El tiempo Present (presente) responde a la pregunta: What happens? = Qu pasa? o What is happening? = Qu est pasando?. Se forma: Su eto !

"er#o en presente ($ %or&). Su eto ! am'are'is ! "er#o en progresi"o ($ am %or&ing).

1. Present I work I am working 3. Past I worked I was working 5. Future I will work I will be working 7. Future (going to) I am going to work I am going to be working 9. Future in past I was going to work I was going to be working 11. Conditiona I would work I would be working 13. !oda s I (can, could, ...) work I (can, could, ...) be working 15. %&perati$e Work! Let's work!

2. Present perfect I have worked I have been working 4. Past perfect I had worked I had been working 6. Future perfect I will have worked I will have been working 8. Future perfect (going to) I am going to have worked I am going to have been working 10. Future perfect in past I was going to have worked I was going to have been working 12. Conditiona perfect I would have worked I would have been working 14. !oda s " #a$e I (can, could, ...) have worked I (can, could, ...) have been working

Present Simple
What happens? ( Qu pasa? I work ( )ra#a o

The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.

El sol sale por el este * se pone por el oeste. Mr. Jackson goes to work by ta i e!ery day. El Sr. +a,&son "a en ta-i a tra#a ar todos los d.as. We sometimes dine at Peter"s. / "e,es ,enamos en lo de Peter. I always wake up be#ore $ a.m. 0e despierto siempre a las 1:22 a.m. When it rains% animals &nd shelter under trees. 3uando llue"e4 los animales se refugian de#a o de los r#oles 'e does not li!e in (hicago. 5e- no "i"e en 3hi,ago. They are !egetarians so they do not eat meat. Son "egetarianos por lo 6ue no ,omen ,arne. )ow o#ten do you take your dog #or a walk? 3ada ,unto sa,as a pasear a tu perro?

*oes +etsy speak English?

7ets* ha#la ingls?

Present (ontinuous
What is happening? ( Qu est pasando? I am working ( Esto* tra#a ando

,ou are reading a sentence now.

8sted est le*endo una ora,i9n ahora. Someone is listening to the radio at this moment. /lguien est es,u,hando la radio en este momento. +ill is writing a new no!el. 7ill est es,ri#iendo una nue"a no"ela. My children are not playing the guitar right now. 0is hi os no estn to,ando la guitarra en este pre,iso momento. Is Mary studying now? 0ar* est estudiando ahora?

Present Perfect
'#at #as #appened( - u! ha "asado# % #a$e )or*ed - $e traba%ado % #a$e +ust prepared so&e coffee, )ou d -ou i*e so&e( uieres un "oco de ca&!# 'eci!n lo he "re"arado. !- .rot#er #as #ad t#at o d car for a ong ti&e. (i hermano ha tenido ese coche vie%o "or un largo tiem"o. !r. !i er #as i$ed in t#at #ouse since 1995. )l *r. (iller ha vivido en a+uella casa desde ,--.. /ais- and #er .rot#er #a$e ta*en 0ng is# essons for fi$e -ears. /ais0 0 su hermano han tomado clases de ingl!s durante cinco a1os. !rs. 1a- or #as a read- finis#ed #er )or*. La *ra. 2a0lor 0a ha terminado su traba%o. /a$e #as not seen 2a.rina ate -. /ave no ha visto a *abrina recientemente. Pau and 3ett- #a$e not $isited 4a&aica -et. 3aul 0 4ett0 no han visitado 5amaica todav6a. 5a$e -ou e$er seen a 6F7( $as visto un 789I alguna ve:# 5as 1o& a read- eft( 2om 0a se ha ido#

Present Perfect Continuous

'#at #as .een #appening( - u! ha estado "asando# % #a$e .een )or*ing - $e estado traba%ando 'e #a$e .een )aiting for 2tep#en for o$er an #our.

$emos estado es"erando a *te"hen durante m;s de una hora. !- daug#ter #as .een fee ing $er- tired ate -. (i hi%a se ha estado sintiendo mu0 cansada <ltimamente. !rs. 2 oane8s *ids #a$e .een stud-ing for a fina e9a& toda-. $o0 los hi%os de la *ra. *loane han estado estudiando "ara el e=amen &inal. :eorge #as not .een co&ing to sc#oo recent -. >eorge no ha estado viniendo a la escuela <ltimamente. ,ou look dirty. What ha!e you been doing?
)e "es su,io. Qu has estado ha,iendo?

Past Simple
What happened? ( Qu pas9? I worked ( )ra#a ' )ra#a a#a

I lost my keys yesterday.

/*er perd. las lla"es. It rained last night. /no,he llo"i9. My neighbors bought a new car. 0is "e,inos se ,ompraron un auto nue"o. Mr. Smith died two weeks ago. El Sr. Smith falle,i9 ha,e dos semanas. Susan sold her house last month. Susan "endi9 su ,asa el mes pasado. )er kids did not go to school the day be#ore yesterday. Sus hi os no ,on,urrieron a la es,uela antes de a*er. Ted did not pass the e am. )ed no pas9 el e-amen. *id you see Jane yesterday? :iste a +ane a*er? Where did they go on !acation? ;9nde fueron de "a,a,iones?

Past Simple (ontinuous

What was happening? ( Qu estu"o'esta#a pasando? I was working ( Estu"e'esta#a tra#a ando

-race was taking a shower when the phone rang.

<ra,e esta#a du,hndose ,uando son9 el telfono. While we were walking down the street% we saw Mrs. Pierce. 0ientras esta#an ,aminando por la ,alle4 "ieron a la Sra. Pier,e. The baby was crying while her mother was preparing break#ast. El #e# esta#a llorando mientras su mam esta#a preparando el desa*uno. The employee was not doing his .ob when his boss arri!ed. El empleado no esta#a ha,iendo su tra#a o ,uando lleg9 su efe. They were not dri!ing care#ully when they had the accident. Ellos no esta#an mane ando ,on ,uidado ,uando tu"ieron el a,,idente. What was )enry doing at midday? Qu esta#a ha,iendo =enr* al mediod.a? Were your #riends playing in the park when it began to dri//le?

)us amigos esta#an ugando en el par6ue ,uando ,omen>9 a llo"i>nar?

El tiempo Past Perfe,t responde a la pregunta: What had happened? = Qu ha#.a pasado? o What had #een happening? = Qu ha#.a estado pasando?. Se forma: Su eto ! had ! "er#o en parti,ipio ($ had %or&ed). Su eto ! had ! #een ! "er#o en progresi"o ($ had #een %or&ing).

1. Present I work I am working 3. Past I worked I was working 5. Future I will work I will be working 7. Future (going to) I am going to work I am going to be working 9. Future in past I was going to work I was going to be working 11. Conditiona I would work I would be working 13. !oda s I (can, could, ...) work I (can, could, ...) be working 15. %&perati$e Work! Let's work!

2. Present perfect I have worked I have been working 4. Past perfect I had worked I had been working 6. Future perfect I will have worked I will have been working 8. Future perfect (going to) I am going to have worked I am going to have been working 10. Future perfect in past I was going to have worked I was going to have been working 12. Conditiona perfect I would have worked I would have been working 14. !oda s " #a$e I (can, could, ...) have worked I (can, could, ...) have been working

Simple )enses ( 3ontinuous )enses

Past Per#ect
What had happened? ( Qu ha#.a pasado? I had worked ( =a#.a tra#a ado When John got o0 the train% he reali/ed that someone had stolen his wallet. 3uando +ohn se #a 9 del tren4 se di9 ,uenta de 6ue alguien le ha#.a ro#ado su #illetera. Jane did not go to the mo!ies because she had seen the &lm twice. +ane no fue al ,ine por6ue ha#.a "isto la pel.,ula dos "e,es. When I got to the party% 1e!in was not there. )e had already le#t. 3uando llegu a la ?esta4 @e"in no esta#a all.. Aa se ha#.a ido. Peter had sent 2lison some 3owers be#ore he went to !isit her. Peter le ha#.a en"iado Bores a /lison antes de ir a "isitarla. Mr. Smith had made hotel reser!ations be#ore he tra!eled to Spain El Sr. Smith ha#.a he,ho reser"as de hotel antes de "ia ar a EspaCa. The teacher soon reali/ed I had not studied the lesson. Da profesora pronto se di9 ,uenta de 6ue *o no ha#.a estudiado la le,,i9n. My sister had ne!er been to a concert be#ore last night. 0i hermana nun,a ha#.a estado en un ,on,ierto hasta ano,he.

)ad the plane already departed when you arri!ed at the airport?
=a#.a *a partido el a"i9n ,uando llegaste al aeropuerto? )ad you li!ed in 4i!erpool be#ore you settled in 4ondon? =a#.as "i"ido en Di"erpool antes de 6ue te esta#le,ieras en Dondres.

Past Per#ect (ontinuous

What had been happening? ( Qu ha#.a estado pasando? I had been working ( =a#.a estado tra#a ando 'alph had been dri!ing #or hours when he &nally stopped to rest. 5alph ha#.a estado mane ando durante horas ,uando ?nalmente se detu"o a des,ansar. The children were out o# breath because they had been running. Dos niCos esta#an sin aliento por6ue ha#.an estado ,orriendo. Tim had been li!ing in that house #or decades be#ore he mo!ed out. )im ha#.a estado "i"iendo en esa ,asa por d,adas antes de mudarse de all.. Susan told me she had not been sleeping well lately. Susan me di o 6ue no ha#.a estado durmiendo #ien Eltimamente . )ad the children been watching T5 be#ore their mother got home? Dos niCos ha#.an estado mirando la tele"isi9n antes de 6ue su madre llegara a ,asa?

6uture Simple
What will happen? ( Qu pasar? I will work ( )ra#a ar I will see you tomorrow. -ood7bye8 )e "er maCana. F/di9sG I promise I will call you ne t week. Prometo 6ue te llamar la semana pr9-ima. I think I will stay home the whole day because it is snowing. 3reo 6ue me 6uedar en ,asa todo el d.a por6ue est ne"ando. 9What would you like to ha!e?9 9I"ll ha!e some co0ee% please.9 HQu desear.a tomar?H H)omar un ,af4 por fa"or.H I# it is a sunny day% my wi#e and I will go to the beach. Si es un d.a soleado4 mi esposa * *o iremos a la pla*a. Tommy% I am sorry I will not help you with your homework. I am too busy right now. )omm*4 lamenta#lemente no te a*udar ,on la tarea. Esto* demasiado o,upado en este momento. We won"t accept the terms o# this contract. Io a,eptaremos los trminos de este ,ontrato. When will they come? 3undo "endrn? Will you open the door #or me% please? Quieres a#rirme la puerta4 por fa"or?

6uture Simple (ontinuous

What will be happening? ( Qu estar pasando? I will be working ( Estar tra#a ando *r. )all will be gi!ing a speech on global warming ne t 6riday. El Sr. =all estar dando una ,harla so#re el ,alentamiento glo#al el pr9-imo "iernes.

2t this time tomorrow% Jane will be attending a lecture on :;th century literature.
0aCana a esta hora4 +ane estar asistiendo a una ,onferen,ia a,er,a de la literatura del siglo JJ. )er cousin will be tra!eling to 4as 5egas tomorrow morning. Su prima estar "ia ando a Das :egas maCana por la maCana. My brother7in7law will not be playing tennis tomorrow a#ternoon. 0i ,uCado no estar ugando al tenis maCana por la tarde. What will you be doing tomorrow at <=;;? Qu estars ha,iendo maCana a las K:22?

6uture Per#ect
What will ha!e happened? ( Qu ha#r pasado? I will ha!e worked ( =a#r tra#a ado Melissa will ha!e impro!ed her English by the time she comes back #rom the >.S. 0elissa ha#r me orado su ingls para el momento 6ue ella regrese de los EE.88.. The waste #rom this #actory will ha!e polluted the water tables by the year :;?@. Dos dese,hos de esta f#ri,a ha#rn ,ontaminado las napas para el aCo L2MN. The kids will ha!e &nished the e am by &!e o"clock. Dos niCos ha#rn terminado el e-amen para las N:22. +y March% my daughter will ha!e graduated #rom college. Para mar>o4 mi hi a se ha#r re,i#ido en la uni"ersidad. Aur engineers will ha!e completed the pro.ect by Monday. Iuestros ingenieros ha#rn terminado el pro*e,to para el lunes. +y the time you return #rom work% your wi#e will not ha!e &nished making the cake. Para ,uando "uel"as del tra#a o4 tu mu er no ha#r terminado de preparar la torta. +y ne t 6ebruary% the Smiths will not ha!e come back #rom their holidays. Para el pr9-imo fe#rero4 los Smith no ha#rn "uelto de sus "a,a,iones. )ow many books will 2lan ha!e read by the end o# the year? 3untos li#ros ha#r le.do /lan para ?n de aCo? Will you ha!e painted many pictures by ne t summer? =a#rs pintado mu,hos ,uadros para el pr9-imo "erano?

6uture Per#ect (ontinuous

What will ha!e been happening? ( Qu ha#r estado pasando? I will ha!e been working ( =a#r estado tra#a ando 2t B=;;% I will ha!e been waiting #or Mark #or two hours. / las O:224 ha#r estado esperando a 0ar& durante dos horas. +y the time he mo!es to 4os 2ngeles% *r. Parker will ha!e been teaching at uni!ersity #or ?? years. Para la po,a en la 6ue se mude a Dos Pngeles4 el ;r. Par&er ha#r estado enseCando en la uni"ersidad durante on,e aCos. Martin will ha!e been li!ing in +oston #or si months by the time he is admitted to )ar!ard >ni!ersity. 0artin ha#r estado "i"iendo en 7oston durante seis aCos para la po,a en la 6ue lo a,epten en la 8ni"ersidad de =ar"ard. +y the end o# the day% his grandchildren will not ha!e been studying much. Para el ?nal del d.a4 sus nietos no ha#rn estado estudiando demasiado. Will you ha!e been working on your pro.ect when your boss arri!es?

=a#rs estado tra#a ando en tu pro*e,to ,uando llegue tu efe?

6uture 9going to9

What is going to happen? ( Qu "a a pasar? I am going to work ( :o* a tra#a ar I am going to lea!e #or 2sia ne t month. :o* a partir a /sia el mes 6ue "iene. We are going to watch a mo!ie on T5 tonight. :amos a "er una pel.,ula en la tele"isi9n a la no,he. The company is going to raise its prices ne t summer. Da ,ompaC.a "a a su#ir los pre,ios el pr9-imo mes. Mrs. +lack is going to teach pottery ne t year. Da Sra. 7la,& "a a enseCar alfarer.a el aCo 6ue "iene. I am going to go to the grocery store tomorrow morning. :o* a ir al alma,n maCana por la maCana. Paul is not going to sol!e the problem be#ore the end o# the year. Paul no "a a resol"er el pro#lema antes de ?n de aCo. We are not going to run the marathon ne t June. Io "amos a ,orrer la marat9n el pr9-imo unio. 2re you going to read Paul 2usterCs latest no!el? :as a leer la Eltima no"ela de Paul /uster? The 3oor is #ull o# dry lea!es. 2re you going to sweep it? El piso est lleno de ho as se,as. Do "as a #arrer?

6uture 9going to9 7 (ontinuous #orm

What is going to be happening? ( Qu "a a estar pasando? I am going to be working ( :o* a estar tra#a ando 2lice is going to be lying in the sun tomorrow morning. /li,e "a a estar *a,iendo al sol maCana por la maCana. Mr. Parker is going to be dri!ing to Washington *.(. ne t 6riday. El Sr. Par&er "a a estar mane ando a Washington ;.3. el "iernes 6ue "iene. -ranny is going be sewing her apron tomorrow. Da a#uela "a a estar ,osiendo su delantal maCana. The thie# is in prison now. )e is not going to be stealing any more. El ladr9n est ahora en prisi9n. Io "a a estar ro#ando ms. Is she going to be polishing the 3oor the day a#ter tomorrow? Ella "a a estar lustrando el piso pasado maCana?

6uture in the Past

What was going to happen? ( Qu i#a a pasar? I was going to work ( $#a a tra#a ar I am sorry. I was going to call you but then I #orgot. Do lamento. )e i#a a llamar pero lo ol"id. We were going to take the #oreign !isitors around town% but they ne!er arri!ed. Q#amos a lle"ar a los "isitantes e-tran eros a ,ono,er la ,iudad4 pero nun,a llegaron. James was going to print his paper% but the printer was not working. +ames i#a a imprimir su tra#a o4 pero la impresora no esta#a fun,ionando. Mr. *rake was going to & his car% but it was too e pensi!e. El Sr. ;ra&e i#a a reparar su auto4 pero era demasiado ,ostoso.

That singer was going to record a new album but then she got sick.
Esa ,antante i#a a gra#ar un l#um nue"o pero se enferm9. We were not going to swim in the ri!er. Io .#amos a nadar en el r.o. The plane was not going to depart at B=;;. El a"i9n no i#a a partir a las O:22. Was he going to buy tickets #or the concert? Rl i#a a ,omprar entradas para el ,on,ierto? Were they going to mo!e to South 2#rica? Ellos i#an a mudarse a Sudfri,a?

6uture in the Past D (ontinuous #orm

What was going to be happening? ( Qu i#a a estar pasando? I was going to be working ( $#a a estar tra#a ando Mrs. Jones was going to be working in her garden% but it was too cold to be outdoors. Da Sra. +ones i#a a estar tra#a ando en el ard.n4 pero ha,.a demasiado fr.o para estar afuera. 2lan was going to be repairing the #ront door when the tenants arri!ed. /lan i#a a estar reparando la puerta de entrada ,uando llegaran los in6uilinos. The boys had lost their tent so they were going to be sleeping under the trees. Dos niCos ha#.an perdido la ,arpa enton,es i#an a estar durmiendo #a o los r#oles. They were not going to be painting their apartment on a wet day. Io i#an a estar pintando el departamento un d.a hEmedo. Was Peter going to be calling her during the baseball game? Peter i#a a estar llamndola durante el partido de #ase#all?

6uture Per#ect in Past

What was going to ha!e happened? ( Qu i#a a ha#er pasado? I was going to ha!e worked ( :o* a ha#er tra#a ado +ill said that he was going to ha!e sold &!e cars by 6riday. 7ill di o 6ue l i#a a ha#er "endido ,in,o ,o,hes para el "iernes. Jack thought he was going to ha!e won the Pulit/er Pri/e that year. +a,& pens9 6ue l i#a a ha#er ganado el premio Pulit>er ese aCo. My #riends were going to ha!e !isited many countries in Europe be#ore returning. 0is amigos i#a a ha#er "isitado mu,hos pa.ses de Europa antes de regresar. I was worried that they were going to ha!e #orgotten about my birthday Esta#a preo,upado de 6ue ellos i#an a ha#erse ol"idado de mi ,umpleaCos. People told me how much the kids were going to ha!e changed. Da gente me di o ,uanto i#an a ha#er ,am#iando los niCos. I had hoped that we were going to ha!e &nished today Ao ha#.a esperado 6ue nosotros .#amos a ha#er terminado ho*. Julia is angry because she was going to ha!e spent the entire e!ening with her boss +ulia esta#a enfadada por6ue ella i#a a ha#er pasado la no,he entera ,on su efe.

6uture Per#ect in Past 7 (ontinuous #orm

What was going to ha!e been happening? ( Qu i#a a ha#er estado pasando? I was going to ha!e been working ( $#a a ha#er estado tra#a ando We reali/ed that we were going to ha!e been tra!elling #or close to ten hours be#ore

stopping #or a rest. Ios dimos ,uenta de 6ue .#amos a ha#er estado "ia ando por ,asi die> horas antes de deternernos para un des,anso. Sarah told me she was going to ha!e been doing her homework by the time I arri!ed home. Sara me di o 6ue ella i#a a ha#er estado ha,iendo su tarea para el momento 6ue *o llegara a ,asa.

(onditional Simple
What would happen? ( Qu pasar.a? I would work ( )ra#a ar.a I# +ill had enough time and money% he would tra!el. Si 7ill tu"iera su?,iente tiempo * dinero4 "ia ar.a. I# we knew where your keys are% we would tell you. Si supiramos d9nde estn tus lla"es4 te lo dir.amos. I# 4i//ie were o0ered a .ob at Sears% she would take it. Si a Di>>ie le ofre,ieran un empleo en Sears4 lo a,eptar.a. I# I were you% I would buy that car. Si fuera tE4 ,omprar.a este auto. I# Eancy were accepted at uni!ersity% she would ask #or a scholarship. Si a,eptaran a Ian,* en la uni"ersidad4 soli,itar.a una #e,a. I would not do that i# I were you. Io har.a eso si fuera tE. I# Mr. Jones were a millionaire% he would not work any more. Si el Sr. +ones fuera millonario4 no tra#a ar.a ms. What would you buy i# you had a #ortune? Qu ,omprar.as si tu"ieras una fortuna? Would you come to the .a// concert i# I got the tickets? :endr.as al re,ital de a>> si *o ,onsiguiera las entradas?

(onditional (ontinuous
What would be happening? ( Qu estar.a pasando? I would be working ( Estar.a tra#a ando Mr. +a ter would be typing i# his secretary were absent. El Sr. 7a-ter estar.a es,ri#iendo a m6uina si su se,retar.a estu"iera ausente. I would be reading a book i# it were cloudy. Estar.a le*endo un li#ro si estu"iera nu#lado. We would be sailing i# we were in the (aribbean. Estar.amos na"egando si estu"iramos en el 3ari#e. 4inda would not be listening to me i# I were telling lies. Dinda no estar.a es,u,hndome si *o estu"iera di,iendo mentiras. Would you be painting your house i# it did not rain? Estar.as pintando la ,asa si no llo"iera?

(onditional Per#ect
What would ha!e happened? ( Qu ha#r.a pasado? I would ha!e worked ( =a#r.a tra#a ado )arry would ha!e learnt about the catastrophe i# he had watched (EE. =arr* se ha#r.a enterado de la ,atstrofe si hu#iera mirado 3II. I# +en had studied harder% he would ha!e passed the test.

Si 7en hu#iera estudiado ms4 ha#r.a pasado el e-amen. I# (indy had seen a spider% she would ha!e been terri&ed. Si 3ind* hu#iera "isto una araCa4 se ha#r.a aterrori>ado. Mrs. +rown would ha!e shouted #uriously i# her son had dented her car. Da Sra 7ro%n ha#r.a gritado ,on furia si su hi o hu#iera a#ollado su auto. I# you had not obeyed his orders% something terrible would ha!e happened. Si no hu#ieras o#ede,ido sus 9rdenes4 algo terri#le hu#iera o,urrido. )ad I known you were in a meeting% I would not ha!e disturbed you. Si hu#iera sa#ido 6ue te en,ontra#as en una reuni9n4 no te ha#r.a molestado. Molly would not ha!e done that i# she had been in your place. 0oll* no ha#r.a he,ho eso si hu#iera estado en tu lugar. Would your brother ha!e gotten a scholarship i# he had worked harder? =a#r.a tu hermano o#tenido una #e,a si hu#iera tra#a ado ms duro? Would his uncle ha!e !isited Eew ,ork i# he had tra!eled to the >.S.2.? =a#r.a su t.o "isitado Iue"a Aor& si hu#iera "ia ado a los EE.88.?

(onditional Per#ect (ontinuous

What would ha!e been happening? ( Qu ha#r.a estado pasando? I would ha!e been working ( =a#r.a estado tra#a ando The employees would ha!e been working on the pro.ect i# their boss had been present. Dos empleados ha#r.an estado tra#a ado en el pro*e,to si su efe hu#iera estado presente. *r. )ills would ha!e been writing a book i# he had #ound a publisher. El ;r. =ills ha#r.a estado es,ri#iendo un li#ro si hu#iera en,ontrado una editorial. I# my neighbors had sold their house% they would ha!e been mo!ing to a new house. Si mis "e,inos hu#ieran "endido su ,asa4 ha#r.an estado mudndose a una nue"a ,asa. I# I had seen Patrick% I would not ha!e been calling him. Si hu#iera "isto a Patri,&4 no ha#r.a estado llamndolo. Would you ha!e been waiting #or me i# I had not arri!ed early? =a#r.as estado esperndome si no hu#iera llegado temprano?

(onditional Simple
What would happen? ( Qu pasar.a? I would work ( )ra#a ar.a I# +ill had enough time and money% he would tra!el. Si 7ill tu"iera su?,iente tiempo * dinero4 "ia ar.a. I# we knew where your keys are% we would tell you. Si supiramos d9nde estn tus lla"es4 te lo dir.amos. I# 4i//ie were o0ered a .ob at Sears% she would take it. Si a Di>>ie le ofre,ieran un empleo en Sears4 lo a,eptar.a. I# I were you% I would buy that car. Si fuera tE4 ,omprar.a este auto. I# Eancy were accepted at uni!ersity% she would ask #or a scholarship. Si a,eptaran a Ian,* en la uni"ersidad4 soli,itar.a una #e,a. I would not do that i# I were you. Io har.a eso si fuera tE. I# Mr. Jones were a millionaire% he would not work any more. Si el Sr. +ones fuera millonario4 no tra#a ar.a ms. What would you buy i# you had a #ortune?

Qu ,omprar.as si tu"ieras una fortuna? Would you come to the .a// concert i# I got the tickets? :endr.as al re,ital de a>> si *o ,onsiguiera las entradas?

(onditional (ontinuous
What would be happening? ( Qu estar.a pasando? I would be working ( Estar.a tra#a ando Mr. +a ter would be typing i# his secretary were absent. El Sr. 7a-ter estar.a es,ri#iendo a m6uina si su se,retar.a estu"iera ausente. I would be reading a book i# it were cloudy. Estar.a le*endo un li#ro si estu"iera nu#lado. We would be sailing i# we were in the (aribbean. Estar.amos na"egando si estu"iramos en el 3ari#e. 4inda would not be listening to me i# I were telling lies. Dinda no estar.a es,u,hndome si *o estu"iera di,iendo mentiras. Would you be painting your house i# it did not rain? Estar.as pintando la ,asa si no llo"iera?

(onditional Per#ect
What would ha!e happened? ( Qu ha#r.a pasado? I would ha!e worked ( =a#r.a tra#a ado )arry would ha!e learnt about the catastrophe i# he had watched (EE. =arr* se ha#r.a enterado de la ,atstrofe si hu#iera mirado 3II. I# +en had studied harder% he would ha!e passed the test. Si 7en hu#iera estudiado ms4 ha#r.a pasado el e-amen. I# (indy had seen a spider% she would ha!e been terri&ed. Si 3ind* hu#iera "isto una araCa4 se ha#r.a aterrori>ado. Mrs. +rown would ha!e shouted #uriously i# her son had dented her car. Da Sra 7ro%n ha#r.a gritado ,on furia si su hi o hu#iera a#ollado su auto. I# you had not obeyed his orders% something terrible would ha!e happened. Si no hu#ieras o#ede,ido sus 9rdenes4 algo terri#le hu#iera o,urrido. )ad I known you were in a meeting% I would not ha!e disturbed you. Si hu#iera sa#ido 6ue te en,ontra#as en una reuni9n4 no te ha#r.a molestado. Molly would not ha!e done that i# she had been in your place. 0oll* no ha#r.a he,ho eso si hu#iera estado en tu lugar. Would your brother ha!e gotten a scholarship i# he had worked harder? =a#r.a tu hermano o#tenido una #e,a si hu#iera tra#a ado ms duro? Would his uncle ha!e !isited Eew ,ork i# he had tra!eled to the >.S.2.? =a#r.a su t.o "isitado Iue"a Aor& si hu#iera "ia ado a los EE.88.?

(onditional Per#ect (ontinuous

What would ha!e been happening? ( Qu ha#r.a estado pasando? I would ha!e been working ( =a#r.a estado tra#a ando The employees would ha!e been working on the pro.ect i# their boss had been present. Dos empleados ha#r.an estado tra#a ado en el pro*e,to si su efe hu#iera estado presente. *r. )ills would ha!e been writing a book i# he had #ound a publisher.

El ;r. =ills ha#r.a estado es,ri#iendo un li#ro si hu#iera en,ontrado una editorial. I# my neighbors had sold their house% they would ha!e been mo!ing to a new house. Si mis "e,inos hu#ieran "endido su ,asa4 ha#r.an estado mudndose a una nue"a ,asa. I# I had seen Patrick% I would not ha!e been calling him. Si hu#iera "isto a Patri,&4 no ha#r.a estado llamndolo. Would you ha!e been waiting #or me i# I had not arri!ed early? =a#r.as estado esperndome si no hu#iera llegado temprano?

Modals
What FcouldGshouldG...H happen? ( Qu (podr.a'de#er.a'...) pasar? I FcouldGshouldG...H work ( (podr.a'de#er.a'...) tra#a ar Mary 2nne can speak &!e languages 3uently. 0ar* /nne puede ha#lar ,in,o idiomas ,on Buide>. *o not shout8 I can hear you per#ectly well. FIo gritesG )e puedo oir perfe,tamente. I must work really hard i# I want a promotion. ;e#o tra#a ar mu* duro si 6uiero un as,enso. ,ou must return that book% Jimmy. It is not yours. ;e#es de"ol"er ese li#ro4 +imm*. Io te pertene,e. That man owns three houses and two planes. )e must be !ery wealthy. /6uel hom#re posee tres ,asas * dos a"iones. ;e#e de ser mu* ri,o. I# you are not #eeling well% you should call a doctor. Si no te sientes #ien4 de#er.as llamar al do,tor. ,ou look tired% 2lec. ,ou should rest more. )e "es ,ansado4 /le,. ;e#er.as des,ansar ms. ,ou must not smoke in public places. Io de#es fumar en lugares pE#li,os. *ea# people cannot hear. Dos sordos no pueden o.r. ,ou should not drink and dri!e. Io de#er.as tomar * mane ar. We should not litter the 3oor. Io de#er.amos ensu,iar el piso. (an I use your phone% Sally? Puedo usar tu telfono4 Sall*? What can I do #or you% sir? En 6u lo puedo a*udar4 seCor? Must we !isit grandpa e!ery Sunday% mom? ;e#emos "isitar al a#uelo todos los domingos4 mam? Should we contribute to this #und7raising e!ent? ;e#er.amos ,ontri#uir a este e"ento para re,audar fondos?

Modals D (ontinuous
What FcouldGshouldG...H be happening? ( Qu (podr.a'de#er.a'...) estar pasando? I FcouldGshouldG...H be working ( (podr.a'de#er.a'...) estar tra#a ando That cannot be true8 ,ou must be .oking. FEso no puede ser "erdadG ;e#es de estar #romeando. It is !ery late. We must be going now. Es demasiado tarde. ;e#er.amos estar *endo ahora.

,ou should be listening to what I am saying.

;e#er.as estar es,u,hando lo 6ue esto* di,iendo. 2le can be playing chess #or three hours without getting tired. /le- puede estar ugando a edre> durante tres horas sin ,ansarse. The kid must not be shouting in class. El niCo no de#e estar gritando en ,lase. +ob cannot be telling the truth. That is impossible8 7o# no puede estar di,iendo la "erdad. FEso es imposi#leG It is ?: noon. Shouldn"t the cook be preparing lunch? Son las do,e del mediod.a. Io de#er.a el ,o,inero estar preparando el almuer>o? Must I be doing the homework #or tomorrow? ;e#o estar ha,iendo la tarea para maCana?

Modals I )a!e
What FcouldGshouldG...H ha!e happened? ( Qu (podr.a'de#er.a'...) ha#er pasado? I FcouldGshouldG...H ha!e worked ( (podr.a'de#er.a'...) ha#er tra#a ado 6red made a lot o# noise when he came home. ,ou must ha!e heard him. Sred hi>o mu,ho ruido ,uando lleg9 ano,he. ;e#iste ha#erlo o.do. The news was aw#ul. ,ou should ha!e said something about it. Da noti,ia era espantosa. ;e#er.as ha#er di,ho algo al respe,to. That was a terrible accident8 The dri!er must ha!e hurt himsel#. FEse fue un a,,idente terri#leG El ,ondu,tor de#i9 ha#erse lastimado. Pam had a toothache. She should ha!e !isited the dentist. / Pam le dol.a un diente. ;e#er.a ha#er "isitado al dentista. There was a 3ying saucer in the sky last night. ,ou must ha!e seen it. =a#.a un plato "olador en el ,ielo ano,he. ;e#iste ha#erlo "isto. Eick"s dog ran away. It must ha!e been scared o# the thunderstorm. El perro de Ii,& se es,ap9. ;e#i9 ha#erse asustado de la tormenta el,tri,a. ,ou should ha!e seen Jen in her wedding dress. ;e#er.as ha#erla "isto a +en en su "estido de no"ia. The maid should not ha!e #ro/en the !egetables. Da mu,ama no de#er.a ha#er ,ongelado los "egetales. Sarah #ailed the e am. She must not ha!e studied enough. Sara no pas9 el e-amen. Io de#e ha#er estudiado lo su?,iente. Mr. +enson should not ha!e accepted *r. )arrison"s proposal. El Sr. 7enson no de#er.a ha#er a,eptado la propuesta del ;r. =arrison. Should mom ha!e woken you up at $=;;? 0am de#er.a ha#erte despertado a las 1:22? Should they ha!e le#t earlier? ;e#er.an ha#er partido ms temprano? (ould I ha!e applied #or a sick lea!e? Podr.a ha#er soli,itado una li,en,ia por enfermedad?

Modals I )a!e 7 (ontinuous 6orm

What FcouldGshouldG...H ha!e been happening? ( Qu (podr.a'de#er.a'...) ha#er estado pasando? I FcouldGshouldG...H ha!e been working ( (podr.a'de#er.a'...) ha#er estado tra#a ando I could ha!e been dancing at the party instead o# staying at home. Ao podr.a ha#er estado #ailando en la ?esta en lugar de 6uedarme en ,asa.

The baby must ha!e been eating. The table is dirty.

El #e# de#i9 ha#er estado ,omiendo. Da mesa est su,ia. My #riends should ha!e been waiting here #or me. 0is amigos de#er.an ha#er estado esperndome a6u.. It has been raining a lot lately. ,ou should not ha!e been watering the garden. =a estado llo"iendo mu,ho Eltimamente. Io de#er.as ha#er estado regando el ard.n. Patrick is ill again. )e must not ha!e been taking his medicine. Patri,& est enfermo de nue"o. Io de#e ha#er estado tomando su medi,ina. Should they ha!e been lighting the candles? Ellos de#er.an estar prendiendo las "elas? (ould we ha!e been swimming at the beach? Podr.amos ha#er estado nadando en la pla*a?

Imperati!es
0n for&a afir&ati$a Co&e #ere 8en a+u6 :o t#ere 8e all6 7pen t#e door ?bre la "uerta ;ea$e &e a one /!%ame solo 1urn on t#e 1< )nciende el televisor 1urn off t#e radio ?";ga la radio 3e carefu *! cuidadoso ;et &e see t#at /!%ame ver eso Ca &e up Ll;mame "or tel!&ono Finis# t#at report 2ermina ese in&orme 2it do)n *i!ntate 2tand up Lev;ntate 0n for&a negati$a /on8t cross t#e street 9o cruces la calle /on8t sa- t#at 9o digas eso /on8t .e so &ean 9o seas tan malo /on8t fig#t 9o "el!es /on8t drin* so &uc# 9o tomes tanto /on8t in$ite so &an- peop e 9o invites a tantas "ersonas /on8t &a*e noise 9o hagas ruido /on8t interrupt 9o interrum"as /on8t dri$e so fast 9o condu:cas tan r;"ido /on8t .e ate 9o llegues tarde /on8t co&e so ear 9o vengas tan tem"rano /on8t .u- so &an- t#ings 9o com"res tantas cosas

El HDetTsH = HDet usH se usa para dar una orden en la ,ual uno mismo se in,lu*e.

;et8s

;et8s not ;et8s )or* ;et8s not #urr2raba%emos 9o nos a"uremos ;et8s &a*e a part;et8s not do t#at $agamos una &iesta 9o hagamos eso ;et8s .u- so&e .eers ;et8s not )aste ti&e @om"remos algunas cerve:as 9o des"erdiciemos tiem"o ;et8s p a- .as*et.a ;et8s not )ait an- &ore

5uguemos al b;sketbol ;et8s go to t#e &o$ies 8a0amos al cine ;et8s eat so&e ice crea&s @omamos algunos helados ;et8s ta*e a )a * 2omemos un "aseo ;et8s consider t#is pro. e& @onsideremos este "roblema ;et8s see )#at )e can do 8eamos +ue "odemos hacer ;et8s tr- to do it 2ratemos de hacerlo ;et8s start )it# t#is @omencemos con esto ;et8s finis# t#at 2erminemos eso

9o es"eremos m;s ;et8s not go so fast 9o va0amos tan r;"ido ;et8s not drin* so &uc# 9o tomemos tanto ;et8s not ta * a.out t#at 9o hablemos de eso ;et8s not .ot#er t#e& 9o los molestemos ;et8s not interrupt 9o interrum"amos ;et8s not sa- an-t#ing 9o digamos nada ;et8s not argue again 9o discutamos de nuevo ;et8s not .e upset a.out it 9o estemos molestos "or ello