Modeling and Experimental Validation of Internal Faults in Salient Pole Synchronous Machines Including Space Harmonics

Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 71 (2006) 425439
Modeling and experimental validation of internal faults in salient

pole synchronous machines including space harmonics
X. Tu
a
, L.-A. Dessaint
a,
, M. El Kahel
b
, A. Barry
c
a
TransEnergie Chair on Power Systems Simulation and Control,

Ecole de Technologie Sup erieure,
Universit e du Qu ebec, Montr eal, Que., Canada H3C 1K3
b
ALSTOM Canada Inc., Sorel-Tracy, Que., Canada J3R 5P9
c
Laboratoire de Simulation de R eseaux, Institut de Recherche dHydro-Qu ebec, Varennes, Que., Canada J3X 1S1
Abstract
Considering the space harmonics caused by the faulted windings, a simulation model of internal faults in salient pole synchronous
machines is proposed in this paper. The model is based on the winding function approach, which makes no assumption for sinusoidal
symmetrical distribution of the machine windings. Anewmethod of calculation of synchronous machine inductances is presented, in
which the space harmonics produced by the windings are readily taken into account. Simulation results for internal faults on the stator
windings of a generator at no load and at load are compared with experimental results to verify the accuracy of the proposed model.
2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of IMACS.
Keywords: Internal faults; Space harmonics; Synchronous machines; Winding function
1. Introduction
Most of the literature on modeling and analysis of synchronous machines is based on the two reaction theory rst
proposed by Park [8]. This approach is useful for both the machine steady state and transient analysis and is well suited
for computer modeling. However, it is well known that the corresponding dq0 model of a synchronous machine is
derived from the assumption that the machine windings are sinusoidally distributed. This implies that all higher space
harmonics produced by the machine windings, except the fundamental one, are neglected.
However, an internal fault in the stator windings will break the sinusoidally distributed characteristic of the windings.
The faulted windings will produce stronger space harmonics in the air-gap magnetic eld. Moreover, the symmetry
between the machine windings will no longer be present. Therefore, the conventional dq0 model is not suited to analyze
internal faults.
The behavior of the synchronous machine under internal faults has not been thoroughly studied and few machine
models exist. Due to the inconvenience of the dq0 model for internal faults modeling, the synchronous machine fault
models are generally derived in the phase domain [6,9,7], where the voltage and ux linkage equations are directly
developed in the xed phase reference without coordinate transformation. The method used in [6] studies the effect of
internal faults using direct phase quantities, and assumes that the ratio between the winding inductances is proportional
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: xtu@ele.etsmtl.ca (X. Tu), dessaint@ele.etsmtl.ca (L.-A. Dessaint), mohammed.elkahel@power.alstom.com (M.E. Kahel),
barry.alpha@ireq.ca (A. Barry).
0378-4754/$32.00 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of IMACS.
doi:10.1016/j.matcom.2006.02.003
426 X. Tu et al. / Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 71 (2006) 425439
to the ratio between the effective numbers of turns of the corresponding windings. However, this is correct only when
a sinusoidal distribution of magnetomotive force (MMF) in air-gap exists or when the windings are concentrated. The
model described in [9] uses a straightforward method for partitioning the sinusoidal distributed machine windings.
This method produces sub-windings with known locations and turn distributions, which provide fundamental MMFs
that are equivalent to that produced by the non-partitioned winding. The results are still approximate, since higher
space harmonics do not necessary cancel under internal fault conditions. Also, the actual windings are never perfectly
sinusoidally distributed in space. The method used in [7] accounts for the physical arrangement of the conductors
inside the stator. But the inaccuracies for the calculation of the inductances of the faulted winding sections still exist
because only the MMF fundamental harmonics of these faulted sections are considered. Moreover, it is also supposed
that each parallel winding of the same phase shares a common ux path, which is a special case. The method proposed
in [12] considers a synchronous machine as a multi-loop circuit formed by coils moving with respect to each other. The
calculation of the loop inductance is however based on coil-to-coil approach. Therefore it is very difcult to apply this
method in the analysis of the internal faults, especially for large machines with many coils in the stator and the rotor.
The accuracy in calculation of the inductances of the faulted windings is the key to model the internal faults in
synchronous machines. The non-sinusoidal distribution of the stator windings under internal fault conditions and the
concomitant effects of the space harmonics inthe air-gapmagnetic eldmust be consideredinmodelingof the machines.
In fact, the space harmonics produced by a machine winding can be determined by its winding function, which is a
means of depicting the MMF distribution in the air-gap in terms of space distribution of the winding [13,11]. The space
harmonics can be accounted for in the calculation of the machine inductances by the winding function approach (WFA)
without any restriction concerning distribution of the stator or rotor windings. This approach has been extensively used
in the analysis of fault conditions in asynchronous machines, such as broken rotor bars or broken end ring segments,
fault conditions in stator windings [11,5,4], and air-gap eccentricity [10]. But few works have been reported in its
application to synchronous machine analysis except [3,2]. A method of modeling the dynamic air-gap eccentricity in
synchronous machines based on modied winding function theory is proposed in [2]. An approach for simulating the
internal faults in synchronous machines using both the combined winding function theory and direct phase quantities
is proposed in [3], where only the odd space harmonics are included in the calculation of the winding inductances.
But the faulted windings will produce number of harmonics, even fractional subharmonics [12]. A signicant error
will be introduced if the other harmonics are neglected. Therefore it is very difcult to calculate the faulted machine
inductances by expressing the winding functions in their Fourier series representations.
Considering the effect of the space harmonics caused by the faulted windings, this paper presents a model for
simulation of the synchronous machines. Based on the winding function theory, a new approach of calculation of the
machine inductances is proposed. The calculation of inductances is derived directly from the original waveforms of
the winding functions. Therefore all the space harmonics generated by the windings are accounted for in the modeling
of the synchronous machines. The paper is arranged as follows. In Section 2, a new form of calculation of inductances
of arbitrary windings is proposed. In Section 3, based on the actual arrangement of the machine windings, an example
of inductance calculation for the stator windings is presented. In Section 4, the system equations of the synchronous
machines are described. Section 5 describes a laboratory test system to verify the model proposed. Finally, some
concluding remarks are given in Section 6.
2. Calculation of inductances using winding function approach
The synchronous machine model is based upon the following assumptions:
(1) Slotted stator effects are negligible.
(2) Magnetic hysteresis is negligible.
(3) Iron saturation effects are neglected.
According to winding function theory, the mutual inductance between any winding i and j in any electrical
machine (assuming that the permeance of the iron core is innite) is given by the following equation [11]:
L
ij
() =
0
rl
_
2
0
N
i
(, )N
j
(, )g
1
(, ) d (1)
X. Tu et al. / Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 71 (2006) 425439 427
Fig. 1. Elementary salient pole synchronous machine.
where
0
is the permeability of free space, r the average radius of the air-gap, l the axial length of the machine, and
g
1
(, ) is the inverse air-gap length (constant in the case of uniform air-gap). Furthermore, N
i
(, ) and N
j
(, ) are
the winding functions of the windings i and j, the angle along the inner surface of the stator, and is the angular
position of the rotor with respect to the stator reference axis. The winding function N
i
(, ) represents the MMF
distribution along the air-gap for a unit current owing in the winding i. In general, for a rotating coil it is assumed to
be a function of and . For a stationary coil it is only a function of . This general expression is inappropriate to deal
with arbitrary distribution windings of synchronous machines; a new form of this equation should be employed.
An elementary two-pole, salient pole synchronous machine with two concentrated stator coils a and b is shown in
Fig. 1. The two coils have w
a
and w
b
turns and pole pitches
a
and
b
in mechanical degrees, respectively. While the
derivation is true for either case, it will be assumed that
a
<
b
.
According to the denition of winding function, the winding function of a machine winding can be described by
means of a straightforward magnetic circuit analysis. For the concentrated coil a, the winding function is distributed
along the entire inner surface of the stator and is expressed as [5]:
N
a
=
_
a
2
w
a
, 0 < <
a
2
a
2
w
a
,
a

a
a
2
w
a
,
a
< < 2
(2)
Fig. 2 shows the waveform of the winding function of coil a. According to the winding function theory, the MMF
at any position of the air-gap produced by current i
a
owing in coil a is:
F
a
(, ) = N
a
(, ) i
a
(3)
The ux in a magnetic circuit is the product of the MMF (F) and the permeance (P) of the ux path. Thus, the ux
density due to current i
a
in the air-gap can be dened as:
B
a
(, ) = F
a
(, ) P(, ) (4)
where P(, ) is the machine permeance distribution of the air-gap. When ignoring the reluctance of the core, the effect
of stator slots, the effect of fringing elds and so on, P(, ) becomes:
P(, ) =

0
g(, )
=
0
g
1
(, ) (5)
where
0
is the permeability of free space and g
1
(, ) is the inverse air-gap length in function of the angles and .
Fig. 2. (a) Winding function of coil a and (b) turns function of coil b.
Referring to Fig. 2, the ux linkage in coil b due to the current i
a
can be calculated by:
ba
=
0
rlw
b
_

b
b
F
a
(, )g
1
(, ) d (6)
where r is the average stator inner radius, l is the axial stack length of machine. If we dene the turns function of coil
b as:
n
b
=
_
_
0, 0 < <
b
w
b
,
b

b
0,
b
< < 2
(7)
Then, the expression for the ux linkage becomes:
ba
=
0
rli
a
_

b
b
n
b
(, )N
a
(, )g
1
(, ) d (8)
Therefore the inductance between coil a and coil b can be obtained as:
L
ba
=

ba
i
a
=
0
rl
_

b
b
n
b
(, )N
a
(, )g
1
(, ) d (9)
The difference between (9) and (1) is that the winding function N
b
(, ) of coil b in (1) is replaced by its turns
function n
b
(, ), which represents the turns distribution of coil b in the machine. The integration limits are restricted
between the start position
b
and the end position
b
of coil b. Since the waveforms of the turns functions of the
machine windings are much simpler than that of their winding functions, this change allows to calculate the machine
inductances in a convenient way.
Derivation of the inductance L
ba
also needs an evaluation of the inverse air-gap length g
1
(, ), which can be
obtained according to the geometric form of the rotor. In a 2p-pole synchronous machine, neglecting the stator slot
effects, the inverse air-gap has form shown in Fig. 3, where g
1
d
is the value of the inverse air-gap under the pole arc,
g
1
q
the value of the inverse air-gap over the interpole region, /p the pitch of one pole and
r
is the width of the pole
arc. In Fourier series representation, the inverse air-gap can be expressed as:
g
1
(, ) =
0
+
2p
cos(2p( )) +
4p
cos(4p( )) + (10)
where
2kp
(k =0, 1, 2, . . .) are determined by:
0
=
p
_
g
1
d

r
+g
1
q
_
r
__
(11)
Fig. 3. Inverse air-gap function.
2kp
=
4p
k
_
g
1
d
sin
_
r
2
_
+g
1
q
_
sin
_

2p
_
sin
_
r
2
_
__
, k = 1, 2, . . . (12)
Eq. (9) is now ready to calculate the machine inductances based on the original waveform of the winding function
without Fourier series representation. If we consider the positions of coils a and b shown in Fig. 2 and substitute (2),
(7), (10) into (9), the mutual inductance L
ba
is obtained by integrating the winding function of coil a across the turns
function of coil b:
L
ba
=
0
rl
__

a
b
w
b
w
a
2
a
2
(
0
+
2p
cos(2p( )) + ) d
+
_

b
w
b
w
a
a
2
(
0
+
2p
cos(2p( )) + )d
_
(13)
The nal result is:
L
ba
= K
0
0
+K
2
2p
cos(2p +
2p
) + (14)
where
K
0
=
0
rlw
a
w
b
_
(
a

b
)

a
b
2
_
K
2
=

0
rlw
a
w
b
2p
_
_
sin 2p
a

a
2
sin 2p
b

_
1

a
2
_
sin 2p
b
_
2
+
_
cos 2p
a

a
2p
cos 2p
b

_
1

a
2p
_
cos 2p
b
_
2
_
1/2
2p
= tan
1
_
sin 2p
a

a
2
sin 2p
b

_
1

a
2
_
sin 2p
b
cos 2p
a

a
2
cos 2p
b

_
1

a
2
_
cos 2p
b
_
It should be noted that all the space harmonics generated by coil a are included in the calculation of the mutual
inductance L
ba
due to the use of the original waveform of the winding function N
a
(, ). It can be seen that (14) has
the same form as the inverse air-gap expression (10). This means that the order of harmonics in the mutual inductance
L
ba
is dictated by the geometric form of the rotor.
In the general case, a stator circuit is composed of several coils connected in series. If circuit a and circuit b have i
coils and j coils distributed in different slots, respectively, the total winding function of circuit a and the turns function
of circuit b are obtained by the principle of superposition.
N
a
=
i
k=1
N
ak
(15)
n
b
=
j
k=1
n
bk
(16)
where N
ak
, n
bk
are the winding function of coil ak and the turns function of coil bk, respectively. The signs of N
ak
,
n
bk
are determined according to the type of connection of these coils. Once N
a
and n
b
are obtained, Eq. (9) is used to
calculate the mutual inductance L
ba
by changing the integration limits determined by the start and the end positions
of circuit b. Thus, Eq. (9) can be used for calculating mutual inductances between any arbitrary circuits. If b =a, L
ab
becomes the self-inductance L
aa
of circuit a.
3. Example of calculation of inductances
The new approach is used to calculate the inductances of a three phase 4-pole machine with 36 stator slots. Each
phase has two winding sections connected in series. Two groups in parallel of opposite poles formthe winding sections.
Each group consists of three coils. Fig. 4 shows the stator winding layout where phase U connections are shown in
full. In this machine, each group has three concentric coils which span 4, 6 and 8 slots, respectively. The winding
arrangement of phase U in the stator is shown in Fig. 5.
Once the winding arrangement of phase U is known, the turns function and the winding function of phase U can
be readily gured out as seen in Fig. 6, where the position of slot 36 is chosen as the stator reference axis and the slot
angle is 2/36 mechanical radian. Generally, the turns function and the winding function are identical for a normal
symmetrical winding. It should be noted that the series-connected section U
12
and U
56
have two parallel groups, only
half of the total current ows in each group. Thus the step in the waveform of the winding function is N/2, where N is
the coil turns. The winding function of phase V and phase W are the same as phase U, except that they are shifted by
60 and 120 mechanical degrees, respectively.
In the case of the internal faults in the machine windings, the turns function and the winding function of the faulted
winding will be recalculated due to the change in the winding connection. For a fault at 50% of phase U, the complete
winding U will be broken into two half windings U
12
and U
56
. For the current direction indicated in Fig. 5, the turns
functions and winding functions of windings U
12
and U
56
are shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 4. Stator winding layout with phase U connection shown.
Fig. 5. Connection diagram of phase U.
Figs. 8 and 9 show harmonics components of the winding functions under the normal and faulted conditions,
respectively. For the complete healthy winding U, only (p odd) harmonics exist, and the harmonics of higher order
are nearly non-existent for this distributed winding, except the fundamental component (the second harmonic for the
4-pole machines). For winding U
12
, (p integer) harmonics exist due to its asymmetrical connection. The amplitudes
of the high order harmonics cannot be neglected.
Considering the waveforms of Figs. 6 and 7, the inductances of the complete winding U and the windings U
12
, U
56
are calculated by using (9). Referring to Fig. 7, it can be seen that (9) gives a convenient way to calculate the machine
inductances for the asymmetrical windings. For example, in order to calculate the mutual inductance between windings
U
56
and U
12
. The turns function of winding U
12
and the winding function of winding U
56
are used. It is found that the
turns function of winding U
12
is non-zero only in two sections [2/36, 18/36] and [38/36, 54/36], and the winding
function of winding U
56
is a constant value N/2 during these two sections. Thus, the mutual inductance between the
windings U
12
and U
56
can be calculated by simply integrating the constant values N/2 along these two turns distribution
sections of winding U
12
. This calculation is very simple and is readily executed. Therefore, Eq. (9) can substantially
reduce the complexity of the calculation of inductances and also gives accurate results due to non-approximation in
the expressions of the winding functions. In the same manner, the self-inductances of windings U
56
and U
12
can be
readily calculated. Figs. 10 and 11 show the inductances for the complete winding U and the windings U
12
and U
56
.
From Fig. 11, we can see that the self-inductances of windings U
12
and U
56
are identical, i.e., the amplitudes
and the phase shifts of the self-inductances are respectively the same. This can be explained by the fact that the
two windings have the same turns distribution and the same electrical positions in the stator. Although the internal
fault is located at the centre of the winding U, the self-inductances of windings U
12
and U
56
are not half of the
self-inductance of the complete winding U. The mutual inductance L
U
12
U
56
between the two windings is relatively
large.
Fig. 6. Winding functions (turns function) of phase U under normal condition.
Fig. 7. Turns functions and winding functions of the faulted windings.
Fig. 8. Harmonics of the winding function of the complete winding U.
Fig. 9. Harmonics of the winding function of winding U
12
.
Fig. 10. Self-inductance of the complete winding U.
The relationship between the inductances of the circuits of the faulted machine should be consistent with those of
the normal machine. For a winding with n sections connected in series, the inductances must satisfy the following
constraint:
L
(1+2++n)
=
n
i=1
L
i
+
n
i=1
n
j=1
L
i,j
, j = i (17)
Fig. 11. Inductances of the faulted windings. (a) Self-inductance L
U
12
of winding U
12
; (b) self-inductance L
U
56
of winding U
56
; (c) mutual
inductance L
U
12
U
56
between windings U
12
and U
56
.
Fig. 12. Comparison of the equivalent inductance L
eq
with the complete winding inductance L
U
.
where L
i
is the self-inductance of section i, L
ij
the mutual inductance between sections i and j, and L
(1 +2 + +n)
is
the self-inductance of the total winding. In the case of an internal fault at the winding U, the complete winding U is
divided into two windings U
12
and U
56
, which can be viewed as two series inductors. Their combined inductances are
calculated as:
L
eq
= L
U
12
+L
U
56
+2L
U
12
U
56
(18)
Fig. 12 shows that the inductance L
eq
is identical to the self-inductance L
U
of the complete winding U, and this
veries the consistency with the normal machine.
The self magnetizing inductances of other machine windings and the mutual inductances between them can be
calculated in the similar manner. Finally, the end winding leakage inductances obtained from design data are added to
the corresponding winding self-inductances [1]. Once the circuit inductances have been obtained, the machine model
can be established.
4. Mathematical model of the salient pole synchronous machine
The salient pole synchronous machine can be considered as having m stator circuits and one eld circuit. The
assumption of m stator circuits instead of m stator phases is convenient for the arbitrary winding connection. Thus, the
performance of this machine can be described by the voltage equations in vector-matrix form as:
V
s
= R
s
I
s
+
d
s
dt
(19)
V
f
= R
f
I
f
+
d
f
dt
(20)
s
= L
ss
I
s
+L
sr
I
f
(21)
f
= L
T
sr
I
s
+L
f
I
f
(22)
where the matrix L
T
sr
is the transpose of matrix L
sr
, and:
V
s
= [ v
s1
v
s2
. . . v
sm
] (23)
I
s
= [ i
s1
i
s2
. . . i
sm
] (24)
Note that in this formulation, the currents in the mstator circuits and the rotor circuit are assumed to be independent.
The circuit can be later connected in any fashion whatsoever to form the stator windings under normal conditions or
under internal fault conditions.
The equations describing the mechanical part of the machine are:
T
e
=
1
2
I
T
s
L
ss
I
s
+I
T
s
L
rs
I
f
(25)
T
L
T
e
= J
d
dt
(26)
Fig. 13. Diagram of the generator system implemented in the laboratory.
=
d
dt
(27)
where T
e
is the electromagnetic torque, the mechanical angle, the angular mechanical speed, T
L
the load torque
and J is the rotor inertia.
5. Internal fault experiment tests
5.1. Simulation equation and experimental test system
Combining the voltage equations of stator and rotor circuits, under normal or faulted conditions, we can write the
voltage equations in the vector form as:
V = RI +
d
dt
[LI] (28)
It can also be expressed as:
dI
dt
=
_
L
1
_
R +
dL
dt
__
I +L
1
V (29)
This differential equation can be solved by using an appropriate numerical integration method. Since the elements
of the matrix L depend on the position of the rotor , they are time variant. As a result, the matrix L and its inverse
have to be evaluated at each time step in order to determine the current vector I.
Fig. 14. Current waveform of phase U to ground fault at no load.
Fig. 15. Current waveform of a fault between phases U and V at no load.
Internal faults experimental tests were performed on the synchronous generator to compare the actual internal fault
currents with the internal fault currents calculated using the simulation model described. Fig. 13 shows a diagramof the
laboratory test system. It consists of a synchronous generator connected to a 3-phase resistive load. The synchronous
generator is rated at 13 kVA, 208 V, 29 A and 1800 rpm. This brushless exciter-generator is driven by an induction
machine and has no damper winding. The brushless exciter is powered by a constant dc voltage source. In order
to implant internal faults, the midpoint of one of the phases (50% of winding) is connected to the ground through
a contactor. The generator neutral is grounded through resistances R
g
to limit short-circuit currents. The generator
currents detected by current transformers are stored in a computer through a data acquisition system.
Fig. 16. Current waveforms of phase U to ground fault at load.
5.2. Comparison between experimental and simulation results
Several internal faults of a phase to ground and two phase to ground, at no-load and at load, were performed in
the laboratory test system. The prefault conditions (the resistive load value and the excitation voltage) and the fault
inception times were varied. Reduced excitation currents were used to make the generator operate under non-saturation
condition.
Figs. 14 and 15 show the comparisons between laboratory and simulation results of the stator winding current for
one phase to ground fault and a fault between two phases at no-load. At no load, only the stator fault current and the
eld current owin the generator. Figs. 14 and 15 do not showthe eld current since it is supplied directly by a rotating
brushless exciter and cannot be measured. A resistance is connected between phase U and V to limit the stator current
in the case of a fault between two phases. The validation of the simulation results by the experimental results conrms
the accuracy of the new approach.
Figs. 16 and 17 show the stator current waveforms for a phase to ground and two phases to ground at load. As the
fault to ground occurred in phase U, the current I
U
12
on the load-side of phase U is different from the current I
U
56
of
the neutral-side. The difference between these two currents is designated as I
ufault
. The currents on the both sides of
the healthy phases V and W are equal, i.e., I
V
= I
V12
= I
V56
and I
W
= I
W12
= I
W56
. Hence it is sufcient to show
Fig. 17. Current waveforms of phases U and V to ground fault at load.
only one current for each healthy phase. For the internal fault of two phases to ground, only the current on both sides
of the healthy phase W are equal, i.e, I
W
= I
W12
= I
W56
.
A comparison was also made for the one phase to ground and two phases to ground at 50% of the other stator
windings. The results are identical to those in Figs. 15 and 16. In all cases, the measured results agree well with the
simulation results, thereby verifying the proposed simulation model.
As can be seen fromFigs. 1417, the distortion of the machine currents is signicant. Harmonics analysis shows that
the stator currents contain third-order and fth-order harmonics. This is due to two reasons: (1) asymmetrical currents
in the stator windings due to an internal fault generate a negative sequence fundamental component of stator magnetic
eld which induces a second-order harmonic current in the eld winding. In turns, this second-order harmonic current
induces a third-order harmonic current in the stator, and so on; (2) the (p even) harmonics in the inductances of
the faulted winding generate the odd-order current harmonics in the stator windings. In the simulation, the eighth-
order stator inductance harmonic (mechanical) of the faulted windings has been incorporated in the expressions of the
inductances.
6. Conclusion
In this paper, a simulation model of the internal faults in synchronous machines is presented. The model is developed
directly from the geometry parameters of the synchronous machine and the actual arrangement of the windings. Based
on the winding function theory, a newapproach of inductances calculation is proposed, in which all the space harmonics
produced by the faulted windings can be integrated automatically. Without Fourier series representation for the winding
functions in this form, this newapproach permits to readily calculate the inductances of the faulted windings with more
accuracy. The experimental results for internal faults in a generator at no load and at load verify the accuracy of the
proposed model. Because this model takes into account the actual winding distribution and simplies the calculation
of the machine inductances, it is more suitable to simulate the internal faults in the pole salient synchronous machines.
Acknowledgment
The authors wish to thank Mr. Tony Scenna of Newage International for his valuable help in providing the machine
data.
Appendix A
Salient pole synchronous generator parameters used in the simulation and experimental tests:
S =13 kVA, three-phase, 208 V, 60 Hz;
no. of poles: 4;
length of stack: 80 mm;
rotor average radius: 190 mm;
max width of air-gap: 11.2 mm;
min width of air-gap: 1.4 mm;
width of the pole arc: 60
turns of rotor: 76 turns/pole;

turns per coil in the stator: 31 turns/coil;
no. of slots: 36;
no. of groups of stator winding: 12;
coils per group: 3;
resistance per phase: 1.02 /phase;
resistance of the excitation winding: 0.48 .
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Modeling and Experimental Validation of Internal Faults in Salient Pole Synchronous Machines Including Space Harmonics

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Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 71 (2006) 425439

Modeling and experimental validation of internal faults in salient

turns of rotor: 76 turns/pole;

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