
and remov-
Locate within reach, or make accessible, all equipment subject to periodic operation or inspection ~ with special reference to check valves,
pressure relief valves, traps, strainers and instruments
Take care to not obstruct access ways - doorways, escape panels, truckways, walkways, lifting wells, etc.
Position equipment with adequate clearance for operation and maintenance. Clearances often adopted are given in table 6.1. In some
circumstances, these clearances may be inadequate-for
example, with
shell-and-tube
heat exchangers, space must be provided to permit
withdrawal
of the tubes from the shell
TABLE 6.1
THERMAL
12-inch minimum
steel
MOVEMENT
Maximum and minimum lengths of a pipe run will correspond to the temperature extremes to which it is subjected. The amount of expansion or shrinkage
in steel per degree change in temperature ('coefficient
of expansion') is approximately the same - that is, the expansion from 40F to 41 F is about the
same as from 132 F to 133 F, or from 1/9 F to 180 F, etc. Chart 6.1 gives
changes in line length for changes in temperature.
MINIMUM CLEARANCES
HORIZONTAL
CLEARANCES:
VERTICAL
CLEARANCES:
MINIMUM HORIZONTAL
Width
Width
Width
Width
of
of
of
of
area
6in.
8ft
9ft
3ft
6in.
6in.
Din.
6ft
7ft
6in.
Din.
17ft
20ft
22ft
3ft
2ft
8ft
Din.
6in.
16in.
Din.
1ft
3ft
3ft
9in.
6in.
Din.
tEquipment such as heat exchangers, compressors and turbines will require additional clearance.
Check manufacturers' drawings to determine particular space requirements. Refer to figure 6.33
and table 6.5 for spacing heat exchangers.
Ensure very hot lines are not run adjacent to lines carrying temperature
sensitive fluids, or elsewhere, where heat might be undesirable
Establish sufficient
headroom for ductwork, essential electrical runs,
and at least two elevations for pipe run north-south
and east-west
(based on clearance of largest lines, steelwork, ductwork,
etc.-see
figure 6.49)
Elevations of lines are usually changed w.hen changing horizontal
direction where lines are grouped together or are in a congested area,
so as not to block space where future lines may have to be routed
400
-- -- --
--
1/
~ 300
Q.
1/
200
/'
I/
<.:J
w
0
>-
..
x
Expansion
!
i
!
!
I
,
I
I
!
!
w
0
a:
I
I
i
i
::
z
i
i
0
;;;
:;;
0
>-
0
0
N
"
a:
065
~
~
w
--V
-20-
:I:
I
!
"
a:
70-
z
w
w
:I:
!
V
~
u..
100
pEGREES ~AHRENHEIT
I
i
500
:2
~SELECT'TEMPERATURE
I /
I
600
I I I
700
Din.
Din.
6in.
or stair, to:
DIMENSIONS
800
DIMENSIONS
VERTICAL
2ft
"
ft)
\"
...
STRAINS
Foundations of large tanks and heavy equipment
may settle or tilt slightly in the course of time. Connected piping and equip-
support
SETTLEMENT
On piperacks, arrange lines subject to thermal
movement to one side with larger lines outermost
so that larger loops can be provided for them, and
so that all loops can be made over the piperack to
save space.
UH
I,
!
,
THERMAL
STRESSES
Changes in temperature of piping, due either to
change in temperature of the environment or of the conveyed fluid, cause
changes in length of the piping. This expansion or contraction in turn causes
strains in :pip;-ng, supports and attached equipment.
I'
COLD SPRING
Rigid connections
between tanks and vessels or
other connected equipment
are to be avoided if:
(1) There is likely to be large changes in
temperature
due to the process or to climate
(2) The tanks or equipment aTe placed in the
open on separate foundations which are liable
to settle
Figure 6,2 schematically illustrates the use of cold springing for both purposes, Cold springing in example (a) consists of making the branch in the
indicated cold position, which divides thermal movement between the cold
and hot positions. In example (b) the cold spring is made equal to the
thermal movement.
CHART
6.1.
the units.
-----~--
/I
In turning corners, an offset limb gives a limited
flexibility
to the piping. The longer the offset, the
greater the flexibility.
FIGURES
HOT POSITION~
I
I
.
6.1-6.2
'------------
HOT POSITION--lil
These are twO arrangements
using a
corner. Greater flexibility
is gained by
of the runs form one limb of the
arrangement
also saves an elbow and
loop at a
making one
loop-this
two welds.
Il
COLD L1NE__
---------(!)+--EXPANSION
I Ii
I
.---
COLD POSITION
COLD LINE
- ----------HOT LINE
-----------l')-l')-----------
---I ~
COLD SPRING
TASCE-6.1
In the following
A long pice connected b,! a gO-cegree elbow and fange to a nozzle ma'!
on heating expand so that it imposes a load on the nozzle in excess of that
recommended. Assume that pipi,ng to the nozzle has been installed at ambient
temperature, and that the pipe expands 0.75 inch when hot material flows
thru it, putting a lateral (sidewa'!s) load of 600 !b on the nozzle.
If the pipe had 0.375 inch of its length removed before connection, the roomtemperature lateral load on the nozzlewouid be about 300 Ib (instead of zero),
and the hot load would be reduced to about 300 lb.
The fraction of the expansion taken up can be varied. A cold spring of 50%
of the expansion between the temperature extremes gives the most benefit in
reducing stress. Cold springing is not recommended if an alternate solution
call be used. Refer to the Code for Pressure
A!\ISI 831 and to table 72
ill
i21
Ail
has resistance to flolN. The smaller the frow cross section and
the more abrupt the change in direction of flow, the greater is the
resistance alld loss of pressure. For a particular line size the resistance is
piOportional to the length of pipe, and the resistance of fittings, valves, etc.
ma'! be expressed as a length of pipe having the same resistance to flolN.
Table F-10 gives such equivalent lengths of pipe for fittings, valves, etc.
Table F-11
pressure drops for water flowing thru SCH 40 pipe at
various rates. Charts to determine the economic size (!\IPS) of piping are
given in the Chemical Engineer's Handbook and other sources,
SLJDEHULE
Problems of resistance to flow can be quickly solved with the aid of the
slide-rule calcuiator obtainable from Tube Turns Division of Chemetron
Corporation, PO Box 32160, Louisville, KY 40232.
i41
i51
i61
A 'pipeway' is the space allocated for routing several parallel adjacent lines. A
'piperack' is a structure in the pipeway for carrying pipes and is usually fabricated from steel, or concrete and steel, consisting of connected n-shaped
frames termed 'bents' on top of which the pipes rest. The vertical members of
the bents are termed 'stanchions'.
Figure 6.3 sholNS two piperacks using
this form of construction,
one of which is 'double-deckeD'. Piperacks for
only two or three pipes are made from T-shaped
members, termed
'tee-head supports'.
Piperacks are expensive, but are necessary for arranging the main process and
service lines around the plant site. They are made use of in secondary ways,
principally to provide a protected location for ancillary equipment.
Pumps, utility stations, manifolds, fire-fighting and first-aid stations can be
located under the piperack. Lighting and other fixtures can be fitted to stanchions. Air-cooled heat exchangers can be supported above the piperack.
PI PE RAG KS : REFERTO
FIGURE 6.3
REFER TO 6.2.6.
UNDER 'SLOPED ...
LINES ON PIPERACKS'
PIPING IS SHOWN
"DOUBLE LINE" FOR
CLARITY ONLY
I
J~
ALTERNATE POSITION
IF CLEARANCES ARE
ADEQUATE, & THERE
IS NO INTERFERENCE
FIGURE
.6.3
* THESE DIMENSIONS
-SUITABLE
..,
VALVES
IN PIPING DESIGN
HANOWHEEL
ELEVATION FOR
VERTICAL VALVES
ORDER OF
(1)
(2)
Controlling
(3)
Isolating equipment
(4)
PREFERENCE
FOR VALVE
(5)
(6)
Emergency
shutdown
MINIMUM ELEVATION OF
HANOWHEEL RIM
FOR TILTED VALVES
(handwheel
O\Ierheadl
LOCATION
for maintenance
on shutdown
4' -6"
to
6'~6"+
handwheeJ
diameter
)
)
)
)
)
)
TO USE?
Nearly all valves will be line size - one exception is control valves, which are
usually one or two sizes smaller than line size; never larger.
At control stations and pumps it has been almost traditional to use line-size
isolating valves. However, some companies are now using isolating valves at
control stations the same size as the control valve, and at pumps are using
'pump size' isolating valves at suction and discharge. The choice is usually
an economic one made by a project engineer.
)
)
)
)
)
stations
under
See 6.3.1 for valving pumps, under 'Pump emplacement & connections'.
Preferably, place valves in lines from headers (on piperacks) in horizontal rather than vertical runs, so that lines can drain when the valves are
closed. (In cold climates, water held in lines may freeze and rupture the
piping: such lines should be traced - see 6.8.2)
I
To avoid spooling unnecessary lengths of pipe, mount valves directly
onto flanged equipment, if the flange is correctly pressure-rated. See
6.5.1 under 'Nozzle loading'
I
A relief valve that discharges into a header should be placed higher than
the header in order to drain into it
I
Locate heavy valves near suitable support points. Flanges should be
not closer than 12 inches to the nearest support. so that installation is
not hampered
OPERATING
I
I
I
AEFERTQCHART
TO MINIMIZE
HAZARD TO PERSONNEL IF VALVES ARE TO SE LOCATED AT HEIGHTS
WITHIN 2nd AND 3rd CHOICES, AVOID POINTING STEMS INTO WALKWAYS AND WORKING
AREAS. TRY TO PLACE VALVES CLOSE TO WALLS OR LARGE ITEMS WHICH ARE CLEAAL Y
SEEN.
P-2
INPARTII
Infrequently-used
valves can be reached by a ladder-but
natives
00 not locate valves on piperacks, unless unavoidable
consider alter-
Group valves which would be out of reach so that all can be operated
by providing a platform, if automatic operators are not used
If a chain is used on a horizontally-mounted
valve, take the bottom of
the loop to within 3 ft of floor level for safety, and provide a hook nearby to hold the chain out of the way -see 3.1.2, under 'Chain'
00 not use chain operators on screwed valves, or on any valve 1Yz-inches
and smaller,
With lines handling dangerous materials it is better to place valves at a
suitably low level above grade, floor, platform, etc., so that the operator
does not have to reach above head height
ACCESS TO VALVES
IN HAZARDOUS
AREAS
Locate manually-operated
valves at the plant perimeter, or outside the
hazardous area
Ensure that automatic operators and their control lines will be protected from the effects of fi re
Consider the
water, foam
links, smoke
-advice may
ACCESS TO VALVES
Consider frequency
of operation when locating manually-operated
valves
Locate frequently-operated
valves so they are accessible to a-n operator
from grade or platform. Above this height and up to 20 ft, use chain operators or extension stem. Over 20 ft, consider a platform or remote
operation
~
)
)
)
)
)
Consider valve-closing
time in shutting down or throttling large lines. Rapid
closure of the valve requires rapid dissipation of the liquid's kinetic energy,
with a risk of rupturing the line. Long-distance pipelines present an example
of this problem.
to move by
A liquid line fitted with a fast-closing valve should be provided with a standpipe upstream and close to the valve to absorb the kinetic energy of the
liquid. A standpipe is a closed vertical branch on a line: air or other gas is
trapped in this branch to form a pneumatic cushion.
)
)
.1.3
Provide valved drains on all tanks, vessels, etc., and other equipment
which may contain or collect liquids
Use line-blind valves, spectacle plates or the 'double block and bleed'
where positive shutoff is required either for maintenance or process
needs - see 2.7
Unless necessary, do not arrange gate and globe valves with their stems
pointing downward (at any angle below the horizontal), as:(1) Sediment
(2) A projecting
If an inverted
position
Provide sufficient
a dripshield:
service
2.7
TABLE
6.2
10 FT MIN. ABOVE
PERSONNEL AREA
DISCHARGE
FDR SAFETY
VALVE~
(21
\\
two pressure-relief
valves provided
VALVE
RELIEF VALVE,
SAFETY VALVE,
or SAFETY-RELI EF
ISOLATING
VALVEDISCHARGE
H"'''';
V ~ ...
FOR SAFETY
~J,~~~;t
IJ
d /.
with isolating
VAPOR TO ATM:SPHERE
DISCHARGE
RELIEF
FOR
VALVE
OR
SAFETY-RELIEF
VALVE
The instailation
lines
ANSI
to
and
B31
from
and
the
ASME
Boiler
and
Pressure
Vessel
Code.
Ensure that the disc has room to rotate when the valve is installed,
as the disc enters the piping in the open position
Place butterfly valves with integral gaskets between welding-neck
or
socket-welding
flanges-see 3.1.5, under 'Butterfly
valve'. The usual
method of welding a slip-on flange (see figure 2.7) will not give an
adequate seal, unless the pipe is finished smooth with the face of the
flange
(11
(21
IF AN ISOLATING
VALVE
IS PROVIDED,
IT IS ALSO NECESSARY
A BLEED VALVE
TO RELIEVE
PRESSURE BETWEEN THE ISOLATING
THE PRESSURE RELIEF
VALVE
(FOR MAINTENANCE
PURPOSES)
(3)
RELIEF
VALVES'
REGARDING
liSE
TO PROVIDE
VALVE
AND
VALVE
MAY
A utility station usually comprises three service lines carrying steam, compressed air and water. The steam line is normally 3j,inch minimum, and the
other two services are usually carried in 1-inch lines. These services are for
cleaning local equipment and hosing floors. (Firewater is taken from points
fed from an independent water supply.)
Control stations should be designed so that the control valve can be isolated
and removed for s'ervicing: To facilitate this, the piping of the stations should
be as flexible as circumstances permit. Figure 6.5 shows ways of permitting
control valve removal in welded or screwed systems. Figure 6.6 shows the
basic arrangement for control station piping.
The steam line is fitted with a globe valve and the air and water lines with gate
valves. All are terminated with hose connections about 3% ft above floor or
grade. A utility station should be located at some convenient steel column for
supporting, and all areas it is to serve should be reachable with a 50-ft hose.
The two isolating valves permit servicing of the control valve. The emergency
bypass valve is used for manual regulation if the control valve is out of action.
The bypass valve is usually a globe valve of the same size and pressure rating
as the control valve. For manual requlation in lines 6-inch and larger, a gate
valve is, often the more economic choice for the bypass line-refer to 3.1.4,
under 'Gate valve'.
Figures 6.7-11 show other ways of arranging control stations-many
more
designs than these are possible. These illustrations are all schematic and can
be adapted to both welded and screwed systems.
DESIGN POINTS
For best control, place the control station close to the equipment
serves, and locate it at grade or operating platform level
it
Provide a valved drain near to and upstream of the control valve. To save
space, the drain is placed on the reducer. The drain valve allows pressure
between the isolating valve(s) and control valve to be released. One
drain is used if the control valve fails open, and two drains (one each side
of the control valve) if the control valve fails closed
locate stations
easy supporting
DRAFTING
SAW
AW
STEAM, WATER
STEAM.AIR
SW
SA
VAlVE$MAY
BE REOUIREO
OVERHEAD
FOR MAINTENANce
OF LOWER VALVES.
IF PLANT
1$ IN CONTINUOUS
OPE RATION
LOCAH
OVERHEAD
VALVES
FOR ACCESSIBILITY
(NOT
OVER THE PIPE-RACKI
FIGURES
(1) GATEVALVENPS1
(2) GLOBE VALVE
NPS 1
NPS 3/4
NPS 1
THE STATION
In plan view, instead of drawing the valves, etc., the station is shown as a
rectangle labeled 'SEE DETAil
"X" , or 'DWG "Y"-DETAll
"X" " if
the elevational detail appears on another sheet. See chart 5.7.
If subject to freezing conditions, utility station steam lines are usually trapped
(otherwise, the trap can be omitted). Water is sometimes run underground in
cold climates using an additional underground cock or plug valve with an extended key for operating, and a selfdraining valve at the base of the riser.
Another method to prevent freezing, is to run the water and steam lines
in a common insulation.
6.4&6.12
FL.,"GE
REDUCER,\
'
I
..
-+6-1:
--HI'
I~--
gYP'55 VALVE
NC
IH--
ALTERNATE
OUTLETS
)......,. CONTROL
\E)
OOWNs-REAM
IF CONTROL
ISOLATING
vALVE
1 __
(DRAIN)
ORIFICE-TO
SUPPLY
WARMING STEAM TO
EQUIPMENT AT ALL
T\MES
ARRANGEMENTS
BASIC ARRANGEMENT
....-
DRMN
" REQU'~
VALV,,FAilS
CLOSED
VALVES
CAN
*THESE ARRANGEMENTS
ARE SUITABLE
FOR SEDIMENTFREE. FLUIDS. IN LINES
CARRYING
SEDIMENT, PLACE THE BY
PASS VALVE AT A HIGHER lEVEL THAN
THE CONTROL VALVE TO REDUCE THE
RISK OF THE BYPASS LINE BECOMING
PLUGGED.
VALVE
---e:>----In the open, single pipes are usually routed so that they may be supported by
fixtures to buildings or structures. A group of parallei pipes in the open is
normally supported on a piperack-see 6.1.2.
Supports for lines smaller than 2-inch and non-critical lines are often left to
the 'field' to arrange, by noting 'FIELD SUPPORT' on the piping drawings.
Refer to tables P-1, which list the weights per foot of pipe and contained
water (see 6.11.2). Weights of fittings, flanges, valves, bolts and insulation are
given in tab les W-1 , comp iled from supp Iiers' data.
Pipe supports should be arranged bearing in mind all five points in 6.2.1.
Inside buildings, it is usually necessary to arrange supports relative to existing
structural steelwork, and this restricts choice of support points.
The method of support set out in 6.2.4 is ideal: I n practice, some compromize may be necessary. The use of dummy legs and the addition of pieces of
structural steel may be needed to obtain optimal support arrangements.
(1)
(2)
To carry the weight of the piping filled with water (or other liquid
invblved) and insulation if used, with an ample safety margin - use a
factor of 3 (= ratio of load just causing failure of support or hanger
to actual load) or the safety factor specified for the project. External
loading factors to be considered are the wind loads, the probable weight
of ice buildup in cold climates, and seismic shock in some areas
To ensure that thematerial from which the pipe is made is not stressed
beyond a safe limit. In continuous runs of pipe, maximum tensile stress
occu rs in the pipe cross sections at the supports. Table S-l gives span s for
water-filled steel and aluminum pipe at the respective stress limits 4000
and 2000 psi. Charts S-2 give the max imum overhangs if a 3-ft riser is
included in the span. The system of supports should minimize the
introduction
of twisting forces in the piping due to offset loads on
the supports; the method of cantilevered sections set out in 6.2.4
substantially eliminates torsional lorces
(3)
To allow for draining. Holdup of liquid can occur due to pipes sagging
between supports. Complete draining is ensured by making adjacent
supports adequately tilt the pipe-see 6.2.6
(4)
(5)
of the piping-see
6.1.1,
.2
..2.4
LOADS ON SUPPORTS
Within a building, piping is routed primarily with regard to its process duty
and secondarily with regard to existing structural steelwork, or to structural
steel which may be conveniently added. Separate pipe-holding structures inside buildings are rare.
uurJ/////r
//J/Jr//L/~r
A
61
cl
D1
11
A large company will usually have a specialist piping support group responsible for designing and arranging supports. This group will note all required
supports on the piping drawings (terminal job) and will add drawings of
any special details.
The piping support group works in cooperation with a stress analysis groupor the two may be combined as one group-which
investigates areas of stress
due to thermal movement, vibration, etc., and makes recommendations to
the piping group.The stress group should be supplied with preliminary layouts
for this purpose by the piping group, as early as possible.
The presence of heavy flanges, valves, etc., in the piping will set the center
of gravity away from the midpoint of the associated length. Calculation
of support points and loadings is more quickly done using simple algebra.
Answers may be found by making trial-and-error
calculations, but this is
much more tedious.
aft
1
SUPPOR:ti7
30lb 8L1ND
20lb so
FLANGE
II_F_LA_N_GE
aft
f,OO-lb VALVE
laoo Ib!t
(b)
30 Ib aLiND
FLANGE
xft
1
SUPPOR:!7
20 Ib SO
II ..F_LA_N_GE
1aDOIbh
800 Ib-ft
116 -
xl ft
-_
l20.,b
VALVE
~
j!120IlXIIb-ft
Suppose it was required to balance this length of piping with a 120 Ib valve
on the right-where should the 120 Ib valve be placed?
Referring to figure 6.14(b), if x represents the unknown distance of the
120 Ib valve from the support, the piping section would be in balance if:
(50)(16)
x
(15)(20
= (120)(x).
(50)(16)/(120)
-x)2/(2)
x
(800)/(120)
= 6 ft
8 in.
= (360)(x= (80)/(11),
5) + (15)(x2)/(2)
or about 7 ft 3 in.
- 0.5) + (15)(y2)/(2)
= (15)( 10 - )F/(2)
+ (40)( 10 - y)
PROBLEM
OF THE END
end arrangement
k2
which
100 Ib VALVE
"-.....
MOMENTS
0
~
\
\
"'-
"-
MIDPOINT
\
"-
Q
"-
"-
"'-"
"-,
PIPE & FLUID
'" 18 [bitt
"'-
",A
'B
i.'.
~=Reactlon
(15)(10+18+2)
AXISFOR
TAKING
'\ WEIG,:!~F
- (R)(18 + 2)
R = 202% lb.
'''-...
-""'-',-
LOAD
[>~
At
gives
ft.
F =' Reac~jon
"
M2
Lr
(15}(10}(%){10)
F~?
"'-",-
SUPPORT
r
B
+ 100
[1]
(2)
13J
Divide the run of piping into parts. Piping between the support points A and B is
considered in three parts: (1) The valve. (2) The length of pipe Be. (3) The length
of pipe AC-the
(4]
Drop perpendiculars
the axis line.
[5J
Take moments about the axis line, measuring the lengths of perpendiculars M2P, ES,
DO and M, R directly from the plan view (these lengths are noted on the sketch);
[1 J
The axis line must pass thru points of support. If the axis line is not horizontal,
the lengths of the perpendiculars are still measured directly from the plan view.
!2]
This method does not take into account additional moments due to bending and
torsion of pipe. However, it is legitimate to calculate loads on supports as jf the pipe
is rigid.
ENDS OF
of support)
347% lb.
DENOTES
po'ints
from midpoints
CANTILEVERED
SECTIONS
PIPING.
OF
.2.4
This problem often occurs when running pipes from one piperack to another,
with a change in elevation, as in figure 6.15. Too much overhang will stress
the material of the pipe beyond a safe limit near one of the supports adjacent
to the bend, and the designer needs to know the aJlowable overhang.
The stresses set up in the material of the pipe set practical limits on the
overhangs allowed at corners. The problem is like that for spans of straight
pipe allowable between supports. Overhangs permitted by stated limits for
stress are given in charts S-2.
The nature of the conveyed material, the process, and flow requirements
determine how much sagging can be accepted. Sagging is reduced by bringing
adjacent points of support closer. Pocketing of liquid due to sagging can be
eliminated by sloping the line so that the difference in height between
adjacent supports is at least equal to triple the deflection (sag) at the midpoint. Lines which require sloping include blowdown headers, pressure-relief
lines, and some process, condensate and air lines. (Air lines are discussed in
6.3.2, and draining of compressed-air lines in 6.11.4.)
Complete draining may be required for lines used in batch processing to
avoid contamination,
or where a product held in a line may degenerate or
polymerize, or where solids may settle and become a problem.
In freezing conditions, lines conveying condensate from traps to drains are
sloped; condensate headers may be sloped (as an alternative to steam tracing),
depending on the rate of flow.
In the past, steam lines were sloped to assist in clearing condensate, but the
imp roved draining is now not considered to be worth the difficulty
and
expense involved.
SLOPED LINES ON PIPERACKS
(b) VARIABLE
(a)
(e)
Inside a building, both large and small sloped lines can rest on steel brackets,
or be held with hangers. Rods with turnbuckles are used for hangers on lines
required to be sloped. Otherwise, drilled flat bar can be used. (Adjustable
brackets are available from the Unistrut and Kindorf ranges of support
hardware.)
CONSTANT
SPRING
LOAD
HANGER
HANGER
VARIABLE
SPRiNG
SUPPORT
1
/ vss
,~
, I~GUIDE
II
II
Pipe made either from flexible or rigid plastics cannot sustain the same
loads as metal pipe, and requires a greater number of support points.
way of providing support is to lay the pipe upon lengths of steel channel
tions or half sections of pipe, or by suspending it from other steel pipes.
choice of steel section would depend on the span loads and the size and
of plastic pipe.
~~'1
CENTERLINE
NDZ7
Jr----
II, !
OF?IPE OR
I ,
CENTERLINE
~_~~P7 ~~:~Z7
I,
I
II
II
e,ENTERLINE
POCKETING
6.2.6
As pipe is not completely rigid, sagging between points of support must occur.
1n many instances, sagging is acceptable, but in others it must be restricted.
span
One
sec
The
tyDe
For glass process and drain lines, hangers for steel pipe are used, provided that
they hold the pipe without causing local strains and are padded so as not to
crack the pipe. Rubber and asbestos paddings are suitable.
Uninsulated
horizontal lines from 1 to 6 inch in size containing gas or liquid of specific
gravity less than 1.3 should be supported at 8 to 10ft intervals. Couplings
and fittings should be about 1 ft from a point of support.
Terms such as 'dummy leg', 'ar,enor', 'shoe', etc., used in detailing supporting
hardware are explained in 2.12.2. Refer to chart 5.7 for symbols.
GENERAL
i.-
./~
SHOE~
'--<.
.....
INSULATION
GUIDE
;STEEL
,,~~~,
Large valves and equipment such as meters located at grade will usually
require a concrete foundation for support
10
12
10
10
Provide anchors as necessary to prevent thermal or mechanical movement overloading nozzles on vessels or machinery, branch connections,
cast-iron valves, etc.
'
14
Welding the pipe directly to shoes is not always acceptable; for example
with rubber-lined pipe. Bolted or strapped shoes are more suitable
.2.4
.2.8
't--INSULATION
~~c.b
PIPE SADDLES
I
)
Table 6.3 suggests sizes for dummy legs. The allowable stress on the wall
of the elbow or line pipe to which the dummy leg is attached sets a maximum
length for the leg. The advice of the stress group should be sought.
For better stress distribution in the pipe wall, pipe support saddles are
usually used on large lines. They can also be used for lines that may
twist over when moving
the straps
)
I
)
I
If necessary, suspend pipes smaller than 2-inch nominal size from 4-inch
and larger pipes
)
)
after
Anchors are required as stated in the following two points. However, advice
from the stress and/or piping support groups should be obtained:
)
vessels
F-IGURE
6.16
TABLE
6.3
Most centrifugal pumps have baseplates that collect any leakage from the
pump. The baseplqte will have a threaded connection which is piped to the
drain hub. Waste seal water is also piped to the drain hub-see figure 6.19.
---0---Most pumps used in industry are of the centrifugal type. Figures 6.17 and
6.18 show typical piping and fittings required at a centrifugal pump together
with the valves necessary to isolate the pump from the system.
The check valve is required to prevent possible flow reversal in the discharge
line. A permanent inline strainer is normally used for screwed suction piping
and a temporary strainer for butt-welded/flanged
piping. The temporary
strainer is installed between flanges-see figure 2.69. A spool is usually requi
red to facilitate removal.
Although centrifugal pumps are provided with suction and discharge ports of
crosssectional area large enough to cope with the full rated capacity of the
pump, it is often necessary with thick fluids or with long suction lines to use
an inlet pipe of larger size than the inlet port, to avoid cavitation. Cavitation
is the pulling by the pump of vapor spaces in the pumped liquid, causing
reduction of pumping efficiency, noisy running, and possible impellor and
bearing damage. Refer to 6.1.3, under 'Which size valve to use?'.
Most pumps have end suction and top discharge. Limitations on space may
require another configuration,
such as top suction with top discharge, side
suction with side discharge, etc. Determination
of nozzle orientation takes
place when equipment layout and piping studies are made.
AUXILIARY,
TRIM,
In outside installations
the pump's casing
Provide a short spool for a 3/4-inch drain between the on/off valve and
the check valve, to drain the discharge line.
If the valve is large
enough, the drain can be made by drilling and tapping a boss on the
check valve, as shown in figure 6.17, note (3), in which instance no
spool is required.
00 not route piping over the pump, as this interferes with maintenance.
It is better to bring the piping forward of the pump as shown in figure
6.17
Position valves for ease of operation placing them so they are unlikely
to be damaged by traffic and will not be a hazard to personnel-see
table 6.2 and chart P-2
or HARNESS PIPING
Pumps, compressors and turbines may require water for cooling bearings, for
mechanical seals, or for quenching vapors to prevent their escape to
atmosphere. Piping for cooling water or seal fluid is usually referred to as
auxiliary, trim, or harness piping, and the requirement for this piping is
normally shown on the P&ID. This piping is usually shown in isometric
view on one of the piping drawings.
In order to cool the gland or seal of a centrifugal pump and ensure proper
sealing, it is usually supplied with liquid from the discharge of the pump,
by a built-in arrangement, or piped from a connection on the pump's casing.
The gland may be provided with a cooling chamber, requiring piped water.
If a pump handles hot or volatile liquid, seal liquid may be piped from an
external source.
DRAINING
SUCTION
LINE
of drain connections
The outlet pipe for centrifugal and other non-positive displacement pumps is
in most cases chosen to be of larger bore than the discharge port, in order to
reduce velocity and consequent
pressure drop in the line. A concentric
reducer or reducing elbow is used in the discharge line to increase the diameter. There is no restriction on the placement of elbows in discharge lines
as there is in suction lines.
and dis-
Reciprocating and rotary pumps of this type must be protected against overloading due to restriction in the discharge line. If a positive-displacement
pump is not equipped with a relief valve by the manufacturer,
provide a
relief valve between the pump discharge nozzle and the first valve in the
discharge line_ The discharge from the relief valve is usually connected to
the suction line between the isolating valve and the pump.
As positive displacement pumping does not greatly change the flow velocity,
reducers and increasers are not usually required in suction and discharge
lines. See figures 6.20 and 6.21. A positive-displacement
pump having a
pulsating discharge may set the piping into vibration, and to reduce this
an air chamber (pneumatic reservoir) such as a standpipe can be provided
downstream of the discharge valve.
KEEPING MATERIAL
FROM SOLIDIFYING
IN THE PUMP
It may be necessary to trace a pump (see 6.8.2) in order to keep the conveyed
material in a fluid state, especially after shutdown. This problem arises either
with process material having a high melting point, or in freezing conditions.
Alternately,
jacketed pumps can be employed
(such as Foster jacketed
pumps available from Parks-Cramer).
FIGURES
6.17
THE
FOllOWING
THE
KEY
ON
THE
FOR
THIRD
THRU
6.21
THREE
THESE
ARE
ON
PAGES, &
FIGURES
OF THESE
IS
PAGES
11
.3.1
'-----6
I,
,.-..:J~
8
ALTERNATE PIPING
AR RANGEMENT
~[.3.1
DISCHARGE MANIFOLD
1
\~
J,
,I
''""'~'
-"", """
SINGLE
CHECK VALVE
'V
---'
IFIGURt::S
i 6.17-6.19
FOR
SOCKETWElDED
COMPARABLE
SIMilAR
SHOWN
PIPING
FITTINGS
ARRANGEMENTS
HERE
SYSTEMS,
ARE
TO
USED
IN
THOSE
SCREWED PIPING
DRAIN~
I
I
FOR SOCKET-MLDEO
PIPING, COMPARABLE
FITIINGS
ARE USED
;--@::J7B
ALTERNATE
DRAINS
IN
ARRANGEMENTS
SIMILAR
TO
THOSE
FOR SCREWED
PIPING
~~
(11
ALTERNATE
HORIZONTAL
DISCHARGES,
WITH
LINE OFFSET
TO TURN
MAY BE NECESSARY
IF THE
OF REACH OR If DISCHARGE
DOWN
(11)
(3)
PROVIDE
1/2 TO 3/4-INCH
DRAIN
ON CHECK
VALVE
ABOVE
DISC
fA OAAINPOINT
OR BOSS IS USUALLY
PROVlDED
ON 2INCH AND LARGER VALVES)
AND RUN
LINE TO DRAIN. OTHERWISE,
PLACE DRAIN
ON SPOOL BETWEEN
CHECK AND
ISOLATING
VALVES.
ON SCREWED
AND SOCKET-WELDED
PIPING, PROVIDE
A
TEE FOR THE DRAIN CONNECTION
(16)
CAN SHARE
THE
SAME
HUB
~r---
1
1
HOUSE
Provide air entry louvers if a compressor takes air from within a compressor house or other building
Provide maintenance
facilities, including a lifting rail or access for
mobile lifting equipment. Allow adequate floor space for use during
maintenance. Additional access may be required for installation
Prevent transmission
of vibration by providing a foundation for the
compressor, separate from the compressor-house
foundation
Consider the use of noise-absorbing
materials and construction
for a
compressor house
Large reciprocating
compressors
are often installed on an elevated
structure to allow access to valves and provide space for piping. Provide
a platform for operation and maintenance of such an installation
Keep piping clear of cylinders ot reciprocating compressors and provide
withdrawal space at cylinder heads
Piling
3.1
...3.2
Pipe a separate trapped drain for each pressure stage. Ensure that the
pressure into which any trap discharges will be lower than that of the
system being drained-less
the pressu re drop over the trap and its
associated piping. Do not pipe different pressure stages thru separate
check valves to a common trap
(11
121
131
141
151
161
171
(8)
191
110)
COMPRESSOR
AFTERCOOLER
DAMPENER
RECEIVER
DRAIN
RING MAIN
BRANCH CONNECTiON
OUTLET VALVE
DISTRIBUTION HEADER
WALL VENT
FIGURES
6.20-6.22
SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENTS
OF COMPRESSEDAI R EQUIPMENT
Use a temporary
inlet at startup-see
2.10.4
Avoid low points in suction lines where moisture and dirt can collect.
If low points cannot be avoided, provide a clean-out -see figure 6.24
If the suction line is taken from a header, take it from the top of the
header to reduce the chance of drawing off moisture or sediment
A line-size isolating valve is required for the suction line if the suction
line draws from a header shared with other compressors
Consider pickling or painting the inside of the suction piping to inhibit
rust formation and lessen the risk of drawing rust into the compressor
For efficiency the air supply should be taken from the coolest source
such as the shaded side of a building, keeping to building clearances
shown in figure 6.24
If the air supply is from outside the building, locate the suction point
above the roofline, and away from walls to avoid excessive noise
Keep suction piping as short as possible. If a line is unavoidably long
and condensate likely to form, provide a separator at the compressor
intake
Provide a rain cover and screen as shown in figure 6.24
Small (and sometimes medium-sized)
air compressors usually take air
from inside a building. Large air compressors take air from outside a
compressor house (figure 6.24): this minimizes effects on the building
of pulsations radiated from the air inlet. In both instances, a filter is
needed to remove dust, which is always present to some extent
Filters must have capacity to retain large quantities of impurities with
low pressure drop, and must be rugged enough to withstand pulsations
from reciprocating compressors
for temperature
ISOLATING
FOR COMPRESSOR
receivers
VALVES
and pressure
Pressure-relief valves should be installed on interstage piping and on a discharge line from a compressor to the first downstream isolating valve. A
pressure-relief valve may be vented to the suction line-see figure 6.23. Each
pressure-relief valve should be able to discharge the full capacity of the
compressor.
CHECK VALVE
LOADS'& VIBRATION
The design of supports for piping to large compressors (especially for reciprocating machines) requires special knowledge. Usually, collaboration
is
necessary with the piping support group, the stress group, and the compressor
manufacturer's representative. A major problem is that the compressor may
be forced from alignment with its driver if the piping and supports are not
properly arranged.
If a diesel or gasoline engine is used as driver, a flexible joint on the engine's
exhaust pipe will reduce transmission of vibration, and protect the exhaust
nozzle. Flexible connections are sometimes needed on discharge and suction
piping. Pulsation in discharge and-to a lesser extent-suction
lines, tends to
vibrate piping. This effect is reduced by using bellows, large bends and
laterals, instead of elbows and tees.
INSTRUMENTATION
& INSTRUMENT
CONNECTIONS
Figure 6.23 shows the more useful locations for pressure and temperature
gages, but does not show instrumentation
for starting, stopping and unloading
the compressors. Simple compressor control arrangements using pressure
switches have long been used, but result in frequent starting and stopping of
the compressor, causing unnecessary wear to equipment.
Automatic control using an unloading valve is superior: table 3.6 gives the
working principles-see 3.2.2, under 'Unloading'. Further information can be
found in the 'Compressor installation
manual' (Atlas-Copco).
Unloading
valves are allocated instrument numbers.
The air-pressure signals for unloading, starting, loading and stopping a compressor should be free from pulsations. It is best to take these signals from
a connection on the receiver or a little downstream of it.
Details of construction of instrument connections are given in 6.7. Instrument
branches should be braced to withstand transmission of line vibration.
Unless supplied with (or integral with) a compressor, a check valve must be
provided to prevent back flow of stored compressed air or other gas.
.3.2
.. k
',-<
/'
ATM6~?H:;;-'Jb1
~l
TO
ATMOSPHERE
LOW
"AESSUA
mAM
{II
(2)
(l)
piping
in the
_'0
, ATMOSPHEF<E
HAZARD
TO TURBINE
PROTECTIVE
PIPING
EXCESSIVE PRESSURE IN
STEAM FEED CAUSING
OVER-FAST RUNNING OR
CASING RUPTURE
THERMALSHOCK,DUETO
TOO RAPID HEATING ON
STARTUP
ORIFICE BYPASS TO
FEED SMALL AMOUNT
OF STEAM TO TURBINE
AT ALL TIMES
(3)
Figure 6.25 shows three methods for dealing with the turbine's exhaust.
Steam from an intermittently
operated turbine may be run to waste and all
that is required is a simple run of pipe to the nearest outside wall or up thru
the roof. Exhausts should be well clear of the building and arranged so as not
to be hazardous to personnel.
The turbine discharge will include drops of
water and oil from the turbine, which are best collected and run to drain. A
device suitable for this purpose is a Swartwout 'exhaust head' shown in figure
6.26. Alternately, steam discharged from a continuously running turbine may
be utilized elsewhere, in a lower-pressure system.
Exhaust
is discharged
intermittent
use.
Exhaust
is taken
to
continuously~operatjng
Exhaust
is condensed
directly
to
atmosphere.
Suitable
a low-pressure
header
for
turbine,
to avoid wasting
to increase
pressure
drop
for
small
turbine
use elsewhere.
Suitable
steam.
across the turbine.
In
for
6 ft minimum
clearance
for
exhaust from
building
wall
Vessel connections are often made with couplings (for smaller lines), flanged
or welding nozzles, and pads fitted with studs, designed to mate with flanged
piping. Nozzle outlets are also made by extrusion, to give a shape like
that of the branch of a welding tee-this gives a good flow pattern, but is
an expensive method usually reserved for such items as manifolds and dished
heads. Weldolets, sockolets and thredolets are suitable for vessel connections
and are available flat-based for dished heads, tanks, and large vessels.
Almost any type of connection may be made to open vessels or vessels
vented to atmosphere, but for pressure vessels, the applicable design code
will dictate requirements for connections (and possible reinforcement-see
2.11).
PRESSURE
FRACTIONATION
COLUMN
(OR TOWER PIPING)
VESSELS
With exceptions and limitations stated in section 8 of the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code, vessels subject to internal or external operating
pressures not exceeding 15 PSI need not be considered to be pressure vessels.
A vessel operating under full or partial vacuum and not subject to an external
pressure greater than 15 PSI would not require Code certification.
Preliminary piping layouts are made to determine a suitable nozzles arrangement. A sketch of the vessel showing all pertinent information is sent to the
vessel fabricator, who then makes a detail drawing. The preliminary studies
for pressure vessel piping layouts should indicate where pipe supports and
platforms (if required) are to be located. In the event that the vessel has to
be stress-relieved, the fabricator can provide clips or brackets-see 6.2.8,
under 'Welding pipe-support and platform brackets to vessels, etc.'
.4
.5.2
PIPING
A fractionation
column is a type of still. A simple still starts with mixed
liquids, such as alcohol and water produced by fermenting a grain, etc.,
and by boiling produces a distillate in which the concentration of alcohol is
many times higher than in the feed. In the petroleum industry in particular,
mixtures not of two but a great many components are dealt with. Crude oil
is a typical feed for a fractionation column, and from it the column can form
simultaneously several distillates such as wax distillate, gas oil, heating oil,
naphtha and fuel gases. These fractions are termed 'cuts'.
Figure 5.14 shows the type of drawing or sketch sent to a vessel fabricator.
3.1.9)
The feed is heated (in a 'furnace' or exchanger) before it enters the column.
As the feed enters the column, quantities of vapor are given off by 'flashing',
due to the release of pressure on the feed.
As the vapors rise up the column, they come into intimate contact with
downflowing liquid-see figure 6.29. During this contact, some of the heavier
components of the vapor are condensed, and some of the lighter components
of the downflowing
liquid are vaporized. This process is termed 'refluxing'.
If the composition
of the feed remains the same and the column is kept in
steady operation, a temperature distribution establishes in the column. The
temperature at any tray is the boiling point of the liquid on the tray. 'Cuts'
are not taken from every tray. The P&I D shows cuts that are to be made, including alternatives-nozzles
on selected trays are piped, and nozzles for
alternate operation are prQ.vided with line blinds or valves.
TAB[E-~
6.4
-r"1
.---------DAVIT
:::=====::::~;:;:o
VENT
trays, valves,
c:::i:)
(for handling
c:::
etc.)
_SAFETY-RELIEF
VALVE
"D
INSTRUMENT SPACE
(gages for temperatlJre
and pressure)
()
C
I~GUIDE
HEAVY CUT
(HEAVIER FRACTIONS)
FEED FROM HEATER
'----
TO ADJACENT
CONDENSER
RELIEF HEADER
,I
"
I
'--- -,1-,-\1 ~.(--
'BOTTOMS'
i
ACCESS DOOR
VENT
BASE RING
DRIVER
::z:
c:::J
c:::::r':)
r"'o:)
<:::lC
CUT
(LIGHTER FRACTIONS)
'CUTS' ARE TAKEN
FROM SELECTED
TRAYS IN COlUMN
'--:)
-.::J
c:
~ :x:::@
MANHOlE
(for
sparger access)
.--
10
LINE
-LIGHT
CI':)
c=:>
c::::
, .c:::::r':) =s:
r"'o:)
:::ii!::
-2:
---
~RELIEF
::::0
r-n
c::"":)
PUMP
----c:J
---c
::z::
c:::i:)
9F
1-'
o
II ~
IIII
II '
II
U
<l:
""
w
Cl...
.5.2
fP
II
I I
I I
Cl...
NOZZLE FOR
REMOVING A
FRACTION. or
ISee text)
'cur
DOWNCOMER
AREA FOR
TRAY 22
TRAY 23
FIGURES
/,--:P.3.9l9UT AREA ~
~
~',
;(/~
"\
~
/1
\/
/ I
/
MANHOLE FOR
FOR ACCESS
TO SPARGER
~
/"'\
~
SPARGERTO
DISTRIBUTE
... :,!(=~..
'~-~
" _" ,~_
..._~~
VAPOR OUTLET
8 (TOP OF COLUMN)
\
\
I
\
\\
FEED .,.
..
!!_I!"_"'!'_'_""'~"
FEED
~I
.
\MANHOLE
NOZZLE AND
PIPING SPACE
I
>/
".~
//
If the cuts are to be taken either from even-numbered trays, or from oddnumbered trays, all nozzles can be located on one side of the column, facing
the piperack. If cuts are to come from both even- and odd-numbered trays,
it will almost certainly be impossible to arrange all nozzles toward the
piperack. (See 'Arranging column piping', this section.)
PIPERACK----j
Platforms and ladders are required for personnel access to valves on nozzles,
to manholes, and to column instruments.
A davit is needed to raise and lower column parts, and a dropout
to be reserved.
area has
For a particular project or column, manholes are preferably of the same type.
They should be located away from piping, and within range of the davit.
If required, manholes can be placed off the column centerlines (plan view).
The manhole serving the sparger unit (figure 6.31) should permit easy removal of the unit, which may be angled to place the feed connection in
a desired position.
The portions of the column wall available for nozzles are determined by
the orientation and type of tray-see figure 6.29. Elevations of nozzles are
taken from the column data sheet (normally in the form of a vessel drawing).
Platforms are required under manholes, valves at nozzles, level gages, controllers if any, and pressure relief valves. Columns may be grouped and
sometimes interconnecting
platforms between columns are used. Individual
platforms for a column are usually shaped as circular segments, as shown in
figure 6.30. A platform is required at the top of the column, for operating
a davit, a vent on shutdown, and for access to the safety - rei ief valve.
This top platform is often rectangular.
Usual practice is to provide a separate ladder to go from grade past the
lowest platform. Ladders are arranged so that the operator steps sideways
onto the platforms.
Ladder length is usually restricted to 30 ft between landings. Some States
allow 40 ft (check local codes). If operating platforms are further apart
than the maximum permissible ladder height, a small intermediate platform
is provided.
Ladders and cages should conform to the company standard and satisfy the
requirements of the US Department of Labor (OSHA), part 1910.(0).
DAVIT
Referring to figure 6.30, the davit should be located at the top of the column
so that it can lower and raise tray parts, piping, valves, etc., between the platforms and the dropout area at grade.
of lines for
.5.2
Opera!ional
requirements
As lines from nozzles on the column are run down the length of the column,
it is logical to start arranging downcomers from the top and proceed down
the column. A lower nozzle may need priority, but usually piping can be
arranged more efficiently if the space requirements of piping coming from
above are already established.
Sometimes tray spacing is increased slightly to permit installation of manholes. It may be possible to rotate trays within limits, to overcome a
difficulty
in arranging column piping. Such changes in tray spacing and
arrangement must be sanctioned by the process engineer and vessel designer.
Lines from the tops of columns tend to be larger than others. Allocate
space for them first, keeping the lines about 12 inches from the platforms and the wall of the column-this
makes supporting easier, and
permits access to valves, instruments, etc.
equipment
line,
Valves and blinds which serve the tower should be positioned directly on
nozzles, for economy. It is desirable to arrange other valves so that lines
are self-draining.
Platforms should be located to give access to large valves. Small valves may
be located at the ends of platforms. Control valves should be accessible
from operating platforms or from grade.
The pressure-relief valve for the relief line should be placed at the highest
point in the line, and should be accessible from the top platform.
Valves should not be located within the skirt of the column.
valves,
FiGURES
location,
and details of
pump, instrument-
EXCHANGER
DATA SHEETS One of these sheets is compiled for each
exchanger design by the project group. The piping group provides nozzle
orientation sketches (resulting from the piping studies). The data sheet informs the manufacturer or vendor of the exchanger concerning performance
and code stamp requirements, materials, and possible dimensional limitations.
1st FLUID
ENTERS
(COLD)
2nd FLUID
LEAVES
(WARM)
SHELL
NOZZLE
SHELL
1st FLUID
LEAVES
(WARM)
Put fouling and/or corrosive fluids inside the tubes as these are (except
U-type) easily cleaned, and cheaper to replace than the shell
Put the hotter fluid in the tubes to reduce heat loss to the surroundings
However, if steam is used to heat a fluid in an exchanger, passing the
steam thru the shell has advantages: for example, condensate is far
easier to handle shellside. Insulation of the shell is norma!!y required
to protect personnel, and to reduce the rates of condensate formation
and heat loss
Pass refrigerant or cooling liquid thru the tubes, if the exchanger
not insulated, for economic operation
is
STATIONARY
TUBE-SHEET
RELIEF VALVE
CONNECTION
against
2nd FLUID
ENTERS
(HOT)
SHELL
NOZZLE
REMOVABLE
TUBE BUNDLE
PACKED
FLOATING
TUBESHEET
Arrange nozzles to suit the best piping and plant layout. Nozzles may
be positioned tangentially
or on elbows, as well as on vertical or
horizontal centerlines (as usually offered at first by vendors). Although
a tangential or elbowed nozzle is more expensive, it may permit economies in piping multiple heat exchangers
Make condensing
stream
(b)
TO ALLOW
LIFTING
OF REAR HEAD
FOR MAINTENANCE.
PIPE MAY BE OFFSET AS SHOWN,
OR A SHORT
SPOOL
CAN
BE PROVIDED.
I
.
SUPPORTED
LINES
UNDER
AN
EXCHANGER
ARE
SOMETIMES
INSUFFICIENTLY
FLEXIBLE
FOR
THE
FLANGED
JOINT
AT THE
g~~~~~~~
12" MIN.
FOR
~~~~RN~~~~Ev:~
WRENCH
IF THIS
IS LIKELY,
A SHORT
REMOVABLE
SPOOL
TO
THE
HEAD
NOZZLE
SHOULD
BE
-I
,
/
/ /
PROVIDED,
V;;
(1)
(2)
NOT ES
connected
(3)
piping
FIGURES
SPACE FOR
TUBES
(SEE TABLE
Access to operating
CONSIDER
REQUESTING
FROM VENDOR
DIFFERENT
NOZZLE
TYPES, ORIENTATIONS AND lOCATIONS
TO OBTAIN THE
BEST PLANT ARRANGEMENT.
6.5)
TA8LE
6.5
CHART 6.2
INSTRUMENT CONNECTlOtIS
in.
1/2
mm
15
3/4
1 1z
thru
20 thru 40
6 and la!ger
CD
Threaded
in Straight
Runs
SW~GE'
T8E
Thermowells
1"~
5" LONG
LATROlET.
./
'~"
REDUCER,
J"}( D"BW
~
in Elbows
P1.p.
E, 4" MIN.
crtD""""
THREDOlET
0"
Threaded
CD
Thermowells
MIN
I;: 0 rS
OR L"'~,,;:~
A REave
NG 81.;5 . .CO
MAY BE 'lEEO"J~:;
~~--:~
FI"- THEQ\1Q,'/E
\
ELBOW.D.BW.
(j")
D~'J
;-",
.~
Swage':!;
ilre
not
needed
jf
0 i11"
ELaGLET,
," THREADED
or larger
'.~.~./
//-'IIJ~.~"
~FI.
~./~~.J$~~%mffi:q~
Flanged Thermowells
in Straight
Runs
:~~%///;
GREATERTHE
STRENGTH
REQUIRED.
NIPOLET IS
IS
W
o ~/
WELD
""
1$
PARTLY
ON
FLANGE,
//
~""
THE
,Gill?
\ ~'!3!
1:"" SW
;/
~~
;'
Flanged Thermowells
in Elbows
(J)
Screwed
Connections
for Pressure
Instruments
i=
2
2
Socket-welded
Connections
Pressure
~'POLET'3W
for
Instruments
c::
::>
)
(J)
(J)
c::
Q.
Diaphragm
Instrument
(for welded
\
a::ALVE3W
Isolated
Connections
lines)
CD'\
rcls r .7
Connections will usually be specified by company standards or by the specifications for the project. If no specification exists, full- and half-couplings,
swaged nipples, thredolets,. nipolets and elbolets, etc., may be used. Chart 6.2
illustrates instrument connections used for lines of various sizes. The fittings
shown in chart 6.2 are described in chapter 2. Orifice flange connections
are discussed in 6.7.5.
More than one level' gage, level switch, etc., may be required on a
vessel: consider installing a 'strongback'
to a horizontal
vessel on
which instrument
connections have to be made-see figure 6.34(c)
The choice of instrument connection will depend on the conveyed fluid and
sometimes on the required penetration of the element into the vessel or pipe.
Instrument connections should be designed so that servicing or replacement of
instruments can be carried out without interrupting the process. Valves are
needed to isolate gages for maintenance during plant operation and during
hydrostatic testing of the piping system. These valves are shown in chart 6.2
and are referred to as 'root' or 'primary' valves.
clear of any
L!:!Jl7.4
COUPLING
/
NIPPLE
/
or
THREADED
PIPE
Chart 6.2 illustrates various methods for making temperature and pressure
connections. At the bottom of chart 6.2 a method of connecting a diaphragm
flange assembly (diaphragm isolator) is shown. Corrosive, abrasive or viscous
fluid in the process line presses on one side of the flexible diaphragm, and the
neutral fluid (glycol, etc.) on the other side transmits the pressure.
If the conveyed fluid is hazardous or under high pressure a branch fitted
with a bleed valve is inserted between the gage and its isolating valve, to
relieve pressure and/or drain the liquid before servicing the gage. The bleed
valve can also be used to sample, or for adding a comparison gage.
Position connections
seen when operating
Pressure connections
located above liquid
A temperature-measuring
element is inserted into a metal housing
termed a 'thermowell'.
Place thermowells so that they are in contact
with the fluid-an
elbow is a good location, due to the increased
turbulence
liquids
~I
\ \
\
VALVE
PLUG 3/4'n.
VALVE 3/4;n.
SWG 2in. X 3/4in.
BLE-TSE
can be
are usually
best
Connection
6.34
STRONG BACK
'Solat;ng
valve
VESSEL
1/4-inch diameter
FIGURE
for
pressu re gage.
ELEMENT,
CHART
6.2
NPT .
ROTAMETER
CONNECTIONS
Manometers for use with orifice plate assemblies are calibrated in terms of
differential pressure by the manufacturer. The meter run (that is, the piping
in which the orifice plate is to be installed) must correspond with the piping
used to calibrate the orifice plate-the readings will be in error if there is very
much variation in these two piping arrangements.
Sometimes the orifice assembly includes adjacent piping, ready for welding
in place. Otherwise, lengths of straight pipe, free from welds, branches or
obstruction, should be provided upstream and downstream of the orifice
assembly.
Table 6.6 shows lengths of straight pipe required upstream and downstream
of orifice flanges (for different piping arrangements) to sufficiently
reduce
turbulence in liquids for reliable measurement.
ill
I]...."
'.
GAGE
r-------,
,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
~-~
.-----'!!--1 ~:6~~;t~e~~~
GIVES PRESSURE
_'__
I
I
CD~---
~~:O~~E~~!EFfCE,
CALIS RATED A.S
FLOW RATE FOR
PARTICULAR
ORIFICE USE,]
I
I
I
I
I
I
,
1..
I
..
The orifice plate is held between special flanges having 'orifice taps' -these
are tapped holes made in the flange rims, to which tubing and a pressure
gage can be connected, as in figure 6.36. A pressure gage may be termed a
'manometer'.
(1) l~inch
minimum
clearance
between
gate or ball valves. Alternately,
splay
valves and arrange slde-by-slde.
(2) Pipe-to-tube connector.
(3) Optionally,
lines may be sloped.
(4) Higher-pressure
connection.
(5) I nstrument-shown
schematically.
(6) Vent.
(7) Lower-pressure
connection.
(8) Globe valve Is normally
closed. It Is
opened only for 'zero checking' the
instrument.
(9) Cap. Removed for 'raddlng
out'.
!=Is I
The arrangement of orifice plate assemblies should be made in consulation
with the instrument engineer. Usually, it is preferred to locate orifice plate
assemblies in horizontal lines.
i .7.5
i
l---.!
Flow conditions consistent with those used to calibrate the instrument are
ensured by providing adequately long straight sections of pipe upstream and
downstream
of the orifice. Table 6.6 gives lengths that have been found
satisfactory for liquids.
CLEARANCES
FOR
LINES CONVEYING
AIR OR OTHER GAS
I-
'"
~e,:,~
a:: w
:;;"''''
~E:z
"'-
>c..a::
w ...
a::
><0
2
3
4
:;;
:;;w
a::
wI-
a::'"
t;;~
c..O
:::>0
II il
:::>0
MINIMUM
RUNS OF STRAIGHT
AND DOWNSTREAM
PIPE REOUIRED
OF ORIFICE.
UPSTREAM
IN PIPE DIAMETERS
6%
10
2Y:z
3%
3%
13
2Y,
13
15
13
3%
(NPSI
17
4Y,
20
3%
31
4Y:z
7%
10%
13%
2%
3%
3%
4%
5Y,
6%
8%
2Y,
3%
3%
16%
18%
21 %
2Y,
3%
Ell or Tee
CLEARANCES FOR
LINES CONVEYING
LIQUIDS OR STEAM
Reducer or
Increaser
\1
!1
t--d
Gate Valve
Globe Valve
3';"
4Y,
PLANNING
FIGURES
6.35-6.38
1:1
I"
,I
i-------l
r---rxJ
D---j
1:1
D---j
~~
D---j
D=
ELEVATIONS
access space
I..
I ~
1:1
I'
II
1:1
U
44
1:1
U
---+
4%
32
FOR PRELIMINARY
U
Flow
25
11
J
2'-6
TABLE-~
6.6
NO~II ~jAL
PIPE SIZE
i in. )
INSULATION
to 1
1,5
2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
400
Temperature
400-549
1
1.5
1.5
1.5
'I. "
1.5
1.5
1.5
2
2
2
2
2
2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
2
2
2
2
Range
550-699
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2.5
2.5
2.5
3
3
3
3
3
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
t
1050-1200
2.5
2.5
3
3
3.5
3.5
3.5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
other than by
JACKETING
BE ?
APPLICATION
Hot Lines (to 500 F)
Asbestos.
Protection
Magnesia
Mineral Wool
Silicate,
Asbestos,
Silicate,
Magnesia
USUAL THICKNESS
OF INSULATION
1 to 2 inches
1 to 3 inches
1 inch
'Unitrace' (Aluminum
Company of America) is an integral product and tracer
pipe extruded in aluminum, which gives excellent heat transfer. The system
uses flanges and jumpover fittings similar 10 those used for jacketed systems
to connect adjacent traced sections of the lines.
.8
.8.2
STEAM
UNION
{TYPI
\(~
GETTING
A greater rate of heat transfer may be achieved by using two (seldom more)
parallel tracers. Sometimes a single tracer is spirally wound about the pipe,
but spiral winding should be restricted to vertical lines where condensate can
drain by gravity. If the temperature of the conveyed fluid has to be closely
maintained, winding the tracer is too inaccurate-but
it is a suitable method
for getting increased heating in non-critical applications.
To improve heat transfer between the tracer and pipe, they may either be
pressed into contact by banding or wiring them together at frequent (1 to
4 ft) intervals, or a heat-conducting cement such as 'Thermon' can be applied.
Unless used 10 anchor the tracer, banding is normally applied sufficiently
loosely to permit the tracer to expand.
Hot spots occur at the bands. If this is undesirable for a product
piece of asbestos may be inserted between tracer and line.
n~~
rI~
j
I'
rl
__
/'.....
Outer
Jf
Bellows
~ "',', "
"r-
"1,
-"J
'
~----.--' --
8
TRACING
External 'tracing' consists in running tubing filled with a hot fluid (usually
steam), or electric heating cables, in contact with the outer surface of the
pipe to be kept warm. The tubing or cables may be run parallel to the pipe
or wound spirally around it. The pipe and tracer(s) are encased in thermal
insulation.
An alternative, now little used due to sealing and cleaning problems, is internal
tracing by means of tubing fitted inside the liile to be heated. An internal
tracer is termed a 'gutline'.
line, a thin
There are advantages and disadvantages with the various systems. Piping which
is to be externally traced can be planned with little concern for the tracing.
Fluid-jacketed
systems are flanged, and last-minute changes could result in
delays. Jacketing offers superior heat transfer and should be seriously considered for product lines, especially for those conveying viscous liquids and
material which may solidify, whereas service lines usually just need to be kept
from freezing and tracing is quite adequate for them. If process material has
10 be kept cold in the line, refrigerant-jacketed
systems are the only practicable choice.
FIGURE
6.39
For process lines, all systems should be evaluated on the criteria of heat distribution, initial cost and long-term operating and maintenance costs before a
decision can be made.
WHERE TRACING
& JACKETING
ARE SHOWN
Using the symbols given in chart 5.7, tracing is shown on the plan and elevation drawings of the plant piping and it will simil8rly be illdicated on the
isometric drawings. It v\'ill also be indicated on any model used Tracing is
one of the last aspects of plallt design, and steam subheaders call either be
shown direct!\' on the piping drawings or on sepias or film prints.
TABLES
EXPANSION
FOR TRACING
Steam pressures in the range 10 to 200 PSIG are used. Sometimes steam will
be available at a suitable pressure for the tracing system, but if the available
steam is at too high a pressure, it may be reduced by means of a control
(valve) station-see
6.1.4. Low steam pressures may be adequate if tracers
are fitted with traps discharging to atmospheric pressure. If a pressurized
condensate system is used, steam at 100 to 125 PSI G is preferred.
SIZING
HEADERS
HEADER
SIZE(IN.)
1/4
3/8
NUMBER
~
1
1Y,
2
MAXIMUM
LENGTHS
1/2
16
36
64
2
4
16
28
9
16
inch
EXPANSION
(IN.)
3/4
OF TRACERS
& ANCHORING
~O,53
SIZE OF TRACER
OF THE TRACER,
1
2
4
7
1
2
4
& RISES
The rate at which condensate forms and fills the line determines
of the tracer in contact with the pipe. Too many variables are
give useful maximum tiacer lengths. Most companies have their
figure (or figures based on experience) for this: usually, length
contact with pipe does not exceed 250 ft.
FOR TRACING
the length
involved to
own design
of tracer in
1 PSI steam will lift condensate about 2.3 ft, and therefor vertical rises
will present no problem unless low-pressure steam is being used. Companies
prefer to limit the vertical rise in a tracer at anyone place to 6 ft (for 25-49
PSIG steam) or 10 ft (for 50-100 PSIG steam). As a rough guide, the total
height, in feet, of all the rises in one tracer may be limited to one quarter of
the initial steam pressure, in PSIG. For example,"if the initial steam pressure
is 100 PSIG, the total height of all risers in the tracer should be limited
to 25 ft. The rise for a sloped tracer is the difference in elevations between
the ends of the sloping part of the tracer.
1/2-inch 00 copper tube is the most economic material for tracing straight
piping.
3/8-inch 00 copper tubing is more useful where small bends are
required around valve bodies, etc. Copper tubing can be used for pressures up
to 150 PSI G (or to 370 F). Table T-1 gives data for copper tube.
Supply lines from the header are usually socket welded or screwed and sealwelded depending on the pressures involved and the company's practice. A
pipe-to-tube connector is used to make the connection between the steel pipe
and tracer tube - see figure 2.41.
TRACING
VALVES
& EQUIPMENT
FIGURE 6.40
""~""
4
ALLOW
FOR
IMPROVE
UNION
AND
TO
BREAK
DRAIN
FREEZING
lOOP
LINE
EXPANSION
HEATING
AND
OF
TO
ELBOW
TRACER AT FLANGES
IN
CONDITIONS
THE
OF
TOTAL
ALL
VERTICAL
RISE
RISERS-SEE
IS EOUAL
'MAXIMUM
TO
THE
&
lENGTHS
SUM
RISES'.
18
PIPETOTUBE
SCREWED
TUBING,
STEEL TRACER
CAN BE WELDED
TO
FLAT
TRACERS.
COVERED
BAR
(3)
CONNECTORS
PIPING
COPPER
3000
FS
UNIONS
AT
BY
TRAP
AND
6.44
FOR
FREEZING
MENTS
TO
CLASS
THAT
THE
ARE
OR
UNIONS
TP,ACER
DRAIN,
USE
OR
FOR
JOINING
USED
FOR
PROVIDE
CS
6,43
I ~I h
ARE
FIGURES
TRACING
1,1t~i'
1-
STAINLESS-STEEL
ARE
TERM1NATIOl\:S
SYMBOL-SEE
CLIMATES,
CAN
USED
6.6.3
......-HORIZONTAL
OR OVERHEAD
-s---JllIrt_~
(J ~
PRFiANGE
FOR
AIR
LL
PURGING
TRACER AT VALVES
VALVES
BE
A
OVERHEAD
WiTHIN
LADDER
REACH
OR
MUST
_---ClOSE
FROM
"-ND
ADJACENT
FIT
TO
STRUCTURE
'-lEAT
If-.;G
,,",RAP
IF
EXTRA
IS REOU!RED.
ALLm'V
AfI.'D
VALVE
FLANGES.
l..ROUND
FOR
REMOV
FLANGE
BOL 1$
PROVIDE
UNIONS
1L
1 '
~L
:-v
l.~--J,---~'
':111'
0
-4!-------. ; ! \ '---' )1 ,; ...------~
LU-:~-?-t.LI-~
'-II r----i Ir-'
TRt.CER
iCALCUL,;TE
"N01H
R'oUIR'D
FOR HEAT
TRAf\;SFERj
~(
/""
n*}
3~
~
~ ...
.-/2~
'--/
@
'<!'/"
STEAM
HEADER
TABLE
6.9
-,
)
)
)
Ensure that the temperature limit for process material is not exceeded
by the temperature of the steam supplying the tracer. Hot spots occur
at bands-see 6.8.2, under 'Getting heat to the process line'
Take tracer lines separately from the top of the subheader, and provide
an isolating valve in the horizontal run
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
Run tracers parallel to and against the underside of the pipe to be heated
)
)
& INSULATION
at other points
of the tracer
6.8.1, under
1I
(126J
SUPERHEATED
EXPLANATIONS
OF STEAM TERMS
for heating,
for driving
After water has reached the boiling point, further addition of heat will convert
water into the vapor state: that is, steam. During boiling there is no further
rise in temperature
of the water, but the vaporization of the water uses up
heat. This added heat energy, which is not shown by a rise in temperature, is
termed 'latent heat of vaporization',
and varies with pressure.
In boiling one pound of water at atmospheric pressure (14.7 PSIA) 970.3 BTU
is absorbed. If the steam condenses back into water (still at the boiling
temperature
and 14.7 PSIA) it will release exactly the amount of heat it
absorbed on vaporizing.
The term 'saturated steam' refers to both dry steam and wet steam, described
below. Steam tables give pressure and temperature data applicable to dry and
to wet steam. Small amounts of air, carbon dioxide, etc., are present in
steam from industrial boilers.
STEAM
If heat is added to a quantity of dry steam, the temperature of the steam will
rise, and the number of degrees rise in temperature
is the 'degrees of superheat'. Thus, superheat is 'sensible' heat - that is, it can be measured by a
thermometer.
.8.3
.9.2
of the quantity
and
Steam in a line will give up heat to the piping and surroundings, and will
gradually become 'wetter', its temperature remsining the same. The change of
state of part of the vapor to liquid gives heat to the piping without lowering
the temperature
in the line. The water that forms is termed 'condensate'.
If
the line initially contains superheated
steam, heat lost to the piping and
surroundings will first cause the steam to lose sensible heat until the steam
temperature drops to that of dry steam at the line pressure.
With both dry and wet steam, a certain pressure will correspond to a certain
temperature.
The temperature of the steam at various pressures can be found
in steam tables. If air is mixed with steam, this relationship between pressure
and temperature
no longer holds. The more air that is admixed, the more
the temperature
is reduced below that of steam at the same pressure. There
is no practicable way to separate air from steam (without condensation) once
it is mixed.
Dry steam is a gas, consisting of water vapor only. Placed ificontact
with
water at the same temperature,
dry steam will not condense, nor will more
steam form-liquid
and vapor are in equilibrium.
Wet steam consists of water vapor and suspended water particles at the same
temperature as the vapor. Heating ability ('quality') varies with the percentage
of dry steam in the mixture (the water particles contain no latent heat of
vaporization).
Like dry steam, wet steam is in equilibrium with water at the
same temperature.
Special liquid media such as Dowtherms (Dow Chemical Co.) and Therminols
(Monsanto Co.) can be boiled like water, but the same vapor temperatures as
steam are obtained at lower pressures.
Heating systems using these liquids
are more complicated than steam systems, and experience with them is necessary in order to design an efficient installation.
However, the basic principles
of steam-heating systems apply.
CHART
6.3
Air in steam lines lowers the temperature for a given pressure, and calculated
rates of heating may not be met. See 6.9.1 under 'Air in steam'.
The most economic means for removing air from steam lines is automatically
thru temperature-sensitive
traps or traps fitted with temperature-sensitive
airventing devices placed at points remote from the steam supply. When full
line temperature is attained the vent valves will close completely. See 6.10.7
under 'Temperature-sensitive
(or thermostatic) traps'.
WHY PLACE VENTS AT REMOTE
CONDENSATE?
6.10.2
This was a much more efficient system, but it still wasted flash steam. On
passing thru the traps, the depressurized condensate boiled, generating lowerpressure steam. In modern systems, this flash steam is used and the residual
condensate returned to the boiler.
POINTS?
On start-up, cold lines will be filled with air. Steam issuing from the source
will mix with some of this air, but will also act as a piston pushing air to the
remote end of each line.
WHY REMOVE
In early steam systems, there was considerable waste of steam and condensate
after passing thru heating coils, etc., as steam was merely vented to the open
air. Later, the wastefulness of this resulted in closed steam lines from which
only the condensed steam was removed and then re-fed to the boiler. The removal of condensate to atmospheric pressure was effected with traps-special
automatic discharge valves-see 6.10.7.
Steam with entrained water droplets will form a dense water film on
heat transfer surfaces and interfere with heating
Condensate
can be swept along by the rapidly-moving
steam (at
120 ftlsec or more) and the high-velocity impact of slugs of water
with fittings, etc. (waterhammer)
may cause erosion or damage
This is an in-line device which provides better drying of steam being immediately fed to equipment.
A separator is shown in figure 2.67. It separates
droplets entrained in the steam which have been picked up from condensate
in the pipe and from the pipe walls, by means of one or more baffles (which
cause a large pressure drop). The collected liquid is piped to a trap.
Condensate is collected from a steam line either by a steam separator (sometimes termed a 'dryer')-see
6.10.3 above-or
more cheaply by a dripleg
(drip pocket or well - see below) from where it passes to a trap for periodic
discharge to a condensate return line or header which will be at a lower pressure than the steam line. The header is either taken to a boiler feedwater
tank feeding make-up water to the boiler or to a hotwell for pumping to the
boiler feedwater tank.
DRIPLEGS
COLLECT CONDENSATE
6.10.5
SCREWED OR
SOCKET-WELDED
BUTT-WELDED
PIPING
PIPING
LINE SIZE
DIMENSION '~A'
DIMENSION '8'
or
(or 'THERMOSTATIC')
TRAPS are of two
types: The first type operates by the movement of a liquid-filled bellows,
and the second uses a bimetal element. Both types are open when cold and
readily discharge air and condensate at start-up. Steam is in direct contact
with the closing valve and there is a time delay with both types in operating.
A large drip leg allowing time for condensate to cool improves operation.
As these traps are actuated by temperature
differential, they are economic
at steam pressures greater than 6 PSI G. The temperature rating of the bellows
and the possibility of damage by waterhammer should be considered-refer
to 6.10.8.
3
12
%
SIZE OF V2
TO 2"
B~'----
3"
PIPING TO
TO TRAP
-I
=-......-:-- wi
I V1
SLOWDOWN
V
A LV E
PLUG~
In almost every steam-heating system where condensate is recovered the trapped condensate has to be lifted to a condensate header and run to a boiler
feedwater tank, either directly or via a receiver. Each PSI of steam pressure
behind a trap can lift the condensate about two feet vertically. The pressure
available for lifting the condensate is the pressure difference between the
steam and condensate lines less any pressure drop over pipe, valves, fittings,
trap, etc.
STEAM TRAPS
pressure
TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE
3
SIZE OF V,
6.10.7
The purpose of fitting traps to steam lines is to obtain fast heating of systems
and equipment by freeing the steam lines of condensate and air. A steam
trap is a valve device able to discharge condensate from a steam lirle without
also discharging steam. A secondary duty is to discharge air-at start-up, rines
are full of air which has to be flushed out by the steam, and in continuous
operation a small amount of air and noncondensible
gases introduced in the
boiler feedwater have also to be vented.
Some traps have built-in strainers to give protection from dirt and scale which
may cause the trap to jam in an open position. Traps are also available with
checking features to safeguard against backflow of condensate.
Refer to the
manufacturers'
catalogs for details.
Choosing a trap from the many designs should be based on the trap's ability
to operate with minimal maintenance, and on its cost. To reduce inventory
and aid maintenance, the minimum number of types of trap should be used
in a plant. The assistance of manufacturers'
representatives should be sought
before trap types and sizes are selected.
FTGUR-ES~
6.41 & 6.42
Often, where a trap is run to a drain, a lot of steam seems to be passing thru
the trap, but this is usually onlv from condensate flashing.
Steam lines vvith more than a few degrees of superheat will not usually form
condensate in operation.
During the warming-up period after starting a cold
circuit, the large bulk of metal in the piping will nearly always use up the
degrees of superheat to produce a quantity of condensate.
TABLE
6.10
STEAM-TRAP
PI PING
PREFERRED
POSITION
~OR
CHECK VAL VE IN .-\ FREEZf~C
E~VIRONMENT
{fOR TOP E:'ITRY
ARRANGE,\IENTS Oj~LY)
FIGl'Rf.S
.-\RR.\SGE\ILyrs.
&: SAFE
r-!2
\2)
r
, .'
-, ~
_~
r"Q,/lO
OEsrc:,;
SHOW EQnp\lf.NT
O:-"LV
[TE.\15 OF f.Ql"IP'.IE.\T
NECESSARY
...
EED BE CSED. THE FOLLOWI~G
FOR ECO:-':O.\!Ic
IDPHEFY BY 'lAKER.
:'rIOOEL NC,\IBER. TYPE,
.-\ND PRESSURE RATING
DRIPLEG FROM STEAM
EQUIPMENT
If!
OPTION.\l
ENTRYSUITABLE
IF
...
W
RISK OF FREEZING
;.; I
'''I-~)
t :""
,-
HEADER,
ISOLATING
VALVE
INSULATION.
TO BE LOCATED
NEEDED
FREEZING
COLD,
ISOLATING
MAY
VALVE.
STRAINER.
NORMALLY
STRAINER
VALVE
MAY
FaA
TRAP
VALVE.
UNIONS
(101
1111*
1121
1131*
FOR REMOVING
(15)
DRAIN
SIGHT
OF A COLUMN
IF SEVERAL
VISUAL
CONDENSATE
TEMPERATURESENSITIVE
DAMAGE
TO PIPING
TRAPS
OF THE
OF
OF REACH, OR
LESS THAN
2-INCH
SIZE.
TRAP
TO ATMOSPHERE.
PLUG
FOR
CONDITIONS
SAFETY
WHEN THE
NOTE (16)
IN
LINES
USING BUCKET
PRESSURE
UPSTREAM
TRAPS
TO PREVENT
DUE TO
OF THE TRAP
WITH
A BUILTIN
TRAP
STRAINER
(ALTERNATIVE
(6li
TO
BODY OF TRAP
THIS VALVE
TRAP IF CONDENSATE
ONE TRAP.
[S BE1NGHETURNED
THE VALVE
HAS
DISCHARGE
INTO
A SINGLE
CHECK
THAT
IS DISCHARGING
HEADER
WHICH
IS
RETURN
TRAP
AT
CORRECTLY
INTO
A RISK OF EXPLOSION
(AUTOMATIC)
DRAIN
IN A COLD ENVIRONMENT
AVAILABLE
PRESSURE
MA Y ERODE, PRESENTING
(16)
TO
GLASS ALLOWS
A PRESSURIZED
[N EXTREME
FOR A TRAP
BE UNDER
OPERATION.
BE NECESSARY
TRAP, ETC
PREVENTS
REQUIRED
VALVE
IS A RISK OF CONDENSATE
IS NOT CONSTANTLY
REQUIRED
SHOWS IF A FAULTY
VALVE
OR MAY
VALVE
LINES
FEATURE
SEDIMENT
IF DIFFERENTIAL
SEAL.
IN
HORIZONTALLY-SEE
WATER
THE ASSISTANCE
(""'""
IF VALVES
TO A HEADER
SLOPE LINE TO
ASSIST DRAINING
1;'>1FREEZING
ONLY
INTEGRAL
PRIMARILY
LOSS OF SEAL
BLOWING
FOR SAFETY,
NOTE (18)
DRAIN
IS POSITIONED
CHECK
WOULD
STRAINER
MANUALLYOPERATEO
STEAM
TRACING
FITTED
BE AN
BLOWING
IF THERE
OR INTERMITIENT
BE REOUIRED-IF
REQUIRED
OR LINE
DOWN SEDIMENT.
CLOSE TO ORIPLEG
OF SHUTDOWN
ALSO
IF A BYPASS IS USED-SEE
~4~~0\v\v~~4
TO EQUIPMENT,
IN A COLD ENVIRONMENT
AS A RESULT
TRAC[NG
OR LINE
DRIPLEG VALVE
FOR PERIODICALLY
BLOWING
SHOULD BE PIPED TO A DRAIN OR TO GRAOE
DRAIN
(17)
ISOLATING
(18)*
MAY
BE F!TTED
ALLOWS
IF VALVE
-
(14j
IS OVER-
HEADER
AS IT CAN
BE lEFT
OPEN_ IT IS BETTER
TO PROVIDE
Start-ups are infrequent and with more than a few degrees of superheat it is
unnecessary to trap a system which is continuously operated. These superheated steam lines can operate with driplegs only, and are usually fitted
with a blowdown line having two valves so that condensate can be manually
released from the drip leg after startup.
Insulation and steam or electric tracing of the trap and its piping may also
be required in freezing environments. Temperature-sensitive
and impulse traps
are not subject to freezing trouble if mounted correctly, so that the trap
can drain. Bucket traps are always mounted w(th the bucket vertical and a
type with top inlet and bottom outlet should be chosen, unless the trap can
be drained by fitting an automatic drain.
Figures 6.43 thru 6.45 are a guide to piping traps from driplegs, lines,
vessels, etc.
If condensate is continuously discharging to an open drain in an inside installation a personnel hazard or objectionable atmosphere may
be created. To correct this, discharge piping can be connected to an
exhaust stack venting to atmosphere and a connection to the main
drain provided, as in figure 6.46
:~
~:\o:~t,r
\
Alternate
\.
arrangement
',
of Condensate
Vent Stack
-CONDENSATE
VENT STACK
~,.
:~----_
_~~
--"
"-"
\
\
Vapor
.10.9
.10.11
After piping has been erected, it is often necessary to subject the system to a
hydrostatic
test to see if there is any leakage. In compliance with the
applicable code, this consists of filling the lines with water or other liquid,
closing the line, applying test pressure, and observing how well pressure is
maintained for a specified time, while searching for leaks.
Vents are needed to let gas (usually air) in and out of systems. When a line or
vessel cools, the pressure drops and creates a partial vacuum which can cause
syphoning or prevent draining. When pressure rises in storage tanks due to an
increase in temperature, it is necessary to release excess pressure. Air must
also be released from tanks to allow filling, and admitted to permit draining or
pumping out liquids.
Unless air is removed from fuel lines to burners, flame fading can result.
steam lines, air reduces heating efficiency.
As the test pressure is greater than the operating pressure of the system, it is
necessary to protect equipment and instruments by closing all relevant valves.
Vessels and equipment usually are supplied with a certificate of code compliance. After testing, the valved drains are opened and the vent plugs temporarily removed to allow air into the piping for complete draining.
In
FIGURf 6.41
VENTS
DESIGN
MAY
DRAINS
FOR
OR DRAIN
BE COVERED
HYDROSTATIC
IS FORANOTHER
BY A COMPANY
TEST
ARE
PURPOSE,
STANDARD
INDICATED
IT IS DETAILED
OR PIPING
ON PIPING
DRAWINGS
BY THE
SPECIFICATlQN.
SYMBOLS.*
OR THE DESIGN
VALVES
VALVED VENTS AND DRAINS ARE USUALLY EQUIPPED WITH GATE VALVES, BUT GLOBE VALVES MAY
BEUSED FOR TIGHTER CLOSURE.
DOUBLEVALVED
CONSTRUCTION
(POSITIVE
SHUTOFF}
USED FOR:
(1) Hit;jl-pressurtl steam
(2l Wrn gases-see Valves, this chart
PURPOSE
VENTS
AND
IF THE VENT
*~
(4)
SYMBOL
(5)
DRAINS *@
VALVE
AFTER
GASES CONTAINING
MOISTURE
MAY FREEZE
IN
THE VALVE DUE TO THE GAS CHILLING
WHEN IT
EXPANDS. FOR DRAINING
WET GAS LINES. DOUBLE
VALVED
CONSTRUCTION
MAY BE REQUIRED.
THE
INNER VALVE IS OPENED AND THE LINE IS DRAIN
ED BY THROTTLlNG
THE OUTER VALVE, ICE MAY
FORM IN THE BODY OF THE OUTER VALVE, PREVo
ENTING CLOSURE AFTER DRAINING.
THE DRAIN
IS CLOSED BY OPERATING
THE INNER
VALVE
FIRST.
IS SOMETIMES
REPL,1,CED
BY A PLUG
TEST
CONSTRUCTION
NIPP TBE
INTEGRAL
i
i
SOCKOL~T
NIP? TE
I
CAP, THRDO
Positions of the required vent and drain points are established on the piping
drawings. (P&ID's will show only process vents, such as vacuum breakers,
and process drains.) Refer to figure 6.47 for construction
details.
Quick-opening vents of ample size are needed for gases. Safety and safetyrelief valves are the usual venting means. See 3.1.9 for pressure-relieving
devices, and 6.1.3, under 'Piping safety and relief valves'.
Gases which offer no serious hazard after some dilution with air may be
vented to atmosphere by means ensuring that no direct inhalation can occur.
If a (combustible)
gas is toxic or has a bad odor, it may be piped to an
incinerator or flarestack, and destroyed by burning.
Air has a moisture content which is partially carried thru the compressing
and cooling stages. It is this moisture that tends to separate, together with
any oil, which may have been picked up by the air in passing thru the
compressor.
If air for distribution has not been dried, distribution
lines should be sloped
toward points of use and drains: lines carrying dried air need not be sloped.
Sloping is discussed in 6.2.6.
If the compressed-air
supply
(1)
(2)
liquid-such
as
Headers should be sized to handle adequately the large amounts of vapor and
liquid that may be discharged during major mishap. Relief headers taken
to knockout drums, receivers or incinerators, are normally sloped, Refer to
6.2.6 and figure 6.3, showing the preferred location of a relief header on a
piperack.
Manufacturing
processes may generate materials that cannot be recycled,
and for which there is no commercial use. These materials are termed 'waste
products', or 'wastes'. An 'effluent'
is any material flowing from a plant
site to the environment.
Effluents need not be polluflng: for example,
properly-treated
waste water may be discharged without harming the environment or sewage-treatment plants.
Restrictions on the quantities and nature of effluents discharged into rivers,
sewers or the atmosphere, necessitate treatment of wastes prior to discharge.
Waste treatment is increasingly a factor in plant design, whether wastes are
processed at the plant, or are transported for treatment elsewhere. For inplant treatment, waste-treatment facilities are described on separate P&I D's
(see 5.2.4) and should be designed in consultation with the responsible local
authority.
Liquid wastes have to be collected within a plant, usually by a special
drainage system. Corrosive and hazardous properties of liquid wastes will
affect the choice and design of pipe, fittings, open channels, sumps, holding
tanks, settling tanks, etc. Because many watery wastes are acidic and corrosive to carbon STeel, collection and drainage piping is often lined or made
of alloy or plastic. Sulfates frequently appear in wastes, and special concretes
may be necessary for sewers, channels, sumps, etc., because sulfates deteriorate regular concretes.
Flammable wastes may PfU8covered and/or burned in smokeless incinerators
or flarestacks. Vapors from flammable liquids present serious explosion
hazards in collection and drainage systems, especially if the liquid is insoluble
and floats.
Wastes may be held permanently at the manufacturing site. Solid wastes
may be piled in dumps, or buried. Watery wastes containing solids may be
pumped into artificial 'ponds' or 'lagoons', where the solids settle.
.11
.. 13
of flammable
gases, volatile
solids'
1984
Check insurer's requirements
'Flammable
and combustible
'Flammable
NFPA
and combustible
'Fire
liquids,
protection
in refineries'.
Institute. API RP 2001
Sixth
code handbook'.
edition.
Third
edition.
1984 American
1987.
Petroleum
'Protection against ignitions arising out of static, lightning and stray currents'.
Fourth edition. 1982. API RP 2003
'Inspection
'Welding or hot-tapping
API RP 2201
First edition
on equipment
flammables'.
1985.
'Guide for fighting fire in and around petroleum storage tanks'. 1980
API publication 2021
NFPA address: Batterymarch
Isolate flammable liquid facilities so that they do not endanger important buildings or equipment.
In main buildings, isolate from other
areas by firewa/ls or fire-resistive partitions, with fire doors or openings
and with means of drainage
Confine flammable liquid in closed containers, equipment, and piping
systems. Safe design of these should have three primary objectives
(1) To prevent uncontrolled escape of vapor from the liquid. (2) To
provide rapid shut-off if liquid accidentally escapes. (3) To confine
the spread of escaping liquid to the smallest practicable area
If tanks containing flammable material are sited in the open, it is good
praCTice to space them according to the minimum separations set out in
the NFPA Code (No. 395. 'Farm storage of flammable liquids') and to
provide dikes (liquid-retaining
walls) around groups of tanks. Additional
methods for dealing with tank fires are: (1) To transfer the tank's
contents to another tank. (2) To stir the contents to prevent a layer
of heated fue! forming
Locate valves for emergency
Whichever is greater:3ft
(Sum of diameters of adjacent tanksl/6
type
CRUDE PETROLEUM
126,000 gal max tank size
Non-congested locale
6.1,3
TAN KS surrounded by
other Tanks
For minimum clearances from property lines, public ways and buildings,
consult the National Fire Code Vol " NFPA 30. 1987. Chap. 2
LPG tanks: Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations. 1989. Chapter XVII,
part 1910110, the US Department
of Labor's 'OccupatIonal Safety and Health Administration's'
tables H23, H-33. gives clearances. Part 1919-111 advises on the storage and handling of
anhydrous ammonia.
automatic
sprinklers, is to be installed
"'C,
eo,
[)<J ~
-
SPACE
"'e""" "'''
,->% "
,e'n eo,oc,,'''~
FOR
~.
ELECTRIC
CONDUIT,
etc,
1 It
------ffi
~
Large openings in walls, floors or the roof of a building may be needed for
installing equipment. Wall and roof openings are covered when not in use,
but sometimes floor openings are permanent and guarded with railings, etc.
TABLE
6.11
STANDARDSANDCODES
lor Piping Systems, Pipe, Pipe Supports, Flanges,
Gaskets, Fillings, Valves, Traps, Pumps, Vessels,
Heat Exchangers, Symbols and Screwthreads
Standards are documents which establish methods for manufacturing
and
testing.
Codes are documents which establish good design practices,
including the factors of safety and efficiency The documents are prepared
and periodically
updated by committees whose members may include
representatives
from
industry,
government,
universities,
institutes,
professional societies, trade associations, and labor unions.
Proven engineering practices form the basis of standards and codes, so that
they embody minimum requirements for selection of material, dimensions,
design, erection, testing, and inspection, to ensure the safety of piping
systems. Periodic revisions are made to reflect developments in the industry.
The terms 'standard' and 'code' have become almost interchangeable, but
documents are termed codes when they cover a broad area, have governmental acceptance, and can form a basis for legal obligations. 'Recommendations' document advisable practice. 'Shall' in the wording of standards
and codes denotes a requirement or obligation, and 'should' implies recommendation.
FOUR REASONS
(1)
(2)
FOR THEIR
USE
7.2
(3)
(4)
Codes often supply the substance for Federal, State, and Municipal
safety regulations. However, the US Federal Government mav, as
needed, devise its own regulations, which are sometimes in the form
of a code.
The American Standa rds Associati on was fou nded in 1918 to au th ori ze nationa! standards originating from five major engineering societies. Previously
il chaotic situation
had arisen as many societies and trade associations had
been issuing individual standards which sometimes overlapped. In 1967, the
name of the ASA was changed to the USA Standards I nstitute, and in 1969
a second change was made, to American
National Standards Institute.
Standards previously issued under the prefixes 'ASA' and 'USASI' are now
prefixed 'ANSI'.
Not all USA standards and codes are issued directly by the Institute. The
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Instrument Society of America, and several other organizations issue standards and codes that apply
to piping. Table 7.1 lists the principal sources.
ANSI
makes available
organizations
("sponsors").
Each of
these
from
other standards-issuing
standards
is identified
by
the sponsor's designation (where one exists) preceded by ANSI's and the
sponsor's acronym --for example, the ASNIE Code for chemical plant and
designation
TITLE
is used.
SECTION
APPLICATION
B31 pi pi ng
Carras i on Contra 1
B31 GUide
-1984
Guidelines
for protecting
systems from carras ion
Power Pi pi ng
B31,1-1989
Pi Dl ng for
Other countries also issue standards. The British Standards Institution (BSI)
in the UK, the Deutscher Normenausschuss (DIN) in Germany, and the
Swedish national organization (SIS) issue many standards. Copies of foreign
B31,3-1987
Liquid Petroleum
Transportat lOn
B31.4-1989
Licuid transportation
bons. LPG, anhydrous
Refrigeration
pi pi ng
B31.5-1987
Principally
desCrlDeS
packaged units
Gas Transmi ss i on
and Di Stri buti on
Piping Systems
B31, 8-1989
Building Services
Piping Code
B31,9-1988
Hi gh-pressure
Slurry
ation
831.11-1986
Design, construction,
inspection,
security
reqUlrements of slurry piplng systems
The ANSI catalog is available from the American National Standards Institute,
1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018
Institute.
The tables in 7.5.6 give the initial letters of the standards-issuing organizations
preceeding the number of the standard, thus: 'ASTM N28'. Table 7.1 includes
the initials used in tables 7.3 thru 7.14, and gives the full titles of the organizations. (Table 7.1 is not a comprehensive listing.)
INITIALS
AlA
ANSI
API
ASME
ASTM
AVVS
AWWA
FCI
GSA
ISA
MSS
NFPA
PFI
USDC
FULL TITLE
OF ORGANIZATION
Insurance
Association
issued
by Underwriters'
Laboratories
I nstitute,
and marine
commerci a 1/sanitary
of
pi Pl ng
American
a 1 plants
American
American
American
American
American
American
"'"Standards formerly
t Formerly, Un ited
TransportPiping
i ndustri
aopl ications
I ne.
and
The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is mandatory in many states with
regard to design, material specification,
fabrication,
erection, and testing
procedures. Compliance is required in the USA and Canada to qualify for
insurance. The Code consists of the following eleven sections:
section
Power boilers
Material specifications
Nuclear power plant components.
Heating boilers . . , . . .
Nondestructive
examination
The most important code for lend-based pressure-piping systems is ANSI 831.
Parts of this code which apply to various types of plant piping are listed
in table 7.2.
P ressu re vessels
....
Welding qualifications _ _ . . .
Fiberglass-reinforced plastic pressure vessels.
. ..
.
Rules for inservice inspection of nuclear reactor coolant systems.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
TABLES
Requirements
standards:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
PIPING
for merchant
7.5.5
In the following
Steel
or
[ran
SDec~f1cat1on
for welded and seamless
steel
ploe
Speclflcatlon
for seamless carbon-steel
plpe
for high-temperature
service
Speclfication
for electrlc-fusion(arc)-welded
steel plPe. NPS 16 and over
SpeclficatlOn
for electric-reslstance-welded
steel pipe
Specification
for seamless and welded austenltic
stainless
steel plpe
Speclfication
for seamless ferrltic
alloy-steel
plpe for high-temperature
serVlce
SpeciflcatlOn
for seamless carbon-steel
plpe for
atmosphenc and lower temperatures
Specification
for llne pipe (5L and 5LX)
Welded and seamless wrought-steel
Stalnless
steel p1ge
The following tables are not comprehensive: a selection has been made from
standards relating to piping design and technology. Sources of these standards
may be found from table 7.1. Addresses of the issuing organizations may be
found from the current edition of 'Encyclopedia
of associations: Vol 1,
National organizations
of the United States' (Gale Research Company).
Ductile
iron pipe. centrifugally
moldS or sand-llne'd molds for
IlqUl
Specification
for aluminum
seamless ploe and extrude(J
Speciflcatlor,
for seamless
standard s 1zes
Speciflcation
for seamless
standard Slzes
Speclf'tcation
for seamless
and tube
Speclflcation
for seamless
P, pi ng
Proces s
Engineering
Let ter
Letter
Instrumentation
symboI s for
symbols for
1n
chemical englneenng
hydraullcs
ANSI YI 0.12
ANSI Y10.2
Instrumentation
Welding
SymboI s for
Heatl ng and
Ventllatlng
Electnca
Electncal
and electronlcs
dlagrams
Graphic symbols for e I ec tn ca I wlrlng and layou t
diagrams used for archltecture
and building
cons truct i on
oraftlng
Safety
weldlng
ventllating
AWSA2.4-79
ANSI 132.2.4
ANSI Y14. 15
~NSI
ANSI
ANSI
ANSI
Symbols for
NFPA 173
flre
fightlng
Power piping
piping
,~ethod for dimensioning
Minlmum length and spacing for
Fabrication
8utt'.eldlng
endS for Plpe. valves.
f1 anges
and fitt i ngs
Internal
machining and solid machined backl ng
rlngs for circumferential
back-welds
Fabricating
tolerances
Hydrostatic
code (refer
operatlOns
testing
of fabricated
to Table 7.2)
assemblles
welded nozzles
Cleanlng
Cleanlng
Color
AST,~ A312
ASTM A335
ASTfi A524
AP I 5L
cast.
gas
In
metal
ANS1/ AWWA51
C151i~21.51
ANSI A21 .52
and aluminum-alloy
seamless tUbe
copper plPe.
~STII 8241
ASTl-1842
plDe
AST!-I843
plpe
and tuDe
ASHI B315
AST;'-I8161
ASnl
01503
ASHI 01527
~STI-! DI735
ASTH
02104
i.\SH-! 02232
~sm
02241
Asm 02239
AlvWAC900
AWWAC901
AWWAC902
C950
AWWA
ANSI 132.9
Drafting
Coding
I SA S5. 1
and
Desi gn
Test i ng
~NSI Y32. II
AST~I AI35
cast. in metal
water and other
ANSII
AS~IE132.2.3
~NSI 132.4
~NSI 132.10
ANS! Y14.7
Graph i c
ASTM AI34
P1Pe
ds
Ductile
iron ploe, centnfugally
molds or sand-l ined moles for
ASTM A53
AST,~ A106
Y14. I
Yi 4.2
Y14.3
Y14.4
ANSI Y14.5
ANSI Y14.6
Apo11cation
Production
selection
and
MSS SP-69
materials.
des i gn
MSS SP-53
ASMEB31
PFI ES-2
PFI ES-7
1\le:a'11 ic
AS~IE816.25
PFI ES-I
PFI ES-3
P(I
Nonmeta 111 C
ES-4
PFI ES-5
ANSI A13. I
PFI ES-22
Ring-Joint
gaskets and grooves for steel.pipe
fI anges
Metallic
gaskets for raised-face
pipe flanges and
flanged connect lOns (doub I e- jacket cor ruga ted
and splral-wound)
Nonmeta11i c flat gaskets for P1Pe flanges
Rubber gasket joints
for ductile-iron
and graylron pressure pipe and flt:ings
Gasketed joints
for ductile
iron and and gray
for fl re
iron pressure pipe and fittings
protection
service
Standard specification
for dense elastomer
sillcone
rubber gaSkets and accessories
ASI~E816.20
API 601
ASMEB16.21
A'WWACIII
UL 194
ASTM Cll15
Steel
Fittings
Stainless
Steel
t~alleable
Cast
Iron
Iron
Duc t i 1e
ron
Ferrous
Alloy
)
)
)
)
Butterfi
)
)
Check
Va 1yes
)
)
Ba 11 Va 1 yes
)
)
I ...
/
,~
Requirements
for tank contalners
for liquids
and gases
Specification
for bolted
tanks
for storage
of
production
liquids
Specification
for field-welded
tanks
for storage
of product i on 1 i qUl ds
Specification
for shop-welded
tanks
for storage
of product i on 1 i qui ds
Reco,mnended
ru 1es for des i gn and construct
i on of
large
welded
low-pressure
storage
tanks
Welded steel
tanks
for 011 storage
Specification
for welded aluminum
alloy
storage
tanks
aboveground
tankS for f"lammaDle and
Steel
combustible
liquids
Safety
standard
for steel
inside
tanks
for
oi l-burner
fuel
underground
tanks
for fl ammabl e and
Steel
combustible
liquids
Factory-coated
bolted
steel
ta nks for water
storage
for water
storage
We1 ded stee 1 tanks
t~SS SP-07
ASI~E B16.3
Cast-iron
Cast-iron
threaded
threaded
Ductile-iron
Ductile-iron
fittings
fatings,
NPS 3 t:ifLi NPS 24 for
Pl pe fl anges and flanged
fittlngS
01 ugS,
gas
ASHE B16.4
ANSI B16.12
ANSI ALl.14
Ast~E B16,42
with
ANSI B16.14
ASI,IE B16.15
ANSI B16,18
ANSI B16.24
Lined
Vessels
ASI~E B16.32
Ca 1 i brat i on
ANSI B16.43
for
Face-to~face
and end-to-end
dlf71enS 1 ons of ferrous
plug
valves,
classes 125 thru 2500 (gate. globe,
Valves
Low Pressure
Vessel s
t~SS SP-43
threaded
ASt~E B16.26
ASt~E B16.11
fISS-SP- 83
iron
Genera 1
Baller
and Pressure
"Pressure
vessels"
Malleable
Speclflcation
Pl ast i cs
Pressure
Vessels
'elding fittings
Wrought stalhless
steel butt ....
i nc 1udi ng reference
to other corros i on res is tant
materials'
Ferrous
PlPe
plpe threads
Copper
ASNE B16.9
ASm
02468
ASTH 02467
Vent i ng and
Flame
Arresters
Steel
Fln:stnng
Safety
Flanged
Cant ro 1
va 1ves
I"jlI.5.5
liJ~-
ASME MH5. 1. 3
API 128
API 120
API l2F
API 620
API 650
ANSI 896.1
UL 142
UL 80
UL 58
AWWAD103-60
AWWAD100-79
finish
of metal
for chemical
NACE RP-Ol
Venting
atmospheric
tanks
(refrigerated
Flame arresters
for
petroleum
products
Flame arresters
for
tanks
for petroleum
ASTH D1406
of
ASTH 01410
of
ASTM 01408
of
ASTI~ 01220
and low-pressure
storage
and nonrefrigerated)
vents
of tanks
storing
API 2000
API 2210
use on vents
of storage
oil and gaSollrle
UL 525
Pipe
f1 anges
and
fl anged
fittings
ANSI 816.5
ori fi ce flanges
ANSI B16.36
Large diameter
carbon-steel
fl anges iNPS 26-60,
cl ass 75, 150. 300. 400, 600 and 900
pipeline
flanges
Steel
High-pressure
chemical
industry
fl anges and
threaded
stubs for use v.'i th lens gaSkets
Steel fl anges for waterworks
servi ce. NPS 4
tnru NPS 144
t'lSS SP-67
AW\'IAC504
API 609
Rel ief
Flanges
API 60
AG.A Z21.70
8utterfl
y valves
Rubber seated bu: :erfl y va I ves
lug-type
ana ...'afer-type
But terfl y valves.
and surface
to be lined
Steel
Ductile
valves-flanged
VII I,
ASHE 816.34
AWWAC509
Ba 11
Ball
for
Ba 11
section
ASME COde
Design,
fabrication
tanks
and vessels
service
ANSI B1 6.33
API 603
API 604
NPS 2
Code,
ANSI B16.10
venturi
gale valves.
nanged
Steel
and buttweldl ng ends
fl anged and Dutt-welding
Steel
gate valves.
ends
gc'le va 1 VS
Compact steel
carros i on - res: s:'c nt n anged end
Cl ass 150 cast.
qat.e va 1 yes
gate valves.
flanged
er,ds
Ductile-iron
NPS 3 trlru NPS 40, for water and
Gate valves,
sewage SYStems
Res 11 i ent sea tej ;ote va. Ives. ~'~PS3 thru NPS 12.
,o ge sys:.ems
for water and se .....
;orks service,
Swi ng check va 1 ves for \<,'ater .....
thru NPS 24
Wafer cfleck va 1yes
SWi ng check
Cast-lron
va~ves. il anged and
threaded
ends
Vessel
API 597
API 600
API 602
Cast-lron
Flanges
AWWAC500
Iron
Ductile
iron fl anges
ci a.ss 150 and 300
Flnishes
for contact
and connecting-end
fittings
and
fl anged
API 605
I~SS SP-44
HSS SP-65
AWWAC207 - 7 8
ASI'IE B16. 1
and
HSS SP-51
f;~tlngs,
ASI~E B16.~2
faces
of P1Pe flanges
fl anges of va 1yes and
MSS SP-C
AW\;A C508
API 594
t'lSS SP-71
API 608
General
MSS SP-72
AWWAC507
ASI,IE PTC25.3
API 526
ISA RP75.06
ISA S75.03
ISA S75.04
I SA S75. i 4
Unified
inch
Pipe threads,
screw threads
(UN & UNR thread
genera 1 purpose
(i nch)
Nomenc 1ature.
screw threads
definitions
and
letter
symbols
form)
ANSI B1.1
ANSI/
ASHE Bl. 20.1
for
ASME 81.
Drysea 1 Pipe
Threads
Drysea 1 pi pe threads
Drysea 1 pi pe threads
ANSI Bl.20. 3)
Hose Threads
Hose coupl i ng
havi ng nomi na
5/8,
3/4,
1,
and 4 inches
screw threads
for a 11 connect ions
1 hose (inside)
diameters
of 1/2.
1 1/4,
1 1/2. 2. 2 1/2. 3, 3 1/2
(except
flre
hose)
Screw threads
connections
and gaSkets
( inch)
i metrl c translation
for
fire
ANSJ B1,20.3
of
ANSI B1,20.4
(TABLES
hose
NFPA 1963-85
17.3-7.1 2
\~-----
Shell-andTube
Exchangers
Tubu 1M
heat
serVlce
exchangers
in
serVlces
- tube
exchangers
for
iate alloy
tubes
serv '1 ce
Hed ters
Closed
of
ai r-cooled
feedwater
660
ASTM A179/M
A 199/M
ferrit
ic and austensuperhea ter
and hea tASTM A213/M
nickel
and nickel
exchanger
tubes
for
heat
genera
ASm
1 refi
B163
nery
_API 661
AP I 632
exchangers
heaters
A91E PTC12. 1
ASME PTC4. 3
ARI 470-80
I,.a ter
Desuperheater
B78.1
nery
Asm
1 refi
for
seamless
cold-drawn
low-carbon
exchanger
and condenser
tubes
for seamless
cold-drawn
intermedsteel heat exchanger
and condenser
Specl ficdt
Ion for
seamless
Hic
al ]Oy steel
boi ler.
exchanger
tubes
Specification
for
seamless
alloy
condenser
and heat
Exchangers
genera
API
SpeciflcatlOn
stee]
heat
Specification
A1 r
process
chemical
ANSI
She II-and
hea ters
)
)
)
Genera 1
)
)
Centr I fuga I
Pumps
)
)
)
)
)
Pas I t i ve
DISplacement
Compr-essors,
exnaus ters
and ejectors
SpeciflcatlOn
for
pumping
unHs
Pas it 1 ve a 1sp I acement
pumps -- reciprocating
Pas Hive
d i sp 1acement
pumps -- contrOlled
burn i ng app 11 ances
Pumps for all
Centri
fuga]
pumps
for hor i zoo. ta I end suct i on
Speclficatlons
pumps for chemical
centn
fuguel
process
SpeciflcdtlOns
for vertlcal
in-line
centrifugUd]
pumps for chem i ca I proces,;;
Centrl fuga 1 pumps for genera 1 refinery
service
Displacement
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
I)
I )
I)
)
Dumps (performance
test
Safety
stanaara
lndustrles
[nsta.llatlcn
Ceo.tn
fuga I
servlces
Ejectors
for
compressors
of blowers
compressors
and
for
exhausters
- performance
for
and exhaust
test
genera
API
API
API
UL
11E
674
675
343
ASt~E PTC8. 2
AS~IE B73. 1~1
AS~IE 873. 2M
APi 610
code)
Compressors
volume
AS~IE PTC7.1
AS,'IE PTCI
AS/IE PTC9
process
AS/-IE 819.3
NFPA 91
SYStems
1 refinery
performance
code
test
code
API 617
AS,iE PTC10
ASHE PTC24
ABS
AGA
AISI
ANSI
API
ASTM
AWS
AWWA
(1)
Air
(2)
Absolute
Absolute
American Gas Association
American Iron and Steel Institute
American National Standards Instit ute
American Petroleum Institute
American Society for Testing and Materials
American Welding Society
American Waterworks Association
B
BBL
BC
BLE
BLK
BLVD
BOP
BS
BTU
BW
CEI\jT
CFM
CHU
CI
CI~
Cr
CS
CSO
CTR
CU
Barrel
Bolt circle
Beveled large end
Black
Beveled
Bottom [of outside]
pipe support location
British Standard
British thermal unit
(1 )
Butt weld
(2)
Butt welded
E
ECN
EFW
ELL
ERW
F
F
F&D
FAHR
FBW
FCN
FD&SF
FE
FF
(1)
Centigrade, or Celsius
(2)
Condensate
Centigrade
Cubic feet per minute
Centigrade heat unit
Cast iron
Centimeter
Chromium
(1)
Carbon steel
(2)
Cold spring
Car-sealed closed. Denotes a valve to be
locked in the closed position under all
circumstances other than repair to adjacent piping
Car-sealed open. See CSC
Center
Cubic
FLG
FLGD
FOB
FRP
FS
FW
G
G
GAL
GALV
GPH
GPM
DO
DRG
DWG
Degree
Diameter
Deutsche Industrie Norm [German standard)
Drawing office
Drawing. [Not preferred]
Drawing
Fahrenheit
Faced and drilled
Fahrenheit
F urnace-butt-welded
Field change number
Faced, drilled and spot-faced
Flanged end
(1)
Flat face(d)
(2)
Full face [of gasket]
(3)
Flange face [dimensioning]
Flange
Flanged
(1)
Flat on bottom. [Indicates orientation of eccentric reducer)
(2)
Freight on board. [I nd icates location of supply of vendor's freight at the
stated price)
(3)
Free on board. [Indicates location
of supply of vendor's freight]
Flat on top. [I ndicates orientation
of
eccentric reducer)
[Glass-] fiber reinforced pipe
Forged steel
Field weld
(1)
Gas
(2)
Grade
(3)
Gram
Gallon
Galvanized
Gallons per hour
Gallon per minute
D
DEG
DIA
DIN
East
Engineering change number
Electric-fusion-welded
Elbow
Electr ie-resistance-we Ided
HEX
Hg
HPT
HR
(1)
Horizontal
(2)
Hour
Hexagon(al)
Mercury
Hose-pipe thread
Hour
I
IE
Invert elevation
[141 )
IMP
IPS
IS
ISO
IS&Y
(1)
Inside diameter
12}
Internal diameter
I mperial. [British unit]
Iron pipe size
Inside screw. [Of valve stem]
Isometric drawing
Inside screw and yoke
K
K
kg
L
L
LB,Lb
LT
LR
Liquid
Pound weight
Light-wall [of Pipe]
Long radius. [Of Elbow)
M
M
MACH
MATL
MAWP
MAX
MCC
M/C
MFR
MI
MIN
Mo
MSS
(1)
(2)
Meter
Meqa, times one million, 1000000.
[O~ old drawings, xl 000)
Machined
Material
Maximum allowable working pressure
Maximum
Motor control center
Machine
Manufacturer
IVlalleable iron
(1)
Minimum
(2)
Minute. [Of tinle]
Millimeter
Molybdenum
I/!anufacturers'
Standardization
Society
of the Valve and Fittings Industry
N
N
NC
NEMA
Ni
NIC
NO
NPSC
NPSF
NPSH
NPSI
NPSL
NPSM
North
Normally closed
National Electrical Manufacturers' Assn.
Nickel
Not in contract
Normally open
2.5.5
2.5.5
(1 )
Net positive sucti on head. [3.2.1 ]
(2)
2.5.5
2.5.5
2.5.5
2.5.5
TABLES
7.13-1.14
NPT
NPTF
NRS
2.5.5
Non-rising stem. [Of valve]
a
o
00
OS
OS&Y
Oil
Outside diameter
Outside screw. [Valve stem]
Outside screw and yoke. [Valve stem]
P
P&ID
PBE
PE
PFI
POE
PS
PSI
PSIA
PSIG
SAE
SCH
SCRD
SF
SKT
SMLS
Si
SO
SP
SR
SST
ST
STM
STD
STR
SW
SWG
SWG I
NIPP \
SWP
R
RED
RF
RJ
RPM
RS
Reducing
Raised face
Ring joint
Revolutions per minute
Rising stem. [Of valve]
S
S
(1)
(2)
ABBREVIATION
South
Steam
CHEMICAL NAME
T&C
TEMA
TGT
TOE
TOS
TPI
TSE
TYP
Society of Automotive
Engineers
Schedule. [Of pipe]
Screwed
Spot-faced
Socket
Seamless
Silicon
Slip-on
(1)
Sample point
(2)
Standard practice. [MSS term]
Short radius. [Of elbow]
Stainless steel
Steam trap
Steam
Standard
Straight
Socket welding
Swage
(1)
Temperature
(2)
Trap
Threaded and coupled. [Pipe]
Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers' Assn.
Tangent
Threaded one end. [Nipple or Swage]
Top of support
Th reads per inch
Threaded small end
Typical. [Used to avoid redrawing similar
arrangements]
Drugs
Concrete
B
BAP
BHA
BHC
BHT
BOV
BzH
BzOH
Fuel
Food
General
Food
General
General
General
C
CO
COV
CO2
Carbon monoxide
95-96% sulfuric acid
('concentrated oil of vitreol')
Carbon dioxide
WGT
WLD
WN
WOG
WP
Swaged nipple
AREA OF USE
2.6.3
2.6.3
2.6.3
(1)
(2)
A
ADA
AEA
ANW
Ui\IC
UNF
UNS
WT
X
XH
XS
XXS
Vertical
Vanadium
(1)
West
(2)
Water
Weight
Weld(ed)
Welding neck
Water, oil and gas
(1)
Workpoint or reference point
(2)
Markings with this prefi x designate
certain steels and are used on pipe,
fittings and plate. Example: 'WPB'
marked on forged fittings denotes
A 181 grade 2. Refer to ASME SA
234, tables 1 and 2.
Weight
OTHER
Cl
Centerline
(j)
Diameter
D
DAP
DCO
DMC
DMF
DMU
DNA
DNM
DNP
DNT
DOP
DOV
DSP
DTBP
DVB
DPG
DOPA
General
General
EA
EDTA
[142]
Diammonium phosphate
Dehyd ra ted castor oi I
Dimethylammonium
dimethyl
carbamate
Dimethyl formam ide
Dimethylurea
Dinonyladipate
Dinonyl maleate
Dinonyl phthalate
Dinitrotoluene
Dioctyl phthalate
96% sulfuric acid
('distilled oil of vitreol')
Disodium phosphate
Ditertiary-butyl
peroxide
Divinyl benzene
Diphenyl guanidine
3 ,4-d ihyd roxyphenylan iline
Ethylidene aniline
Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic
Agriculture
Paint
Refining
Plastics
Plastics
Plastics
Explosives
Plastics
General
General
Plastics
Plastics
Rubber
Rubber
acid
Rubber
Food
ABBREVIATION
MEANING
AREA OF USE
OMPA
ONB
OPE
02
03
Octamethyl pyrophosphoramide
o-nitrobiphenyl
Octylphenoxyethanol
Oxygen
Ozone
Agriculture
Plastics
Refining
General
p-aminosalicylic acid
Polybutene
Phenyl beta-naphthylamine
podich lorobenz ene
Penta-erythritol
Penta-erythritol
tetran it rate
Po Iytetrafl uorethy lene
Polyvinyl alcohol
Polyvinyl acetate
Polyvinyl butyrol
Polyvinyl chloride
Polyvinyl methyl-ether
Drugs
Plastics
Rubber
Agriculture
Sulfuric
General
F
FA
FGAN
FPA
FREON
Furfuryl alcohol
Ammonium nitrate
Fluorophosphoric
acid
One of a large number of chloro- or
fluoro- substituted hydrocarbons
General
Agriculture
Plating
Agriculture
P
PAS
PB
PBNA
PDB
PE
PETN
PTFE
PVA or PVAL
PVAc
PVB
PVC
PVM
Refrigeration,
General
H
HCN
HET
HMDT
HMT
HNM
HTP
H2O
Explosives
Rocketry,
General
R
RNV
acid ('refined
oil of vitreol')
I
IMS
IPA
IPC
IPS
General
Liquid oxygen
Lauryl pyridinium chloride
Liquefied petroleum gases, mainly
butane and propane
Rocketry
Soaps
Fuel
MBMC
MEK
Monotertiary
butyl-methyl-cresol
Methyl-ethyl-ketone
General
Paint,
General
MEP
MIBC
MIBK
MNA
MNPT
MNT
MSG
S
S
SAP
SDA
S02
General
Sulfur
Sodium acid pyrophosphate
Specially denatured alcohol
Sulfur dioxide
L
LOX
LPC
LPG
Explosives
Plastics
General
General
General
Explosives
Food
TCA
TCE
TCP
TEG
TEL
TEP
TFA
TNA
TNB
TNG
TNM
TNT
TNX
TOF
TPG
TSP
Triethylene glycol
Tetraethyl lead
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate
Tetrahydrofurfuryl
alcohol
Trinitroaniline
Trinitrobenzene
Trinitroglyceri ne
Trinitromethane
Trinitrotoluene
Trinitroxylene
Trioctyl phosphate
Triphenyl guanidine
Trisodium o-phosphate
Tetrasodium phosphate
Agriculture
Dry cleaning
Fuel,
Plastics
Refining
Fuel
.Agr icu Itu re
Explosives
Explosives
Explosives
Explosives
Explosives
Plastics
Rubber
N
NBA
NBS
NCA
NCS
NH powder
N2
n-bromacetamide
n-bromosuccinamide
n-chloracetamide
n-chlorosuccinamide
Explosive pmvder
Nitrogen
V
VA
Vinyl acetate
Z
ZMA
[143J
Timber
INDEX/GLOSSARY
Butt-welding.
solid
BATfEn:Y
LIMIT.
ings
to
Also
used
,C,rbitr-ary
define
to
define
responsibility
BEelT.
line
an-plot
and
are3S.
of
fittirg5
are
beve2.~d
m::!~ii'g welded
j:::ii't.5
metter
and butt-1.i1eldillCj
2.1)
char:
(S22
tc
a'::',:
,CtrI13::::::F.
2.-
~~:'.
":_ :'re
;i...;:r']'
r'di.'"'LJ:.
6L:::'E:J RI:'-JC.
__
SU::.ED
figurs
3.';
.1j.
9LENOE.R. 3.3.2.
2.60.
figu'IS
:: ~ 'j
'.J.Ir-:(~;:,::,
P;:.;i~_L;J["1
i:::.' ~ .'
>="la:'lge withoL:t
pl:':'
cll1sure
of
similarly
BLDCK
flanged
VAUIE.
BLOlliDDWN
ar::rangement
jesi,:;ned
or
Bur i~d
;Jrctested
lcicl.
far::
eL~r:t::'c
3':.
- see
Dipi~;.
if
the:.;:; is
6,ACKCHECK.
8ACKINC
access
removi,~g
m3teri31
'Jci1.'2r,
::"g. cnar:
Ulill
is
2.1
,'1o::;~,.Jo.J~ej
"1at::.,'':::
fr'JG
t::.!l;':j,
etc.
3. ~.S
BALl..V,I'IUJE.
Check
va"-..i2.
BALL VALVE.
Rotary.
BAR. Traditional
'METRIC!
equa':"
belolJ
water
or
other
connecting
'",ihLen is
leg
occur
process
:::
,~
8RE,~THER 'JgLIJE.
3.1.11
STA~jOAROS
le'Je~
seJ
!bararnetr'::::
inserted
from
are
:Q
.s~CJLJi.::g
must be at least
Ule
pipe
lower
end
of
When the
prcceS3
pr~ssure
]"- ~- in hei~ht
; ,']ure 2.55
If\JSTITUTIOi'J.
piping.
6.15.
CODES.
Dimensioning.
table
disc.
Valved
length
partial
valve
5.6
':'['1t
'.:Ji~':'
::'....:i.,je
c::ntr:J~s
'..unich
&.
52::'Jice
C:r:l...:::q.
f2..';'.Jres
E.1.4.
~n'l
shee':-
COr"',tinuec
t.h:',-, E.i
5.6
1,
5.7
fi.;'..;r~ ].4
3.101C.
::'':'::uid
flJI
ter::TI is
used
in
or ga'3 :::ar:ied
:,-.,.'2
8y P:;'::F,';
He.:;: exchan-;Jer
5.2
:;[,:>:e33
flow,
assembly,
thru
5.11
3.1.11
or e::;''':':':Jme;,:
:l.,,;;.
3.1.
cnart
f':'; 2.~
2.i.
5.3.1
fer
cL=aning::JL:t
~:'r:e
ch2r-:-~
r:>.e:al
CL2
For
2.20
f iJ;)ure
Model.
piping
arranged
that
around
equipment,
for
allows
examples
etc.
See
galvanic
AL~c;wMJ[E
,=x:~ss
Trlre3ded.
2.4.4
2.7.
pipe,
table
5cc~2t-welci~g.
in
the
smaller
sizes
for
and
pressure
pressure
5.1.1.
piping.
vessel
figure
7.5.1
code.
.s. 4
a non-standard
istillation.
flange
See
aiso
a':':,
or
;Jr~32i',t
'Jf
t;-,ic:kne:::;:::
c2.tc;,.jl2.:ed
f,::n:
2.5.1,
2.5.3.
2.37, 2.49
2.5.3. figure
2.49
RE'JUCER-. 2.5.1.
figure 2.38
FULL-. 2.6..1. figure 2.21
HALF-. 2.4.3.
figure
2.31
REDUCER. 2.6..1.
figure 2.22
3reakable
may es=ape
from
or
3.1.5.
DIKE
on a item
6.5.2.
a flan~ing
to mate
of
Non-metallic
panel
a hazard
thru
which
in
pers-
a building
CR:SS
1.1
A flange,
custom-fabricatec
DISC.
is
2 .3.2. figure
2.17
Th:-eaded. 2.5.2. figure 2.48
Sc=i"2t-wel'~':'''g. 2.4.2. figure 2.30
C~'I=GEf'JIC . se:=ers to very
low temoeratures
ar'c equipIT,e'-,:
used at theSE temperatures.
Te:""': usual:'! applies
to -20CF and colder
CY':'_'JNE.3.~.3. table 3.8
6.5.2
COMMERCIAL PIPING.
the
that
S'..::'t-weld:::'r;.
6.2
ANSI A1J.l
CGLUM~j, F ractionation/O
COf1lPOSITION
SccKet-welci.'lg.
onnel
4.4.12
arrangement,
tii'i12 af
.:JF water
. Addit':"cnal
of
t:c,:;
its
HALF -.
Tr:eaded.
5ccket-we'::':':ng.
2.6
2.1.4
val'J8
Code
COMPC:I'-JION FLP.NGE.
acticn
FULL-.
CR,Q,S~PAi\lEL.
COLUMN PIPING.
fluid,
concent:-3tion,
pr2sel1ce
,~ade.
figL1res
7.5.
CONTAnJMENT.
and
conveyed
;::::s'3ible
~!\JG
"readed.
table 3.8
the
are
de:e:ic:;-'
='J'..:PI_
2.3.3
plug
COLD SPRING.
fi.:tinq3
i.Jill
st:,=:~gth
6.1.3
Temporary.
Piping.
in
;:;ipe and
co:-r.:::::;':'on
2.5.4
.w,SiY:EBoiler
2.5.1.
~f
ai,C IlJr,etr,:,:
CCr:RCSTJN
t3cle6.1.
,_,-'ich
te:-:-lCeratuz-2
ex:;csure,
6. i.1.
A~JSI 8Jl.
2.3
of
F:'...:i.d
C::JC:~:JI~JATC:.
':'2~5 fr-ct'
COLOR COOI~IG
3.1.6
figures
5 :::
i.lJhi.':::h
vessel
COCi'<. Sir-ple
JOINTS.
IJalve,
'Jendor'
1.1
of the
leg
and
fram
5.2.8.
is
;:l..~'=J. TMls
FlU]!:'; = dJ.c',,:.l::-:g
CiJATPJGS.
::: Rupture
Final
di:::2:lS.l.C'S
2.3.2
0 IKE
BYPASS VALVE.
can
IJD,,-<:'.
C:J\'Jt:.YED
CHILL
CLOSURES.
to
BUTTERFLY VALVE.
or
C""3:-t
:i.:,-; mate':"iaL
n-,readed.
7.3
8.15.3
full
fQ~::;S;-.J2:er
<'.1.1.2
2.42
BYPASS.
liquid,
Z::;::J (absolute).
2.5.4.
by
i;.....
f'.J:'mation
GRAF::JI(:,;:"j.
8Lit:-'...reldir",,).
re13tion
figure
:'~ J.-Ihich
C.....
,I::F
C:....']SURES. Pe:-c;-Jaf12nt.
5.10
achieved
~ se2.1 Dot.
:"" the
M~7
reqi,Jires
a ve:tical
a lo~-~::::ssure
approaches
table
takes
continuously
be
cOfltinuQusly.
8ARSTOCK PLUG.
be
':0
2.2:;;',
i:-
II.
'-jages
'C;:'JC2SS
;:'':':Ji.ng Drawings'.
;~2 degreee
CL.~';Ph:'JCC..
5.S.2
BURIED PIPE.
See
whi.ch
pressure
'::,,:'3 "71ay
dI'2.2..~
In
ze:.:::
the
prss:3'.Jre
5e2
"_i.,-,es or.
C::;T:;,OL S:,;-;='JN.
gr']"-".d
r-': at::;os;:;heric
, en
elf
C3IJ:rec,
or
C>=~'lT1>,jUAT==~: SHE::T.
C:J.';",:,:;iJL
Socket-welding.
LAYOUT.
8U~JO. See
pressure
'1 atmosphere.
Pa:,t
Ooerat.ion'
'3o;""!net'. J. 1.2
See
figure
figures
of
::-'JC2SS
liq'",;-=-:
it.
t:le
and seal
draining
uni":.
atmosp,.-'e:-::
from
a
If
'ColL::<ln
BULLHEAD TEE.
introdL;c:,:,:,--:,
LEG.
place
dr3ined
:3. i .?
2.;.6
met:':':
approximately
BAROMETRIC
BP,EECHLOCK.
BUILDINGS.
t-:::""'
=~t:-=~ .jP,,-",,;E.':.~.7
>-.:><:::::--. 4. '1.2, 5 .'i. 1
or
See
BUILDING
Vi\L'.JE.
i,""13 desk
::;
CO[L"'Jsior'
and
Ar
f::'.:;m
BRU~I!NG 4.4.11
2.1.
6.11.4
etc.
C:!nc foceigii
BREAKING LHJES.
BRITISH
BALL FLOAf
termed
made
only
5.4.2
RING
figure
we~d
:3 C']:-1:':'C:1-.:rJus
a !".:'_-::-~'.?~c. ~'T~si::;le
3L'!3nger:enc
of.
bL..::-i.2':
6.3.1
::: Centi;Jr3,je.
r.:f eqUipr;-Ei:
0:;:,,::,,'1;;
8CNf,JET. 3.1.2
U-,r, b,Jck of
CC.\150LE.
.l1cL:nted
::2
cy~':'ncers
voltages
CLf:.,:'.i"i:]I~T.ArrJn;2~er:t
at
C3n
5y--:2ol.
CI'L!E .. PIPFJ::.
BA[)'( W::L.:J. In
5.9.1,6.10.2
sep3Ll:S
by '..uirirg
i:3o.l.van':':
pi-oe.
P':":;,L,..,,;
scale
90TFW1S.
oi;:e
an-::Jd2S (usL.;ally
the
to
basl:-"
c~r:-:Jsic;n
rID",
C::LSIUS
~3ted
flanges
Dr2i.ning
LL'-lES.
CC)jCEI\J5ATE.
II
:: disC:':3r,~e:
J,
SYSTEi'f).
ooiler5,
of
CJi;:PRE5SED~I~
st:eam
PReTEC JI.Jj\J.
':~'J::'T;~IQ~l.
for
3.1.11
vessel,
blowing
2.51.
used
va..!.ves
3.1.11
8LOWDC:!.L1~1SYSTEM.
SLDWCC;:
tyses
Part
V.Cl.LJE.
process,
DP~'iing,
ter::TT:i"atiors.
other
Oa~a',
by their
currents
:l.::;urs
cer,tr~l
to
'F lange
Rec:epta.::le
[.:'1L--;COIe
r:',e:::ns cf
2.EC
3.7
t3~le
8LIi\i:::::
f"L,(i.':'::E.2.7.1,2.7.2.
;:; L C 1. r;:J
determ"inec
;-.,a\,.''::':-:g
5.7
Ch2!"t.
globe
:3.2.2
6.:3.2
::i~ing.
2.36
alloys
5.6.'!
2.7.1.
VALUE.
figur::
CATCHf~~,"H. Reservoir
:,:-,,--'c) to
5::-e
C:~P:tESSCF:.
iror:-based
chiefly
'...;sed in
2.20
2.56
2.4.4.
are
frem a waste
:33o,:=i;:'
5188.3.1.11
ALL:]','':;. F'JI' p~ce.
Scck2t-welding.
CPJ:;;eON STEELS
C.~TCri8P.5I~J.
2 .3.1
pipe
figure
figure
carbon content
ar-ea
5.12
6.1.2
2.5.4.
properties
cantractual
an:Jn-pllJt
figure
BUrT -UJEL..DING.
or. dra;;J-
shQl.Jn
off-plot
liinits
\jithin
8DJCHMARX. 5.3.1
BE\JOS,
2.3.3.
Threaded.
metal
t.0i~~
equi:::r:-e:-;t
disc
Cor
compreseor.
HycralJlic.
2.12.2
3.2.2
DASHPOT.Piston-type
device used for damping
mechanical mOVEment
DATUM.See 'Verticel
Reference',
5.3.1
DAVIT. 6.5.2.
figure
6.27
DAYTANK. Term used for storage
tank, holding
limited supply of fuel, etc.
DEADWEIGHTING.lYiethod of measuring pressu:re
of fluid in a line. Device having a platform
on which weights can be placed, temporarily
fit ted to vertical
valved branch; weights
balance line pressure.
Used for .calibration
OEAD~"IAr~.
Anchor perr;;anently set into ground
for erection
purposes.
Used for securing
cables
DEAERATOR.3.3.3.
table 3.8
DEFLECTIDNOF PIPE. 6.2.6.
See 'SPAN5. For
Pipes',
Part II
DEFO.l\MER.3.3.3.
table 3.8
DEMINERl\LIZEDWATER. Water with all forms of
hardness (dissol ved minerals) removed
DESICCANT.A drying agent, such as concen,:"
trated sulfuric
acid or silica
gel
DESICCATOR.Equipment for removing water or
other liquid from a process material by
applying vacuum, heat, or by chemical means
OESUPERHEATER.
Device for reducing superheat
in steam, usually by adding water to the
steam
DET~.IL. See Elevations
(Sections)
Details',
5.2.8
DElL/POINT.
Temperature at which a vapor forms
liquid (I dew') on cooling
DRYSEAL. 2.5.5
DUMMY
LEG. 2.12.2.
DYELINE. 4.4.11
figure
2.72A.
table
6.3
EDUCTOR.3.3.2.
table 3.7
EFFLUENT. 6.13
ELBOLET
Butt-welding.
2.3.2.
figure
2.14
Threaded.
2.5.3.
figure 2.51
Socket-welding.
2.4.3.
figure
2.33
EL80W = Ell
Butt-welding.
2.3.1.
figure 2.2
~,Hered.
2.3.1.
figure 2.S. table M-2
Threaded.
2.5.1.
figure 2.44
50cket-welding.
2.4.1.
figure
2.26
ELEVATIDN5
Dimensions.
S.3.2.
table 5.2
Views. 5.2.6.
See 'Elevations
(Sections)
&
Details',
5.2 ..8
ELL. See ELBOW
EJECTOR. A type of pump in which a partial
vacuum is created by passing steam or other
fluid under pressure thru a neck or venturi
with a branch at the narrowest part. Suction is created in the branch
EQUIPMENT
Identifying
on flow diagram. 5.2.3
Identifying
on P&ID. 5.2.4
List. 4.2.2
EOUIPMENTARRArJGEMENT
DRAWING.5.2.7
EDUIP[YJ(NTINDEX. 4.2.2
ERASING. 4.4.4
EVAPORATOR.3.3.3.
table 3.B
C:XPANDER
FLANGE. 2.3.1.
figure 2.9
EXPANSION.Thermal movement. 6.1.1
Of steel.
chart 5.1
Loop. figure 6.1
EXPANSIONJDINT. 2.9.1.
figures
2.53 thru
2.66
EXTRAHEAVY.Traditional
term used for Class
250 cast-iron
fittings
EXTRASTRONG.Manufacturers'
designation
for
wall thickness
of pipe and fittings.
2.1.3
E.XTRUDED
NOZZLE.Hot-formed outlet made in
pipe or vessel by pulling sr,aped dies thru
a hold made in the wall
FIREF IGHTING:
Station.
6.1.2
FIREWATER. Independent
suppl y
for
firefighting
FIRST -AID STATION. Location.
6.1.2
FITTING MAKEUP.S.3.3
Dimensioning for. 5.3.5
FITTINGS. 2.2.4
Butt-welding.
2.3. chart 2.1
Ordering. 5.6.3
Threaded.
2.5. chart 2.3
Socket-welding .. 2.4. chart 2.2
FLAG. To identify,
or to draw attention
to,
an i tern on a drawing by means of a symbol,
note, panel or other mcrk
FLAMEARRESiOR.A device to prevent a flame
front from moving upstream in a line or
vessel.
For small lines,
may consist of a
wire screen. For larger lines,
arrangements
of multiple parallel
plates or t'.Joes are
used. Principally
used on vent lines from
tanks. Symbol. chart 5.7
FLAMlYIABLE
LIOUID. Safety guidelines.
6.14
FLANGE. 2.2.3,
2.3.1.
figures
2.6 thru 2.10.
Bolt and studbolt
for. 2.6.3.
figure 2.57.
tables F
Bolt hole. 2.6.2. tables F
Expander. 2.3.1.
figure 2.9
Facing .. 2.6.1.
figure 2.56
Gasket. 2.6.4.
figure 2.56. table 2.5
Lap joint.
2.3.1. figure 2.10. tables F
Pressure/Temperature
ratings.
table F-9
Reducing. 2.3.1. figure 2.8
Threaded. 2.5.!.
figure 2.1.l5.. tables F
Slip-on.
2.3.1.
figure 2.7. tables F
Socket-welding.
2.4.1. figure 2.27. tables
Welding-rleck. 2.3.1. figure 2.6. tables F
FLAP VALVE. 3.'.'"
FLARESTACK.A stack located away from the
processing
area, to which relief
headers may
be run for burning waste hydrocarbons or
other flammable vapors. 6.11.3
FLASH STEW:. 5.9.1
FLASHING
Steam.6.1C.8
Building construction.
piece of metal or
other mate:-ial lJsed to cover or ~rotect
certain
jcir:ts from the \.:leather, such as
where a chimney joins a roof
FLASHPOINTof flammable liquid.
Tempe:rature
at which tne amount of vapor gi VET) eff is
sufficient
to form an ignitable
mixture with
air. Higrlly flammable liquids have low
flashpoints
FLAT Fl\CE. Flange.
2.8.1
FLEXIBILITY. figure 6.1
FLEXI8LE PIPING. 2.9.2
Expansion joint.
2.9.1
FLOTATION TANK. table 3.8
FLOORSTAND.See 'Stem', 3~1.2
FLOWDIAGRAM.5.2.3
FLOWLINE
On flow diagram. 5.2.3
On P&ID. 5.2.4
FLUIO~ Any material capable of flowing. In
the Guide, term is used to denote either a
liquid or a gas. Powders may alsG be
considered fluids
FLUSrl-BOTTOM
TANK VALVE.
Piping
3.1.9
enters
ma ter ial
HIGH POINT
tha t
erence!,
FOREIGN PRINT.
in another
of
group,
a drawing
Piping.
deoartment
The
lowest
See
depth
in
the
ground
in
the
COUPLING
form
by
The
of
a vertical
coating
electroolating
GASKET.
2.5.4.
glas5
tube
of
metal
with
zinc
or hot-dipping
table
Dimensioning.
2.5
See 'Dimensioning
to Joints'
5.3.3
GATEVALJE.
GIRT.
3.1.4
~ tlorizontal
whi::h
the
member
panels
of
forming
the
a building
sides
to
of
the
2.1.4
Supporting.
6.2.7
,5.3.1
GRAOEBEAM.8eam which is used to support a
floor a t ground level
CROUf'JO
JOINT. F ins finish on two metal surfaces Forming Face-to-face
leak-tight
joint
GRADE.
See
'Ver~ic31
GROUP LEADEP.
4.1.
2.12.2,
B.2.B.
figure
6.8.2
HANORAIL.
See
figure
2.4.3.
figure
2.3i
HYDRAULIC
ACCUf11ULC,
TOR. Stores liquid under
pressure.
Typically
a device consisting
of a
cylinder
and pistc:-l whic'"l is actuated by a
weight, spring, cr C2G;:n:'8ssed gas. On the
opposite side of the piston,
the driven
flui.d, such as wa:e: 0: oil, is stored
HYDRP,ULIC
OAMPE}J[::;. 2. i 2.2
Symbol. chart 5.28
HYDRAULIC
RESISTANC::of pipe and fittings.
6.1 .1. table ~-10
HYOROST
p, TIC TESTIi'-jG. 6.11.2
HYGIENICCONSTRUCTE:~.Pipe, valves,
pumps
and other equipme!tt used to handle foodstuffs
and drugs should be hygienically
constructed;
whic:"1r:'!e~:nsthat all surfaces
contacting
the mate!:'ial must be, smooth,
non-toxic and cor:osicn
proof. Plastics
and
rubbers should not if"'C2rporate (as fillers)
substances
that may cJr.taminate.
Materials
free from such ccrc3i"iinants may be referred
to as 'white' rubee:, etc.
6.3.1
HE.AD. Pressure.
3.2.1
Data sheet.
supply
6.6.1
INTERF ACE.
chart
5.1
See
chart
H-1
LINE
NUM8ER
figure
6.3
the bottomcf
buried pipe.
5.4.4
5.2.9
DRAWINGS.
11
J08
5.4.3
4.1.2
JUMPOVEP.
table
A-2
kelvin.
51 unit of temperatu:-e. Defined as
"the fraction
1/273.16
of the thermodynamic
temperature
of the triple
point of water.!1
[The triple
point of water is the solid,
liquid,
vapor phase, as ice begins to form
on cooling. ] Zero on the thermodynamic scale
is 273.15 kelvins below zero on the Celsius
scale. A kelvin is a temperature'
interval!.
or difference.
kelvin is not expressed in
degrees. One kelvin is equal to one degree'
Celsius.
Thus twenty degrees on the Celsius
I
is
293.1SK.
table
M-7
VP.LVE. 3.1.11
LAND on
beveled
A stream
LMHERN
RING.
end.
See
FLANGE.
Butt-welding.
of
chart
gas
poi,"ts
for
(10)
is
the internal
table 5.2
two
systems.
2.5.2.
LIST
OF MATERIEL.
surface
Threaded
of a
of
2.3.1.
figure
figure
figure
2.47
2.4.2.
figure
2.3.2.
2.5.3.
Socket~welding.
LEROY.
4.4.6
LETTERING.
4.2.2
5.6.1
HEATING MEDI.:.
in
6.9.2
LUG. Projecting
piece on a 'Jessel,
frame,
etc.,
by which it may be 'ield or lifted
or
used for an attachment
contein-
MAIN. A principal
sectici'
:J; pipe
supplying
service or process fillie:. :;:;"'1
a RING MAINthe
fluid is continuously
ci::'-.;lated
around a
closed loop of piping 3r-G ;,ay be drawn off
at any point. Useful fa: ,"";c:!cold lines,
or
for slurries
and other f:"',,;:,cs with suspended
solids that may separate
MAKEUP
WATER.Water is 10s': in many processes
and operations.
Water ir,ve,"'1tory is restored
by adding makeup water
MALLEABLE-IRDru.
A ductil.e cast iron produced
by controlled
annealing ,~: white cast iron
MAI~HOL::. table
In
column.
4.4.6
figure
figure
2.S2
2.4.3.
figure
6.1
6.5.2
2.10
2.1B
2.29
2,lS
2.34
WEIGHT.
2.1.
materials,
MILL.
Estimates'
taken
Symbol
char
quantities
for
from dI'3wings
t S. 2A
MITER.
2.3.1.
figure
MIXER.
3.3.2.
table
2.5
3.7
3.3.2
3.1.11
plant.
4.4.12
MONEL.Alloys consisting
.'7'.ainly of nickel and
copper, ~hich have goad resistance
to corrosion, abrasion and heat
MONUMENT. 5.3.1.
figure
MULTIPORT VALVE.
3.1.8
MYLAR FILM.
8utt-welding.
& (14)
the elevation
2.1.4
OF EOUIPMENT.
MODEL of
3.1.2
LATROLET
to
pipe.
LIST
MIXING VALVE.
2.1
'8onnet'.
2.3.2.
Threaded
5.2.4
S.2.S
S.2.9
LININGS
Socket-welding.
comriion
3.1.4
4.2.3,
6.8.2
FUNCTIONS.
scale
2.7.1,
SHEET.
5.2.9
Spool.
VALVE.
S.2.4
Iso.
2.59
LATERAL
8LIND
DESIGNATION
PUD.
figure
S.6
LINE
LAP-JOINT
3.2.2
2.7.1
chart
MIXING.
5.2.4
P&!O.
8LINO.
LINE
5.2.3
Boundary
ing drops of liquid is passed thru a knockout drum in order to slow down the flow and
allow the liquid to separate
and collect
Thermal
INTERCONNECTING
as a principal
2.1.
KNOCK-OUT ORUM/POT.
5.5
5.5.6.
INTERCOOLER.
figure
S.S,l.
Personnel protection.
6.8.1
Thickness.
6.8.1. tables 6.7 & 6.8
2.12.2
3.1.11
OF AMERICA.
S.3
lead.
items
3.
KNIFE-EDGE
5.2.4
INSULATION.
2.12.2
HARNESS PIPING.
HEAOER VALVE.
5.5.3
INSTRUMENT SOCIETY
table
other
5.16.
3.1.11
INSTRUMENT LOOP.
and
in stock
Symbol.
SIZE.
Numbering.
On P&lO.
hpnger.
hanger.
or treat-
pipe
ISO. International
Standards Organization.
See 'METRIC' - introduction,
Part II
ISO = Isometric.
5.2.6,
S.2.9.
figures
5.1S
Checking.
Signal
HANGER. 2.12.2
Spring
gas)
HOSE VALVE.
On P&ID.
2.49
RAILING
Constant-load
(or
3.3.4
INSTRUMENTA nON.
HALF~CDUPLING
Socket-welding.
liquid
rl.:!'::;er processing
Function.
5.5.2
Mounting. 5.5.4
On flow diagram.
2.5.3.
~nich
of
maintained
2.1.4
IRON PIPE
in
table 7.3
2.72A
IRON PIPE.
Coding.
Threaded.
Ref-
Reference'
'Vertical
6.10.4
See
A listing
of hardware
G,;.i\DE.
2.42
5.3.1
HOMOGENIZER.
3.8
to 32F (DC)
FULL-COUPLING.
FINISHEJ
figure
ment
table
6.S.2
which chills
INVENTORY.
2.5.1.
is held pending
or company
COLUMN. 3.3.3.
FROST LI~IE.
6.6
originating
to.
HEXAGON BUSHING.
4.4.1
5.12
a mass
per
of
1 kilogram
second,
NIDOLET.
per
Integral
Plain.
figure
2.5.3.
2.5.1.
Shaped.
stem
bine
pH.
See'
which
is
Stem',
Horizontal
Reference',
l,o,llocating
Type
does
'true
of
NOZZLE. A protruding
port
etc.
See
I.
and
Sheet',
Column.
which
of
piping
5.2.8.
See'
a vessel,
is
tank,
Piping
for
Supporting
pipe
at.
[JUG. Spacer
6.2.8
(protrusion)
on a backing
ring
or
insert.
i~UMBEROF LINE.
See
t~e
'Flow
Lines
on P&ID'st,
Sheets,
PINCH
VALVE.
AIDS.
to
tc
area
erea
outside
between
the
on~c:lot
on~plot
ereas.
See
plant
Refers
to
uni tor
than
one
en-plot
r.,anufacturing
Oh>SITE
out
the
on-site
crea
of
There
orea
si te.
::: In the
at
t.he
complex.
in
field.
Ule
same
site
6.2.
chart
tables
termed
specify.
Linings.
2.1.4
welded
tables
TfiP.
See
6.6
onto.
l~i;=il:g
tc
Flange
DRP,WHJG..
5.2.5
Stem1,
See
3.1.2
is
instrumentation
box
of
PACKLESS-VALVE. See
PAr~TO::;RAPH.
4.L!.8
PAPER.
in
PAPER
Used
is
the
held
in
the
3.1.2
4.4.
i. chart
S-6M
pressure
the
5.2
of
pressure.
The
p:::-oduced by a force
P-1
~-1
compound
used
foI'
Teflsn-based
specified
on the
making
compounds
unless
teflon
threads
2.12,
6.2
functions.
6.2.1
6.1.2.
support.
6.2.5
figure
figure
2.5.
PIPING
&.
chart
cha:::t
2.4.
2.1
2.3
chart
2.2
FACE (of
measuring
ture
for
(R)
from
valve.
higher
but
to
form
larger
REDUCER
to
reactio'ls
molecules,
as
relative
to
above
aperture
val ve
Normal
atmospheric
P,dding
14.7
usually
to
vacuum:
used
is
expressed
gage
the
The
is
gives
pres5ure
VESSEL.
See
'Bonnet',
3.1.2
is
effected
in
process
by
a physical
materiaL
PR8CESS
PIPING.
DROCESS
UATER. Water
which
or
(or
chemical
POINT.
that
is
added
to
the
4.1
made.
mein
vessel
RELIEF
HEADER.
RELIEF
VALVE.
figure
6.5.2
metal
for
ring
nozzles,
metal
for
. etc.
~emoved
reinAdded
from
wall
6.12.1.
figure
3.1.9,
PRESSURE.
Of
liquids.
2.7.1.
figure
REVAMP. To re-work
6.3
point
6.1.3
TO FLOW. In
2.3.1.
5.11
Operation',
vessel
compensates
RETURN.
on the
Shaped
stub-ins,
RESISTANCE
is
drawing
5.3
REMOVABLE SPOOL.
stream
0-6
if,aoe by the
reference
5.3.1.
chart
or
table
reference
written
2.11
RELIEVING
3.3
1.1
in
2.B
2.3.2.
drawing
REINFoRCEM::NT.
pipe
Equipment
best
'Column
metal
etc.
2.2
order.
REFLUXING. See
forcing
3.1.11
figu,e
figure
of
REINFORCING RING.
6.5.1
water,
is
Symbols.
3.1.10
Valve.
2.22
2.23
which
list
arrangement
REFERENCE
1 Ll.7
pressure
figure
figure
3.1.11
to
complete
numbers
or
2.3
2.38
2.3.1.
How to
groups
chemical
6.5.2
PSIG
figure
ELBOW. 2.3.1.
REDUCING FLANGE.
PSIA
termed
as
pressure
the
in
pound
Operation',
2.4.1.
REDUCING iEE.
ends
a cGi',trolled
2.6.1.
REGULATING VALVE.
abbreviated
atmospheric
p5ig.
of
Pressure
uni t normally
PSIA.
absolute
the
absQlute
absolute,
the
seat
GAGE.
tc
incn
the
2.2
figure
INSERT.
REDUCn,G
water
Rankine
M-?
occurs
2.3.1.
2.5.1.
REDUCER
to
sometimes
which
Socket-welding.
plastics
table
1Column
Butt-welding.
Threaded.
in
t. table
3.3.1
in
See
applied
F ahrenhei
process
3.2.2
tempera-
One degree
4.4.6
VESSEL.
REBOILER.
mecswres
zero.
Pen.
or
P-2
2.1.2
scale
OF FITTItJGS.
RECEIVER.
chemical
cOr:lbine
AE'SJLUTE and
3.1.2
2.6.1
pipe).
degree
reaction
5.2.6
Refers
valves.
chart
flange).
absolute
one
=0
RATINGS
Generally,
of
For
6.1.
REACTIoN
pressure,
p:ocess
5.2.4
forc-
2.55
gc.ge
change
Socket-WElded.
('plenum')
chain~like
USA. Pressure
which)
table
S.B
chart
REACTOR. Unit
PROCCSS EQUIPMENT.
PIPING
is
3.1.4
PRIME:::: Priming
A~1
which
2.B.2
Symbol.
RAPIooGRAPH.
lines.
is
fer
OPERATORS.
Dimensioning.
reaction
PRIMARY VALVE.
2.41
6.3
tables
2.3.
chamber
air
psiA,
used
a mechanic-
a building
production
PRESSURE
and
Fresh
figure
PRESSURE S~AL.
6.2.2
6.1.2.
or
PRESSURE REGULAiOR.
5.2.S
hanger
tape
or
the
6.2.4
Expansion.
ventilation.
of
3.1.Ll
;:"E:- square
to
fitted
RAILING
Reference',
RAISED
molecules
are
6.3.2
5.2.7
E>:pressed
2.12.::5
Usage1,
component
Term ,nostly
PRESSURE
external-
1.1
2.1.4
giant
PORT of
fixed
a building
1.1
Air
chart
2.1.::-
2.~1.3. tables
SUPPORT.
chert
Horizontal
in
a val ve,
Sealing
1.2.
1.1
forming
S-2
I POP'
connections.
Screwed.
unit
charts
2.1.2
tables
Butt-welded.
~11
5-1.
of
oxygen
5.2.8
5.11
POLyrq:':':RIZAT
ION.
table
5.2.6,
Compressed
a box
Which
panels
piping
atmosphe:ric
member
frame
QUICK COUPLING.
of.
of
molecules.
remove
mater-
6.1
See'
POCKETI~JG In
P~1
P-1
limits.
te.
PIPEWAY.
3.1.
tabl'2s
thickness.
notes.
6.2.7
PLU:vlSING.
roofing
QUICK-ACTING
4.4.
PIPE.
into
roof
unwanted
flooding
4.2.1
drawing.
figure
ed
to
A longitudinal
the
of
temperatures
S.2.9
1.1
for
PL.UG.\JAL\JE.
P-1.
2.12,
PIPERP.CK.
Design
Building
system
3.7
".1
2.5.5
Spring
USES.
PLUG. Barstock.
'Seals',
drafting.
STOCK VALVE.
P."PTS LIST.
5.6.1
P.n.sCAL. Metric
(SI)
pascal
matericl
a seal
PIPING
PLOT PLP,N.
table 2.1
Loeding.
5.2.4
P.!l.CKHJG. Compressible
stuffina
diagram.
SPECIFICATION.
in
lEngths.
Design
and
PIPII,G
tac,le:.:- P-1
P,
tables
used
GROUP.
3.7
table
Example:
PYROMETER. A device
5.9
3.3.2.
out
a system.
nitrogen
to
the
5.5
figure
LAYOUT.
5.3
P-1
wi th
on P&IO',
ly
DRAWING.
PIPIi'G
al
from
PURLIN.
5.2.8.
figure
tables
Lines
5.4.4
figure
2.1.5.
t2bles
Calculations.
P&ID ::: Piping
P-1
2.1.3
now usually
PIPE
flushing
distribution
tables
DOPE.
are
lStem',
P-1
5.2.8
screwed
3.1.2
(CS&Y).
tables
tables
modulu~,.
Temperature
PIPE
PURGING. The
PLENUM. Distribution
2.1
P-1
2.1.2.
welding
OKiHOGRl;PHIC
table
oressure.
number.
1.L1eights.
Taps',
6.2
Supporting.
2.i2.3
Steels:
gyration.
tables
Wall
chart
PIPING
PLASTIC
6.1.2.
Sleeve.
5.2.8.
block.
5.3.1.
limits.
Schedule
connections.
PLANT CONSTRUCTIoN.
5.6.3
inertia.
of
6.3.1
'Flow
si te
table
3.3
PUMP PIPING.
FABRICP,TIoN
PLMJT.
chart
S.B
See
the
6.3.1
chart
ial
of
3.3.2.
3.2.1
5.2.8.
check.
PLANIMETER.
5.6.3
Threads.
6.38
6.7.5
OUTSIDE
of
Piperack.
Stock
6.36
P-1
tables
VALVE.
Selection.
'Elevations
5.2.B
to
PROPORTIONING
& Details:,
number.
PLA~J. View
P-1
2.1.Ll.
Pressure
Sag.
P-1
See
5.4.3
Points
PUMP.
Piping
5.3
Presentation.
5.2.9
5.1
Boundary
PROPORTIONING
PUMP.
2.1.2.
Support.
I50s ,.
2.2
Lengths.
Steels.
6.1.3.
f:'gure
'Number ing
chart
sections.
Instrument
5.2.4,
See
PROPERTY LINE.
S.2.B
5.4.2
PLANT AIR.
2.12
How to
Spacing.
P-2
figure
a pH
Li'le
tables
2.1.3.
HangeL
Spans.
around.
have
Title
2.2.4.
Joints.
5.3.2.
(Sections)
a pH
P-1
2.1.1
Sizes.
car-rise
are
ClearancE
have
P-1
Deflectiorl.
Section
operations
JnlFICE
O~I~lCE
be more
Operations
construction
a pcrticular
car:
BhTTERY L:r~lT
See
Acids
liquids
number.
Definition.
Radius
B.:HTERY LIMIT
m(-PLOT.
7.
3.1.5
tables
Ordering.
Centerline.
Identifying
Neutral
5.2.7,
5.2.8
Dimensioning.
alkaline
".4.13
pressures.
~lomeilt
Refers
a tur~
5.2.6
fY'laximum service
or
or
solutions.
& Spools',
tables
~1aterials.
area,
to
PIPHJG
Lugs
5.2.4
OFF -PLOT.
acid
a pH of
VIEWS.
Fittings.
6.5.1
DRAWINGS.
Issuing.
Diameters.
Centrifugal
PIPING
Checking.
Alkaline/caustic
Spool
Data.
connected.
6.3.1
Vessel.
7.
Bursting
6.6.2
Typical
Pumps',
water
PIPE
6.5.2
exchanger.
meter
Backgound.
leading
aqueous
have
Areas.
to
of
of
PICTORIAL
5.11
Pump.
A measure
PHOTOGRAPHIC
not'rise
north
5.3.1
on the
1 square
waterwheel
PIECEMARK ::::.mark
Space
figure
3.1.2.
but
&
of
4.4.2
above 7.
operated
nortr-I'
area
A channel
or
below
an
drafting.
solutions
3.1.11
rotates
over
For
PENSTOCK.
2.19
3.1.7,
NORTH. 'Plant
pump,
1 newton
PENCIL.
2.39
figure
STEM.
valve
Heat
of
1 meter
2.53
figure
2.3.2.
NON-RISING
of
(derived).
2.35
figure
NON-RETURN VALVE.
valve
rate
unit
~trE:ngth
Threaded
when
the
SI
nipple/weldolet
2.4.3.
Threaded.
NI:;PLE
at
second.
6.12
figure
2.B1
piping.
6.1.1
2.2
or
modify
an existing
(7)
install:'.ltion.
RE'vISION.
4.4.13
Of
SECTICJt~
d:-awings.
Drawings',
See
figure
2.5.1.
RISER.
A line
ROLLED
LL/ROLLEJ
5.22
IJi.hich
Orawingst,
conveys
fluid
SE'::1\J~CE PIPINC.
upward
'Plan
View
Or: P&IJ.
Piping
chart
2.1
Depth
extends
to
ROTAfllETE~,. 6.7.5.
ROTARY E4LL
RUrJUi'JOEP.
or
6.35
TAP,lK. Tank
surface
2.55
can
as
pipe
2.11.
attached
surface
table
SAFt:TY-RE:-IEF"
VAL'E.
3.1.9,
SAFETY \i.~LjE.
3.1.9,
6.1.3
Dr
a samo~e
v;)be
to
that
vessel
(see
is
val\Jed
\lent
being
Gl....cSS. :j)i'ldow
in
::2e of plant
construction
with
may be
it
the
pot with
if
LH-JES.
line,
pot
a valved
or
If
line
necessary
See
(;3L;nis
to
coil
2.12.2
SOC<ET-LL
..JE'J
STEAM.
CDr-JSTRU[-
5.9.1
Chcnge
of.
Pipir-'o:j
O::awings',
Piping.
chart
seals
of
fillet
assembly
pipe.
2.5
SE.D.fY1LESS.Pipe
is
fer
SPRING
pressurizing
for
circumferential
ter;ned
'seamless
piercing
I.
ability
SECTION.
Details',
of
See
usually
'thin'
Oes-
to' penetrating
(lowvisccsity)
(SectLJns)
chart 5.8
'Elev2-cians
5.2.8.
refers
liquid
&
6.10.3.
P&:D.
is run
2.27
fi:jure
acijic
effluent
ho':'es
off
tiltOwn
Process
figure
Lines
on
FILE.
2.59.
iron-based
chromium,
2.1.
alloys)
of
STAIRWAY.
other
5 TA~IOAR05.
amounts
up
to
items
0.2%
certain
to
by
Pioe
Commen
pressu:-e
of
(self
of
of
or
pipe
valve,
sr.rain
connected
in
packing
2.
trusses),
pipe
tJble
Th::-eaded.
2.5.2.
or
A header
in
compression
sometimes
chart
or
joint,
with
under
of
so
a br8Gch
line
fitting
olet)
or
in
to
part
f:om
Spring
sup.:.c:-::.
chart
6.3
in
length
in
(expanspiping
with
5.1.1
See
6.8.2
'Jacketing',
Heat
'Getting
welded
to
in
ei:~er
as
into
or
For pipe
the
Process
thred-
accommodate
6.7.3
bulb.
2.5.5
2.50
pressure
a welding-neck
to
using
an
connection
flange
CJrifice
regulat':',::n
just-open
VALVE.
into
or
to
fittings.
of
Close
THROHUNG
a pi:Je,
figure
A tapped
the
screwed
a coupling
thermo;o-;eter
and
2.5.3.
the,neck
valve
2.10.4
'Sc:-een',
occuring
(such
THROTTLING.
TIE.
6.2.
See
6.8.2
alternative
as
or .rctat.in:;
is
contain-
pressure
a sliding
6.4.7
THERMOUiELL. A pocket,
THREDOLET.
cas':'ng
2.28
fi.gurs
temperaturs
a thermocouple
S.3
etc.
2.46
figure
6.9.2.
THROAT TAP.
body
il,ihich
0-5
2.4.2.
of
THERMON. See
mounted.
header
figures
liquids
2.12
fi;'..Jrs
contraction)
are
expansion
about
:ransporting
FOR DRAFTING.
THERMINOL.
pri~a:cily
2.11.
tables
material
se31
to
transporting
foL'
2.3.2.
externally
memo-
longitUdinal
Recess
applied
2.39(d)
fsr
structural-st-3el
figure
2.6.3.
code
4.4.6
Reducing.
THREAD.
2.3.2.
vehicle
THERMAL 5 TRESS.
instruments
of
to
,11aGe
fully
93525
tables
variation
spool
length
figc.;re
car
TE[Y!PORARYSTRAINER.
controlled
6.1.1
resist
pump,
form
or
Line',
to
2.5.1.
Railroed
TEi'Y1PUHES
internal
and
3.B
used
welds
:";5':'d1."g
nt.Jrr-:cer or
Socket~welding.
5.34(c)
Short
13::jer
7.4
to
table
various
sepa:sc.=.::
~efo[e
P,n identifjing
Butt-welding.
material.
heating
on which
as
5.5
5.3
item
Dimensions.
to
ON PIPDJG.
3.3.3.
par-:-s
TECHNOS PDJ.
shaDed end
ing
TAC.
ion
STUF"FING SIJX.
24%
chart
TEE
2.68
bending
SL;PDc;RTHJG P:::PING.
table
or
STRESS
0-11
applied
Any of
2.12.2.
piping.
elongaticn
See
REl...IEluIE. ~emoval
SL3i-iEADER.
& P-2
SL:ch as
c'3using
SiUDBOLT.
are
11.5
(in
elemef1ts
S-3
European
steels
15% nickel,
charts
6.1.2
Fabricated
Stainless
incorporating
small
STANCHION.
Comparable
6.1.5
5.6
:Jr gases
loading
STUB.
oper3::-r.
TMJKE,=i. Road
and
STU8-rr~.
2.1.3.
6 to
and
& 5.15
2.72B
3.1.5
alloys
carbon,
figures
Val'Je
liquids
fluid,
(SUCh
st3.::~c".
eha.::-:
TANK NIPPLE.
3.1.7
table
vessel,
~.4
s"'a.::- t 5.5
pipi.ng.
Valve.
T.:::l,NKCAR.
c'::Jntained
intended
& 5.16
2.728
pio:'''9' chart
an
2.1
due
ers
2.12.2.
5.7
4.3,4.4.10
Force
figure
figures
char:
& 6.46
2.1.4
to stress.
2.10.3. figure
5TRIPPER.
5.17
Threaded
Welding
cDcling
5.17
HANGER. 2.12.2.
6.40.
6.43
are
to
figure
5.44
5.7
5.2
6.10.1
figure
figures
on pipe
SF1lJT.
table
6.6.3.
Reaction,
metal
chart
chart
pcsition
\j:.L\JE.
aO;Jlied)
support.
5.2.8
lir.2s.
5 :':::lsses
ST~ES5
3.1.11
figure
5.43
6.1C
STREET ELL.
5.15
figure
2.7.1.
STEEL.
drawing.
frcr;I ':steam
FCF PIPE.
ST<::ESS.
chart
5.?
5.1, 5.2 &. 5.7
5.2.4
STEAi'l TP,:;CI:JC.
S-"?hL'~E:i.
dL;r-
5.2.9
VALVE.
figures
::CJ~pressi.on,
in
5.2.9
50UEEZE
2.57
it t-::::
Figure 6.45
with
5.1
Process.
Utility
figure
5.8
chart
5.1.1
ST::;:;-CHE:=K
5.3.5
sheet.
Pipe
6.9.1
ST?ESSES
size.
6.10
5.:;.1
:::n pi.:JLng
'lie:.
chart
P&ID cnarts.
lir,es.
3.1.9,6.10.7.
STRCNGBACK.
STAINLESS
and
S-3;iar3tcr.
on
Line,
drawings.
pipe.
Socket-welGEd
6.9. i
:30
for
5.7
cha!.""t
for
Joints
5.3
eha:':
station.
;'i1iscellaneoL.:s.
6.9.1,6.10.1
:Ja~urated.
in
5.2.9.
6.1.3
6.9.1
2.32
particles
50CK VALVE.
steels.
by rolling
How forr1ed.
S7:CK
5.2.8.
SPRI~JG 5UPPORT.
equipment
PLATE.
5hipping
Spool
2.3
formed
billet
of
3.B
used
weld. chart
a solid
an
3n
;:lice
See
Lines',
0.9.1
5T::'-'1i l PIPliJC.
5.5
Number.
and
taole
or
4.2.1
Drawing.
5CRUBBECI. 3.3.3.
wall
DIACRAj'Yl. 5.2.2
SCREEi\J.2.10.4
SCHEfilATIC
components
i;l
0;:-
2.4
figure
metal
5.2.3
diagra;n.
DOljJn
& trapping
2.15
figure
picing.
Control
6.3
ST::,i'lfrl T?,rC:.PPIPV,jG.
F:",W,NC:::.2.4.1.
to
Butt-welded
7.10
table
General,
'Closing
in steam.
Draining
7.:3
tanks.
On flol:!
chart
2.12.1
2.3.2.
SWEEPOLET
7.9
See
6.9.
table
af'd
2.3
SWAY BRACE.
SYMBOL. 5.1
steam in water.
Dimensioning.
threaded
pipe,
5POOL
Describes
STEAM.
5T~~1)j.
SCREwED PIPIf~G.
table
"_/-3~tin(~ air
of
6.10.4
PIPHIG.
SPIRAL
SATURATED
Valves.
table
7.5
taale
7.14
7.12
STANDBY EQUIPMENT.
"EeLS
2.L.J.
SPECTACLE
HYGIE:JI':
ler,gtr-:
3.1.11
S~JUB8~:::.
SP,!HTE:.R. The
TION
2.7
6.2.5,
SPP.RGE:P . ~ steam
a sample
figure
installe::i
p'?r:etration
testing.
table
dra fting.
S....
perhea. ted.
3.1.11
SANITARY CONSTRUCTlml.
floor
SG[K~L::T.
it. is
a wacer-ccoled
3.1.9,
Part II
or vessel
a 1ir18
Short
fitting
SOC<ET-;.:JELDDJG
a small
a hot
and
vessels
Tr3p.
disperse
provide
sampled,
provide
line.
samplirJ;
a high-pressure
atmosc:here.
5AMPLHJG VALVE.
P-2
PCT)
vessel)
to
to
Symbols
Unfired
take
to
However,
line
2.72.c!"
figure
intrcduction,
SITE.
prop:ietary
chart
t:; be sanpled
has
to
or
of
disposal
and
table
ST~i\JOPIPE.
2.3.1. figure
2.4
2.5.1. figur:";? 2.43. table
2.4
Socket-welding.
2.4.1. f':'gure
2.25.
Threaded.
::-1,331"'.. 6.9.1
SIc;rlT
SUJP=~jG
wit~
required.
To s3mole
drum
5.2.
necessary
li~e
sample
necessary
small
is
SM:PLE
PCT.
SAMPLE
it
the
to
Trap
6.14
f:-of'l a :Jruduct
lire
"un
and/or
6.2.8.
P-l
tables
:Jr,J:>ch
high-pres3ure
best
solids
5.3.
6.1.3
i:s cften
mato;:-i~l
i:; :Ill
strear;:
allow
nipple
Butt-weldi.ig.
tat:le 7.6
L3.ble 7.13
table
7.3
machinery.
threads
Cry.
SLURRY \j,~L'jE.
6.2.5.
3 small
process
to
supaorting.
liqL:ids.
PC'I:c)T. It
5.1
insulat:::d
2.72,'::., 2. 2.729
flammable
SACCI1I1G CF PPE.
which
collection
Usu<3.1ly
to
for
figures
Guideli.nes
SAl,1PI_E:
2.71. chart
figL..:re
piece
7.7
SWAGE = Swaged
SWAGED NIOPLE
s;_IlJ~iJrts.
pracue cion
Screw
sewage
be3ring
3.
in
rnetal
2.12.2,6.2.8.
SA,FETY
figure
be held
table
and
Pumping
_~i:
SL See 'iY:E7?,Ic:
She.ped
a preS3 ..
re
1.iJ3rer
SELlIEPP-,CE. Tne
3.1.9
reinf'.:r,=ement.
wrich
6.1.1.
(2)
at
effluent
7.11
exchangers.
~ ipe
Pressure
,;-3
table
DISC.
5.2.4
SETiLUJC
joint'
3.1.6
figure
ROUfJOHE;>.n PLUG.
'root
gap)
figure
VALVE.
a groove
whith
the
table
Instrumenti)tion.
5ETTLEr~E:'1T STRAIN.
into
1.1
SET P,~E3:3URE.
contrJller
5.3.5.
weld
Gaskets.
!-teat
See MAIN
7.8
table
Flanges.
Hangers
,3. 6.50.
TEE:. See
ROOT PE(TRATIOi\l~
(butt)
Fittings.
;''1-7
5.2.8
ROOT GHP.
4.2
2.56
taole
03:3.
figure
RIi'~G r'1AUv.
chart
5.2.1
5EPI.".4.4.1
& g,Jske:
Fl~nge
LE.D.CER.
SE=URI~,(.
5.4.3
RING-Jl?INT.
RUPTURE
Issuing
of
made
as
an
thru
flange
flow
pssition
3.1.11
2.12.2
TILTING-OI5C
VALVE.
3.1.7
TITLE
4.4.6.
See'
BLOCK.
the Sheet',
5.2.8
.J.llocating
Space
on
...,
)
CJi~ ~1~I:~:JRj:..ll.!IrJGS.
T::;L:::;;"ArJCES
TC!JE.P PIPHJS.
~~H.C.HJG(t.!""1~<::"",.::1).S.-e.2.
::-;Brt
2r-, ~tllJ.
:".2.Lo
Cir, ~&10.
Piping
;:lPI:::.
}
)
include
SEPYi
figures
LHJES.
steel.
disc
end
of
special
These
seat,
a valve
Non-rising.
materi2l
Operating
parts
may
or
other
stem,
L~IPIi'J;:;.6.3.1
T~~SS. Slrucl'.JTel
::i.c
rigldity
f;:c.-:>e
iJased on the
th,= triangle,
of
~nd te::5ion
TU~5lf~E.
geomet-
composed
of
l'JF'tJt<EY PLAf{j.
~ plant
and made
constructed
:mmediate
15
)
Uf.'lfICD
SCti'E.W lH~Eg:::.
See
Outside
5.8.2
:~lrE:'aded.
2.5.1.
::0::',.::pt-w~ldirll~. ::.:.;.1.
figure
~~.=y~BCH'JNE.T.
c~ick:
CGl1!:.:li;:,;
:r,c
2.3.1.
SPRING HANGER
2.728
1...':l:'Di.J~-,lirlg cf
valve
3.1
figure 2.10
or 5UPPORT. 2.12.2.
& 8.16
On lines
6.11
and 'JEssels.
On P&ID.
5.2.4
Dn tank.
5yl'lc::,l. chart
CONNECT:
::?,J.
5.7
6.5.1
5.14
figure
CCL..;::'L.~:~G.Po.
::':':'=,
j::,ining
5.47
~.5.1
'quick-connect'
fittings,
_.
'':2.
metr-:ad
valves,
by
::,2;-,....:i?c'LLired
::ompanyof
&l~owing
figure
Arrangement I, 6.1.1.
equipment;
2.24
=::nstruct.ion
V3':'VE
valves. 6.1.3
Location.
See 'Piping
figure 6.47
of
2.ilO
6.2.
3.2
VESSEL PIPIN:.
f~g~re
3.3
table
& yoke.
screw
2.6.3
....
lg',
'1r3ci
relief
&
safety
",'ICTAULIC
the
2.;.2.
and
Vict3ldic
figure
2.62
body
;:;r",c :,c.:Hl~lf.'t
;.
JiHERi-oi:::.f'1M:::?
(2)
Co"'-,densa:<:::
~:u:led
against
ob~t.rwctions
t:,y high-ve.lc:':':j"
~:eam. See 6.10.2,
'.;.}:::LDGAP. 5.3.: :~lart5 2.1 [. 2.2
0:'!....[iFJC,-NE::X .=-~:..~::;[.
See 'Flanges1,
figure 2.6. :::::':"es F
)
)
\.:acuum
c~-:~.... either
,-=S-":3:~Y the
(""1g)
in
r~ormal
.eigr.t
cf
rnillir;:eters
atmC's;Jheric
of
be qucted:":"'
U:::LD:JLET. 2.2.2.
'-~gure
the
pres:::.>J?E:' c:
chart
CO},Jii'ln
mercury
c;ressure
VACUU~1BREAKER. 3.1.11
'""LVE.
3.1
lJ.,rranging.
6.1.3, 6.1.4
Access. 5.1.3
5elow grade. See' If there
of
rne:cury
760
mfr, Hg
is no P&IO
"
6.1. 3
Body.
6 Ql1net. 3.1.2
Chain operator.
3.1.2. charts
Gisc. 3.1.2. cha:rt 3.1
3.1.2
'"'a:-;Owneel. 3. '1.2
In flow diag:r2f:'.
5.2.3
chart
6.10.8
2.3.1.
5.9
2. ~,3
6.3
:rovision of insulation,
t.racing,je.cc'<;;:ing,
or other means to
prevent
(mm Hg).
is
::.1.8.
ccn
~"IhJTERIZlNG.
Piping
\.iE55EL
UfnTi~AC[.
figure
6.1.3.
operation
)
)
of Valve Stems' ,
P-2
figures
members termed
6.Ll
PIPHJG.
3.1.2.
height.
and figure
chart
Rising.
F::l."i
See 10Fientation
6.1.3
surfaces
~2.de of
SL:,:r'l as stainless
Arranging.
& 6.(.j4
6.43
6.10.11
ir.tEI'ricl
aTB scmeti'1les
the
chart 3.2
E.l0.11.
1:::::";'. Critical
::ocy
1.1
5.2.il
to.
TP;;~PHJG
6.1I0.
figure
5.7
~>-';";S;...rUf~I~l:CL
Parts. 3.1.2
Placement. 5.1.3
Port. 3.1.2
Seal. 3.1.2
Seat. 3.1.2
Selection. 3.1.3.
Size. 6.1.3
5.3.2
5.5.2
-;-~:::
[:eez':'::':9
of equipr:-Ient
and process
or
'::<E::--',
3.1.2
the site
and ex-
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Photographs and illustra tions reproduced
courtesy of the following companies.
[Page numbers are bracketed]:
8J~.CKnjG RING -
Chemtron
Tube
Turns
(Diu
stem),
[32]
of
REDUCERS - Tube
Inc)
Taylor
Turns
Forge
(Div
Cherntron
Inc)
L,D,P-JOI:'JT Fl...,n.~jGE- Ladish
[33]
Company
TEES -
Chemtron
Turns
(Div
Forge
- Bonney
BUTT-wELDPJC
Turns
NIPPLE
BUTT -WELDING
CAP - Crane
REDUCER
SOCKET -WELDING
REDUCER INSE:'HS
Powell
Crane
[35]
SOLIO
Taylor
Crane
Company
ELBOWS,
Bonney
PNEUMATIC
Co
V~LIjE
TEE,
- Ladisn
Henry
P,qRALLEL-5EATS
Vogt
Machine
G~TE
- Crane
Company
Vogt
Machine
disc)
- Jenkins
- Stanley
G.
HEX.a.GO~JBUSHING
- Crane
~IEEDLE VALVE,
ROT~RY-B"LL
Lunkenheimer
[ 37]
Vogt
Machi'l,:!
Crane
Fiagg
BUTTERFL Y VALVE
Valve
Company
& Co Inc
Company
4S and
90
[3B]
DEGREE -
Company
V~LVES
Taylor
Forge
Inc
(WArER
THREAOED LATERAL,
THREAOEO CROSS -
[39]
Company
THREDOLET,
TYPE)
Bonney
THREADED CAP -
THREADED
Forge
Henry
Vogt
Machine
BOLT
& NUT,
- Crane
Company
and
VICTAULIC
COMPRESSION
Victaulic
Company
REINFORCING
PISTON-CHECK
VALVE
Rockwell
Co
Mfg
Bros.
Walworth
SAFETY
VALVE,
VALVE,
BLOWOFF VALVE
RELIEF
iANK
Co,
BALL
- Crane
Co
VALVE
(GLOBE
TYPE)
Co
INVERTED-BUCKET
iRAP
Armstrong
DRIPSHIELO
[110J
[116]
SHELL-AND-TUBE
REMOVABLE
Company
SLEEVE
COUPLING
- Crane
bolted
Company
bonnet,
rising
Wm. Powell
Machine
[119]
LEVEL
[120]
ROTAMETER -
[123]
Company
- Wm. Powell
Instruments
& Koerting
PIPE
& Gosset
~ydronics Corporations
GAGE ASSEMBLY
JACKETEO
CO
Co
and California
Schutte
SAODLES
Co
[93]
Oivision
COr.'.pany
& HOSE -
Parkes-Cramer
FLOAT
Works
THREADED ELBOLET,
-
Manufacturers,
Wm. Powell
Company
FLUSH-BOTTOM
THREAOED FL,qNGE -
LATRDLET
Valve
Company
Lunkenheimer
Company
- Crane
THRE,qOED ELBOWS,
Co,
Bros.
COUPLHJG
Manufacturers
Co
REDUCING
Co
V~LVE
Co
composition
LA TERAL
Forge
- Jenkins
Manufacturers
BEVEL-GS,qR
VALVES:
Valve
SINGLE-DISC
[36J
Powell Co
- Wm.
STEiM ON GL~BE
Company
Forge
Vogt
Co
MOTOR OPERATOR,
- Henry
ELECTRIC
heimer
Company
-
SOC<ET-WELOING FLAf\JCE
Inc
Crane
SPUR-GEAR
SLIDING
Company
Crane
Wm.
OUICK-~CTI~IG
Inc)
FULL-COUPLING,
UNION
Bros.
Chemtron
VALVE
Co
Co
- Crane
Co
ROT~TI~IG
LATERAL,
of
- Wm. Pc~ell
V~LVE
OPERATOR -
Forge
CROSS,
(Div
of
bolted
HAfY1JY1ER-8LOW HMJDWHEEl...
SLIP-ON,
[33]
Tube
RING
Machine
UJELDOLET - Bonney
stem),
BELLOWS-SEAL
Inc
of Chemtr:m
COCKS
WELDHJG NECK,
SWEEPOLET
LANTERN
PACKLESS
Tube
rising
Inc)
FLANGES:
bonnet,
Co
of
PART I I CHARTS
7
8
B
Tatlles A -1fvl
Tables A -2fv1
Tables A-3M
77
7B
78
Tatl1es A-1
Tdill(~ A-2
Table A-3
Table
Table
Table
Table
Tatlle
Table
Table
Table
Tal)1('
TallIe
Table
0-1
0-2
0-3
0-4
0-5
0-6
0-7
0-8
D-9
[)-10
[)-11
9
10
11
12
12
12
13
15
17
1B
19
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Tal)1(:
Table
Table
0-1 fvl
0-2M
0-3M
0-4M
0-5M
0-6M
0-7M
O-Bfvl
D-9M
[)-10M
0-11M
79
80
81
B2
82
82
83
B5
B7
8B
B9
Tal)1e
Table
Table
Table
Table
Tat)1e
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
F -1
F-2
F-3
F-4
F-5
F-6
F-7
F-B
F-9
F-10
F -11
21
21
22
22
23
23
24
25
26
27
28
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
F-1M
F-2M
F-3M
F-4M
F -5fvl
F-6M
F-7M
F -Bfv1
F-9M
91
91
92
92
93
93
94
95
96
Cilart
H-1
29
Chart
Tables
Tables
Table
Table
Table
Table
Tat)1e
fvl-1
M-2
fvl3
M-4
M-5
M-6
M-7
M-8
30
31
32-40
41
42
43
44-46
47
TatJles P-1
Cllart P-2
48-53
54
Tal)le
Cilarts
Chart
Table
Tables
S-l
S-2
S-3
S-4
S-5
55
56-5B
59
60
61
Tat)1e
Ctlart
T-1
T-2
62
63
Table
V-1
64
TallIes 1'J-1
Table W-2
65-72
73
Tables P-1M
97-102
Table S-4M
Tables S-5M
Chart S-6M
103
104
105
Table V-1M
106
Tables 5-5
Tables A-I
61
7
Tables S-5M
Tables A-1M
104
77
Table
Table
V-1M
D-7M
106
Tables
Table
Table
Tables
FM
F-9M
F-7M
F-8M
Table
Table
Table
V-I
0-7
M-4
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
M-7
M-5
M-3
M-6
M-7
Table
Chart
M-5
T-2
Tables
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
F
F-9
F-7
F-8
F-ll
F-10
Chart
Chart
Tables
Chart
M-1
M-1
M-2
M-1
MEASUREMENTS
- Areas & Volumes
- Compound angles
- Hypotenuse for 45-degree Triangles
- Triangles. Formulas for
METRIC. Introduction
MILLIMETERS TO FEET & INCHES
- Tables in fractions and decimals
MITERS. Angles for
PAPER SIZES. Metric & American
PERSONNEL CLEARANCES
PIPE DATA
20
26
24
25
28
27
Tables M-3
Tables M-2
Chart P-2
Tables P-1
54
48
Tables P-1M
83
PIPE FITTINGS
- Butt-Welding
Class 600
Class 300
Class 150
- Elbolets
- Malleable-Iron
Classes 150 & 300
- Nipples: Pipe and Tank nipples
- Socket-Welding. Forged Steel
Classes 3000, 6000 & 9000
- Sockolets. Reducing
- Swages
- Threaded. Forged Steel
Classes 2000, 3000 & 6000
- Thredolets. Reducing
- Weldolets. Reducing - refer to:
PIPEWAY
Spacing in pipeways
Jumpovers at 45-degrees
Rununders at 45-degrees
- Width. Formula for planning
0-1
0-2
0-3
0-5
9
10
11
12
Table
Table
Table
Table
D-1M
D-2M
D-3M
D-5M
Table
Table
0-11
0-11
19
19
Table
Table
D-11M
D-11M
Table
Table
Table
0-8
0-8
0-4
15
15
12
Table
Table
Table
D-8M
D-8M
D-4M
Table 0-9
Table 0-9
'PIPE FITTINGS
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
A-I
A-2
A-3
A-I
7
8
8
7
Table
Table
Table
Table
A-1M
A-2M
A-3M
A-1M
Table
Table
F-7
M-7
24
46
Table
F-7M
Tables
Tables
Tables
Table
S-5M
S-5M
S-4M
D-4M
Table
Table
D-6M
D-9M
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
V-1M
V-1M
V-1M
V-1M
D-10M
Table
S-4M
Table
Charts
& gases Table
Chart
S-l
S-2
M-8
S-3
Tables
Tables
Table
Table
S-5
S-5
S-4
0-4
Chart
Table
Table
Table
T-2
0-6
0-9
T-1
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Chart
V-I
V-I
V-I
V-I
W SHAPES. Structural
WEIGHTS OF MATERIALS
WEIGHTS OF PIPING
Table S-4
Table W-2
Tables W-1
shapes
17
Table 0-9M
17
Table D-9M
- Butt-Welding'
104
104,
103
82
63
12
17
62
0-10
P-2
60
73
65
106
106
106
106
88
DIM
LINES
WITHOUT
FLANGES
0
F
P
ION
'C'
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
16
17
4
6
6
7
7
8
7
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
17
18
8
10
8
10
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
19
20
12
14
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
21
22
16
18
12
13
13
14
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
23
24
20
24
14
16
15
17
15
17
16
18
17
19
18
20
19
21
20
22
21
23
22
24
23
25
25
27
I
I
LINES
N
0
M
I
M
A
L
2
3
'SF'
.-
4
5
5
6
5
6
4
6
5
6
6
7
6
8
7
8
8
10
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
I 12
P 14
E
16
S 18
I
Z 20
E 24
9
9
11
12
12
13
12
13
10
11
13
14
14
15
15
16
12
14
15
17
17
19
17
20
- DIM
ENS
NPS
0
F
F
L
A
N
G
E
D
P
I
P
E
FLANGES
,&
I 'L,
~2"-3'
2"-3"
L-:-L:C=.J
r--E---------r
CF
i?e').
1"_2"1.:
WALL.
VESSEL.
STEEL.
Etc.
~~
1SFL:FJ
I
CF'
ION
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
2
3
6
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
19
20
4
6
8
9
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
20
21
8
10
10
11
10
12
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
22
23
12
14
13
14
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
19
20
21
21
21
22
23
24
25
16
18
15
16
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
21
22
23
23
23
24
25
26
27
20
24
17
19
17
20
18
20
19
21
20
22
21
23
22
24
23
25
24
26
25
27
26
28
28
30
150
,,~rt
h=]'
PIPE WITHOUT
VESSEL.
STEEL.
Etc.
FLANGE
CLASS:
4
4
FLANGES
W I T H
I
P
'So
WITIIOUT
FLANGES
N
p
S
ENS
SURFACE-TO-CENTER
OF PIPE DIMENSION
,!ol0
300
NPS
0
F
F
L
A
N
G
E
D
P
I
P
E
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
2
3
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
11
11
12
12
13
14
15
15
16
16
17
18
18
19
21
22
4
6
8
9
9
10
9
10
10
12
12
13
13
14
14
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
21
22
23
8
10
11
12
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
22
23
24
25
12
14
13
15
14
15
14
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
20
21
22
22
23
24
24
26
27
16
18
16
17
16
18
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
23
23
24
24
25
25
26
28
29
20
24
18
21
19
22
19
22
21
23
22
24
23
25
24
26
24
27
25
28
26
29
27
30
30
32
INSULATION
DIMENSIONS IN THESE TABLES ARE SPACINGS FOR BARE PIPE. FOR INSULATED
LINES, ADD THE THICKNESS OF INSULATION AND COVERING TO THESE FIGURES
hlO
NPS
~r
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
300
2
3
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
]0
11
11
12
12
13
14
15
15
16
16
l7
18
18
19
21
22
NPS
4
6
8
9
9
10
10
12
12
13
13
14
14
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
21
22
23
8
10
10
11
10
12
11
12
13
14
14
15
15
16
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
22
23
24
25
12
14
13
14
13
14
14
15
15
16
Hi
17
17
18
19
19
20
20
21
22
22
23
24
24
26
27
16
18
15
16
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
23
24
24
25
25
26
28
29
20
24
17
19
17
20
18
20
19
21
20
22
21
23
22
24
23
25
25
27
26
28
27
29
30
32
150
F
F
L
A
N
G
E
D
P
I
P
E
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
2
3
6
7
7
8
9
9
10
11
11
12
13
14
14
15
15
16
17
17
18
18
19
20
22
22
4
6
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
18
19
19
20
20
21
23
24
8
10
11
12
11
12
12
13
13
14
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
20 . 21
21 22
22
23
25
26
12
14
13
15
14
15
14
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
22
22
23
24
24
25
27
27
16
18
16
17
16
18
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
23
23
24
25
26
26
27
28
29
20
24
18
21
19
22
19
22
21
23
22
24
23
25
24
26
24
27
25
28
27
29
28
30
30
32
F
F
L
A
N
G
E
D
P
I
P
E
!il
,klO
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
600
6
7
7
8
9
9
10
11
11
12
13
14
14
15
15
16
17
17
18
18
19
20
22
22
NPS
4
6
8
9
8
9
10
11
11
12
12
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
18
19
19
20
20
21
23
24
8
10
10
11
10
12
12
13
13
14
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
20
21
21
22
22
23
25
26
12
14
13
14
13
14
14
15
15
16
17
17
18
19
19
20
20
2]
22
22
23
24
24
25
27
27
16
18
15
16
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
20
21
21
22
22
23
23
24
25
26
26
27
28
29
20
24
17
19
17
20
18
20
19
21
20
22
22
24
23
25
24
26
25
27
27
29
28
30
30
32
F
L
A
N
G
E
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
6
7
7
8
9
9
10
11
11
12
13
14
14
15
15
16
17
17
18
18
19
20
22
22
9
10
9
11
10
11
11
12
12
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
18
19
19
20
20
21
23
24
8
10
11
13
12
14
12
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
20
21
21
22
22
23
25
26
]2
14
14
15
15
16
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
22
22
23
24
24 27
25, 27
16
P 18
I
P 20
[ 24
17
18
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
23
22
24
23
25
25
26
26
27
28
29
19
22
20
22
20
23
21
24
22
25
23
26
24
27
25
27
26
28
27
29
28
30
30
32
F
F
L
A
G
[
P
I
P
E
150
NPS
loJhenthe order of lines, line sizes, flange classes (for lines with flanges), and insulation thicknesses for
insulated lines have been decided, determine pipeway width from Tables A-I, A-2 and A-3, adding 25% so that the
final design includes 20% (distributed) space for future piping.
Additional space will usually be required for
electrical and instrument trays/raceways.
For a tentative estimate of the pipeway width required fOI' a selection of lines without flanges, of nominal sizes
in the range NPS 2 thru NPS 8, either of the following factors may be used - the first is preferable:
(1) If all pipe sizes are known,
estimate the width in feet
add their
nominal
sizes
in inches
together
and multiply
by 0.34 to
Either factor gives a pipeway width which includes insulation for 25% of lines, allows 20% of the width for the
addition and re-sizing of lines, and allocates a further 20% of the width for future piping.
45 JUMPOVERS
TABLE A-2
'J'
JUMPOVER LINE
NPS
I~
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
2
3
7
8
7
8
7
8
8
9
8
9
8
10
9
10
9
10
10
11
10
11
10
12
11
13
4
6
9
12
9
12
10
12
10
13
11
13
11
14
11
14
12
14
12
15
12
15
13
15
14
16
8
10
14
17
14
17
15
17
15
18
16
18
16
19
16
19
17
19
17
20
17
20
18
20
19
21
12
14
19
21
19
21
20
21
20
22
21
22
21
22
21
23
22
23
22
24
22
24
23
24
24
25
16
18
23
26
23
26
24
26
24
26
24
27
25
27
25
28
26
28
26
28
26
29
27
29
28
30
20
24
28
33
28
33
28
33
29
34
29
34
30
35
30
35
30
35
31
36
31
36
32
36
32
37
A
0
\!+H+l.5T..!
J
A
C
E
N
T
L
I~-
H + 1.5rl
I:+ 1.5(T, + T }1
I
N
E
45 RUNUNDERS
TABLE A-3
'R'
R
RUNUNDER LINE
NPS
A
0
J
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
2
3
7
7
8
8
9
9
12
12
14
14
17
17
19
19
21
21
23
23
26
26
28
28
33
33
4
6
7
8
8
9
10
10
12
13
15
15
17
18
20
20
21
22
24
24
26
26
28
29
33
34
8
10
8
8
9
10
11
11
13
14
16
16
18
19
21
21
22
22
24
25
27
27
29
30
34
35
12
14
9
9
10
10
11
12
14
14
16
17
19
19
21
22
23
23
25
26
28
28
30
30
35
35
16
18
10
10
11
11
12
12
15
15
17
17
20
20
22
22
24
24
26
26
28
29
31
31
36
36
20
24
10
11
12
13
13
14
15
16
18
19
20
21
23
24
24
25
27
28
29
30
32
32
36
37
A
C
E
N
T
L
I
N
E
(1) SPACING SHOWN IN THE DIAGRAMS ALLOWS A MINIMUM CLEARANCE OF 2-inches. COMPARE BASIC SPACING
'J' or 'R' WITH APPROPRIATE 'C' or 'CF' SPACING IN TABLE A-I AND USE THE LARGER DIMENSION
(2) 'H' IS THE EFFECTIVE SHOE HEIGHT AND 'T' IS THE THICKNESS OF INSULATION
(3) FOR SIMPLICITY,
(WITH COVERING)
I/sin 45 (1.414 .... )
600
CLASS
STRAIGHT TEE
,
V)
c<
w
'"
:;:
::0
::0
f-
REDUCERS
90 LR ElLS
en:
C)::; 90 SR ElL
z~
-'" 45 ElL [LR]
I-~
<=>
1-":
-":
LI.::>
co
;;:;
-6
t=:]NPS
'"
V)
OFFSET
[TWO 45 ElLS]
<=>
ROLLED ELL
[45 ElL + 90 LR ElL]
'"c<
::0
t-.
u
4-
::0
z
en~
W~
VLNT\UlT PflIH:mJ:
NP:) ?_'!tj
Nf'~i )lh
4-
V)
z
<=>
i:''''
12
13.5
15
17
10
11
12
14
3.5
5.5
13
14
15
20
20
4.5
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
36
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
2.5
3.75
6.25 7.5
8.75
10
0-4
~J
11.25 12.5
15
1.94 2.81 3.56 5.31 7.06 8.81 10.62 12.38 14.12 15.94 17.69 21. 19
4.69 6.81 8.56 12.81 17.06 21.31 25.62 29.88 34.12 38.44 42.69 51. 19
3.12 4.62
6.5
12
12.75 17
15
18
10.25 13.88 17.5 21.25 24.38 27 .75 31.25 34.5 37.75 44.25
J!
I
J
f---
t~:-NPS'
q
~J
KIb:E1
~-]
T
M
H~NUT[)
--
hlf ID)N"
8.25 10.75 14
3.12 3.5
11.5
HI~=~IJ
DIMENSIONS
DIMENSIONS
'H'.'I'.'K'
GUIDELINES
3.5
DIMENSIONS
ALSO
APPLY TO GLOBE
VALVES WITH BUTTWELOING ENDS
CHECK
1.38
jIOrENiI
:EO
0
c<
~I~c C
Q-R-J0
LONG PAHeml!:
>~ GLOBE
z
11
f----
c:r::
V)
'"
ro
JIoPENl'l
DIMENSIONS
ALSO
APPLY TO GATE
VALVES WITH BUTTWELDING ENOS
..0
10
mJ;IJU\fl PAlrIHN:
GATE
>; BAll
u
z
Ell 1;-
V)
8.5
RAISEDFACE flANGE
<=>
<=>
2
-
E
F
90 LR ElL
PLUG
Ll-J
+ WElDlNGNECK
,-
:>:
~IIA
V)
z
w
:>:
C.-=r
-p
:EO
0
f-
tZL~:J
REGULAR &
REDUCING
4-
2.5
r:::J NI'S
t:::::J
r--I
CONCENTRIC
& ECCENTRIC
c<
STANDARD
AND
EXTRA-STRONG
<=>
iT-I
UJ--
WELDOLET
14
16.5
20
17
V 1<
22
V R
23.75 27
29.25 32
22
V R
26
31
V R
33
V R
35
V R
39
37
7.75 8.25
V
43
47
55
12
16
22
24
28
30
36
38
38
42
42
21
26
33
47
53
66
73
81
93
99
107
126
11.5
14
17
22
26
31
33
35
39
43
47
55
11.5
14
17
22
26
31
33
35
39
43
47
55
12
14
18
24
36
21
27
33
44
47
11.5
14
17
22
26
31
33
L S T L S
T L S
T L S
--
11.5
14
17
22
T L S T L S T L
26
31
S T S
33
35
39
T S
43
T S
FOR COMBINATIONS
OF FITTINGS
AND INSlALLFD
I,ELDOLETS
DO NOl INCLUDE lHE 'WELD GAP' - REFER 10 TEXT: SECTION
5.3.5
IN THIS TABLE ARE NOMINAL AND FOR COMBINATIONS
OF FITTINGS
ARE ROUI-IDED TO l/lOD-inch
AND 'I.'
ARE THE LARGEST DIMENSION~
FOR MANUALLY-OPERATED
CAST-STEEL
VALVES FROI-! A SELECTION
OF MANUFACTURERS
FOR THE USE OF GEAR AND POWERED OPERATORS
WITH VALVES ARE GIVEN IN SECTION
3.1.2
OF THE TEXT
47
T S
55
CLASS
300
STRAIGHT TEE
11
WELDOLET
<>:
><>:
STANDARD
AND
EXTRA-STRONG
Cl
V)
c<
w
c<
:0
>u
<>:
"-z:0
~
REDUCERS
90 LR ELLS
(/):
e:; 90 SR ELL
2~
-'"~ 45 ELL (LR]
z
t:::]NPS
(TWO 45 ELLS]
V)
"-
V)
z
a
ROLLEDELL
(45 ELL + 90 LR ELL]
Cl
<>:
><>:
Cl
'"wc<
:0
u
:0
:z
I'
DIMENSIONS ALSO
APPLY TO GATE
VALVES WITH BUTTWELDING ENDS
(/)~
W~
>; BALL
.0
<c:
lliNG
PATTERN,
:>:
a
c<
"-
V)
:z
8
V)
:z
w
Cl
CHECK
I
K[~IM
15
17
Jl
10
11
12
14
13
14
15
20
20
4.5
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
36
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
1.38
2.5
3.75
6.25 7.5
8.75 10
11.25 12.5
15
1.94 2.81 3.56 5.31 7.06 8.81 10.62 12.38 14.12 15.94 17.69 21.19
4.69 6.81 8.56 12.81 17.06 21.31 25.62 29.88 34.12 38.44 42.69 51.19
3.12 4.62
12
15
18
5.75 7.62 9.38 12.88 16.38 19.62 23.12 26.62 29.75 33.25 36.38 42.62
6.5
8.25 10
12.5
17.5 20.5
15
23
25.5
30.5
28
36
2.75 3.12 3.38 3.88 4.38 4.62 5.12 5.62 5.75 6.25 6.38 6.62
S
V S
V S
8.5 11.12 12
8
V S
V S
15.88 16.5
V S
18
V S
V R
19.75 30
V R
33
V R
36
V R
39
V R
45
10
12
16
20
24
24
28
28
32
36
36
25
29
39
49
59
67
76
81
92
102
123
19.75 30
33
36
39
45
f-----
21
I
1
M
~J
8.5 11.12 12
L
~]
NP5 2--6
13.5
I---
NilS 2-24
12
5.5
I
J
Hr~[J
11
I
(OPEN)
10
i~~F3.5
~]
(OPEN)
DIMENSIONS ALSO
APPLY TO GLOBE
VALVES WITH BUTTWELDING ENDS
NPS
~Qj-
>~ GLOBE
3.5
VENTUf1l PATTERN,
NPS 2- 24
SHORT PATTERN:
NP5 2-12
REGUUIR PATTERN,
NPS 14-24
GATE
oj
W
G
V)
>-
z
<>:
'"'"
3
-
1
f
90 lR ELL
+ WELDlNGNECK
RAISEDFACE flANGE
PLUG
::c
8.5
~I=rc 0
V)
:z
w
:>:
Cl
-p
__L:=JIA A
OFFSET
u.~
'"
:>:
c<
<>:
_u:
c<
w
w
:>:
>-
2.5
Vz:-=:I
REGULAR &
REDUCING
..1-":
~
r=J
t:::J
CONCENTRIC
& ECCENTRIC
Cl
rn-]
FLANGED
& l3LHTWE.LDING
S L
S L
8.5 11.12 12
15.88 16.5
S L
18
10
12
14
22
24
26
36
20
24
27
32
41
49
52
14
17.5
22
24.5
28
10.5 12.5
S T L S T L S T L S T L S T -
10.5 12.5
14
17 .5
21
S T L S T L
24.5
28
30
33
33
34
36
38.5
39
40
45
53
150
CLASS
Tel
L-+-..J
TABLE 06 fOl~
REDUCING T[ES
STRAIGHT TEE
:';5
t;:;
2.5
'U8
4.12
').62
8.5
10
11
12
13.5
15
17
2.69
3.25
3.75
4.81
5.81
6.88
7.88
8.5
9.5
10.5
11.5
13.5
3.5
5.06
6.06
7.12
8.12
8.75
4.25
5.31
6.31
7.38
8.38
10
11
12
14
5.5
---9
-6
13
14
15
20
20
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
36
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
6.25
7.5
8.75
10
:>.:
<t
.<t
<t
:r:
if>
C<
~ 4
~J
""::>
I---
f--.
;-; REDUCERS
~
r1
aNi'S
CONCENTRIC
& ECCENTRIC
~~i
90 lR EllS
90 SR ElL
!;
I~LGIIl.AI~ &
REDIICHJG
---
Ii.
-5
I---
45 ELL (lR]
if>
3.5
il
i---
1.38
i---
--
f--._-~-----~
2.5
3.75
5
-- --3.56 5.31 7.06
2
----
1.94
~I]A
OFFSET
(TWO 45 EllS ]
---
2.81
11. 25 12.5
15
I-----
4.69
6.81
3.12
4.62
8.56 12.81 17.06 21.31 25. 62 29.88 34.12 38.44 42.69 51. 19
Gj
: ~O;~~O~~~.NECK
RAISEDFACE flANGE
;:r: PLUG
SJIOIIT Pf\T1UIN:
PI\TTtYN:
fJfl.TTrr-m:
1=t]
L-tj
tJP'1
?lJ
f,
rJPS
16
7(1
if>
""~,
C<
::>
f-u
~
::>
CI)~
W~
V-l
DIMENSIONS
OF GATE
VALVES WITH BUTTWELDING ENDS
.....leD
eC
DIMENSIONS
AL50
APPLY TO GLOBE
VALVES WITH BUTTWELDING ENDS
:>:
o
DI~IENSIONS
I!II~EW;lONS
'H','l'.'K'
GIJJDI:LlNES
:---'_--.Nrs'
1-'.::[
I
~-'I'
C::
6.62 8.5
-1.25
5.5
9
,-----.- ---7.5
6
9
12
12.75
17
12.5
16
15
18
21.25 25.5
I---
2.5
2.75
-.0---S
V S
22.5
26
29
32.5
35.69
42
27.5
32
--1--
3
S
19
11
13.5
16
19
21
23. 5
25
3.5
4.5
5.5
9
-12
10.5
11.5
13
14
8
--10
14
16
18
19
23
28
37
7
_.
47
.
10.5 11.5
15.5
10
12.
16
-J
-'-
4.50
15
19
21
26
--- ~--9.5 11.5
8
16
--_. --l. :, T L S "r L 5 T - S
8
9.5 11.5
14
_.--- ---
V R
V R
5.69
V R
V R
27
30
34
36
42
20
24
26
30
30
36
53
61
71
80
89
98
113
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
18
21
24
27
30
34
36
42
18
24
36
36
.-
--
::E
E~
c=-_
r;rllfljfr
>~ GLOBE
~
_.
'[-'--'c~1
1I"1[
<t:
E
i-ioPENj-j
>; BAll
if>
j{1- ?/I
GAT E
REH:R
TO TO-END
TABLE
FOR END-
~--1'
------
_.
33
32
42
49
19.5
24.5
27.5
31
T L 51
19.5
L 5
24.5
T L 5
27 .5
T L 5
31
36
T
34
38.5
rop COI~IlINi\1](1NS
01 [llTlIl(;',
AND Ilr;TIIIUn
\,IFLOCUre,
DO NOT INCIUDI
THE '1m_I!
GAP'REFEP TO TUT:
SECTION
5.3.5
INIIIIS
lAP.If. Aln nO!1fIMI
AND 101, COHIWIAlli1lr,
Of [1TIIN(;S
Mil IWUlmED
TO T/loO-inch
AND 'L' Alii III[ I!\PGf~,1
!JII'lIW;IOW;
[Oli HMIIIIIIL'(-IJI!fl!AlElJ
CAST-STEFL
VALVES FPO~, A SFLECTION
01 I~J\NIJFACTIJRERS
[OR THE \U
OF GE,~P !\lID POWERED OPEI~ATOR"
I,ll III VALVE') ARE GIVEN HI SECTION
3.1.2
OF THE H.Xr
38.5
('
51
NOM
I N A L
P I P E
S I Z E
M A
RUN
[NPS]
24
NPS OF
BRANCH
CLASS 3000 THREADED
&
1/2
3.53
5.94
7.25
10
12.66
15.38
18.03
20.12
22.75
25.41
28.06
33.34
3/4
4.81
6.22
7.53
10.28
12.94
15.66
18.31
20.41
23.03
25.69
28.34
33.62
5.12
6.53
7.84
10.59
13.25
15.97
18.62
20.72
23.34
26
28.66
33.94
1/2
5.56
6.97
8.28
11.03
13.69
16.41
19.06
21.16
23.78
26.44
29.09
34.38
6.12
7.53
8.84
11. 59
14.25
16.97
19.62
21.72
24.34
27
29.97
34.94
8.16
9.47
12.22
14.88
17.59
20.25
22.34
24.97
27.62
30.28
35.56
10.16
12.91
15.56
18.28
20.94
23.03
25.66
28.31
30.97
36.25
14.59
17.25
19.97
22.62
24.72
27.34
30
32.66
37.94
18.25
20.97
23.62
25.72
28.34
31
33.66
38.94
22.78
25.44
27.53
30.16
32.81
35.47
40.75
26.44
28.53
31.16
33.81
36.94
41. 75
3
4
6
[&2,
8
10
12
N P S
DIMENSION
'A'
NOM
LARGE
END
SMALL
END
Dimensions in this
table are for Mills
Iron Works swages,
available with ends
plain, threaded,
bevelled, Victaulic
grooved, and in any
combination
of
these terminations
0
F
10
B
R
A
N
C
H
12
10
3.38
4.12
5.62
7.00
8.50
3.00
3.50
6.12
7.25
6.62
5.12
14
'B'
16
18
20
I
/-,//4-
{--I-'If"1-A
M A I N
12
14
RUN
[NPS]
16
20
24
13.50
15.00
17.00
18
10.00
11. 00
12.00
7.62
8.62
9.38
10.38
8.00
9.00
9.75
10.75
11. 75
12.75
9.50
10.12
11. 12
12.12
13.12
15.12
10.62
11. 62
12.62
13.62
15.62
12.00
13.00
14.00
16.00
13.00
14.00
16.00
14.50
16.50
4.88
D
I
M
E
N
S
I
N
S I Z E
3.88
P I P E
3
N
P
S
I N A L
TABLE 0-6
17.00
12
7.12
7.12
9.00
11. 50
12.00
14
7.25
8.75
10.75
14.00
14.00
16
7.50
9.12
12.00
15.12
15.12
18
8.00
10.38
14.25
17.75
18.44
8.62
11. 50
14.50
17.75
21. 00
8.75
12.50
17.25
19.50
22.00
20
24
12.00
SINGLE AND
DUAL PLATES
I TABLE 0-8
- FORGED STEEL I
'1fT
-L-!
'I
NEE~:-==--3
9000
[Bonney Forge)
90 ELL, CROSS
& STRAIGHT TEE
0.75 0.94
1.25 1.06
1.44 1.06
1.31
1.94
2.12
R1
R2
R3
11
L2
1/2
R
A
N
C
314
1.79 2.03
1.95 2.19
2.04 2.28
11/2
2.00
2.12
2.41
UNION
[Bonney Forge]
FULL -COUPLING
HALF-COUPLING
'/2
3/4
REDUCER
INSERT
1'/2
[Bonney Forge]
LATERAL
[Bonney Forge
&
Ladish]
DIAMETER
SOCKOLET
(REDUCING)
[Bonney Forge]
SWAGE
(1) 'R' DIMENSIONS ('REMOVED RUN' OF PIPE) HAVE BEEN ROUNDED TO 1/100-inch AND INCLUDE 0.06-inch EXPANSION GAP(S) FOR WELDING. REFER TO 'SOCKET -liJELDEDPIPING' - CHART 2.2
(2) DIMENSIONS AI,E nWM THE FOLLOWING SUPPLIERS' DATA: BONNEY FORGE, ITT GfUNNEL, LADISH AND VOGT
(3) UNLESS THE SUPPLIER IS STATED, 'L' & '0' DIMENSIONS ARE THE LARGEST QUOTED BY BONNEY FORGE, ITT GRINNEL, LAD ISH AND VOGT
(4) FITTINGS CONFORM TO ANSI 816.11, EXCEPT LATERALS AND REDUCER INSERTS, luHICH ARE MADE TO MANUFACTURERS' STANDARDS
(S) FOR INFORMATION ON THE BORE DIAMETER AND RATING OF FITTINGS, REFER TO 'SOCKET-WELDED PIPING' - CHART 2.2
(6) UNIONS CONFORM TO MSS-SP-83
(7) DIMENSIONS FOR INSTALLED SOCKOLETS EXCLUDE THE 'ROOT GAP' - REFER TO 'DIMENSIONING SPOOLS (WELDED ASSEMBLIES)' - 5.3.5
FRACTIONAL
0.06
0.12
0.19
0.25
0.31
0.38
0.44
0.50
0.56
0.62
0.69
0.75
0.81
0.88
0.94
EQUIVALENT
1/16
1/8
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
9/16
S/8
11/16
3/4
13/16
7/8
15/16
I TABLE 0-9
r-R-I
~I
~~
I-L-I
THREDOLET
(REDUCING)
REDUCER
E---3
I
NOTE
HEXAGON
BUSHING
90 ELL, CROSS
1. 75 1.94
1.75 1.94
1.94
1.94
HALF-COUPLING
'/2
3/4
REDUCER
R
1
1'/2
L
LATERAL
DIAMETER
THREDOLET
(REDUCING)
R1
R2
R3
L1
L2
'/2
R
A
3/4
1. 16 1.45 1.69
1. 53 1.83 2.06
N
C
H
1. 58 1.81
1.83 2.06
1.88
2.19
[Bonney Forge]
UNION
[Bonney Forge]
1'/2
HEX BUSH
SWAGE
THREAD ENGAGEMENT
(1) 'R' DIMEN5IONS ('REMOVED RUN' OF PIPE) ARE BASED ON NORMAL THREAD ENGAGEMENT BETuJEEN MALE AND FEMALE THREADS TO MAKE TIGHT
JOINTS - ROUNDED TO 1/100-inch
(2) DIMENSIONS FOR FITTINGS ARE FROM THE FOLLOWING 5UPPLlEH5' DATA: BONNEY FORGE, ITT GRINNEL, LAOISH AND VOGT
(3) UNLESS THE SUPPLIER IS STATED, 'L' & '0' DIMENSIONS ARE THE LARGEST QUOTED BY BONNEY FORGE, ITT GRINNELL, LAD ISH AND VOGT
(4) FITTINGS CONFORM TO ANSI l116.11, EXCEPT LATERALS, luHICH ARE MADE TO MANUFACTURERS' STANDARDS. UNIONS CONFORM TO MSS-SP-83
(5) FOR SIZES AND AVAILABILITIES OF PIPE NIPPLES, REFER TO 'MALLEABLE-IRON PIPE FITTINGS' - TABLE 0-11
(6) DIMENSIONS FOR INSTALLED THHEDOLETS EXCLUDE THE 'ROOT GAP' - REFER TO 'DIMENSIONING SPOOLS (WELDED ASSEMBLIES)' - 5.3.5
FRACTIONAL
EQUIVALENT
0.06
1/16
0.12
1/8
0.1~
3/16
0.2S
174
0.31
5/16
0.38
3/8
0.4/;
7/16
0.50
1/2
0.56
9/16
0.52
5/8
0.69
11/16
0.75
3/4
0.81
13/16
0.88
7/8
0.94
15/16
~l
RISING
STEM
BOLTED
BONNET
NPS
G
A
T
E
1/2
3/4
1 1/2
4.00
4.00
5.50
6.62
6.62
6.38
7.25
8.56
11.00
12.50
3.50
3.88
4.25
5.50
5.69
2.50
2.75
2.88
4.12
4.19
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.62
6.62
G
L
0
6.38
6.56
6.81
8.12
10.12
L*
3.25
3.50
4.50
6.25
7.25
R*
2.25
2.38
3.12
4.88
5.75
H
(open)
These dimensions
lift-check
valves
...
NPS
-- ...
3/4
4.00
4.00
5.50
6.62
6.62
6.38
7.25
8.56
11. 00
12.50
3.50
3.88
4.25
5.50
5.69
2.00
2.25
2.75
3.12
3.75
... _I
G
A
T
E
~R~
l
'fi'
1 1/2
1/2
--
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.62
6.62
G
L
0
6.38
6.56
6.81
8.12
10.12
L*
3.25
3.50
4.50
6.25
7.25
R*
2.38
2.50
3.38
4.88
5.62
PRESSURE
P I P E
N 0 M I N A L
45 Ell
90 Ell
0
"-
300
150
CLASS
1 1/2
1.31
1.69
2.0
2.5
1.44
1.62
2.12
2.5
3.38
1.25
1.44
1.62
2.12
2.5
3.38
4.5
2.0
2.19
2.56
3.12
3.69
5.12
2.25
3.06
1.25
1.44
1.62
2.12
2.5
3.38
4.38
5.19
7.25
2.44
3.25
3.94
5.56
2.06
2.44
2.75
2.94
3.75
2.06
2.25
2.56
3.00
3.38
4.25
1.81
2.0
2.19
2.62
3.06
3.88
1.94
2.25
2.44
3.00
3.88
4.94
'--CJ-~
1.31
1.5
1.69
2.12
2.5
3.19
1.88
2.12
2.38
2.88
3.62
4.12
CLOSE NIPPLE
1. 12
1.38
1.5
1.75
2.0
2.62
1.12
1.38
1.5
1.75
2.0
2.62
S I Z E
1/2
3/4
0.88
1.0
1.12
1.44
1.69
1. 12
1.31
1.5
1.94
1.12
1.31
1.5
1.62
1.88
CLOSE
1.0
MEDIUM
1/2
3/4
2.19
1.0
1.12
2.25
3.06
1.25
1.94
2.25
3.06
2.12
2.69
3.25
1.25
1.5
2.19
2.62
1.25
1.5
1.88
2.5
3.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.5
4.0
1. 12
1.31
1.5
1.94
A
-
2.31
2.81
3.31
1.69
2.06
1.94
[IN]
'y
<in~_L]
1 1/2
''Y
-l--
_riI11A
90 STREET Ell
0
r-------
l'U
~r
RETURN BEND
....... _ .. -
-'hJE~
I..,
STRAIGHT TEE
OPEN
.1
{~
LATERAL
l;RINNU_L: Loppen
E ALLOY- l(J-l HUN
UNION t,._.r.-~-=-~
.. .....
OC1 AGONAL
... ->.
---
.J
A
T
S
STOCKHAM:
Bf1AS5-lll-IHON
or ALL-IRON
t--------J
COUPLING
NIPPLE
CARBONSTEEL
(TANK
Q.-',
r-------i
Illml .i>i.>l!IOO .
AVAILABILITIES
OF SHORT AND
LONG NIPPLES
SWAGE
--,'
.----------,
MILLS
IRON
WORKS
NPS
CARBON-STEEL
12:1
2.75
3.0
3.5
4.5
6.5
8.0
2.75
3.0
3.5
4.5
6.5
8.0
1.25
1.44
1.69
2.31
2.81
3.69
1.69
1.75
2.0
2.69
3.19
4.06
0.5
0.56
0.69
0.69
0.75
1.0
0.5
0.56
0.69
0.69
0.75
1.0
1-:---1
REDUCER
NPS
"-.'
THREAD ENGAGEMENT
DIMENSIONS
WW-P-521.
~-C3'~
TAPER
TAPER
.J
G~~~;,t?)
Ii"
L---~
~
IN THIS TABLE ARE FOR BANDED FITTINGS AND CONFORM TO ANSI STANDARD B16.3, AND FEDERAL SPECIFICATION
UNIONS CONFORM TO ANSI B16.39. DATA FROM ITT GRINNELL CORPORATION AND STOCKHAM VALVES AND FITTINGS
FORGED-STEEL FLANGES
& LAP-JOINT
STUB-ENDS
LAP-JOINT STUB
FLANGE CLASSES
150-2500
~J
SLIP-ON WELDING
(lJ
FOR RING-JOINT
(2J
BLIND FLANGES: DATA FOR FLANGE DIAMETERS AND BOLTING IN THESE TABLES
ALSO APPLIES TO BLIND FLANGES
[3J
[4]
LAP-JOINT STUB-ENDS: ANSI B16.9 (Long Pattern) & MSS SP-43 (Short Pattern)
[5]
FLANGE COMBINATION
FLANGE CLASS
150 or 300
Thickness of lap
Over 300
150 - 2500
Lapped to non-lapped
Lapped to lapped
OUTSIDE DIAMETER
F
L
A
N
G
E
END OF
PIPE TO
FACE OF
FLANGE
or LAP
JOINT
STUB
END
WELD-NECK
3.5
3.88
4.25
7.5
11
13.5
16
19
21
23.5
25
1.88
2.06
2.19
2.44
2.5
2.75
3.5
4.5
5.5
5.69
SLIP-ON
0.31
0.25
0.25
0.31
0.38
0.44
THREADED
0.06
0.06
0.25
0.31
0.19
0.25
0.38
0.44
ANSI
MSS
2.5
2.5
3.5
0.62
0.82
1.05
1.61
2.07
3.07
4.03
6.07
2.38
2.75
3.12
3.88
4.75
7.5
9.5
DIAMETER OF BOLT
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
5/8
5/8
5/8
3/4
3/4
RF
2.25
2.5
2.5
2.75
3.25
3.5
3.5
RJ
3.25
3.75
4.5
P
E
B
0
L
T
I
N
G
L-J
STUB
END
32
6
SOCKET
27.5
STUDBOLT THREAD
length - except
lap-joint: Note 5
0.50
0.56
10
10
12
12
12
12
12
7.98 10.02
12
12
12
17
18.75
7/B
7/8
4.25
4.5
4.75
5.25
4.75
5.25
5.75
12
11.75 14.25
16
16
21.25 22.75
20
20
25
29.5
1 1/8 1 1/8
1 1/4
5.25
5.75
6.25
6.75
5.75
6.25
6.75
7.25
OUTSIDE DIAMETER
F
L
A
N
G
E
END OF
PIPE TO
FACE OF
FLANGE
or LAP
JOINT
STUB
END
WELD-NECK
3.75
4.62
4.88
6.12
6.5
8.25
10
2.06
2.25
2.44
2.69
2.75
3.12
3.38
SLIP-ON
12.5
3.88
15
4.38
17.5
4.62
20.5
5.12
23
25.5
28
30.'5
36
5.62
5.75
6.25
6.38
6.62
SOCKET
0.56
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.69
0.94
THREADED
0.06
0.06
0.25
0.44
0.25
0.38
0.62
0.69
ANSI
r1SS
2.5
2.5
3.5
0.62
0.82
1.05
1.61
2.07
3.07
4.03
6.07
7.9B 10.02
12
12
12
16
16
20
2.62
3.25
3.5
4.5
6.62
7.88 10.62
13
15.25
DIAMETER OF BOLT
1/2
5/8
5/8
3/4
5/8
3/4
3/4
3/4
7/8
1 1/8
RF
2.5
3.5
3.5
4.25
4.5
4.75
5.5
6.25
6.75
7.5
7.75
RJ
3.5
3.5
4.75
5.5
6.75
7.25
7.5
8.25
8.75
10
T
Y
P
E
B
0
L
T
I
N
G
L-J
STUB
END
STUDBOLT THREAD
length - except
lap-joint: Note 5
0.75
0.75
10
10
12
12
12
12
12
17.75 20.25
20
24
24
24
22.5
24.75
27
32
1 1/8 1 1/4
1 1/4 1 1/4
1 1/2
OUTSIDE DIAMETER
F
L
A
N
G
E
T
y
P
E
END OF
PIPE TO
FACE OF
FLANGE
or LAP
JOINT
STUB
END
WELD-NECK
3.75
4.62
4.88
6.12
6.5
8.25
10.75
2.31
2.5
2.69
3.12
3.5
4.25
y
P
6.38
27
29.25
32
37
6.75
7.25
7.5
7.75
8.25
0.88
0.94
1.06
1.31
THREADED
0.38
0.31
0.31
0.44
0.69
0.50
0.62
0.88
0.94
ANSI
10
10
12
12
12
12
12
MSS
2.5
2.5
3.5
20
20
20
24
24
28.5
33
L-J
STUB
END
":\
2.62
3.25
3.5
4.5
6.62
8.5
DIAMETER OF BOLT
1/2
5/8
5/8
3/4
5/8
3/4
RF
3.5
3.5
4.25
4.25
RJ
3.5
3.5
4.25
4.75
5.12
5.88
2.62
3.12
STUDBOLT THREAD
length - except
lap-joint: Note 5
WELD-NECK
0.94
OUTSIDE DIAMETER
6.25
23.75
0.88
22
0.81
END OF
PIPE TO
FACE OF
FLANGE
or LAP
JOINT
STUB
END
5.5
20
SOCKET
F
L
A
N
G
E
4.88
16.5
SLl P-ON
B
0
L
T
I
N
G
14
12
12
16
11.5
13.75
17
7!fJ\
1 1/8
1 1/4 1 1/4
5.75
6.75
7.5
8.5
8.75
9.25
10
10.75
11.25
13
4.25
5.75
6.75
7.75
8.5
8.75
9.25
10
10.75
11.5
13.25
8.5
9.5
25.25
27.75
31
33.75
41
3.5
4.25
4.25
8.62
8.75
9.25
10
11.75
SLl P-ON
8\
11.5
4.75
15
5.75
SOCKET
19.25 20.75
21. 5
18.5
6.62
Wa 11 th'ickness of pipe
20
24
7.5
8.12
23.75 25.75
1 3/8 1 1/2
1 5/8 1 5/8
1 7/8
0.06" inch
THREADED
0.62
0.(i9
0.69
0.81
1.06
0.50
0.62
0.88
0.94
1
-
L-J
STUB
END
ANSI
10
10
12
12
12
12
12
MSS
2.5
2.5
3.5
BORE: WELD-NECK
12
12
16
20
20
20
20
20
3.25
3 .J
20
4.88
6.5
7.5
9.25 12.5
15.5
lB.5
?l
22
24.25
27
29.5
35.5
3/4
3/4
7/B
7/B
7/8
1 I/B 1 1/8
1 3/8 1 3/8
1 3/8 1 1/2
RF
4.25
4.5
5.5
5.75
5.75
6.75
7.5
B.75
9.25
10
10.75
RJ
4.25
4.5
5.5
5.75
5.75
6.75
7.75
8.75
9.25
10
11
B
0
L
T
I
N
G
1 5/8 1 7/8
2 1/2
11.25 12.75
13.75 17.25
11. 5
14.25
13.25
18
OUTSIDE DIAMETER
F
L
A
N
G
E
T
y
P
E
END OF
PIPE TO
FACE OF
FLANGE
or LAP
,JOINT
STUB
END 0
WELD-NECK
4.15
5.12
5.88
8.5
2.62
3.12
3.5
4.25
SLIP-ON
SOCKET
36
11.38
12
12.5
13.12
0.38
0.62
0.50
0.62
0.88
0.94
ANSI
10
10
12
12
12
12
12
MSS
2.5
2.5
3.5
16
16
16
16
32.15
39
0.94
12
12
12
16
16
3.25
3.5
4.88
6.5
9.5
12.5
15.5
19
22.5
25
DIAMETER OF BOLT
3/4
3/4
1/8
1/8
RF
4.25
4.5
5.5
5.15
1.15 10.25
11.5
RJ
4.25
4.5
5.5
5.75
1.75 10.5
12.75 13.5
STUDBOLT THREAD
length - except
lap-joint: Note 5
WELD-NECK
1 1/8 1 1/4
1 3/8 1 5/8
1 1/8
13.25
2
14.15
5.25
5.5
6.25
9.25
12
14
19
21.75
26.5
3.12
3.38
3.75
4.62
5.25
6.88
1.75
11
12.75
16.75 18.5
30
0.31
0.44
0.31
0.69
0.88
0.5
0.62
0.88
0.94
ANSI
10
10
MSS
2.5
2.5
3.5
3.5
3.75
4.25
5.75
6.75
DIAMETER OF BOLT
3/4
3/4
7/8
1 1/8
1 1/4 1 1/2
RF
4.75
5.5
6.75
8.75
RJ
4.75
5.5
6.75
STUDBOLT THREAD
length - except
lap-joint: Note 5
16
2 3/4
12
12
12
17.25
21. 25 24.38
2 1/2 2 3/4
10
13.5
15
19.25 21.25
10.25
14
15.5
10.75 14.5
20
22
3 1/2
17.5
19.5
21. 25 24.25
18.5
20.15
22.25 25.5
18
SOCKET
THREADED
21.15 30.5
2 1/4 2 1/2
15.25 16.15
SLIP-ON
L-J
STUB
END
14.25 16.25
0.31
46
0.31
END OF
PIPE TO
FACE OF
FLANGE
or LAP
JOINT
STUB
END 0
38.15
0.38
THREADED
BORE: WELD-NECK
B
0
L
T
I
N
G
32.5
1.88
OUTSIDE DIAMETER
P
E
29.5
1.44
8.62 10.25
26.5
1.44
23
1.25
F
L
A
N
G
E
5.12
19
1.19
00
L-J
STUB
END
4.88
12.25 15.5
B
0
L
T
I
N
G
10.5
1_",
_20
__
2_4_~
DIMENSIONS
300
900
1500
RING
No
1/2
2.31
0.12 R 11
2.31
0.12 R 11
2.62
0.16 R 12
2.62
0.16 R 12
3.12
0.16 R 13
3/4
2.50
0.16 R 13
2.50
0.16 R 13
0.16 R 14
0.16 R 14
3.38
0.16 R 16
2.44
0.16 R 15
2.69
0.16 R 16
2.69
0.16 R 16
3.12
0.16 R 16
3.12
0.16 R 16
3.75
0.16 R 18
1 1/2
2.69
0.16 R 19
2.94
0.16 R 20
0.16 R 20
3.50
0.16 R 20
3.50
0.16 R 20
4.69
0.12 R 23
2.75
0.16 R 22
3.06
0.22 R 23
3.19
0.19 R 23
4.31
0.12 R 24
4.31
0.12 R 24
5.31
0.12 R 26
0.16 R 29
3.44
0.22 R 31
3.56
0.19 R31
4.13
0.16 R 31
4.94
0.12 R 35
0.12 R 32
3.25
0.16 R 36
3.69
0.22 R 37
4.31
0.19 R 37
4.81
0.16 R 37
5.19
0.12 R 39
7.94
0.16 R 38
3.75
0.16 R 43
4.19
0.22 R 45
4.94
0.19 R 45
5.81
0.16 R 45
7.12
0.12 R 46 11.25
0.16 R 47
4.25
0.16 R 48
4.69
0.22 R 49
5.56
0.19 R 49
6.69
0.16 R 49
8.81
0.16 R 50 13.06
0.19 R 51
10
4.25
0.16 R 52
4.94
0.22 R 53
6.31
0.19 R 53
7.56
0.16 R 53 10.44
0.16 R 54 17.19
0.25 R 55
12
4.75
0.16 R 56
5.44
0.22 R 57
6.44
0.19 R 57
8.19
0.16 R 57 11.69
0.19 R 58 18.94
0.31 R 60
14
5.25
0.12 R 59
5.94
0.22 R 61
6.81
0.19 R 61
8.81
0.16 R 62 12.38
0.22 R 63
16
5.25
0.12 R 64
6.06
0.22 R 65
7.31
0.19 R 65
8.94
0.16 R 66 12.94
0.31 R 67
18
5.75
0.12 R 68
6.56
0.22 R 69
7.56
0.19 R 69
9.50
0.19 R 70 13.56
0.31 R 71
20
5.94
0.12 R 72
6.75
0.22 R 73
7.88
0.19 R 73 10.25
0.19 R 74 14.69
0.38 R 75
24
6.25
0.12 R 76
7.06
0.25 R77
8.44
0.22 R 77 12.12
0.22 R 78 16.81
0.44 R 79
RING
No
2500
RING
No
S E S
600
RING
No
-it---
G E C LAS
--t
150
-~.
F LAN
NPS
[L~+
..
I.
IN INCHES
G=
F-7
TABLE
RING
No
RING
No
f+---
SPECIFICATION
TABLE F-8
ELBOWS
FDR THE PROJECT
90 ELBOW
45 ELBOW
_./
IIIf
!
I
LR
= LONG RADIUS
SR
= SHORT RADIUS
NPS
90 LR
90 SR
45 LR
90 LR
90 SR
45 LR
3.81
3.00
2.19
3.50
2.69
1.88
5.12
3.81
2.62
5.62
4.31
3.12
6.62
4.88
3.12
7.19
5.44
3.69
9.56
6.88
4.31
10.06
7.38
4.81
12.56
8.94
5.56
13.25
9.62
6.25
10
15.62
10.88
6.88
16.06
11.56
7.31
12
18.62
13.06
8.12
19.19
13.75
8.69
14
21.62
14.81
9.38
22.00
15.56
9.75
16
24.62
17.00
10.62
24.88
17.75
10.88
18
27.62
19.06
11.88
28.00
19.88
12.25
20
30.62
21.00
13 .12
31.25
21.88
13.75
24
36.62
25.38
15.62
37.44
26.31
16.44
DIMENSIONS
IN INCHES
GAGE WORKING
PRESSURE
150 - 2500
TEMPERATURE
F LAN
G E
C LAS
S E S
FAHRENHEIT
150
300
400
600
900
1500
2500
-20 to 100
285
740
990
1480
2220
3705
6170
200
260
675
900
1350
2025
3375
5625
300
230
655
875
1315
1970
3280
5470
400
200
635
845
1270
1900
3170
5280
500
170
600
800
1200
1795
2995
4990
600
140
550
730
1095
1640
2735
4560
650
125
535
715
1075
1610
2685
4475
700
110
535
710
1065
1600
2665
4440
750
95
505
670
1010
1510
2520
4200
800
80
410
550
825
1235
2060
3430
850
65
270
355
535
805
1340
2230
900
50
170
230
345
515
860
1430
950
35
105
140
205
310
515
860
1000
20
50
70
105
155
260
430
Standard ANS I 816.5 does not recommend us ing flanges manuf actu red from carbon steel s made
to ASTM specification A-105 at temperatures in excess of 1000F (538C) at any time, or
their prolonged usage at temperatures over 800F (427C). [ASTM A-105 carbon steel is
included in material group 1.1. of ANSI 816.5.J
THERMAL GRADIENTS, THERMAL CYCLING and EXTERNAL LOADS
The su itab ility of s1 ip-on, socket -we 1 ding and threaded flange attachments at 540F (282C)
and -50F (-46C) is discussed in ANSI 816.5, which also makes recommendations to prevent
leakage from Class 150 flanged joints at 400F (204C), and other classes at higher tempatures, if the above operating conditions are anticipated, and expected to be severe.
Ratings are for non-shock conditions. Values in this table do not prevail over limitations
imposed by codes, standards, regulations or other obligations which may pertain to projects.
TABLE Fl0
_._-
1.5
..
4.5
---- ---_.-
6.7
9.8
IJ
5. I
7.:'
9 B
_
---
6.~
----
4.0
12
15
36
1\ 5
19
89
11 0
14
110
..
S~)
....
20
-_._-130
'170
51
--
--
47
)1
9.5
.:.i
330
--
i'.:'
33
:UJ
.....
.:'
_-
2.2
45
54
28
46
4.1
..
. __
_-
2 6
4.2
...
5.0
. "._,,
5.9
-----
?3
f'.7
---
~.-
29
'
6.3
35
6.9
36
100'
---.- ~
25
49
7.8
.. _.-
-"
41
41
----.
2..~
8.4
,,---_.
45
9.1
----
49
59
,'.i
1.6
0.6
3.1
44
2. ,)
.--------_~~
._~
7...tJ~
1.4
__
.....
,17
.-
__
11)
/.11
1.11
.._-
....
97
3.3
..
120
........
....
17(1
..
37
ilIJO
1,00
16
--.
---
--
---
Bl
140
:U;
19
83
-
..
--
....
...
5,t)
,-
_.
....
,.
4,0
300
3. I
-
i."
..
F)
--
440
140
_'
3600
- ---_
..
__
5. I
3.0
5.S
160
.-- '---"
4600
_
1,1]
f"h\JldLr:d
fll1w
n"~l'-,t
SO\lI"u,r,
the
EQUIVALENTS
..
--------
1 116
J--Rdnd),
0.12
0.06
'
,11'1'
!.flP
HVdY'MI
l(
1 fhl,'
_.
0,19
,'no
"Clwrniull
It"Jqc,.
0, 3_~___
1 __
..
5/16
UI
florn
c,
t'J
11l"TllIfdCltp"('!""i
O,2S
rHHi
\.llle
t.he
( 1 ntf't"c.r"
(lngersol
FRACT I ONAl
irn,lt('
<111(:(':',
~:38
I [H'
....
--
6000
560
930
.. _ ...
28
---_ .. -
-_ ....
8.4
8.3
,._--
51
40
11
-~
16
14
not
S!;Vl:I'"l
fill
C]lVlnq
Cr<1np
r-l(:L Inn
[nqinr;C'l"
190
...
3S
I:'
3 2
..
lr)
---
...
6,1
150
(in
=t8=
560':
---
-----
....
420
II)
...
Be
:)11
390.'
110
...
1.5
--._-
6.0
J. J
..
i . '
1\(;
3.1
-_.
noo
1900
5.4
..
--_.
310
.330
12
~
-,,-
- ----
I 'JD
__
71\
4.6
-';0-;;---~3~...
-----
',9
---
3.9
9.4
1-
---------
71
3.3
-2-3-(;-
250
..
S3()
..
--_
8.4
4. I ~-
..
..
2,10
1.1
4.1
56
3.1
1110
6.2
4.3
._ -
----.
--
3.6
._._-
?']
;~-..~,~;"-;;j140
2.8
...
----;-.-;-
--c---'
2.1
30
5.11
-~
(i'kGt"i1wHi
r,
O. '1~
0.50
0.S6
0.62
1116
1/2
9/16
5/8
l,echnic.ol
0.69
value"..
Papl;r 410",
Hydraulic
Dat.a"
0.75
0.81
0.88
0.94
--------
liB
3/16
1/,1
3/B
11/16
314
13/16
7/8
15/16
PRESSURE
RATE
Cu.ft/sec
--~. __
-6
8
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
--"125
.00223
.00446
.00668
.00891
.01114
.01337
.01782
.02228
.03342
.04456
.05570
.06684
.07798
.08912
.1114
.1337
.1560
.1782
.2005
.2228
.2785
.3342
.3899
.4456
.5013
.5570
.6127
.6684
.7798
.8912
1.003
1.114
1.225
1.337
1.449
1.560
1.671
1.782
1.894
2.005
950
1000
1100
1200
1300
150
175
200
225
Fl/s.c
psi
Ft/Sec
psi
Ft/Sec
psi
Ft /Sec
psi
Ft/Sec
psi
}I
/4
.56
.677
1.14
2.48
-------~-1.70
5.26
9.00
2.26
2.82 13.58
3.38
19.12
4.52 32.62
.93
1.24
1.55
1.85
2.47
1.16
1.98
3.00
4.22
7.17
10.91
39.60
11/2"
2"
.308
.466
.992
1.69
1.43
1.91
2.54
3.60
4.79
6.14
9.31
2.39
2.37
3.35
3.82
4.78
13.08
5.74
6.70
7.65
8.60
9.56
.285
.486
.736
1.03
1.37
1.76
2.67
3.75
4.99
6.40
7.96
9.69
6"
2.78
3.06
3.33
3.89
4.44
1/ "
~---- 2
--311"
.255
.42
.436
.136
.656
.53
.205
.30
.050
.925
.63
.290
.36
.071
.48
1.58 ---c:..8~.9~
.121
f--_._---1.06
.749
1.68
2.39
.60
.183
2.72
1.20
3.36
8.68
2.11
.665
5.77
1.80
1.41
5.04 18.46
3.17
6.72 31.55
2.42
4.22
9.86
2.40
5.28 14.92
3.01
3.64
"3:61
6.33 26:~
5.13
8.76
4.81
6.01
13.28
.50
.67
.84
1.01
1.34
21/2"
2.01
2.35
2.68
3.35
.424
.566
.724
1.10
4.02
4.70
5.37
6.04
6.71
1.54
2.05
2.63
3.28
3.98
8.38
10.1
11.7
13.4
6.03
8.46
11.3
14.4
3"
2.17
.371
2.61
3.04
3.47
3.91
4.34
5.43
6.52
7.60
8.69
9.77
.520
.693
.890
1.10
1.34
10.9
11.9
13.0
15.2
2.57
.149
2.89
3.21
3.53
3.85
4.17
4.49
4.81
5.13
5.45
5.77
2.117
2.228
2.451
2.674
2.896
10.6
11.1
12.2
13.3
14.4
2.93
3.23
3.85
4.53
5.26
6.09
6.41
7.06
7.70
8.34
.185
.225
.270
.316
.367
.420
.480
.540
.605
.627
.744
.817
.975
1.15
1.33
1400
1500
1600
1800
2000
3.119
3.342
3.565
4.010
4.456
15.6
16.7
17.8
20.0
22.2
6.01
6.84
7.73
9.64
11.6
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
27.8
17.6
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
5.570
6.684
7.798
8.912
10.03
11.14
13.37
15.60
17.82
20.05
8.98
9.62
10.3
11.5
12.8
16.0
19.2
22.4
25.7
28.9
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22.28
26.7 4
31.19
35.65
40.10
44.56
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
psi
P
psi
Fl/s.c
%"
.62
.548 -_._~~_._--..-.
3.09
6.18
1.26
1.58
2.36
3.15
3.94
4.73
5.51
6.30
7.88
9.45
FI/S.c
II
5.00
5.55
6.11
6.66
7.22
7.78
8.33
8.89
9.44
10.0
----;j5ii
.245
.292
.344
.457
.587
.731
.887
1.07
1.25
1.45
1.66
1.89
2.13
2.38
2.66
250
275
300
350
400
.00022
.00045
.00067
.0089
.00111
.00134
.00178
(PSI) PER
Va"
.1
.2
------.3
.4
.5
.6
.8
1
2
3
4
5
DROP
TABLE F-11
8"
1.53
1.74
1.96
2.46
2.97
4.49
6.30
8.41
10.8
13.4
10"
2.65
2.85
3.05
3.26
3.46
3.66
3.87
4.07
4.48
4.88
5.29
5.70
6.10
6.51
7.32
8.14
10.2
12.2
14.2
16.3
18.3
20.4
24.4
28.5
.118
.135
.154
.173
.194
.216
.238
.262
.313
.368
.427
.490
.556
.628
.782
.953
1.44
2.02
2.70
3.46
4.31
5.23
7.35
9.80
2.27
2.59
2.92
3.24
.335
.430
.535
.650
2.01
2.86
3.81
4.89
6.09
4.05
.984
1.38
4.87
1.84
5.68
6.49
2.36
7.30
2.94
----=-c--~7Al 8.11 3.58
8.84
8.92
4.27
10.4
9.73
5.02
11.4
13.8
6.87
13.0
8.58
10.7
14.6
16.2
13.0
17.8
15.5
19.5
18.2
4.01
4.30
4.59
5.16
5.73
.090
.099
.109
.130
.153
.178
.204
.232
.262
.329
---_ .396
..__ .7.17
.601
8.60
.842
1.12
10.0
11.5
1.44
1.76
12.9
14.3
2.18
17.2
3.06
20.1
4.08
22.9
5.22
25.8
6.51
28.7
7.91
1"
;4"
11
.30
.036
_.~~--.37
.055
.21
.014
.74
.43
.199
.051
1.11
.424
.64
.107
1.49
.724
.86
.183
1.86
1.09
1.07
.276
1.54
1.29
2.23
.390
1.71
2.97
2.62
.667
3.713
1.01
3.97
2.142
8.46
5.57
3.21
2.14
7.43
14.42
4.28
3.66
5.36
5.54
6.43
7.79
7.50
10.38
8.57 13.28
31/2"
12"
2.58
2.72
2.87
3.15
3.44
3.73
._----
4"
2.52
3.15
3.78
4.41
5.04
5.67
.346
.523
.734
.978
1.25
1.56
3.32
3.56
3.79
4.27
4.74
5.93
7.11
8.30
9.48
10.7
11.9
14.2
16.6
19.0
21.3
.127
.145
.163
.203
.247
.374
.525
.700
.896
1.12
1.36
1.91
2.54
3.25
4.06
23.7
28.5
4.92
6.92
.734
.863
1.15
1.47
1.83
2.23
2.67
3.13
3.62
4.16
4.75
5.35
5.98
6.65
7.36
8.10
9.66
11.4
13.2
6.93
7.56
8.82
10.1
11.3
12.6
13.9
15.1
16.4
2.27
2.67
3.55
4.56
4.41
4.81
5.62
6.41
5.66
6.89
8.25
9.68
11.2
17.6
18.9
20.2
21.4
22.7
12.9
14.7
16.5
18.5
20.6
7.22
8.02
8.82
9.62
10.4
11.2
12.0
12.8
13.6
14.4
23.9
22.8
11
.096
.111
.316
.405
.505
"6::30-1:90 -~-:6i6
14
2.85
3.08
5"
2.81
3.21
3.61
16"
2.91
3.27
3.63
4.54
5.45
6.36
7.26
8.17
9.08
10.9
12.7
14.5
16.3
18.2
21.8
25.4
29.1
32.7
.084
.104
.127
.192
.270
.358
.459
.671
.695
.977
1.30
1.67
2.08
2.53
3.55
4.72
6.06
7.55
15.2
16.0
17.6
19.2
20.8
22.4
24.1
15.1
17.2
18
11
4.30
5.02
5.74
6.45
7.17
8.60
10.0
11.5
12.9
14.3
17.2
20.1
22.9
25.8
28.7
.149
.199
.255
.317
.386
.542
.723
.926
1.15
1.40
1.97
2.62
3.36
4.18
5.08
CHART H-l
THREE
BASIC
6.6.',
FRONT END
STATIONARY HEAD TYPES
LETTERS.
SUCH
CONSTRUCTION
NEEDED
'DATA
REAR END
HEAD TYPES
~T
I~
REMOVABLE
TUBE
BUN OLE
ONLY
I~
FIXEO
TUBESHEET
ONLY
.cwo-
=======~~\:::~Yf.L-
MEASUREMENTS
CHART M-l
COMPOUND ANGLES
PRISM
BASE
AXES; directions
ul structural
steel, etc.
CIRCUMFERENCE
o 6.2831863
r
Af1EA ~-rrr2
o 3.1416927
r
LENGTH OF ARC
o
nrO/180
o 0.0174633rO
AREA
TIr2 0/360
OF ANY
SHAPE;
h
2
OR SLOPING
AF1EA OF SECTION
2n r
UPRIGHT
NOTE:
THIS FORMULA
MAY
BE APPLIED
TO CYLINDRIC
AND RECTANGULAR
TANKS_
0.00872664r20
SEGMENT
OF CIRCLE
LJ1b
L. c~~J
0
a ~
FRUSTUM
SECTION
AREA OF BASE A
If a
b, this formula applies to
any parallelogram or rectangle.
*Valid
~l
OIAMETEfl a + (b2/4a)
RAUl US r (a/2) + (b2/1Ja)
LENGTH OF ARC * I
o (nr/90).arccos[1
~(a/r)]
o (TIr/90).arcsifl[b/21-]
wllere 11/90 0.03490659
AREA*0(rl-rb+ab)/2
NOTE arccos[ OJ
"angle in
degrees whose cosine is a ", and
arcsin [a]
"ofllJle in degrees
wllosesineisO".
VOLUME ohA/3
for
than 2r.
il
O}
L-
AREA
OF CONE
OF ANY
SHAPE;
UPRIGHT
OR SLOPING
ELLIPSE
AREAoac/2
(TI/4)(ab)
0.78539B2(ab}
CIRCUMFERENCE
TI[(a2 + b2)/2]1/2
aJ
VOLUME
approximately
TRIANGLES
RADIUS
DIAMETER
(11/3).IA
+ B + (AB)'!,]
r
d= 2r
SURFACE AREA
TId2
3.141592G5d2
0
THESE FORMULAS
MAY BE USED
FOR ALL (FLAT)
TRIANGLES
VOLUME =
/G =
o 0.5235988
d3
Trd3
__
.__
KNOWN
~ngles
Three sides
f--------
.0-
.-------
(Thus
values
angle
= (b2+ c2-
cosA
Area
side
__
a2)/2bc
2abcosC)'h
Two sides
tan A = (a sinC)/(b
- a cos
Third angle
and included
---_.- - ----angle
(ab
sin
G)/2
Area
_.
.._----------_._-- -_._~ _~--~~~-~
Two sides and
c = bcos A (a2 _ b2 sin2
Third side
-excluded angle
(b/2) sin A [b cos A (a2Area
~a.I!I_1Jj2!LOllS)
Area
side
B. sin C /[2sin
..--
11
------A) '12
b2sin2
c = a sin C / sin (B + G)
a2.sin
s - (a + b + c)/2
-------C)
_ .._---~---_._-_
..
Adjacent
A=1800-(B+C)
Any angle
--Third
-_
..
VOLUME OF SEGMENT OF
DEPTH " = (Tr/l2/3}(3r
- h)
= (1.0471976112)(3r-l1),
in tables.)
SOLUTION
REQUIRED
Third
may be found
(B + C)]
A)Jh )
11
TABLES M-2
MEASUREMENTS
VALUES COMPUTED TO
NEAREST 1/16-th INCH
HYPOTENUSE
0
()
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
()
0
0
0
0
0
0
I)
()
I)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I)
(]
()
0
(]
Il
(]
I)
Il
Il
I)
0
0
0
0
0-1/J6~0
0-I/B
0-3/16
0-1/4
0-'0/16
0- 3/8
0-1/16
0-1/2
0-9/16
0-- S / 8
0-11/16
0-3/4
0-13/16
0-1/8
0--1'0/1[,
1
1 - 1/16
1- 1/ B
I 3/16
I 1/4
I [1/1(1
I I/B
I 1/1"
1-- 1/2
1 - 9/16
1 _!) jR
1 I 1/1[,
I 1/ ~
I J 1/1 b
1--1/1)
11'0/16
7
7 - 1/1 f)
7 I/Il
7 1/ I 6
? I/~
/16
7
? Iiii
7 - 1/ 16
7 1/7
7 (J / 1 C1
7 ',/B
7 -11/16
7 - 1/4
7 13/16
7-1/8
2- I !i/l 6
3
3 -1/16
3-1/8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(J
11
(1
0
lJ
0
0
0
0
0
Il
0
0
0
0
.3
3-1/16
3 -,/16
:1 1/4
'1 3/B
3 - 7/](,
J 9/16
3-- lj/B
3-11/1
3-13/16
3-7/8
4
4-1/16
4-1/8
4-1/4
4-5/16
4 - 7/16
HYPOTENUSE
SIDE
0-1/16
0-3/16
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0- 7/16
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1-5/16
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2-1/16
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2-3/16
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7 I/B
7 1/7
2-9/16
2-5/8
2-3/4
2--11/16
2-15/16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
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3-3/8
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3-9/16
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3-11/16
3-1
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3-1
16
4
4--1/16
4 -1/8
4-3/16
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4-3/4
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4-15/16
5 - 1/16
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5- 3/16
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8 - 1/16
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8-5/16
8-3/8
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
()
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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HYPOTENUSE
6 - '0/16
6-3/B
6-7/16
6--1/2
6--9/16
6- 5/8
6 -11/16
6-3/4
6-13/16
6-7/8
6 -I 5/16
7
7 -1/16
1-1/8
1-3/16
7 --1/4
7-5/16
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7 -- 7/16
7--1j(
7-9/1
b
0
0
0
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0
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1- S! 8
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7 --3 / 4
7 - 13/16
7-718
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8-1/16
8-1/8
8-3/16
8-1/4
8-5/16
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8-1/16
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9 -1/16
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9-1/4
9-5/16
9- 3/8
8-- I 5/16
9
9-1/8
9-3/16
9-1/4
9-3/B
9--7/16
9--9/16
9-5/8
9-3/4
9-13/16
9- 7/8
10
10- 1/16
10-3/16
10-1/4
10- 5/16
10-7/
16
10-1/
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10-5/B
10-11/16
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10--7/B
10-15/16
11-1/16
11 - 1/8
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11 - S /1 (,
11- J /8
11-1/2
11- 9/] 6
11- 11/16
11 - 3/4
11-1/8
11 -1 5/1 6
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
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() 12-7/8
0 13
Il 13- 1/16
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CONSTRUCTION OF MITERS
3-PIECE
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1-;
15
22'1~o
1----------.,
!
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SIDE
HYPOTENUSE
9-7/16
9- 1/2
9-9/16
9-5/8
9- 11/16
9-3/4
9-13/16
9-7/8
9-15/16
10
10- 1/16
10-1/8
10-3/16
10--1/4
10-5/16
10--3/8
10-7/16
10-1/2
10-9/16
10-5/8
10-11/16
10-3/4
10-13/16
10-7/8
10-15/16
11
I 1- 1/1 fJ
11-1/8
11- 3/16
11-1/4
11-5/16
11-3/8
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11-9/16
11-'0/8
11 -11/16
11 - 3/4
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11-1/8
11- I '0/16
12
12- 1/16
12 - 1/8
12-3/16
12- 1/4
12-5/16
12-3/8
12-1/16
12-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
()
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
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0
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13-3/B
13-1/16
13- 1/?
13-5/8
13-11/16
13-13/16
13-7/8
13-15/16
14 -1/16
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14 -1/4
14-5/16
14- 7/16
14 -1/2
14-9/16
14 - 11/16
14-3/4
14-7/8
14-15/16
15
15-1/8
15-3/16
15-5/16
15-3/8
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15-15/16
16
16-1/16
16-3/16
16-1/4
16-3/8
16-1/16
16-1/7
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16-- II /16
16--13/16
16--1/8
17
17 - 5/16
17-1/8
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17-5/16
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5-13/16
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3
4
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6
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0
0
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8
9
10
11
11
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0
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0
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0
11%0
II
33~o
Angle
of bend
GENERAL FORMULA
= r.tan [A/2)
0000000000-
0.0\
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.24
0.28
0.31
0.35
0.39
[3/64J
l5/64J
[1/8J
[5/32J
[13/MJ
[15/6'1)
[9/32J
[5/16J
[23/64J
l25/MJ
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
0000000000-
3.19
3.23
3.27
3.31
3.35
3.39
3.43
3.46
3.50
3.54
[3/16J
[15/64J
[17/64J
[5/16J
[11/32J
[25/64]
[27/64J
[15/32]
[1/2]
[35/MJ
161
162
163
1M
165
166
167
168
1b9
170
0000000000-
6.34
6.38
6.42
6.46
6.50
6.54
6.57
6.61
6.65
6.69
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
0000000000-
0.43
0.47
0.51
0.55
0.59
0.63
0.67
0.71
0.75
0.79
[7/16J
[15/32]
[33/64J
[35/64}
[19/32J
[5/8J
[43/64J
[1,5/64J
[3/4]
[25/32]
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
0000000000-
3.58
3.62
3.66
3.70
3.74
3.78
3.82
3.86
3.90
3.94
[37/64J
[5/8J
[21/32]
[45/61.]
[47/64J
[25/32)
[13/16]
[55/64]
[57/64)
[15/16J
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
0000000000-
6.73
6.77
6.81
6.85
6.89
6.93
6.97
7.01
7.05
7.09
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
0000000000-
0.83
0.87
0.91
0.94
0.98
1.02
1.06
1.10
1.14
1.18
[53/64J
[55/64J
[29/32J
[15/16J
[,,3/64]
(1/32J
[1/16]
[7/64]
19/64J
[3/16]
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
0000000000-
3.98
4.02
4.06
4.09
4.13
4.17
4.21
4.25
4.29
4.33
[31/32J
[l/64J
[l/l"J
[3/32J
[9/64]
(l1/M]
[7/32J
[1/4J
[19/64]
[21/64]
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
0000000000-
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
0000000000-
1.22
1.26
1.30
1.34
1.38
1.42
1.46
1.50
1.54
1.57
[7/32J
[17/MJ
[19/64J
(11/32J
(3/8]
[27/6'1]
[29/6IIJ
{1/2]
[17/32]
137/64J
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
0000000000-
4.37
4.41
4.45
4.49
4.53
4.57
4.61
4.65
4.69
4.72
l3/8]
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
0000000000-
1.61
1.65
1.69
1.73
1. 77
1.81
1.85
1.89
1.93
1.97
[39/64J
[21/32J
(11/16J
[47/6IIJ
[49/64J
[13/16]
[27/32J
[57/64J
[59/64]
{31/32]
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
0000000000-
1l.76
4.80
4.84
4.88
4.92
4.96
5.00
5.04
5.08
5.12
[1.9/64}
[51/64J
[27/32J
[7/8J
[59/64J
[61/MJ
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
0000000000-
2.01
2.05
2.09
2.13
2.17
2.20
2.24
2.28
2.32
2.36
[l/64J
[3/64J
[3/32]
[1/8J
[11/6'1]
[13/64J
{1/4]
[9/32]
[21/611]
[23/MJ
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
0000000000-
61 0- 2.40 [13/32J
62 0- 2.44 17/16]
63 0- 2.48 [31/64J
64 0- 2.52 [33/64]
65 . 0- 2.56 [9/16]
66 0- 2.60 [19/32]
67 0- 2.6'1 (41/64J
68 0- 2.68 [43/64J
69 0- 2.72 [23/32(
70 0- 2.76 (3/1.]
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
0000000000-
2.80
2.83
2.87
2.91
2.95
2.99
3.03
3.07
3.11
3.15
[51/64J
[53/64J
17/8J
[29/32]
[61/610]
[63/64]
[1/32J
[5/64J
[7/64J
[5/32J
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
000000000-
{31/64J
[17/32J
[9/16J
[39/6'1]
[41/64J
[11/16]
[23/32J
(1,9/64]
[51/64J
[27/32]
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
1111111111-
0.64
0.68
0.72
0.76
0.80
0.83
0.87
0.91
0.95
0.99
[41/6'1]
{43/64J
[23/32]
[3/4]
[51/64J
[53/6'1]
[7/8]
[29/32]
(61/M]
163/64]
401
402
403
40\
405
406
1,07
1.08
0- 9.88 [7/8]
0- 9.92 [.j9/MJ
0- 9.96 [61/61.]
0-10.00
0-1O.Qi, [3/64}
0-10.08 [5/64]
0-10.12 [1/8J
0-10.16 [5/32]
0-10.20 [13/64]
0-10.21, [15/64]
331
332
333
[27/32J
[57/64]
[59/64]
[31/32J
[l/MJ
[3/6'1]
[3/32J
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
335
336
337
338
339
340
1l11111111-
1.03
1.07
1.11
1.15
1.19
1.23
1.27
1.31
1.35
1.39
[1/32]
[5/(,1.]
[7/6'1]
[5/32)
[3/16]
[15/61.)
[17/61.]
[5/16]
411
412
413
414
415
7.13
7.17
7.20
7.24
7.28
7.32
7.36
7.40
7.44
7.48
[1/8J
[l1/64J
l13/64J
[1/4]
[9/32J
[21/64J
[23/6I.J
113/32J
[7/16J
[31/64J
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
0-10.28
0-10.31
0-10.35
0-10.39
0-10.43
0-10.47
0-10.51
0-10.55
0-10.59
0-10.63
[9/32]
[5/16]
[23/64J
[25/64J
(7/16J
[15/32]
[33/64]
[35/64]
[19/32J
[5/8}
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
1111111111-
0000000000-
7.52
7.56
7.60
7.M
7.68
7.72
7.76
7.80
7.83
7.87
[33/6'1]
[9/16}
(19/32]
[41/64]
[43/64J
[23/321
[3/4]
[51/64J
[53/64]
[7/8J
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
0-10.67
0-10.71
0-10.75
0-10.79
0-10.83
0-10.87
0-10.91
0-10.94
0-10.98
0-11. 02
[43/64]
[45/6'1]
[3/4]
[25/32]
[53/64J
[55/64]
[29/32J
[15/16J
[63/64]
[1/32J
351
352
353
351.
355
356
357
358
359
360
[3/64J
[5/64J
[1/8]
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
0000000000-
7.91
7.95
7.99
8.03
8.07
8.11
8.15
8.19
8.23
8.27
[29/32J
[61/611]
[63/64]
[1/32]
[5/6I<J
[7/M]
[5/32(
[3/16J
[15/64J
[17/64]
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
0-11.06
0-11.10
0-11.11,
0-11.18
0-11.22
0-11.26
0-11.30
0-11.31,
0-11.38
0-11.42
(1/16J
[7/64]
[9/64J
[3/16J
[7/32J
[17/MJ
[19/6'1]
[11/32J
[3/8J
[27/61<]
5.16
5.20
5.24
5.28
5.31
5.35
5.39
5.43
5.47
5.51
[5/32]
[13/64]
[15/64J
[9/32J
(5/16]
[23/6', J
(25/611]
17/16J
115/32i
[33/64]
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
0000000000-
8.31 [5/16J
8.35 [11/32J
8.39 [25/MJ
8.43 [27/611]
8.4<>[15/32J
8.50 [1/2]
8.54 [35/64]
8.58 [37/64]
8.62 [5/8J
8.66 [21/32J
291
292
1'+9
150
0000000000-
5.55
5.59
5.63
5.67
5.71
5.75
5.79
5.83
5.87
5.91
[35/64J
[19/32J
[5/8]
[43/64J
[45/MJ
[3/4J
(25/32J
[53/64J
[55/64]
[29/32]
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
0000000000-
8.70
8.74
8.78
8.82
8.86
8.90
8.94
8.98
9.02
').06
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
0000000000-
5.94
5.98
6.02
6.06
6.10
6.14
6.18
6.22
6.26
6.30
[15/16]
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TABLE M-4
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27096
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31';
98960
31%
99.746
3i-~""iOo:53-1----
766.99
77931
791.73
80425
3,':'
101.316
33';
102,102
.3.21:'
102.887
33
103.673
33>:'
104.458
33:~;
105243
33%
106029
3~---106.814----!J07.92
81686
829.58
847.39
855.30
868.31
881.41
894.62
3D' ;
30',;
:;1
w-,
9i389~---j~;~il
107,600
108.385
34'1,
109.170
35--109.956
35':'
110.741
35~i
111.527
30,;:'
112.312
36---illo97
W:'
113.883
36';
114.668
36%
115.454
w;
921.32
934,82
948.42
962.11
975.91
989.80
1003.80
1017.90
1032.10
1046,30
1060.70
39~:'
39';
39';
40
40~,
40';
40%
41
41~:'
41~;
41%
42
42~,
42';
41':,
123.308
1210.0
124.093
1225.4
1(4878
1241.0
175.064---12~)1;.6
126.449
1272.4
127.235
1288,
128,020
13042
128.805
1320.3
129591
1336.4
130.376
13527
131.161
1369.0
131.947
1385.4
132.732
1402.0
133,518
1418.6
134.303
1435.4
43---jK688---1~52.-2
43~;
135.874
43';
136.659
43);
137445
4')~'-138.230
44~,
139015
44',
139801
!4:'j __
~40586
45
141.372
45>,
14,.157
45:;
142.942
45!,
143.728
46
4&:,
46';
46~4
4;47)-;
47);
47):,
48
48>,
48:;
48):,
49
49':,
49~;
49%
50
50:/,
50>2
50%
144.513
145.299
146.084
146869
147.655 -148.440
149.226
150.011
150.79&
151.582
152.367
153.153
153.938
154.723
155.509
156294
157.080
157.865
158.650
159.436
1469.1
1486)
E'03]
1520.5
1537.9
15553
1572.8
1590.4
1608.2
162G.0
1643.9
IG61.9
1680.0
1698.2
1716"
--17349
1753.5
1772.1
17908
18096
1828.5
1847.5
18665
1885.7
1905.0
1924.4
194,19
1963.5
1983.2
2003.0
2022.8
51
160.221
51>;
lGI.007
51 V,
161.792
51'h
162577
52---163.1-63---21
2042.8
20G2.9
2083.1
2103.3
23.7
52;'-,
52Y,
2144.2
2164.8
1&4.148
164.934
TABLE M-5
!i4
YJ2
DECIMAL
EQUIVALENTS
FRACTIONS
OFA
FOOT
.0052
.0104
Y16"
V8
.015625
.0208
.0260
Vi6
FRAC
TIONS
OF AN
INCH
1%4
'14
Yi6
.03125
.0365
.0417
%
~6
%4
.046875
.0521
.0573
0/16
%
'Y16
Y16
.0625
.0677
.0729
314
lVi6
%4
.078125
.0833
.0885
11)6
1
1Y16
0/32
.09375
.0990
.1042
lYe
1Vi6
%4
.109375
.1146
.1198
11)6
1%
m6
2%4
V8
.1250
.1302
.1354
1 V2
10/16
1%
7'8
.140625
.1458
.1510
1%
1'716
0/32
.15625
.1615
.1667
1%
111)6
2
1!i4
.171875
.1771
.1823
2Y16
2V8
2Vi6
.1875
.1927
.1979
2'l4
2Y16
2%
~6
.203125
.2083
.2135
2~6
2%4
2V2
'l"32
.21875
.2240
.2292
2%
21Y16
2%
11&4
.234375
.2396
.2448
2'Vi6
2%
211)6
.2500
%4
716
1%4
'l4
0/32
FRACTIONS
OFA
FOOT
.2552
.2604
3Y16"
3V8
.265625
.2708
.2760
3'l4
3Yi6
3Vi6
FRAC
TIONS
OF AN
INCH
3%4
DECIMAL
EQUIVALENTS
FRACTIONS
OFA
FOOT
.5052
.5104
6Y16"
6V8
.515625
.5208
.5260
6Vi6
.53125
.5365
.5417
6%
6~6
6V2
FRAC
TIONS
OFAN
INCH
4%4
6'l4
6Yi6
DECIMAL
EQ UIV AlENTS
FRACTIONS
OFA
FOOT
.7552
.7604
9Ye
.765625
.7708
.7760
9'l4
9Yi6
9Y16"
9Vi6
.78125
.7865
.7917
9%
9~6
5!i4
.796875
.8021
.8073
90/16
9%
91Y16
'Vi6
.8125
.8177
.8229
9'Yt6
.28125
.2865
.2917
37'8
3~6
1%4
.296875
.3021
.3073
30/16
3%
3'Y16
31&4
.546875
.5521
.5573
60/16
6%
6'Y16
1)6
.3125
.3177
.3229
3%
0/16
.5625
.5677
.5729
6%
6'Yt6
6%
2\44
.328125
.3333
.3385
3'1)6
4
4Y16
3%4
.578125
.5833
.5885
6'1)6
7
7Y16
5%4
.828125
.8333
.8385
91Yi6
10
IOYl6
lV32
.34375
.3490
.3542
4Va
4Yt6
'%2
7V8
7Yt6
2~2
4'l4
.59375
.5990
.6042
7'l4
.84375
.8490
.8542
10716
10 'l4
.359375
.3646
.3698
41)6
4%
4~6
3%4
.609375
.6146
.6198
71)6
77'a
7~6
5%4
.859375
.8646
.8698
IOYi6
107'8
10~6
.3750
.3802
.3854
4V2
.6250
.6302
.6354
7V2
40/16
4%
7%
7%
.8750
.8802
.8854
100/16
10%
.390625
.3958
.4010
41Y16
4%
41Yt6
4].i4
.890625
.8958
.9010
10314
10'Yt6
17'32
.40625
.4115
.4167
4%
41Yi6
5
2%4
.421875
.4271
.4328
5Y16
5716
.4375
.4427
.4479
5Yi6
57'8
V2
1'l4
jl Y16
DECIMAL
EQUIVALENTS
2%4
1~2
3V2
31Yt6
3%
9V2
9314
9%
IOV8
10V2
1011!J6
.640625
.6458
.6510
71Y16
7%
2Y32
.6562:5
.6615
.6667
7%
7'1)6
8
2%2
.90625
.9115
.9167
10%
1011)6
11
4%4
.671875
.6771
.6823
8Y16
5%4
.921875
.9271
.9323
11 Y16
11 V8
11716
I Y16
.6875
.6927
.6979
8'l4
81)6'
8%
lYi6
.9375
.9427
.9479
11 'l4
111)6
117'8
41&4
.703125
.7083
.7135
8~6
6)1,4
8V2
80/16
.953125
.9583
.9635
11~6
11 V2
110/16
5V8
5114
2%2
5%4
7'Vi6
8Va
8716
.453125
.4583
.4635
50/16
'0/32
.46875
.4740
.4792
5%
5'Y16
5%
2o/.a
.71875
.7240
.7292
8%
8'Y16
8%
3Y32
.96875
.9740
.9792
I His
111 Y16
11%
3\44
.484375
.4896
.4948
51Vi6
5%
51716
4%4
.734375
.7396
.7448
81716
8%
811)6
6%4
.984375
.9896
.9948
1 Jl716
11%
1111)6
.5000
.7500
1.000
12
20/16
V2
5~6
5V2
314
OF laC TEMPERATURE
'C.
Given
Temp.
--273
-268
--262
-257
--251
-459.4
-450
-440
-430-161
-420
-246
--240
-234
-229
-223
-410
-400
--390
-380
-370
-218
-212
-207
--201
--196
Given
C. Temp. oF.
of.
-17.8
-172
-167
TABLE M-6
CONVERSION
Given
'C. Temp. of.
Given
C. Temp. 'F.
Given
'C. Temp. 'F.
Given
'C. Temp. 'F.
Given
'C. Temp. 'F.
-156
0
1
2
3
4
32
33.8
35.6
37.4
39.2
10.0
10.6
11.1
11.7
12.2
50
51
52
53
54
122.0
1238
125.6
1274
129.2
43
49
54
60
66
110
120
130
140
150
230
248
266
284
302
321
327
332
338
343
610
620
630
640
650
1130
1148
1166
1184
1202
604
610
616
621
627
1120
1130
1140
1150
1160
2048
2066
2084
2102
2120
-15.0
-14.4
-13.9
-13.3
-12.8
5
6
7
8
9
41.0
42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2
12.8
13.3
13.9
14.4
15.0
55
56
57
58
59
131.0
132.8
134.6
136.4
138.2
71
77
82
88
93
160
170
180
190
200
320
338
356
374
392
349
354
360
366
371
660
670
680
690
700
1220
1238
1256
1274
1292
632
638
643
649
654
1170
1180
1190
1200
1210
2138
2156
2174
2192
2210
916
921
927
932
938
1680
1690
1700
1710
1720
3056
3074
3092
3110
3128
-360
-350
-340
-330
--320
-12.2
-11.7
-11.1
-10.6
-10.0
10
11
12
13
14
50.0
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2
15.6
16.1
167
172
17.8
60
61
62
63
64
140.0
141.8
143.6
145.4
147.2
99
100
104
110
116
210
212
220
230
240
410
413.6
428
446
464
377
382
388
393
399
710
720
730
740
750
1310
1328
1346
1364
1382
660
666
671
677
682
1220
1230
1240
1250
1260
2228
2246
2264
2282
2300
943
949
954
960
966
1730
1740
1750
1760
1770
3146
3164
3182
3200
3218
-190
-184
-179
-173
-169
-310
-300
-290
-280
-273
-459.4
----
9.4
8.9
8.3
7.8
7.2
15
16
17
18
19
59.0
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
18.3
18.9
19.4
20.0
20.6
65
66
67
68
69
149.0
150.8
152.6
154.4
1562
121
127
132
138
143
250
260
270
280
290
482
500
518
536
554
404
410
416
421
427
760 1400
770 1418
780 1436
790 1454
800 1472
688
693
699
704
710
1270
1280
1290
1300
1310
2318
2336
2354
2372
2390
-168
-162
-157
-151
-146
--270
-260
-250
-240
--230
-454
-436
-418
-400
-382
---
67
6.1
5.6
5.0
4.4
20
21
22
23
24
68.0
69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2
21.1
217
22.2
22.8
23.3
70
71
72
73
74
158.0
159.8
161.6
163.4
165.2
149
154
160
166
171
300
310
320
330
340
572
590
608
626
644
432
438
443
449
454
810 1490
820 1508
830 1526
840 1544
850 1562
716
721
727
732
738
1320
1330
1340
1350
1360
2408
2426
2444
2462
2480
999
1004
1010
1016
1021
1830
1840
1850
1860
1870
3326
3344
3362
3380
3398
-140
-134
-129
-123
-118-180
--220
-21Q
-200
-190
-364
-346
-328
-310
-292
3.9
3.3
2.8
2.2
1.7
25
26
27
28
29
77.0
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
23.9
24.4
25.0
25.6
26.1
75
76
77
78
79
167.0
168.8
170.6
172.4
174.2
177
182
188
193
199
350
360
370
380
390
662
680
698
716
734
460
466
471
477
482
860
870
880
890
900
1580
1598
1616
1634
1652
743
749
754
760
766
1370
1380
1390
1400
1410
2498
2516
2534
2552
2570
1027
1032
1038
1043
1049
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
3416
3434
3452
3470
3488
204
210
216
221
227
400
410
420
430
440
752
770
788
806
824
488
493
499
504
5]0
910
920
930
940
950
1670
1688
1706
1724
1742
771
777
782
788
793
1420
1430
1440
1450
1460
2588
2606
2624
2642
2660
1054
1060
1066
1071
1077
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
3506
3524
3542
3560
3578
232
238
243
249
254
450
460
470
480
490
842
860
878
896
914
516
521
527
532
538
960
970
980
990
1000
1760
1778
1796
1814
1832
799
804
810
816
821
1470
1480
1490
1500
1510
2678
2696
2714
2732
2750
1082
1088
1093
1121
1149
1980
1990
2000
2050
2100
3596
3614
3632
3722
3812
---
-112
-170
-274
- 1.1 30
-107
-160
-256
- 0.6 31
-101
-150
-238
0.0 32
- 96
-140
-220
0.6 33
-- 90
---130
-202
11
34
---_._-----_.~~---_._---~.
--
84
79
73
68
62
---120
-110
-100
- 90
- 80112
-184
-166
-148
-130
1.7
2.2
2.8
3.3
3.9
35
36
37
38
39
86.0
26.7 80 176.0
87.8
27.2 81 177.8
89.6
27.8 82 179.6
91.4
28.3 83 181.4
93.2 --_._------28.9 84 1832
950
29.4 85 185.0
96.8
30.0 86 186.8
98.6
30.6 87 188.6
100.4
31.1 88 190.4
102.2
31.7 89 1922
57
51
46
40
34
---
70
60
50
40
30
4.4
5.0
5.6
6.1
67
40
41
42
43
44
104.0
105.8
107.6
109.4
111.2
32.2
32.8
33.3
33.9
344
90
91
92
93
94
194.0
195.8
197.6
199.4
201.2
260
266
271
277
282
500 932
510 950
520 968
530 986
540 1004
543
549
554
560
566
1010
1020
1030
1040
1050
1850
1868
1886
1904
1922
1204
1232
1260
1316
1371
2200
2250
2300
2400
2500
3922
4082
4172
4352
4532
-- 29
23
-- 17.8
2010
0
7.2
78
8.3
8.9
9.4
45
46
47
48
49
113.0
114.8
116.6
118.4
120.2
35.0 95
35.6 96
36.1 97
36.7 98
37.2 99
378 100
203.0
204.8
206.6
208.4
210.2
212.0
288
293
299
304
310
316
550
560
570
580
590
600
571
577
582
588
593
599
1060
1070
1080
1090
1100
1110
1940
1958
1976
1994
2012
2030
854
860
866
871
877
882
1427
] 482
1510
1538
1593
1649
2600
2700
2750
2800
2900
3000
4712
4892
4982
5072
5252
5432
94
76
58
40
22
4
I 14
I 32
"--------
] 022
1040
1058
]076
1094
1112
1570
1580
1590
1600
1610
1620
2858
2876
2894
2912
2930
2948
indicates
value is exact.
Units in pounds are avoirupois.
Abbreviations
include:
Btu = British
thermal
unit;
C = Centigrade
&/or Celsius:
Chu = Centlgrade
heat unit;
cu = cubic;
EEC = European Economic Community:
F = Fahrenheit;
ft = feet or foot:
Hg = Mercury:
in = inch(es):
k = kelvin:
kgf = kilogram-force:
lbf = pound-force;
liq = liquid;
R = Rankine;
sq = square~ UK = United Kingdom: US = United States.
43 560
4 840
4 046.856 4
0.404 685 6
0.001 562 5*
square feet
square yards
square meters
hectare
square mil e
cubic decimeter 1
1 000
1iter
cubic cm
cubic inch
16.387 064*
0.016 387 064
cubic cm
1iter
43 560
1 233.481 8
325 851.43
cubic feet
cubic meters
gallons (US)
cubic foot
100
119.599 01
0.024 710 54
square meters
square yards
acre
28 316.846 6
0.028 316 85
1 728
0.037 037 04
28.316 846 6
7.480 519 5
6.228 835 6
cubic cm
cubic meter
CUbic inches
cubic yard
1iters
gallons (US)
gallons (UK)
1.013 251f
101 3251f
759.999 81
29.921 252
33.932 447
14.695 949
bar
pascals
cubic ft/dcre
0.069 972 3
/Tun of
cubic foot
of water
62.365 578
pounds @ 15.6C
[60F]
cubic meter
35.314 667
1.307 950 6
264.172 052
1 000
2 113.376 42
cubic feet
cubic yards
gallons (US)
liters
pints (US)
cubic yard
0.764 554 9
764.554 86
201.974 03
cubic meter
1iters
gallons(US)
decimeter [dm]
3.937 007 9
100
10
inches
mi 11imeters
centimeters
0.017 453 29
radian
Hg @ 32F
inches of Hg @ 32F
ft of water @ 60F
pounds/square inch
14.503 774 1
pascals
newtons/sq meter
newton/sq mm
pounds/sq inch
barrel [bbl]
(petro 1eum)
42
5.614 583 3
0.158 987 3
gallons (US)
cubic feet
cubic meter
Btu
778.169 4
107.585 76
0.000 293 07
1 055.056
1 054.350
foot-pounds
kilogram-meters
ki llowatt-hour
joules
joules
0.216 158 2
0.293 071 1
foot-pound/second
watt
(US)
1.244 456
0.035 239 07
cubic feet
cubic meter
bushel [bu]
1 .032 06
!lushe1s (US)
120
720
219.456*
fattloms
fet't
meters
100 000
100 000
O. P
(International
Table):
(thermochemical U.S.):
degree (angle)
meters
dekameter [dam] 10
bushel [bu]
(US)
Celsius
Centigrade
Centigrade
Celsius
meter/second
meter/minute
0.304 8*
304.8"
meter
Illi 11imeters
12
i nOH'S
1.355 817 9
joules
foot (lleacJ)of
water @ 15.6C
[60F]
2 986.08
0.433 094
62.365 578
pascals
poun(J!sq inetl
pounds/sq foot
feet
mf'ters
inch
mi 11imeters
660
201.16B"
66
22
20.116 8
feet
yards
meter's
0.125
1f
Chu (obsolete
unit )
0.005 08
0.304 8if
10
feet
meters
1f
(UK)
callle
1 .828 8"
1.8
220
1
ga 11 on (US)
- 1 i qu i (j
'
3.785 411 78
3 785.411 78
0.003 785 4
0.133 680 56
YiirrJs
le
Illi
1iters
cut)ic ems
cubic meter
cubic foot
231
8
4
0.832 674 18
8.336 7
ga 11 on (UK)
-liquid
1.200 949 9
4.546 09"
4.546 09Jf
277.419 43
8
10.012
gravity: std
free fall
gallons (US)
1 iters
cubic decimeters
cubic inctles
pints
quarts
pounds of \dater
@ 15.6C [60F]
0.001"
0.035 273 96
15.432 36
kilogram
ounce
grains
32.174
9.806 65'f
feet/second/second
m/second/second
kilometer
[km]
0.621 371 2
kilowatt-hour
3 412.141 3
liter [L]
1 000
1
0.001"
61.023 744 1
0.035 314 67
0.264 172 1
2.113 376 42
33.814 022 7
meter Em]
39.370 079
3.280 839 9
1.093 613 3
0.000 621 4
1 000
100
O.OOP
micrometer
(micron)
O.OOP
0.000 039 37
CUbic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
centimeters
decimeter
meter
inches
foot
ga 11 on (1 i q. US)
pints (1iq.
fluid ounces
mi le
millimeters
centimeters
kilometer
millimeter
inch
mil
2.471 053 8
10 000
107639.1
0.003 861
acres
square meters
square feet
square mile
inch
0.001"
0.025 4'f
millimeter
O.000 025 4'f meter
mile
42.407 219
2 544.433 1
33 000
550
745.699 87
Btu/minute
Btu/Ilour
foot-pounds/minute
foot-pounds/second
watts
1.609 344"
1 609.344'f
5 280
1 760
33471.4398
9 809.5
Btu/hour
watts
11700
US)
(US)
inches
feet
yards
gram
pound
0.064 798 91
horsepower
(boiler)
cubiC inches
pints
quarts
gallon (UK)
pounds of water
@ 15.6C [60F]
ki lometers
meters
feet
yards
furlongs
centimeter
meter
inctl
newton (N)
kilogram-force
pound-force
0.101 971 62
0.224 808 93
horsepower
(metri c)
pascal
horsepovler
(electric)
watts
25.4"
2.54'f
0.025 4'f
mi 11 imeters
centimeters
meter
0.000 145 04
newton/sq meter
pound/sq inch
inch (head) of
mercury @ 60F
1.130 863 9
3 376.85
feet of water
pascals
16
20
inch (head) of
water @ 60F
248.84
joule
0.000 947 8
0.737562 18
inch
[J]
kilogram
[kg]
ksi (kip
per Sq in)
ounces
16
grams
453.592 37"
0.453 592 37" kilogram
4.448 221 615 newtons
grains
7 000
Btu
foot-pound
watt- second
2.204 623
1 000
pouncls
grams
98 066.5*
14.223 344
pascals
lbf/sq in
1 000
4 448.221 615
1bf
newtons
6 894 757
6.894 757
pascals
megapascals
poun(J/sq in
(ps i)
[MPa]
6 894.757 2
2.308 966
2.041 772
pascals
ft of water @ 60F
inches of Hg @ 60F
47.880 258
4.882 428
pascals
kg/sq meter
pounds/cu
in
27 679.905
kg/cu meter
pounds/cu
ft
16.018 463
kg/cubic meter
radian [rad]
57.295 779
degrees
MULTIPLY
BY
CONlINUEO
PAGE
FROM PREVIOUS
TO OBTAIN
16.5*
5.029 2*
feet
meters
square
0.155
square inch
0.000 247 1
1.19599
10.763 9
10 000
acre
square yards
square feet
square centimeters
0.386 102 2
247.105 383
square mile
acres
square inch
645.16
square millimeters
square foot
square meter
square inches
square yard
square meter
square mi le
640
2.589 988
258.998 8
acres
SQ kilometers
hectares
tllerm:
Europe (EEC)
United States
100 000
105 506 000
105 480 400
Btu
joules
joules
ton (short-US,
also net ton)
907.184 74
2 000
0.907 184 74
0.892 857 1
square meter
SQ
kilometer
BY ,
TO OBTAIN
ton (metric)
or tonne
1 000
2 204.623
0.984 206 5
1.102 311
kilograms
pounds
long ton (UK)
short tons (US)
ton of refrigeration
12 000
200
3 517
Btu/hour
Btu/minute
watts
watt
3.412 141 3
0.737 562 2
1
Btu/hour
foot-pound/see
joule/second
watt-hour
3.412 141 3
Btu
yard [yd]
0.914 4*
meter
rod (survey)
CfTI
MULTIPLY
j
'
1f
ton (long-UK,
1 016.046 91
also gross ton) 2 240
1.016 046 91
1.12
J
'
[w]
TEMPERATURE
kilograms
pounds
metric ton
long ton (UK)
kilograms
pounds
metric tons
short tons (US)
CONVERSION:
Fahrenheit to Celsius
Celsius to Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit to kelvin
Celsius to kelvin
kelvin to Celsius
Rankine to kelvin
C
F
K
K
C
K
= (F - 32 ) / 1.8
= (C x 1.8) + 32
= (F + 459.67) / 1.8
= C + 273.15
= K - 273.15
= R / 1.8
V ISCOS!TY:
centipoise
(dynamic)
0.001
centistokes
(kinematic)
0.000 001
SQ
Non-SI units: This table contains units combining kilogram in units of force and pres su re. In SI.
kilogram is the unit of mass, lnewtonl is the unit of force, and 'pascal' is the unit of pressure
R U L E S
FROM 1866 TO 1959, THE METER WAS
DEFINED AS 39.37-inches. IN 1959,
THE U.S. YARD WAS REDEFINED, FROM
3600/3937m
(0.914 401 828 037m),
TO 0.9144m EXACTLY. HOWEVER, DATA
FROM GEODETIC SURVEYS WITHIN THE
TO USE THE FOOT
U. S. CONTINUED
DERIVED FROM THE PRE-1959 STANDARD: THE U.S. SURVEY FOOT.
THE FOOT DEFINED IN 1959, IS THE
INTERNATIONAL
FOOT, USED IN THIS
TABLE, EXCEPT AS NOTED.
FOR
ROUNDING
Reference:
FIRST DISCARDED
V A L lJ E S
ASTM E 380
DIGIT
LAST RETAINED
If less than 5
NO CHANGE
INCREASE
DIGIT
BY ONE UNIT
If greater than 5
IF ODD:
Institute of Standards & Technology; National Aeronautics & Space AdministraThe American Society of Mechanical Engineers; National Physical Laboratory-UK
Aluminum
Asbestos
Aspha lt
0.214
0.20
0.40
Carbon
Carborundum
Cast iron
Cellulose
Cement, dry
Cement, powder
Chalk
Charcoal
Chromium
Coal
Coke
Concrete
Copper
Cork
0.165
0.16
0.12 - 0.13
0.37
0.37
0.20
0.215
0.20 - 0.24
0.12
0.24 - 0.37
0.203
0.19
0.092
0.48
Dowtherm A
Duralumin
0.50
0.23
Earth, dry
0.30
Glass, wool
Granite
Graphite
0.16
0.19
0.201
sp
sp
sp
sp
gr
gr
gr
gr
Glass, plate
Glass, pyrex
GASES
96
91
86
81
0.40
0.44
0.45
0.51
0.12
0.20
0.17 - 0.21
Rocksalt
Rubber
0.22
0.27 - 0.48
Ice:
@
@
@
@
-112F
-40F
-4F
+32F
Kerosene
0.35
0.43
0.47
0.49 - 0.50
0.48 - 0.5.0
Lead
Limestone
Lucite
0.031
0.217
0.35
Magnesia
0.20 - 0.22
Ma 11 eab 1 e iron
0.12
Masonry, brick 0.20 - 0.22
Mineral wool
0.20
Mercury
0.033
Molybdenum
0.06
Nickel
Nylon
Fue 1 oi 1 :
Quartz
Olive oi 1
0.109
0.55
0.35 - 0.47
Paper
0.33
1.14
Plaster of Paris
Platinum
0.03 - 0.039
Polythene
0.53
At Constant At Constant
Pressure
Volume
Air
Ammonia
Argon
0.24
0.54
0.12
0.172
0.422
0.720
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon disulfide
Chlorine
0.20
0.24
0.16
0.11
Ethylene
Helium
Hydrogen
Hydrog~n sulfide
Salt, granulated
Sand
Sandstone
Seawater, sp gr 1.023
Si 1 ica
Silicon
Soda
Sodium
Steel
Sucrose
Sugar, bulk
Stone
Sulfur
0.21
0.195
0.22
0.94
0.191
0.123
0.231
0.295
0.117
0.30
0.28
0.20
0.178
Tar, bituminous
Teflon
Tile
Tin
Tungsten
0.35
0.25
0.15
0.056
0.04
Water
Wood, fir
oak
pine
\~oodshavings
1.00
0.65
0.57
0.467
0.52
Zinc
0.095
GASES
At Constant At Constant
Volume
Pressure
Iso-butane
0.39
0.355
Methane
0.59
0.446
0.150
0.172
0.132
0.082
Nitrogen
Nitrous oxide
0.24
0.21
0.170
0.166
Oxygen
0.22
0.157
0.40
0.332
Steam:
1.25
3.21
0.25
0.75
2.410
0.189
1.0 psia
14.7 psia
@ 150.0 psia
Sulfur dioxide
0.46
0.47
0.54
0.15
0.349
0.359
0.421
0.119
@
@
Tables P-l present calculated data as a guide only. Spans are for pipe arranged in pipeways with
the following assumptions:
Bare pipe - continuous
straight run with welded joints and two or
more straight spans at each end.
The following factors were not considered in calculating spans for these tables:
Concentrated
mechanical
loads from flanges,
valves,
strainers,
filters,
and other inline
equ ipment - wei ghts of connecting
branch 1 ines - tors iona 1 load ing from thermal movement
sudden reaction from lines(s) discharging contents - vibration - flattening effect of weight of
contents in larger liquid filled lines - weight of insulation and pipe covering - weight of ice
and snow - wi nd loads - sei smi c shock - reduct ion in wa 11 thi ckness of pi pe from thread ing or
grooving.
DESIGN
PRESSURE
stress
value,of
9 000 PSI
I1PI ~ I1rnerican Petroleum Institute's standard 5L, for 'Line pipe'. API pipe sizes; manufacturers'
weights: Double-extra-strong
(XXS), Extra-strong (XS), and Standard (STD), are included wi th sche(jule numbers in staCld8fd ANSI 836. 101~. Also refer to 2.1. 3
.375
SUlllO
IIlltl
0.0.
(jn.)
.6750
.6750
SID API
Sill80 XS API
._------
.500
SUI 40
_.-
1.25
1.315
1.315
1.315
1.315
1.049
.9570
.8150
.5990
.1330
.1790
.2500
.3580
1.683 2.057
2.177 2.489
2.851 3.077
3.668 3.790
1.660
1.660
1.660
1.660
1.380
1.278
1.160
.8960
.1400
.1910
.2500
.3820
1.900
1.900
1.900
1.900
1.610
1.500
1.338
1.100
.1450
.2000
.2810
.4000
2.375
2.375
2.375
2.375
2.375
2.067
1.939
1.875
1.687
1.503
.1540
.2180
.2500
.3440
.4360
XXS API
..
Sill80
sai 160
)IX')
API
------
.7l.20
_-_._-------
2.00
SUi 80
-_._-----_
SID API
XS API
API
.... -
2.278 2.926
3.004 3.560
3.774 4.232
5.227 5.500
Sill160
XXS
.2090
.1991
11.5
11.3
_._----"-~----_.---_ . ------
31.67 23.45
31.67 20.58
31.67 17.49
31.67 9.500
.0171
.0201
.0222
.0242
.0407
.0478
.0528
.0577
.2613
.2505
.2399
.2192
12.9
12.7
12.3
11.5
1---.
.1909
.1405
.1670
.2173
.3039
.2341
.1691
.0499
.2503
.3200
.3851
.5043
5.115
6.313
6.884
8.448
9.820
_._----_.~._---------
.213
.217
1.75
2.89
5.84
9.63
.212
.217
.213
.194
1.83
2.82
3.99
7.56
6.10
9.41
13.3
25.2
._--------------_._-~
2.725 3.606
3.640 l405
4.871 5.480
6.424 6.835
3.662
5.034
5.688
7.480
9.051
_----._----_._--------~
.0216
.0255
18.59
15.95
-----_._-~---------_.-
1.365
1.665
2.076
2.511
1----- ..
_---
~._.
SUI 40
-_._-----
-f--------
..
1.50
.8531 .9847
1.091 1.192
1.312 1.386
1.719 1.740
.0073
.0086
25.45
25.45
..
.6120
.4340
f----------
1.134
1.477
1.948
2.4'.7
1.050
1.050
1.050
1.050
Code Pressures
Oesiyn
Bursting
IkPSI)
IkPSI)
.6516
.8015
.1130
.1540
.2190
.3080
SID API
XS API
SUI 40
.5690
.7406
.8240
.&.00
SUI 160
1.00
.0910
.1260
1090
.1470
.1880
.2940
XXS API
Sill80
.4930
.4230
WEIGHTS
E m(JlY
Watcrfillt!d
(lL/II)
(lL/1t1
.6220
.5460
.4640
.2520
.8400
.8400
.8400
SUI 40
(in.)
Wall
(lid
._.
SID API
XS API
Sill80
SUI 160
.750
DIMENSIONS
I.D.
_~_
...
__ __
._._-------_.
.3099
.3912
.4824
.5678
__ ._-
.3262
.4118
.5078
.5977
-------------_
.6657 .5606
.8679 .7309
.9551 .8043
1.164 .9804
1.311 1.101.
.6226
.6052
.5810
.5489
...
f--------
19.0
19.3
19.3
18.7
.179
.202
.215
.215
20.9
21.5
21.6
21.5
21.2
.1M
.193
.202
.215
.217
__ .- --,,-----
.7871
.7665
.7565
.7283
.7027
----.938
1.52
2.42
3.89
3.13
5.06
8.08
13.0
.736
1.26
1.54
2.38
3.26
2.45
4.22
5.13
7.93
10.9
-----
PIPE DATA
PIPING CODES and
MANUFACTURERS'
WEIGHTS
2.50
-_.
---6
DIMENSIONS
1.0.
(in.!
WEIGHTS
Empty
Waterfilled
Oblft)
Oblft)
Wall
(in.1
Code Pressures
Design
Bursting
(kPSI)
(kPSII
2.875
2.875
2.875
2.875
2.469
2.323
2.125
1.771
.2030
.2760
.3750
.5520
5.807
7.680
10.04
13.73
7.881
9.515
11.57
14.80
108.4
108.4
108.4
108.4
93.08
87.58
80.11
66.77
4.788
4.238
3.547
2.463
1.704
2.254
2.945
4.028
1.530
1.924
2.353
2.871
1.064
1.339
1.637
1.997
.9474
.9241
.8938
.8442
23.2
23.7
23.8
23.2
.172
.196
.212
.216
.865 2.88
1.37 4.56
2.09 6.96
3.49 11.6
3.500
3.500
3.500
3.500
3.500
3.500
3.500
SOl 160
3.500
XXS API _~_~
3.500
3.250
3.188
3.124
3.068
3.000
2.938
2.900
2.624
2.300
__
.-
.1250
.1560
.1880
.2160
.2500
.2810
.3000
.4380
.6000
4.517
5.585
6.666
7.595
8.699
9.684
10.28
14.36
18.63
8.109
9.042
9.986
10.80
11.76
12.62
13.14
16.70
20.43
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
122.5
120.2
117.8
115.7
113.1
110.8
109.3
98.92
86.71
8.296
7.982
7.665
7.393
7.069
6.779
6.605
5.408
4.155
1.325
1.639
1.956
2.228
2.553
2.842
3.016
4.213
5.466
1.890
2.2%
2.691
3.017
3.390
3.709
3.894
5.039
5.993
1.080
1.312
1.538
1.724
1.937
2.119
2.225
2.879
3.424
1.194
1.184
1.173
1.164
1.152
1.142
1.136
1.094
1.047
23.1
24.1
24.8
25.3
25.7
25.9
26.0
26.3
25.9
.105
;127
.146
.159
.173
.183
.188
.210
.217
.286
.451
.624
.777
.965
1.14
1.25
2.07
3.10
API
API
API
API
SOl 40 SID API
API
API
API
SOl 80 XS API
SOl 160
API
XX') API
4.500
4.500
4.500
4.500
4.500
4.500
4.500
4.500
4.500
4.500
4.500
4.250
4.188
4.124
4.062
4.026
4.000
3.938
3.876
3.826
3.438
3.152
.1250
.1560
.1880
.2190
.2370
.2500
.2810
.3120
.3370
.5310
.6740
5.855
7.255
8.679
10.04
10.82
11.38
12.69
13.99
15.02
22.56
27.61
12.00
13.22
14.46
15.65
16.33
16.82
17.97
19.10
20.00
26.58
30.99 .
4.114
5.028
5.930
6.765
7.233
7.563
8.324
9.050
9.610
13.27
15.28
1.828
2.235
2.636
3.007
3.214
3.361
3.699
4.022
4.271
5.898
6.793
1.547
1.537
1.526
1.516
1.510
1.505
1.495
1.485
1.477
1.416
1.374
24.7
26.0
27.0
27.7
28.1
28.3
28.7
29.0
29.2
29.8
29.6
.082
.102
.121
.136
.144
.149
.161
.170
.177
.208
.216
6.625
6.625
6.625
6.625
6.625
6.625
6.625
6.625
6.625
6.625
6.249
6.187
6.125
6.065
6.001
5.937
5.761
5.501
5.187
4.897
1880
.2190
.2500
.2800
.3120
.3440
.4320
.5620
.7190
.8640
12.96
15.02
17.06
19.02
21.09
23.13
28.64
36.48
45.46
53.29
26.24
28.04
29.82
31.53
33.34
35.12
39.93
46.77
54.61
61.45
19.71
22.63
25.47
28.14
30.90
33.57
40.49
49.61
59.03
66.33
5.950 2.277
6.833 2.266
7.690 2.256
8.4%
2.245
9.329 2.235
10.14 2.224
12.22 2.195
14.98 2.153
17.82 2.104
20.02 2.060
30.1
31.2
32.1
32.8
33.5
34.0
35.0
35.8
36.1
36.1
.084
.098
.111
.122
.133
.142
.165
.187
.204
.212
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.249
8.219
8.187
8.125
8.071
8.001
7.981
7.937
7.875
7.813
7.749
7.625
7.437
7.187
7.001
6.875
6.813
.1880
.2030
.2190
.2500
.2770
.3120
.3220
.3440
.3750
.4060
.4380
.5000
.5940
.7190
.8120
.8750
.9060
44.36
47.65
51.12
57.72
63.35
70.49
72.49
76.85
82.86
88.74
94.66
105.7
121.5
140.7
153.7
162.0
165.9
10.29
11.05
11.85
13.38
14.69
16.34
16.81
17.82
19.21
20.58
21.95
24.51
28.17
32.62
35.65
37.56
38.47
2.984
2.978
2.973
2.962
2.953
2.941
2.938
2.930
2.920
2.909
2.899
2.878
2.847
2.807
2.777
2.757
2.748
32.0
32.7
33.4
34.5
35.4
36.3
36.6
37.1
37.7
38.2
38.6
39.4
40.2
40.8
41.1
41.2
41.2
.062
.068
.074
.086
.095
.106
.110
.116
.125
.133
.140
.153
.170
.186
.195
.200
.202
3.00
0.0.
(in.!
API
API
API
SOl 40 SID API
API
API
SO' 80 XS API
-----_._---------
API
API
API
SOl 40 SID API
API
API
SOl 80 XS API
API
SOl 120
SOl 160
API
XX')
------_~
__
--
~-
._~~_
--_.
------_.
.955
1.50
2.08
2.59
3.22
3.80
4.16
6.89
10.3
.141 .470
.267 .890
.399 1.33
.528 1.76
.604 2.01
.659 2.20
.791 2.64
.924 3.08
1.03 3.44
1.91 6.38
2.61 8.69
----_..214 .713
.300 1.00
.387 1.29
.472 1.57
.563 1.88
.654 2.18
.910 3.03
1.30 4.33
1.79 5.95
2.25 7.51
..
API
API
API
SOl 20
API
SOl 30
API
API
SOl 40 SID API
API
API
SOl 60
API
80 XS API
100
120
API
140
API
XX') API
SOl 160
SQI
SOl
SQI
SOl
16.98 40.12
18.30 41.28
19.71 42.51
22.42 44.87
24.76 46.91
27.77 49.54
28.62 50.29
30.50 51.92
33.12 54.21
35.73 56.49
38.39 58.81
43.50 63.27
51.07 69.89
60.86 78.43
67.92 84.59
72.60 88.68
74.88 90.66
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
311.0
309.8
308.6
306.3
304.3
301.6
300.9
299.2
296.9
294.5
292.1
287.5
280./.
270.9
263.9
259.2
256.8
53.44
53.06
52.64
51.85
51.16
50.28
50.03
49.48
48.71
47.94
47.16
45.66
43.44
40.57
38.50
37.12
36.46
4.983
5.371
5.783
6.578
7.265
8.148
8.399
8.949
9.719
10.48
11.27
12.76
14.99
17.86
19.93
21.30
21.97
.143
.175
.209
.275
.332
.408
.430
.477
.545
.613
.684
.822
1.03
1.32
1.54
1.69
1.77
.476
.582
.695
.915
1.11
1.36
1.43
1.59
1.82
2.04
2.28
2.74
3.45
4.41
5.14
5.65
5.90
PIPE DATA
PIPING CODES
MANUFACTURERS'
WEIGHTS
10
f---
ann
0.0.
(in.l
API
API
API
SOl 20
API
API
SOl 30
API
API
SOl 40 SID API
API
SOl 60 J(S API
SOl 80
SOl 100
API
SCli 120
SOl 140 XXS API
SCli 160
._---_~
.. -
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
DIMENSIONS
10.
(in.)
Wall
(in.)
10.37 .1880
10.34 .2030
10.31 .2190
10.25 .2500
10.19 .2790
10.14 .3070
10.06 .3440
10.02 .3650
9.874 .4380
9.750 .5000
9.562 .5940/
9.312 .7190
9.062 .8440
8.750 1.000
8.500 1.125
..
12
API
API
API
API
SCli 30
API
API
SID API
SOl 40
API
API
J(S API
SCli 60
API
API
SCli 80
API
API
SCli 100
SOl 120 XXS API
SCli 140
API
SOl 160
API
SQi 20
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.34
12.31
12.25
12.19
12.13
12.09
12.06
12.00
11.%
11.87
ll.75
11.63
11.50
11.37
ll.25
ll.06
10.75
10.50
10.13
.2030
.2190
.2500
.2810
.3120
.3300
.3440
.3750
.4060
.4380
.5000
.5620
.6250
.6880
.7500
.8440
1.000
1.125
1.312
--- ~------_~~.
14
SCli 10
SCli 20
SCli 30
SOl 40
API
API
API
API
API
API
SID API
API
API
J(S API
SCli 60
SOl
SOi
SOl
SOl
SOl
80
100
120
140
160
API
API
API
API
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
13.58 .2100
13.56 .2190
13.50 .2500
13.44 .2810
13.38 .3120
13.31 .3440
13.25 .3750
13.12 .4380
13.06 .4690
13.00 .5000
12.81 .5940
12.75 .6250
12.50 .7500
12.12 .9380
11.81 1.094
11.50 1.250
11.19 1.406
WEIG HTS
Empty
Water1illed
(lb/ltl
(lb/ltl
Code Pressures
Design
Bursting
(kPSII
IkPSl1
21.26
22.92
24.69
28.10
31.28
34.33
38.33
40.58
48.36
54.87
64.59
77.22
89.51
104.4
ll5.9
57.86
59.31
60.86
63.84
66.61
69.27
72.76
74.73
81.52
87.20
95.68
106.7
117.4
130.4
140.5
405.3 391.1
405.3 390.0
405.3 388.8
405.3 386.4
405.3 384.2
405.3 382.1
405.3 379.3
405.3 377.7
405.3 372.2
405.3 367.6
405.3 360.5
405.3 351.1
405.3 341.6
405.3 329.9
27.27
29.38
33.46
37.51
41.55
43.88
45.69
49.69
53.66
57.74
65.58
73.34
79.09
80.94
84.49
88.03
91.56
93.59
95.17
98.66
102.1
105.7
112.5
119.3
126.1
132.8
139.4
149.2
165.1
177.5
195.5
81.1l.
88.85
%.36
107.6
125.8
140.0
160.7
----.-.----------"
31.01
32.31
36.80
41.27
45.72
50.30
54.70
63.60
67.94
72.27
85.26
89.50
106.4
131.2
151.2
170.6
189.6
6.2.38
6.726
7.245
8.247
9.178
10.07
ll.25
ll.91
14.19
16.10
18.95
22.66
26.27
30.63
34.02
25.57
28.35
29.90
35.15
39.43
45.62
53.29
60.38
68.43
74.29
33.5
34.3
35.1
36.4
37.5
38.4
39.5
40.0
41.5
42.5
43.7
417
45.3
45.8
46.0
.047
.052
.058
.067
.076
.084
.095
.100
.ll8
.131
.149
.167
.181
.194
.202
24.71
26.55
30.09
33.57
37.00
38.97
40.49
43.82
4.437
4.431
4.420
4.410
4.399
4.393
4.388
4.377
l.7.09
50.42
l 367
35.3
36.2
37.7
39.1
40.2
40.8
41.3
42.1
42.9
43.7
44.9
45.9
46.7
47.4
48.0
48.6
49.4
49.8
50.1
.104
.042
.046 .126
.055
.171
.063 .215
.071
.260
.076 .286
.080 .306
.087
.351
.09'. .397
.l143
.101
.114
.535
.126
.627
.137 .721
.146
.816
.155 .911
.166 1.06
.181 1.30
.190 1.50
.201 1.80
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
30.90
32.16
36.47
40.72
44.91
49.18
53.25
61.36
65.26
69.11
80.44
8l08
98.19
117.9
132.9
146.7
159.5
320.l.
87.02
93.56
100.5
ll3.7
125.9
137.4
152.4
160.7
188.9
212.0
245.2
286.4
324.5
367.8
399.3
_.~_-------- --_
.. _-_. __ .. - .-.
93.72
94.87
98.79
102.7
106.6
110.6
114.4
122.2
126.0
129.7
141.1
144.8
159.5
181.2
198.6
215.6
232.2
216.3
225.1
255.3
285.0
314.4
344.2
372.8
429.5
456.8
483.8
563.1
588.5
687.3
825.1
930.2
1027
1117
16.19
17.41
18.69
21.16
.098
.123
.150
.203
.252
.300
.364
.400
.528
.637
.805
1.03
1.26
1.56
1.80
3.735
3.730
3.724
3.713
3.703
3.694
3.681
3.674
3.649
3.628
3.597
3.556
3.515
3.465
3.426
l.o5.3
84.52
84.04
83.52
82.52
81.58
80.69
79.52
78.85
76.57
74.66
71.81
68.10
64.50
60.13
56.75
23.l.2
...
-------
56.71
62.81
68.81
74.62
80.15
88.19
100.7
109.9
122.5
4.356
4.335
4.314
4.293
4.271
4.251
4.220
4.169
4.129
lh070
_ _-
----- ..
..
4.876
4.873
l 862
4.851
4.841
4.830
4.819
4.797
4.787
4.776
4.744
4.734
l 692
4.630
4.579
4.529
4.480
-" .._._~_-
36.3
36.8
38.4
39.8
41.1
42.2
43.1
44.8
45.5
46.2
47.8
48.2
49.6
51.0
51.7
52.2
52.4
--
--------._ .. ~__~."
..
.039
.041
.049
.057
.w.
.072
.079
.093
.099
.105
.122
.127
.146
.167
.181
.191
.199
.325
.410
.500
.676
.841
1.00
1.21
1.33
1.76
2.12
2.68
3.44
4.21
5.19
6.00
.345
.421
.569
.717
.866
.953
1.02
1.17
1.32
1.48
1.78
2.09
2.40
2.72
3.04
3.52
4.33
4.99
6.01
_.--
.-----
.103
.115
.155
.196
.236
.279
.319
.403
.4lI4
.486
.613
.655
.344
.383
.518
.653
.788
.928
1.06
1.48
1.62
2.04
2.18
.826i
2.75
1.3L.
1.09 3.63
1.31 4.37
1.54 5.13
1.77 5.90
PIPE DATA
PIPING CODES dnd
MANUFACT
UHf HS
WEIGHTS
16
API
API
API
SOl 20
API
API
SOl 30 SID API
API
API
srn 40 XS API
API
SUI 60
API
SClI 00
SCll 100
SClI120
SCll 140
sal 160
SOl 10
~-
--_~_--
OIMENSIONS
(J
fill,)
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
1(,.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
rn
Willi
(111,)
(111.1
15.56
15.50
15.44
15.38
15.31
15.25
15.12
15.06
15.00
14.75
14.69
14.50
14.31
13.94
13.56
13.12
12.81
.2190
.2500
.2810
.3120
.3440
.3750
.4380
.4690
.5000
.6250
.6560
.7500
.8440
1.031
1.219
1.438
1.594
WE IGHTS
f.rnply
Watr.rlJlled
IIhllll
IIblltl
37.00
42.16
47.29
52.40
57.66
62.73
72.98
77.99
82.98
102.9
107.8
122.5
137.0
165.2
192.9
224.2
245.9
119.4
123.9
128.3
132.8
137.4
141.8
150.8
155.1
159.5
176.9
181.1
194.0
206.6
231.3
255.5
282.8
301.7
-_~.-.
------------
18
SOl 10
API
API
API
SOl 20
API
SID API
API
API
SOl 30
API
API
XS
sal 40
API
API
SClI 60
API
API
SOl 00
SClI 100
SUI 120
SClI 140
SOl 160
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
17.50
17.44
17.38
17.31
17.25
17.19
17.12
17.06
17.00
16.88
16.75
16.50
16.12
15.69
15.25
14.88
14.44
.2500
.2810
.3120
.3440
.3750
.4060
.4300
.4690
.5000
.5620
.6250
.7500
.9380
1.156
1.375
1.562
1.781
20
API
API
API
API
SClI 20 SID API
API
API
API
SClI 30 XS API
SOl 40
API
SOl 60
API
sal 00
SOl 100
srn 120
sm 140
sal 160
20.00 19.50
20.00 19.44
20.00 19.38
20.00 19.31
20.00 19.25
20.00 19.19
20.00 19.12
20.00 19.06
20.00 19.00
20.00 18.81
20.00 18.75
20.00 18.38
20.00 17.94
20.00 17.44
20.00 17.00
20.00 16.50
20.00 16.06
.2500
.2810
.3120
.3440
.3750
.4060
.4380
.4690
.5000
.5940
.6250
.8120
1.031
1.281
1.500
1.750
1.969
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
586.7
584.3
582.0
579.7
577.2
574.9
570.2
567.8
565.5
556.1
553.7
546.6
539.5
525.5
511.3
494.8
483.0
190.2 10.86
188.7 12.37
187.2 13.88
185.7 15.38
184.1 16.92
182.7 18.41
179.6 21.41
178.2 22.88
176.7 24.35
170.9 30.19
169.4 31.62
165.1 35.93
160.9 40.19
152.6 48.48
144.5 56.61
135.3 65.79
128.9 72.14
338.1
383.7
428.7
473.2
518.6
562.1
648.7
690.6
731.9
893.5
932.3
1047
1157
1364
1556
1761
1894
42.26
47.%
53.59
59.16
64.83
70.26
81.09
86.33
91.49
111.7
116.5
130.9
144.7
170.6
194.5
220.1
236.8
5.580
5.569
5.558
5.548
5.537
5.526
5.504
5.494
5.483
5.440
5.430
5.398
5.367
5.305
5.244
5.173
5.124
37.6
39.4
40.9
42.2
43.4
44.5
46.4
47.2
47.9
50.3
50.7
52.0
52.9
54.3
55.2
55.8
56.0
.034
.041
.048
.055
.061
.068
.081
.087
.093
.114
.119
.132
.144
.163
.178
.192
.199
.101
.136
.171
.207
.243
.279
.352
.388
.424
.571
.608
.720
.833
1.06
1.30
1.57
1.78
.335
.453
.571
68"
.811
.930
1.17
1.29
1.41
1.90
2.03
2.40
2.78
3.54
4.32
5.25
5.92
--
47.51 151.7
53.31 156.7
59.09 161.8
65.03 167.0
70.76 172.0
76.48 177.0
82.36 182.1
88.03 187.0
93.68 192.0
104.9 201.8
116.3 211.7
138.5 231.1
171.3 259.8
208.5 292.2
244.7 323.8
274.9 350.2
309.3 380.2
13.94
15.64
17.34
19.08
20.76
22.44
24.17
25.83
27.49
30.79
34.12
40.64
50.28
61.17
71.81
80.66
90.75
549.1
614.0
678.2
743.8
806.6
868.8
932.2
993.0
1053
1171
1289
1515
1835
2180
2498
2749
3020
61.02 6.276
68.23 6.265
75.36 6.255
82.65 6.244
89.63 6.233
%.53
6.222
103.6 6.211
110.3 6.200
117.0 6.190
130.2 6.168
143.2 6.147
168.3 6.105
203.9 6.041
242.2 5.969
277.6 5.898
305.5 5.838
335.6 5.769
40.1
41.7
43.2
44.5
45.7
46.7
47.7
48.6
49.4
50.8
52.0
54.0
56.0
57.6
58.6
59.1
59.4
.035
.041
.047
.053
.059
.065
.071
.077
.082
.093
.103
.120
.143
.163
.179
.189
.198
.121
.152
.183
.216
.248
.279
.312
.344
.376
.440
.506
.638
.838
1.08
1.32
1.53
1.78
.402
.507
.612
.720
.826
.931
1.04
1.15
1.25
1.47
1.69
2.13
2.79
3.58
4.39
5.10
5.94
52.86
59.33
65.77
72.39
78.79
85.17
91.74
98.07
104.4
123.4
129.6
166.8
209.4
256.7
297.1
341.9
380.1
756.4
846.3
935.3
1026
1113
1200
1288
1373
1457
1706
1787
2257
2772
3315
3754
4216
4587
75.64 6.983
84.63 6.972
93.53 6.962
102.6 6.951
111.3 6.940
120.0 6.929
128.8 6.918
137.3 6.907
145.7 6.897
170.6 6.864
178.7 6.854
225.7 6.790
277.2 6.716
331.5 6.634
375.4 6.562
421.6 6.482
458.7 6.413
40.8
42.5
44.0
45.4
46.6
47.8
48.8
49.8
50.6
52.9
53.6
56.6
59.0
60.7
61.6
62.3
62.6
.030
.035
.041
.046
.052
.057
.063
.068
.073
.088
.093
.118
.142
.163
.177
.190
.198
.109
.137
.165
.194
.223
.251
.281
.309
.338
.425
.454
.631
.841
1.09
1.30
1.56
1.79
.362
.456
.550
.648
.742
.837
.936
1.03
1.13
1.42
1.51
2.10
2.80
3.62
4.35
5.20
5.96
---
sa1 10
Code Pressur~
Design
Bursting
(kPSII
(kPSIl
182.2
187.8
193.4
199.2
204.8
210.4
216.1
221.6
227.2
243.8
249.2
281.7
318.8
360.2
395.4
434.5
467.9
PIPE DATA
PIPING CODES ,nd
MANUFACTURERS'
WEIGHTS
22
~-
0.0.
(ill.1
DIMENSIONS
1.0.
(in.)
Wall
lin.l
WEIGHTS
Empty
Waterfilled
Ilb/itl
Ilb/itl
API
API
API
API
Sill 20 SID API
API
API
API
SQI 30 XS API
API
API
Sill60
API
SOi80
API
Sill100
SOi 120
sm 140
SOi 160
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
21.50 .2500
21.44 .2810
21.38 .3120
21.31 .3440
21.25 .3750
21.19 .4060
21.12 .4380
21.06 .4690
21.00 .5000
20.50 .7500
20.25 .8750
19.75 1.125
19.25 1.375
18.75 1.625
18.25 1.875
17.75 2.125
58.22
65.34
72.45
79.76
86.82
93.87
101.1
108.1
115.1
170.6
197.9
251.4
303.6
354.5
404.0
452.2
215.4
221.6
227.8
234.2
240.4
246.5
252.9
259.0
265.1
313.6
337.4
384.1
429.7
474.1
517.3
559.3
SOi 10
---_~__ ._~_-
Code Pressures
Design
Bursting
(kPSI)
IkPSII
829.4 810.5
829.4 808.2
829.4 805.9
829.4 803.4
829.4 801.1
829.4 798.8
829.4 7%.4
829.4 794.0
829.4 791.7
829.4 772.8
829.4 763.4
829.4 744.6
829.4 725.7
829.4 706.9
829-" 688.0
829.4 669.2
363.1
361.0
358.9
356.7
354.7
352.6
350.5
348.4
346.4
330.1
322.1
306.4
291.0
276.1
261.6
247.4
17.08
19.17
21.26
23.40
25.48
27.54
29.67
31.72
33.77
50.07
58.07
73.78
89.09
104.0
118.5
132.7
433.7
431.5
429.2
426.8
424.6
422.3
420.0
417.7
415.5
411.0
406.5
402.0
397.6
382.3
365.1
344.3
326.1
310.3
292.9
18.65
20.94
23.22
25.57
27.83
30.09
32.42
34.67
36.91
41.38
45.90
50.39
54.78
70.11
87.24
108.1
126.3
142.1
159.5
510.7
508.2
505.8
503.2
500.7
498.3
495.8
493.3
91+2.5 490.9
937.8 486.0
933.1 481.1
923.6 471.4
20.22
22.70
25.18
27.73
30.19
32.64
35.17
37.62
40.06
44.91
49.82
59.49
1037 594.0
1034 591.3
1032 588.6
1030 585.9
1027 583.2
21.79
24.47
27.14
29.89
32.%
._~_~-~_--_.,._----_ .._,,_._-
2/1
SQi 10
API
API
API
API
SQi 20 SID API
API
API
API
XS API
API
SQi 30
API
SO:! 40
API
API
SO:! 60
SQi 80
SOi 100
sm 120
SQi 140
Sill160
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
211.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
23.50
23.44
23.38
23.31
23.25
23.19
23.12
23.06
23.00
22.88
22.75
22.62
22.50
22.06
21.56
20.94
20.38
19.88
19.31
.2500
.2810
.3120
.3440
.3750
.4060
.4380
.4690
.5000
.5620
.6250
.6880
.7500
.9690
1.219
1.531
1.812
2.062
2.344
63.57
71.36
79.13
87.13
94.85
102.6
110.5
118.2
125.8
141.0
156.4
171.7
186.7
238.9
297.3
368.3
430.5
484.3
543.5
251.4
258.2
265.0
272.0
278.7
285.4
292.3
299.0
305.7
319.0
332.4
345.8
358.9
404.5
/155.4
517.4
571.7
618.7
670.3
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
885.9
883.6
881.3
878.8
876.5
874.2
871.8
869.4
867.1
862.4
857.7
852.9
848.2
831.7
812.9
789.3
768.2
749.3
728.0
26
API
API
SQi 10
API
API
SID API
API
API
API
SOl 20 XS API
API
API
API
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
25.50
25.44
25.38
25.31
25.25
25.19
25.12
25.06
25.00
24.88
24.75
24.50
.2500
.2810
.3120
.3440
.3750
.4060
.4380
.4690
.5000
.5620
.6250
.7500
68.92
77.38
85.81
94.49
102.9
111.3
119.9
128.2
136.5
153.1
169.8
202.8
290.1
297.5
304.8
312.4
319.7
327.0
334.5
341.8
349.1
363.5
378.1
406.9
980.2
980.2
980.2
980.2
980.2
980.2
980.2
980.2
980.2
980.2
980.2
980.2
961.3
959.0
956.7
954.2
951.9
949.6
947.2
944.8
API
API
SO:! 10
API
API
SID API
28.00 27.50
28.00 27.44
28.00 27.38
28.00 27.31
28.00 27.25
.2500
.2810
.3120
.3440
.3750
74.28 331.5
83.39 339.4
92.49 347.4
101.9 355.6
110.9 363.5
1056
1056
1056
1056
1056
28
9.812
9.801
9.790
9.779
9.768
41.3
43.1
44.7
46.2
47.5
48.7
49.8
50.8
51.8
57.3
59.1
61.8
63.5
64.6
65.2
65.6
.026
.031
.036
.041
.046
.051
.056
.061
.066
.101
.116
.141
.161
.176
.188
.197
41.8
43.6
45.3
46.8
48.2
49.5
50.7
51.7
52.7
%.5
56.1
57.5
58.7
61.9
64.5
66.4
67.5
68.2
68.6
.023
.027
.032
.036
.041
.045
.050
.055
.059
.068
.077
.085
.093
.117
.140
.163
.178
.188
.197
.090
.114
.137
.162
.185
.209
.233
.257
.281
.329
.377
.426
.475
.647
.848
1.10
1.34
1.55
1.79
.301
.379
.458
.539
.618
.696
.778
.857
.937
1.10
1.26
1.42
1.58
2.16
2.83
3.67
4.45
5.16
5.98
42.2
44.1
45.8
47.4
48.8
50.2
51.4
52.5
53.6
55.5
57.1
59.9
.020
.024
.028
.032
.037
.083
.105
.127
.149
.171
.193
.215
.237
.259
.303
.348
.438
.278
.350
.422
.497
.570
.6/12
.718
.791
.864
1.01
1.16
1./16
42.5
44.5
46.3
47.9
49.4
.018
.022
.025
.099
.124
.150
.176
.202
.228
.255
.281
.307
.519
.627
.845
1.07
1.29
1.52
1.76
._._~_--
--
.329
.414
.500
.588
.674
.760
.850
.936
1.02
1.73
2.09
2.82
3.56
4.31
5.08
5.87
--'-"--
..
.()Lll
.045
.049
.054
.062
.070
.085
.029
.033
.077
.097
.118
.138
.159
~-
-.258
.325
.392
.461
.529
PIPE DATA
PIPING CODES
MANUFACTURERS'
WEIGHTS
and
-----
On.I
DIMENSIONS
1.0.
On.l
Wall
lin.l
WEIGHTS
Empty
Waterfilled
IIb/ltl
IIb/ltl
Code Pressures
Design
Bursting
(kPSII
(kPSI)
119.9 371.3
129.3 379.5
138.2 387.3
147.2 395.1
183.2 426.5
218.8 457.6
-- __ ._._~------~
~-------_
.._- ---_._-----------------API
30.00 29.44 .2810 89.41 384.1
SOl 10
API
30.00 29.38 .3120 99.17 392.7
API
30.00 29.31 .3440 109.2 401.4
SID API
30.00 29.25 .3750 118.9 409.9
API
30.00 29.19 .4060 128.6 418.4
API
30.00 29.12 .4380 138.6 427.1
API
30.00 29.06 .4690 148.3 435.5
SOl 20 XS API
30.00 29.00 .5000 157.9 443.9
SOl 30
API
30.00 28.75 .6250 196.6 477.7
API
30.00 28.50 .7500 234.9 511.1
API
API
API
SOl 20 XS API
API
srn 30
API
30
0.0.
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
27.19
27.12
27.06
2.7.00
26.75
26.50
.4060
.4380
.4690
.5000
.6250
.7500
._-
API
API
SOl 10
API
API
SID API
API
API
API
SQl 20 XS API
SQI 30
API
srn 40
API
API
32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00
31.50
31.44
31.38
31.31
31.25
31.19
31.12
31.06
31.00
30.75
30.62
30.50
.2500
.2810
.3120
.3440
.3750
.4060
.4380
.4690
.5000
.6250
.6880
.7500
84.98
95.43
105.9
116.6
127.0
137.3
148.0
158.3
168.6
209.9
230.6
250.9
34
API
API
srn 10
API
API
SID API
API
API
API
SQl 20 XS API
SGi 30
API
srn 40
API
API
34.00
34.00
34.00
34.00
34.00
34.00
34.00
34.00
34.00
34.00
34.00
34.00
33.50
33.44
33.38
33.31
33.25
33.19
33.12
33.06
33.00
32.75
32.62
32.50
.2500
.2810
.3120
.3440
.3750
.4060
.4380
.4690
.5000
.6250
.6880
.7500
90.34
101.4
112.5
124.0
135.0
146.0
157.4
168.4
179.3
223.3
245.4
267.0
422.4
431.6
440.7
450.0
459.1
468.1
477.5
486.5
495.5
531.5
549.6
567.3
-_
472.0
481.7
491.4
501.4
511.0
520.6
530.5
540.1
549.7
588.1
607.4
626.2
36
API
API
SOl 10
API
API
SID API
API
API
API
SQl 20 XS API
API
srn 30
API
SGi 40
API
36.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
35.50
35.44
35.38
35.31
35.25
35.19
35.12
35.06
35.00
34.88
34.75
34.50
.2500
.2810
.3120
.3440
.3750
.4060
.4380
.4690
.5000
.5620
.6250
.7500
95.69
107.5
119.2
131.3
143.0
154.7
166.8
178.4
190.0
213.2
236.7
283.1
524.3
534.6
544.8
555.4
565.6
575.8
586.3
596.5
606.7
626.9
647.4
687.9
580.6
577.8
575.2
572.6
562.0
551.5
35.20
37.93
40.56
43.20
53.75
'64.21
3351
3602
3844
4085
5038
5964
239.3
257.3
274.6
291.8
359.8
426.0
9.757
9.746
9.735
9.724
9.681
9.638
50.8
52.1
53.3
54.3
58.1
61.0
.037
.041
.045
.049
.064
.079
.179
.200
.220
.240
.323
.406
.596
.666
.734
.801
1.08
1.35
1131
1131
1131
1131
1131
1131
1131
1131
1131
1131
1110
1107
1105
1103
1100
1098
1096
1093
1084
1074
680.6
677.8
674.8
672.0
669.1
666.2
663.3
660.5
649.2
637.9
26.24
29.10
32.05
34.90
37.75
40.68
43.51
46.34
57.68
68.92
2897
3206
3524
3829
4133
4445
4744
5042
6224
7375
193.1
213.8
234.9
255.3
275.5
296.3
316.3
336.1
414.9
491.7
10.51
10.50
10.49
10.47
10.46
10.45
10.44
10.43
10.39
10.34
44.8
46.7
48.4
49.9
51.3
52.7
53.9
55.0
58.9
62.0
.019
.023
.026
.030
.034
.037
.041
.045
.059
.073
.091
.110
.129
.148
.167
.186
.205
.224
.301
.378
.303
.366
.430
.493
.556
.621
.684
.747
1.00
1.26
1206
1206
1206
1206
1206
1206
1206
1206
1206
1206
1206
1206
1188
1185
1183
1180
1178
1176
1173
1171
1169
1159
1154
1150
779.3
776.2
773.2
770.0
767.0
764.0
760.8
757.8
754.8
742.6
736.6
730.6
24.94
28.00
31.06
34.21
37.26
40.30
43.43
46.46
49.48
61.60
67.68
73.63
3142
3522
3899
4286
4658
5029
5409
5775
6139
7583
8298
8993
196./1
220.1
243.7
267.9
291.2
314.3
338.1
360.9
383.7
474.0
518.6
562.1
11.23
11.21
11.20
11.19
11.18
11.17
11.16
11.15
11.14
11.09
11.07
11.05
43.1
45.2
47.0
48.8
50.4
51.8
53.2
54.5
55.7
59.7
61.4
63.0
.015
.018
.021
.024
.027
.031
.034
.037
.041
.055
.061
.068
.068
.085
.103
.121
.139
.156
.175
.192
.210
.282
.318
.354
.226
.284
.343
.403
.462
.521
.582
.641
.700
.940
1.06
1.18
1282
1282
1282
1282
1282
1282
1282
1282
1282
1282
1282
1282
1263
1261
1258
1256
1253
1251
1249
1246
1244
1235
1230
1225
881.4 26.51
878.2 29.77
874.9 33.02
871.5 36.37
868.3 39.61
865.1 42.85
861.7 46.18
858.5 49.40
855.3 52.62
842.4 65.53
835.9 72.00
829.6 78.3'.
3774
4231
4685
5151
5599
6046
6504
6945
7383
9128
9992
10832
222.0 11.93
248.9 11.92
275.6 11.91
303.0 11.90
329.4 11.89
355.6 11.88
382.6 11.87
408.5 11.86
434.3 11.85
536.9 11.80
587.7 11.78
637.2 11.76
43.4
45.5
47.4
49.2
50.8
52.3
53.7
55.0
56.2
60.4
62.2
63.8
.013
.016
.019
.022
.025
.028
.031
.034
.038
.051
.057
.063
.064
.080
.097
.114
.130
.147
.164
.181
.198
.265
.299
.333
.212
.267
.323
.380
.435
.490
.547
.603
.659
.884
.998
1.11
1357
1357
1357
1357
1357
1357
1357
1357
1357
1357
1357
1357
1338
1336
1334
1331
1329
1327
1324
1322
1319
1315
1310
1301
989.8
986.3
982.9
979.3
975.9
972.5
968.9
965.5
962.1
955.3
948.4
934.8
4486
5029
5569
6124
6659
7191
7737
8263
8786
9825
10868
12906
249.2
279.4
309.4
340.2
369.9
399.5
429.8
459.0
488.1
545.8
603.8
717.0
12.64
12.63
12.62
12.61
12.60
12.59
12.57
12.56
12.55
12.53
12.51
12.47
43.6
45.7
47.7
49.5
51.1
52.7
54.1
55.5
56.7
59.0
61.1
64.6
.012
.014
.017
.020
.023
.026
.029
.032
.035
.041
.047
.059
.060
.076
.091
.108
.123
.139
.155
.171
.187
.218
.250
.314
.201
.253
.305
.358
.411
.463
.517
.569
.622
.727
.834
1.05
------------------------
32
1056 1025
1056 1023
1056 1020
1056
1018
1056 1008
1056 999.0
..
----
j-----
----
28.08
31.53
34.98
38.53
41.97
45.40
48.93
52.35
55.76
62.57
69.46
83.06
CHARTp2
PERSONNEL CLEARANCES
Cl[ARANC[S
OVERH EAD VALVES
FOR VALVE OPERATION
6'6"or2m,REFER
INVERTED VALVES
REFERTO 6.1.3. UNDER
'ORIENTATION OF
ABOVE
TO 6.1.3,
UNDER 'OPERATING
TO VALVES
VALVE STEM'
ACCESS
{-I'"",.
-+,-1-, _.
'-"
__ "._.
l;f
ABOVE
1<
l;f
J;J.
__ "'____
{{
l;f
__
({;(
, "
>:}
4'3"
or 13
Minimum width of
stairway is 22" or
or 560 mill
'
','
J1-
Or 1.401-"-_._
11984).
'I I:
(:
CD-----'I'
FLOOR or PLATFORM
46
191O--"OCCUPAIIONAl
/~
6'6"Or2m-----lT"-kE
MINIMUM
Cl[ARANC[S AROUN 0
STAIRWAYS & lADD[RS
\'
~I
.... ,'
O1DJ1~-'~ /
<<::]-
ft
4'6"or14m-g",:9<i?'~"'~
,"~","mm'20J:~.rr / '"m,","mm:: ~ 1\
'"~","mm~:~y
,"m",""m~~:~;
\,
'}Y
~~ffi~J~"'''P/
j \ \
{r ~
~~
~'
0'-0"--M---41-1-8~-or
',:'\
I'
-1t.
~>:}~
}-<'
'1'7/'/7/ 7
0'-0"
MinilllUlll
d.stillICI~S
i i
.1}1
fllllCJS
1.1
bn._ ._n-~T7/777
: 18" or I
1460 mmj
~-_.o-;
01
f10lll
obstruction
ill rear
~
....
j
{.;\2
r JY{"14umm
I__
Max:.
[J
[iJ
4%" or
115mm
(1)
(2)
DIMENSION
(3)
IF A RAILING
IS PRESENT, COMFORTAllLE
ELEVATION IS 5'0" TO 5'6" (or 1.5 TO 1.7m).
APPLIES IF A RAILING
is pnESENT.
(4)
OPEnATING
m.
MATERIALS
FAHRENHEIT
CELSIUS
Aluminum
0.000 012 8
0,000 023 1
Carbon steel
0.000 006 5
0,000 all 7
Cast iron
0,000 005 9
0,000 010 62
Copper
0.000 009 3
0.000 016 8
Stainless steel
0,000 009 9
0,000 017 82
~lATER IALS
AGS: ACrylonltrlle-butadiene-styrene
HOPE: HI gll-density polyethylene
PE: Polyethylene
CPVC: Chorinated polyvinyl cnloride
PVC: PO]YVlny] chloride
of length)
FAHRENHEIT
CELSIUS
0,000 035
0,000 063
0,000 067
0,000 12
0,000 083
0,000 15
0,000 044
0,000 079 2
0,000 028
0.000 050 4
TABlE
PIPE SPAN'
NOMINAL
PIPE SIZE
Ft.
1.0-INCH
1. 5-1 rICH
2.0-INCH
2.5-IIICH
3.0--1
NCH
/1.0 .. 1 Nell
5.0-INCII
8.0-INCH
10.0-INCH
12.0--INCH
14.0-INCH
1G.0-INCH
lS.0-INell
20.0-INCH
211.0-INCI1
23
25
2')
35
/11
45
50
52
5G
:; ~J
52
G8
20.0-INCH
24.0-INCH
2.0"INCH
2.5--INUI
3.0-INCH
II.O-INCH
5.0-IIJCH
S.O-INCH
10.0-INCH
12.0-INCH
14.0-lljCH
15.0-IIJCH
18.0-INCH
20. 0 .. I IICH
24.0"INCH
0.99
5.13
8. 17
7. 74
Ft.
In.
1G
1. 05
4. 2:J
G.49
9.02
21
23
25
29
35
39
43
47
43
52
55
59
G II
O.GIi
3.07
0.22
/L 57
8. 21
5. 25
9.95
10. 78
0.58
O. C 2
5. /18
PIPE SPAN'
NOMINAL
PIPE SIZE
8.77
3. 28
5. 79
9. 87
3.55
9. SO
2. 01
2. 8')
11 . 75
0.110
II. 57
PIPE SPAN-
NOMINAL
PIPE SIZE
1.0-INCH
1.5-INCH
2.0-INCH
2. 5 -I ~ICH
3.0-INCH
4.0-INCH
G.O-INCH
8.0-lljCH
10.0-INCH
12.0-INCH
14.0-INCH
15. 0-1 IjCH
J.8.0--INCH
In.
15
19
21
Ft.
In.
lG
1 ')
20
23
1.07
O.ljJ
25
28
32
36
11. S:3
3.20
3. G ,;
1. 01
10.37
7.40
0.55
11.48
11. '; 2
40
42
41,
117 10.
50 10.
52 11.
57
83
G',
02
5 . 811
WEIGHT OF
WATER-FILLEO
PIPE SPAN
ILbl
48
105
182
275
1,33
7 ') S
J., ') 70
3, 732
5, /155
'),801
12,18G
15, B75
22,582
29, 25 Ii
45,923
WEIGHT OF
WATERFILLEO
PIPE SPAN
ILbl
40
85
135
225
3/12
581,
1,3'15
2, 1189
4,172
5,290
7, 883
10, 931;
14,545
18,785
2:J, 3111
WEIGHT OF
WATER.FllLED
PIPE SPAN
ILbl
33
59
107
183
273
/158
1.. 035
J., 83G
2,987
4, 38 G
5, I) 5 3
7, G 40
10, 28tJ
12,880
19, 8411
MAXIMUM
OEFLECTION'
Ft.
IIn.1
0.2311
0.243
O. 243
O. 245
O. 245
O. 245
0.2/15
0.2115
0.2/14
O. 2111,
0.243
O. 244
O. 244
0.211/1
O. 2411
MAXIMUM
DEFLECTION'
Iin.)
O. ;'114
0.245
O. 243
0.2111,
O. 241
0.235
0.230
0.223
O. 220
0.219
0.22
U
O. 2 J. 7
0.217
O. 215
O. 215
MAXIMUM
OEFLECTIDN'
IIn.)
O. ;'114
0.237
0.230
0.231,
O. 227
0.218
O. 202
.J.9 3
O. 185
O. ISO
0.17:.J
0.178
0.179
0.17/1
O. 171
PIPE SPAN'
NOMINAL
PIPE SIZE
In.
31,
8. O' I NUl
10.0-INCH
12.0-INCH
14.0-ltJCH
15.0-II'CH
13.0--ltJCH
20.0-INCH
2/,.0
-I NCH
30.o-INCfI
5.45
4. 22
3G
37
9.18
111
O. G /,
1;.07
42
2.92
43
7. 22
4G
118
2. 35
5/1 11.58
NOMINAL
PIPE SIZE
PIPE SPAN'
Ft.
1.O-INCH
1. 5-1 NCH
2.0-INCH
2.5-INCH
3.0-INCH
11.0-1 NCH
G. 0-1 riCH
8.0-I"CH
10.0-INCH
12. 0- II,CH
1I+.0-IIICH
1G.0--INCH
18.0-IIICH
20.0--INCH
211.0-INCH
15
18
19
21
22
24
27
29
32
33
38
39
40
1,0
41
Ft.
NOMINAL
PIPE SIZE
1.0-INUI
1.5--INCH
2.0-INCH
2.5-INCH
3.0-INCH
4.0-INCH
G.O-INCH
8.0-INCH
10.0-INCH
J.1.
14
5.52
11. 77
7. 2 I,
10.G3
5. 31
5. 75
9.72
0.93
11. 37
5.23
4.50
1. 82
8.77
9.43
PIPE SPAN'
NOMINAL
PIPE SIZE
1. 0--1 ~;CH
1.5-INCH
2.0-INCH
2.5-INCH
3.0--INCH
4.0-INCH
G.O-INCH
8.0--IIICH
10.0-1
NUl
In.
In.
17
20
22
24
25
22
33
37
39
4.G7
2. 2 G
0.19
5. 2 G
4. 25
11.94
11. 59
6.3]
8.112
PIPE SPAN
------Ft.
In.
15
18
20
22
211
26
29
32
35
8. 12
11. 07
3.81
10.19
/) . OG
4.46
10.1G
8.17
3. 12
WEIGHT OF
WATERFllLEO
PIPE SPAN
ILbl
1, 551
2, 324
3,199
If
,38:';
5,593
5, oJ g /,
gJ 5S3
1.), /;37
24, tl15
WEIGHT OF
WATERFILLED
PIPE SPAN
ILb)
29
55
31,
127
182
288
632
J., 103
1, 732
2, 5'12
3, S 09
4,88G
5,087
7, 454
10,530
WEIGHT OF
WATERFlLLEO
PIPE SPAN
ILb)
18
41
GG
110
IG9
295
719
1,30G
1,93G
WEIGHT OF
WATERFlLLEO
PIPE SPAN
ILbl
16
34
55
33
]112
2411
5G9
1,029
1,6%
MAXIMUM
DEFLECTION'
IIn.1
O. 172
O. J. 5 2
0.139
0.149
0.139
O. 129
O. US
0.120
O. 125
MAXIMUM
OEFLECTION'
!In.1
0.2/10
0.223
0.209
0.202
0.18
G
0.1511
O. 141
O. 128
0.119
O. 112
0.131
0.120
0.111
0.103
O. 090
MAXIMUM
DEflECTION'
!In.1
O. /1111
0.385
0.367
0.3711
0.357
0.335
0.3111
0.294
O. 254
MAXIMUM
DEFLECTiON'
IIn.1
0.381
0.339
0.313
O. 327
0.305
O. 278
O. 2/12
0.223
0.208
S-l
CHARTS 5-2
25
15
20
10
+It 1111+1+1-++. t;
~~
~T
-r
~
I~
~~
~
~~
ALUMINUM
PIPE
SCHEDULE
80
(WATER FILLED)
I~
II
i-III1
t
IJl:
i
I
j
I
.[
20
3:
20
o
.....
25
u..
::I:
...
TKi:
15
Cl
z
w
,in
.....
I,ll!
~.
I.
~i'
ALUMINUM
PIPE
SCHEDULE
40
(WATER FILLED)
LOWER CHART:
UPPER CHART:
CHARTS S-2:
~Nppl~Ew~:~~NH~Rs~~~Gl~~~I~1,~~OfHNE
~~~
OR FALL IS CONTINUOUS WITH TWO OR MORE
STRAIGHT SPANS AT EACH END.
CARBON STEel OR
STAINlESS
STEEL
PIPE
SCH 160
lWATER FILLED}
60 ~
'iL1
1'1\
!,
I :'\.
, .jl
.11
',I I,
IlJ/1 I
,
ltil-:
"ml
"t
20
r
15
35
I}..j'\.
II'} I
li
I,
j'
(f \
Ii
I' I'II I
,' 11,
!Ii 'f{
!
I
II j
11
H 1,11,11
"I!
'
Ii W
N"
t
I,
5
CARBON STEEL OR
51 AINlESS STEEl
PIPE
SCH 40
(WATER FILLED)
40
]--
Il,fih
Ill'
')
I'
~'
'I
10
1\
"
30
I,
t!
I!,~ }if ,I
i',
"l.
II!h
10
LOWER CHART:
Ji
} t
15
20
the resultant tensile stress. These data apply to carbon-steel and stainless-steel pipe having a
tensile modulus of elasticity of 29,000,000 PSI. For water filled aluminum pipe, spans are
similarly
01 10,000,000
PSI.
UPPER CHART:
CHARTS S-2
Illt:,t
\:jU,lIn.
1,IVI:
I In- M;,l\IMIfM
IU1l'111
I'" lirJw.:':!!II!
1111\ (!IlH II !lll!lltlMI AI
Ilr.lll
III 1111nl'lll"
1'11ltrljid"IIU
Iii ill'lyllJ.
,r.iI:
::1;
1"1;
,u;j~ I!
fill
.i(~~:J:,~~I;:/I';I,I'::!;i
,';:' 01::,,;,1
FEDERAL
REGULA liONS
FOR
FIXED INDUSTRIAL
STAIRWAYS
STAIRWAYS
vertical
maximum
allowed
by
the
distance
Uniform
of 12
Building
ft
is
Code
Conference of
Officials.
,II
I
ii'
II
Ut
I 'I
f,
,[
1 i I:
'1 !
r
I
"
Ii
R:
RISE IN INCIIES,
IN INCIIES. LINE (AI
R
TilE FEDERAL
T~
IS
17.1,$,
OF RISE AND
TREAD RUN
SeIer: I most
convefllelll
scale
J_
T
TREAD
RUN
f------
------j
~~ING
(lJLANDING.TO.LANDING
ESTABLISHED.
DIVIDE
WHOLE
NUMBERS
OF
HEIGHT
IS USUALLY
THIS
'<EIGHT
INTO
RISES.
@SELECT
ONE OF THE LINES
A, B, m C lOR
OTHEIl
COMPANY
PREFEIlENCEJ
AND MARK
VALUES
FOR RISES ON THE LINE.
(j)CONSTRUCT
LINES
FIlDM THESE POINTS TO
THE BOTTOM
LEFT CORNER OF THE LAnGER
GRAPH.
THIS GIVES THE CHOICE OF ANGLES
AND RUNS FOR THE STAIRWAY.
CD
TIllS
LINE
IS BASED
ON
T:
15
211IT:
25
IIJ""o..",
WIDTH
STRUCTURAL STEEL
DESIGNATION
NOM. SIZE
x 1b/ ft
DEPTH
\-11
DTH
D I~IENSIONS:
THICK
ll1Cll(,5
DESIGNATION
NOH. SIZE
x lb/ft
36.75
36.50
36.25
36.12
36.00
35.88
36.75
36.50
36.38
36.12
36.00
35.88
35.50
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
241
240
221
220
201
200
152
141
130
118
34.12
33.50
33.88
33.25
33.62
33.00
33.50
33.25
33.12
32.88
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
211
210
191
190
173
172
132
124
116
108
99
31.00
30.38
30.62
30.12
30.50
29.B8
30.25
30.12
30.00
29.8B
29.62
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
178
177
161
160
146
145
114
102
94
B4
27.75
27.25
27.62
27.12
21.3B
26.BB
27.25
27.12
26.BB
26.75
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
162
160
146
145
131
130
120
117
110
104
100
94
94
84
76
6B
62
61
55
55
25.00
24.75
24.75
24.50
24.50
24.25
24.25
24.25.
24.12
24.00
24.00
24.25
24.25
24.12
23.BB
23.75
23.75
23.75
23.62
23.50
6.62
6.62
6.50
6.50
6.50
6.50
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.69
1.56
1.44
1.38
1 .38"
1.25
1.38
1.25
1.19
1. 12
1.00
0.94
0.81
15.88
15.B8
15.75
15.75
15.75
15.75
11.62
11. 50
11. 50
11.50
1.38
1.38"
1.25
1.25"
1.12
1.12"
1.06
0.94
0.88
0.75
15.12
15.12
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
10.50
10.50
10.50
10.50
10.50
1.31
1 .31"
1. 19
1.19"
1.06
1.06"
1.00
0.94
0.8B
O. 75
0.69
14.12
14.12
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
10.12
10.00
10.00
10.00
1. 19
1.19"
1.06
1.06"
1.00
1.00"
0.94
0.81
0.75
0.62
13.00
14.12
12.B8
14.00
12.88
14.00
12.12
12.75
12.00
12.75
12.00
9.12
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
1.00
1.25
1.12"
1.06
1.00"
0.94
0.88"
0.94"
O.BB
O.BB"
0.75
0.75"
O. B8
0.88"
0.75
0.69
0.56
0.56
0.56"
0.50
0.50'"
W 33
W 33
\" 21 x 147
x 142
X 132
X 127
X 122
X 112
X 111
X 101
X
96
X
93
X
83
X
82
X
73
X
68
X
62
X
57
X
55
X
50
49
X
X
44
Iv 18
W 27
W 27
D II'IENS
IONS:
1nClleS
INDICATES
A DIMENSIONAL
OR SHAPE WAS DISCONTINUED
CHANGE
(1978)
22.00
21.50
21.88
21 .25
21 .62
21.00
21. 50
21.38
21.12
21.62
21.38
20.88
21.25
21.12
21.00
21.00
20.75
20.88
20.88
20.62
1.12
1.12"
1.06
1.00"
0.94
0.88"
0.88
0.81
0.94"
0.94
0.81
0.81"
0.75
0.69
0.62
0.62
0.50"
0.56
0.56"
0.44
119
114
106
105
97
96
86
85
77
76
71
70
65
64
60
55
50
46
45
40
35
19.00
18.50
18.75
18.38
18.62
18.12
18.38
18.38
18.12
18.25
18.50
18.00
IB.38
17.8B
18.25
18.12
IB.OO
18.00
17.88
17.88
17.75
11.25
11.88
11.25
11. 75
11. 12
11. 75
11.12
8.88
8.75
11.00
7.62
B.75
7.62
8.75
7.50
7.50
7.50
6.00
7.50
6.00
6.00
1.06
1.00"
0.94
0.94*
0.88
0.81"
0.75
0.94"
0.81"
0.69
0.81
0.75"
0.75
0.69"
0.69
0.62
0.56
0.62
0.50"
0.50
0.44
vi 16
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
100
96
B9
BB
7B
77
71
67
64
58
57
50
45
40
36
31
26
26
17.00
16.3B
16.75
16.12
16.3B
16.50
16.12
16.38
16.00
15.BB
16.3B
16.25
16.12
16.00
15.B8
15.BB
15.75
15.62
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
730
730
665
605
605
550
500
455
426
426
398
398
370
370
22.3B
22.50
21.62
20.BB
21.00
20.25
19.62
19.00
IB.62
IB.75
18.25
1B. 25
17.8B
IB.OO
10.3B
11.50
10.38
11.50
B.62
10.25
8.50
10.25
8.50
B.50
7.12
7.12
7.00
7.00
7.00
5.50
5.50
5.50
1.00
0.8B"
0.B8
O.BP
O. B8"
0.75
O.Bl"
0.69
0.69*
0.62"
0.69
0.62
0.56
0.50
0.44
0.44
0.38
0.38"
7.BB
7.BB
I. 62
7.38
7.38
7.25
7.00
6.BB
6.75
6.75
6.62
6.62
6.50
6.50
4.94
4.94"
4.50
4.19
4.19"
3.Bl
3.50
3.19
3.06
3.06"
2.BB
2.BF
2.69
2.69"
W 14
W 14
x 342
x 342
X 320
X 314
X 311
X 287
X 2B3
X 264
X 257
X 246
X 237
X 233
X 228
X 219
X 211
X 202
X 193
X 184
X 176
X 167
X 159
X 158
X 150
X 145
X 142
X 136
X 132
X 127
X 120
X 119
X 111
X 109
X 103
X
99
X
95
X
90
X
87
X
84
X
82
X
78
X
74
X
74
X
68
X
68
X
61
X
53
X
53
X
4B
X
4B
X
43
X
3B
X
34
X
30
X
26
X
22
17 .50
17.50
16.75
17 ,25
17 ..12
16.75
16.75
16.50
16.38
16.25
16.12
16.00
16.00
15.88
15.75
15.62
15.50
15.38
15.25
15.12
15.00
15.00
14.88
14.75
14.75
14.75
14.62
14.62
14.50
14.50
14.38
14.38
14.25
14.12
14.12
14.00
14.00
14.12
14.25
14.00
14.12
14.25
14.00
14.00
13.88
13.88
14.00
13.75
13.75
13.62
14.12
14.00
13.BB
13.BB
13.75
336
305
279
252
230
210
190
170
161
152
136
133
120
106
99
96
92
87
B5
79
72
65
5B
53
16.BB
16.38
15.BB
15.38
15.00
14.75
14.3B
14.00
13.8B
13.75
13.38
13.3B
13.12
12.BB
12.75
12.75
12.62
12.50
12.50
12.3B
12.25
12.12
12.25
12.00
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
THICK
lnclles
W 12
16.38
16.38
16.75
16.25
16.25
16.12
16.12
16.00
16.00
16.00
15.88
15.8B
15.B8
15.88
15.75
15.75
15.75
15 .62
15.62
15.62
15.62
15.50
15.50
15.50
15.50
14.75
14.75
14.75
14.62
14.62
14.62
14.62
14.62
14.62
14.50
14.50
14.50
12.00
10.12
12.00
10.12
10.12
10.00
10.00
10.00
8.00
8.00
B.OO
8.00
B.OO
6.75
6.75
6.75
5.00
5.00
2.50
2.44"
2.06"
2.31"
2.25
2.06"
2.06
1 .94"
1.88
1.81"
1.75"
1.75
1.69"
1.62"
1.56
1.50"
1.44
1.38"
1.31
1.25"
1.19
1.19"
1.12"
1.06
1.06"
1.06"
1.00
1.00"
0.94
0.94"
O. B8'"
0.88
0.81"
0.75
0.75"
0.69
0.69"
0.75"
O.BB
0.69"
O.Bl
0.81"
0.75
0.69"
0.62
0.69
0.69"
0.G2
0.56"
0.50
0.50
0.44
0.38
0.44
0.31
13.38
13.25
13.12
13.00
12.BB
12.75
12.62
12.62
12.50
12.50
12.3B
12.3B
12.3B
12.25
12.25
12.12
12.12
12.12
12.12
12.12
12.00
12.00
10.00
10.00
2.94
2.69
2.50
2.25
2.06
1.88
1.75
1.56
1.50"
1.3B
1.25
1 .25"
1. 12
1.00
0.94"
O.BB
0.8B"
O.Bl
O.BF
0.75
0.69
0.62
0.62
0.56
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
50
45
40
36
35
31
30
27
26
22
19
16.5
16
14
12.25
12.00
12.00
12.25
12.50
12.12
12.38
12.00
12.25
12.25
12.12
12.00
12.00
11.88
8.12
8.00
8.00
6.62
6.50
6.50
6.50
6.50
6.50
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
0.62
0.56
0.50
0.56"
0.50
0.44"
0.44
0.38"
0.38
0.44
0.38
0.25*
0.25
0.25
10.38
10.38
10.25
10.25
10.25
10.12
10.12
10.12
10.12
10.00
10.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
5.75
5.75
5.75
5.75
5.7
5.7')
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
1.25
1. 12
1 .00"
1.00
0.88
0.81"
0.75
0.75"
0.69
0.62
0.56
0.62
0.50
0.50"
0.44
0.50
0.50"
0.44
0.44"
0.38
0.31"
0.38
0.31
0.25
0.19
0.19"
8.25
8.25
B.12
8.12
B.OO
B.OO
6.50
6.50
5.25
5.25
5.25
5.25
4.00
4.00
4.00
0.94
O.Bl
0.69
0.56
0.50
0.44
0.44
0.3B
0.38
0.3Blf
0.31
0.31*
0.31
0.25
0.19
6.12
6.00
4.00
6.00
6.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
0.44
0.3B
0.3B
0.25*
0.25
0.25
0.19
0.19"
5.00
5.00
5.00
0.44
0.44"
0.3B
4.00
0.3B
W 10
vi 10
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
112
100
89
88
77
72
6B
66
60
54
49
45
39
39
33
30
29
26
25
22
21
19
17
15
12
11. 5
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
67
5B
48
40
35
31
2B
24
21
20
1B
17
15
13
10
\v 6
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
25
20
16
15.5
15
12
9
B.5
X
X
X
19
IB.5
16
13
11.38
11. 12
10.88
10.88
10.62
10.50
10.3B
10.38
10.25
10.12
10.00
10.12
9.88
10.00
9.75
10.50
10.25
10.38
10.12
10.12
9.B8
10.25
10.12
10.00
9.88
9.88
r)
WB
W 12
\~ 12
\~IDTH
DIMENSIONS:
1l1clws
W 14
12.50
13.12
12.50
13.00
12.38
13.00
12.38
12.25
9.00
8.38
8.38
9.00
8.25
8.25
8.25
6.50
8.25
6.50
6.50
6.50
W 16
W 24
W 24
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TABLE 5-4
DEPTH
DIMENSIONS:
W 18
W 30
W 30
DEPTH
W 21
W 36
\~ 36 x 300
x 280
X 260
X 245
X 245
X 230
X 210
X 194
X 182
X 170
X 160
X 150
X 135
W SHAPES
9.00
8.75
B.50
B.25
8.12
8.00
8.00
7.BB
B.25
B.12
B.12
B.OO
B.12
8.00
I.BB
W6
6.3B
6.25
6.25
6.00
6.00
6.00
5.B8
5.88
W5
5.12
5.12
5.00
W4
4.12
AI'IERICAN
DESIGNATION
Depth
(nom)
x wgt Ib/ft
WEIGHTS
STAND~RD
DIMENSIONS
DEPTH
IN
POUNDS
IN INCHES
PER
LINEAR
U N E QUA
I WIDTH I THICK
FOOT
LEG
TABLES 5
51
T H I C K N E S S
S
C l',x!,1)
x40
x33.9
C 12x30
x25
x20.7
15.1)1) 3.7!i
15.00
3.50
15.00
3.38
12.00
12.00
12.00
3.12
3.00
3.00
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.50
0.50
0.50
I Z
E
1
"
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
3.00
2.88
2.75
2.62
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
3/4
4 x
8 x 6 x
44.2
8 x 4 x
37.4
39.1
33.8
2~.2
9.00
9.00
9.00
2.62
2.50
2.38
0.44
0.44
0.44
26.3
23.8
28.5
25.7
23.0
21. 9
19.6
22.1
23.6
20.0
18.1
8x18.75
x13.75
x11.5
8.00
8.00
3.00
2.50
2.38
2.25
0.38
0.38
0.38
3/8
7x14.75
x12.25
x 9.8
7.00
7.00
7.00
2.25
2.25
2.12
0.38
0.38
0.38
14.3
15.3
6x13
x10.5
x 8.2
6.00
6.00
6.00
2.12
2.00
1.88
0.31
0.31
0.31
5x 9
x 6.7
5.00
5.00
1.88
1.75
0.31
0.31
3/16
1/8
12.3
10.3
11. 7
9.8
13.6
12.0
10.4
8.7
7.0
15.7
12.8
11.3
9.8
8.2
6.6
14.7
11.9
10.6
9.1
7.7
6.2
13.6
11.1
9.8
3.5
7.2
5.8
10.2
9.1
7.9
6.6
5.4
3 1/2 x 2 1/2 x
9.4
3.3
7.2
6.1
4.9
3 x 2 1/2 x
8.5
7.6
6.6
5.6
4.5
3.39
3 x 2 x
7.7
6.8
5.9
5.0
4.1
3.07
5.3
4.5
3.62
2.75
3.92
3.19
2.44
2.77
2.12
2 x 1 1/4 x
2.55
1.96
1 3/4 x 1 1/4 x
2.34
1.8
1.23
1/4
3/16
1/8
5 x 3 1/2 x
19.8
4 x 3 x
16.8
2 1/2 x 1 1/2 x
EXAMPLE
2 x 1 1/2 x
1/4
13.6
2 1/2 x 2 x
C
5/16
20.2
16.2
3 1/2 x 3 x
7/16
17.9
6 x 3 1/2 x
4 x 3 1/2 x
9x20
x15
x13.4
1/2
9/16
21. 3
26.2
5 x 3 x
C
5/8
28.7
7 x 4 x
6 x 4 x
C 10x30
x25
x20
x15.3
7/8
DESIGNATION:
E QUA
L 2 x 1 1/2 x 1/4
LEG
1.44
T H I C K N E S S
S I Z E
1 1/8
C
4x 7.25
x 5.4
4.00
4.00
1.75
1.62
3.00
3.00
3.00
1.62
1.50
1.38
0.31
0.31
8 x 8 x
6 x 6 x
3x 6
x 5
x 4.1
0.25
0.25
0.25
5 x 5 x
56.9
9/16
3/8
5/16
5/8
51. a
45.0
38.9
32.7
29.6
26.4
37.4
33.1
28.7
24.2
21. 9
19.6
17.2
14.9
12.4
27.2
23.6
20.0
16.2
14.3
12.3
10.3
12.8
11.3
9.8
8.2
6.6
11. 1
9.8
8.5
7.2
5.8
3 x 3 x
9.4
8.3
7.2
6.1
4.9
3.71
2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x
7.7
5.9
5.0
4.1
3.07
4.7
3.92
3.19
2.44
1.65
2.77
2.12
1.44
2.34
1.80
1.23
1 1/4 x 1 1/4 x
1.92
1.48
1.01
1 x 1 x
1.49
1.16
0.80
4 x 4 x
18.5
15.7
.
[[~:~~,~~~
WIDTH
7/16
3/4
3 1/2 x 3 1/2 x
AMERICAN STANDARD CHANNELS
1/2
7/8
2 x 2 x
1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x
DEPTH
1 1/2 x 1 1/2
EXAMPLE
DESIGNATION:
L 3 x 3 x 3/8
3.35
tube
conform
to ASTfII 8-88,
which specifies
general
requirements
for Wrought
TYPE K TUBE
Heavy wall thickness, hard or soft, is furnished for interior plumbing and underground service; steam and hot water
heating systems; fuel oil lines; industrial process applications carrying liquids, air and gases; air conditioning,
refrigeration, and low pressure hydraulic lines. Hard copper tube is used for gas service lines because its rigidity
eliminates traps caused by sagging lines.
NOMINAL
Nominal
Size
';4
Outside
Diameter
(Inches)
THEORETICAL
ON NOMINAL
DIMENSIONS
Wall
Thickness
(Inches)
Inside
Diameter
(Inches)
.375
.500
.625
.875
1.125
.305
.402
.527
.745
.995
.035
.049
.049
.065
.065
1%
1'/2
2
2V2
3
1.375
1.625
2.125
2.625
3.125
1.245
1.481
1.959
2.435
2.907
.065
.072
.083
.095
.109
%
V~
%
AREAS BASED
DIMENSIONS
Theoretical
Weight
(Pounds
Per Foot)
Cross
Sectional
Area of Bore
(Sq. Inches)
External
Surface
(Sq. Ft.
Per Un. Ft.)
Internal
Surface
(Sq. Ft.
Per Un. Ft.)
.073
.127
.218
.436
.778
.098
.131
.164
.229
.294
.080
.105
.138
.195
.261
0.145
0.269
0.344
0.641
0.839
.360
.425
.556
.687
.818
.326
.388
.513
.638
.761
1.04
1.36
2.06
2.93
4.00
1.22
1.72
3.01
4.66
6.64
TYPE l TUBE
Medium wall thickness, hard or soft, is used for medium pressure interior plumbing and for steam and hot water
house-heating systems, panel heating, plumbing vent systems, industrial and process applications.
NOMINAL
Nominal
Size
THEORETICAL
ON NOMINAL
DIMENSIONS
Outside
Diameter
(Inches)
Inside
Diameter
(Inches)
.375
.500
.625
.875
1.125
.315
.430
.545
.785
1.025
.030
.035
.040
.045
.050
1'/4
1V2
2
2V2
3
1.375
1.625
2.125
2.625
3.125
1.265
1.505
1.985
2.465
2.945
.055
.060
.070
.080
.090
%
V2
Wall
Thickness
(Inches)
AREAS BASED
DIMENSIONS
Theoretical
Weight
(Pounds
Per Foot)
Cross
Sectional
Area of Bore
(Sq. Inches)
External
Surface
(Sq. Ft.
Per Un. Ft.)
Internal
Surface
(Sq. Ft.
Per Un. Ft.)
.078
.145
.233
.484
.825
.098
.131
.164
.229
.294
.082
.113
.143
.206
.268
0.126
0.198
0.285
0.455
0.655
.360
.425
.556
.687
.818
.331
.394
.520
.645
.771
0.884
1.14
1.75
2.48
3.33
1.26
1.78
3.09
4.77
6.81
TYPE M TUBE
Light wall thickness, hard only, furnished for applications requiring little or no pressure or tensions on the lines.
NOMINAL
Nominal
Size
1';4
1'/2
2
2'/2
3
THEORETICAL
ON NOMINAL
DIMENSIONS
Outside
Diameter
!Inches)
Inside
Diameter
(Inches)
Wall
Thickness
(Inches)
1.375
1.625
2.125
2.625
3.125
1.291
1.527
2.009
2.495
2.981
.042
.049
.058
.065
.072
Cross
Sectional
Area of Bore
(Sq. Inches)
1.31
1.83
3.17
4.89
6.98
AREAS BASED
DIMENSIONS
External
Surface
(Sq. Ft.
Per Un. Fl.)
Internal
Surface
(Sq. Ft.
Per Un. Ft.)
.360
.425
.556
.687
.818
.338
.400
.526
.653
.780
Theoretical
Weight
(Pounds
Per Fool)
0.682
0.940
1.460
2.030
2.680