Grid Computing

Kavita Agrawal
Department of Information Technology, Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College, P.O. Adhyatmic agar, Gha!ia"ad #$%$$&
'a(ita)$*no(+yahoo.co.in

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Grid-computing principles focus on large-scale resource sharing in distributed systems in a flexible, secure, and coordinated fashion. This dynamic coordinated sharing results in innovative applications ma ing use of high-throughput computing for dynamic problem solving. Keywords: Virtual organizations, Grid Security infrastructure

/upport coordinated u/e of re/ource/ at multiple /ite/ for computation. Enterpri/e di/tri"uted computing technologie/ /uch a/ CO-9A and Enterpri/e :a(a ena"le re/ource /haring 0ithin a /ingle organi!ation. The concept that underlie/ the Grid i/ coordinated re/ource /haring and pro"lem /ol(ing in multi, in/titutional (irtual organi!ation/. The /haring that 0e are concerned 0ith i/ not primarily file e2change "ut direct acce// to computer/, /oft0are, data and other re/ource/.

I. I T-OD.CTIO Grid computing i/ applying the re/ource/ of many computer/ in a net0or' to a /ingle pro"lem, al/o at the /ame time to a /cientific or technical pro"lem that re1uire/ a great num"er of computer proce//ing cycle/ or acce// to large amount/ of data. One of the "a/ic re1uirement/ of a grid /y/tem i/ the a"ility to pro(ide the high,le(el 1uality of /er(ice needed for a /ati/factory u/er e2perience. Thu/, 3o4 (alidation mu/t e2i/t a/ a "a/ic feature in any grid /y/tem, a/ mea/ured "y the a(aila"le re/ource metric/. The/e metric/ include re/pon/e time mea/urement/, aggregated e(ent performance monitoring and mea/urement/, /ecurity fulfillment, re/ource /cala"ility, a(aila"ility, autonomic feature/, fail,o(er mechani/m/, and net0or'ing /er(ice/. Type/ of grid are o o o Computational grid5 Thi/ grid i/ u/ed to allocate re/ource/ /pecifically for computing po0er . 4ca(enging grid/5 It i/ u/e to find and har(e/t machine cycle/ from idle /er(er/ and de/'top computer/ for u/e in re/ource,inten/i(e ta/'/. Data grid/6 It pro(ide a unified interface for all data repo/itorie/ in an organi!ation, and through 0hich data can "e 1ueried, managed and /ecured. II.

Thi/ /haring i/, nece//arily, highly controlled, 0ith re/ource pro(ider/ and con/umer/ defining clearly and carefully ju/t 0hat i/ /hared, 0ho i/ allo0ed to /hare, and the condition/ under 0hich /haring occur/.

III. 9ACKG-O. D The term Grid computing originated in the early %&&$/ a/ a metaphor for ma'ing computer po0er a/ ea/y to acce// a/ an electric po0er grid in Ian 7o/ter and Carl Ke//elman/ /eminal 0or', ;The Grid5 9lueprint for a ne0 computing Infra/tructure;. CP. /ca(enging and (olunteer computing 0ere populari!ed "eginning in %&&< "y di/tri"uted net and later in %&&& "y 4ETI+home to harne// the po0er of net0or'ed PC/ 0orld0ide, in order to /ol(e CP.,inten/i(e re/earch pro"lem/. The idea/ of the grid =including tho/e from di/tri"uted computing, o"ject oriented programming, 0e" /er(ice/ and other/> 0ere "rought together "y Ian 7o/ter, Carl Ke//elman and 4te(e Tuec'e, 0idely regarded a/ the ;father/ of the grid.; They led the effort to create the Glo"u/ Tool'it incorporating

EED 7O- G-ID CO8P.TI G Current di/tri"uted computing technologie/, Internet technologie/ addre// communication and information e2change among computer/ "ut do not

not ju/t computation management "ut al/o /torage management, /ecurity pro(i/ioning, data mo(ement, monitoring and a tool'it for de(eloping additional /er(ice/ "a/ed on the /ame infra/tructure including agreement negotiation, notification mechani/m/, trigger /er(ice/ and information aggregation.

A ne0 architecture model and technology ha/ "een de(eloped for the e/ta"li/hment and management of cro//,organi!ational re/ource /haring. Thi/ ne0 architecture, called grid architecture, identifie/ the "a/ic component/ of a grid /y/tem.

I?. KE@ CO8PO E T4 O7 G-ID CO8P.TI G -e/ource management5 the grid mu/t "e a0are of 0hat re/ource/ are a(aila"le for different ta/'/. 4ecurity management5 the grid need/ to ta'e care that only authori!ed u/er/ can acce// and u/e the a(aila"le re/ource/. Data management5 data mu/t "e tran/ported, clean/ed, and proce//ed. 7igure %5 Grid Architecture 8odel

4er(ice/ management5 u/er/ and application/ mu/t "e a"le to 1uery the grid in an effecti(e and efficient manner.

The grid architecture define/ the purpo/e and function/ of it/ component/, 0hile indicating ho0 the/e component/ interact 0ith one another. The main focu/ of the architecture i/ on interopera"ility among re/ource pro(ider/ and u/er/ in order G-ID CO8P.TI G to e/ta"li/h the /haring relation/hip/. Thi/ interopera"ility, in turn, nece//itate/ common protocol/ at each layer of the architectural model, 0hich lead/ to the definition of a grid protocol architecture. Thi/ protocol architecture define/ common mechani/m/, interface/, /chema, and protocol/ at each layer, "y 0hich u/er/ and re/ource/ can negotiate, e/ta"li/h, manage, and /hare re/ource/. 7igure % /ho0/ the component layer/ of the grid architecture and the capa"ilitie/ of each layer. Each layer /hare/ the "eha(ior of the underlying component layer/. The follo0ing de/cri"e/ the core feature/ of each of the/e component layer/, /tarting from the "ottom of the /tac' and mo(ing up0ard. Fabric layerDthe fa"ric layer define/ the interface to local re/ource/, 0hich may "e /hared. Thi/ include/ computational re/ource/, data /torage, net0or'/, catalog/, /oft0are module/, and other /y/tem re/ource/.

?. ?I-T.AA O-GA IBATIO 4 The concept of the ?O i/ the 'ey to grid computing. A virtual organization =?O> i/ a dynamic group of indi(idual/, group/, or organi!ation/ 0ho define the condition/ and rule/ for /haring re/ource/. All ?O/ /hare /ome characteri/tic/ and i//ue/, including common concern/ and re1uirement/ that may (ary in /i!e, /cope, duration, /ociology, and /tructure. The mem"er/ of any ?O negotiate the /haring of re/ource/ "a/ed upon the rule/ and condition/ defined "y the ?O, and the mem"er/ then /hare the re/ource/ in the ?O/ con/tructed re/ource pool. A//igning u/er/, re/ource/, and organi!ation/ from different domain/ to a ?O remain/ one of the 'ey technical challenge/ in grid computing today. Thi/ ta/' include/ the determination of a definition of re/ource di/co(ery mechani/m/, /uch a/ identification and application of appropriate re/ource,/haring method/, /pecification and application of rule/ and condition/ for mem"er a//ignment, /ecurity federation or delegation, and acce// control among the participant/. ?I. G-ID A-CCITECT.-E 8ODEA

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Connectivity layerDthe connecti(ity layer define/ the "a/ic communication and authentication protocol/ re1uired for grid,/pecific net0or'ing, /er(ice tran/action/. esource layerDthi/ layer u/e/ the communication and /ecurity protocol/ =defined "y the connecti(ity layer> to control /ecure negotiation, initiation, monitoring, accounting, and payment for the /haring of function/ of indi(idual re/ource/. The re/ource layer call/ the fa"ric layer function/ to acce// and control local re/ource/. Thi/ layer only handle/ indi(idual re/ource/, ignoring glo"al /tate/ and atomic action/ acro// the re/ource collection pool, 0hich are the re/pon/i"ility of the collecti(e layer. Collective layerD0hile the re/ource layer manage/ an indi(idual re/ource, the collecti(e layer i/ re/pon/i"le for all glo"al re/ource management and interaction 0ith collection/ of re/ource/. Thi/ protocol layer implement/ a 0ide (ariety of /haring "eha(ior/ u/ing a /mall num"er of re/ource,layer and connecti(ity,layer protocol/. !pplication layerDthe application layer ena"le/ the u/e of re/ource/ in a grid en(ironment through (ariou/ colla"oration and re/ource acce// protocol/.

7igure # Grid Component/

0ro1er: It pro(ide/ information a"out a(aila"le re/ource/ on the grid and 0or'ing /tatu/ of the/e re/ource/. Scheduler: It /et/ rule/ and prioritie/ for routing jo"/ on a grid,"a/ed infra/tructure. 4cheduler/ monitor the progre// of acti(e jo"/ .If jo"/ 0ere to "ecome lo/t due to /y/tem or net0or' outage/, /cheduler 0ould automatically re/u"mit the jo" el/e0here. If a jo" appear/ to "e in an infinite loop and reache/ a ma2imum timeout, then 4uch jo"/ 0ill not "e re/cheduled. 2ata management 0loc1: It i/ re/pon/i"le for mo(ing file/ and data to (ariou/ node/ 0ithin the grid. (ob 3anagement 0loc1: It i/ al/o 'no0n a/ grid re/ource allocation 8anager=G-A8>. It/ function/ include pro(iding the /er(ice/ to launch a jo" on a particular re/ource chec'ing the jo"E/ /tatu/, retrie(e the re/ult/ 0hen the jo" i/ complete. It 'eep/ trac' of the re/ource/ a(aila"le to the grid and 0hich u/er/ are mem"er/ of the grid. ?III. 9E E7IT4 O7 G-ID CO8P.TI G Acce// to a plethora of IT re/ource/5 Compared to traditional clo/ed or company,/pecific computing en(ironment/, a grid can pro(ide acce// to large uni(er/e of re/ource/ and po//i"ly to /pecial e1uipment,

?II. CO8PO E T4 O7 G-ID Grid computing con/i/t/ of /e(eral component/ 0hich are /ho0n in 7igure #5 Grid "ortal: Portal pro(ide/ the u/er 0ith an interface to launch application/.# Grid Security $nfrastructure %GS$&: It con/i/t/ of # component/ ,u/er /ecurity and,node /ecurity. ./er /ecurity pro(ide/ /ingle /ign,on, delegation, run,any0here
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authentication /er(ice, 0ith /upport for local control o(er acce// right/ . In node /ecurity, if a proce//or enroll/ in a dynamic rather than pre,admini/tered manner, then an identification and authentication (alidation mu/t "e performed "efore the proce//or can actually participate in the gridE/ 0or'. A certificate authority =CA> can "e utili!ed to e/ta"li/h the identity of the proce//or a/ 0ell a/ the u/er/ of the grid.

/oft0are and other /er(ice/. 4cala"ility can "e term/ of additional 1uantity of /uch re/ource/.

/upported in

9etter utili!ation of underu/ed re/ource/ In .nited 4tate/ there are an e/timated F$$ 8illion computer/ at an a(erage computing Po0er of FFF 8IP4,

"ut mo/t Pc/ do nothing for &HI of a typical day. Jith grid computing /cienti/t/ can u/e thi/ computational po0er to addre// /ome of the mo/t computational inten/i(e /cientific ta/'/ li'e ne0 drug de/ign/. O2ford .ni(er/ityK/ Centre for Computational Drug Di/co(eryK/ project that utili!e/ more than one million PC/ to loo' for a cancer cure. People around the 0orld donate a fe0 CP. cycle/ from their PC/ through ;/creen/a(er time.; The project e(entually 0ill analy!e F.H "illion molecule/ for cancer,fighting potential. 8ore than H$,$$$ year/ of CP. po0er ="a/ed on a %.H gigahert! chip> ha(e "een put to 0or' /o far. Increa/ed relia"ility of computing Grid computing employ/ -AIC =redundant array of ine2pen/i(e computer/> mechani/m. Jhen a proce//or fail/ it can "e replaced 0ithout turning the other off. Paralleli!ation of proce//ing 8any algorithm/,"a/ed application/ can "e partitioned into independent running Lmicrojo"/M. A grid application can "e thought of a/ an aggregate of many /maller Lmicrojo"/M, each e2ecuting on a different proce//or. -e/ource "alancing 7or application/ that are grid ena"led, the grid infra/tructure can offer a re/ource "alancing capa"ility. Thi/ i/ accompanied "y /cheduling grid jo"/ on proce//or/ 0ith lo0 utili!ation. An in/tantaneou/ Nunplanned demand pea' can "e handled "y routing 0or' re1ue/t to relati(ely ideal proce//or in a grid. If the re/ource/ in the grid are already fully utili!ed, the lo0e/t priority 0or' "eing performed on the grid can "e temporarily /u/pended to ma'e the 0ay for higher priority 0or'. 4implified management of IT re/ource/ Compared to the traditional en(ironment/, it may "e ea/ier to manage a larger di/per/ed and logically (irtuali!ed infra/tructure than a plethora of Lindigenou/ /y/tem/. Grid middle0are pro(ide/ a uniform method to handle heterogeneou/ /y/tem.

computing /olution/ tend to "e limited to an indi(idual (endorE/ product/. TA9AE %5 I TE- ATIO AA G-ID P-O:ECT4

IO. D-AJ9ACK4 O7 G-ID CO8P.TI G "roprietary approach should be eliminated: Aeading (endor/ =e#g. CP, I98, and 8icro/oft> all /till approach i//ue differently and incompati"ly. E2i/ting grid

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Open 8iddle0are Infra/tructure In/titute Europe Europe =O8II,Europe> Ena"ling Grid/ for E,/cience Europe =EGEE> Ena"ling Grid/ for E,/cience Europe II =EGEE II>

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"erformance to be proven 4monitored: Grid computing /y/tem/ need proper LpartitioningM =L!oningM> mechani/m/ to en/ure that an application competing for computer re/ource/ 0ill not degrade the other application/ al/o loo'ing for re/ource/.

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DP4cience =Di/tri"uted cola"oratorie/ Infra/tructure on Europe and A/ia :anuary Grid Ena"led Technology P and the Pacific #$$G 4cience> E,/cience grid facility for Europe and Aatin Europe and Aatin America April #$$G America =EEAA,#> E,Infra/tructure /hared Europe and Aatin :anuary "et0een Europe and Aatin America #$$* America =EEAA> 9u/ine// E2periment/ in G-ID =9EinG-ID> Al/o /ee Europe Gridipedia 9-EI Europe :une #$$* 4eptem"er #$$* :une #$$*

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O. E,P-O:ECT 7O- G-ID CO8P.TI G The EGEE project "ring/ together e2pert/ from more than H$ countrie/ 0ith the common aim of "uilding on recent ad(ance/ in Grid technology and de(eloping a /er(ice Grid infra/tructure 0hich i/ a(aila"le to /cienti/t/ #P hour/,a,day. The project pro(ide/ re/earcher/ in academia and "u/ine// 0ith acce// to a production le(el Grid infra/tructure, independent of their geographic location. The EGEE project al/o focu/e/ on attracting a 0ide range of ne0 u/er/ to the Grid. 8ain focu/ of thi/ project i/5 To e2pand and optimi/e EuropeK/ large/t production Grid infra/tructure, namely EGEE, "y continuou/ operation of the infra/tructure, /upport for more u/er communitie/, and addition of further computational and data re/ource/. To prepare the migration of the e2i/ting production European Grid from a project,"a/ed model to a /u/taina"le federated infra/tructure "a/ed on ational Grid Initiati(e/ for multi,di/ciplinary u/e. $nfrastructure um"er of /ite/ connected to the EGEE infra/tructure5 #H& um"er of countrie/ connected to the EGEE infra/tructure5 H# um"er of CP./ a(aila"le to u/er/ #PN<5 Q <#,$$$ 4torage capacity a(aila"le5 Q #$ P9 di/' R tape 844.

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#$$& ordic Data Grid 7acility DataTAG European DataGrid =EDG> 9alticGrid 4candina(ia and :une #$$* 7inland Europe and :anuary orth America #$$% Europe Europe 4tate/> Decem"er #$%$ :anuary #$$F

8arch #$$% 8arch #$$P =9altic o(em"er #$$H :anuary #$$G o(em"er #$$P :une #$$* April #$$G Decem"er #$%$ un'no0n :une #$%$

E.7O-IA =E. 7u/ion fOEurope Iter Application/> Jorld Community Grid OtreemO4 Glo"al Europe

"arochial focus should be eliminated: 7or e2ample, I98E/ grid computing platform i/ focu/ed primarily on (irtuali!ing I98 hard0are and data "a/e/. Cence if a firm ha/ a fairly homogenou/ data center =e.g. mainly u/e/ I98 4er(er/ and I98 data"a/e/> it could "enefit from the grid computing /olution6 other0i/e it may not. G-ID CO8P.TI G

The Ena"ling Grid/ for E,/ciencE =EGEE> project "egan "y 0or'ing 0ith t0o /cientific group/ D Cigh Energy Phy/ic/ =CEP> and 9iomedicine. A/ it ha/ progre//ed into it/ /econd pha/e it ha/ gro0n to /upport re/earch domain/ in area/ a/ di(er/e a/ multimedia, a/trophy/ic/, archaeology, and computational chemi/try. -e/earcher/ form ?irtual Organi/ation/ =?O/>, allo0ing them to colla"orate, to /hare re/ource/, and to acce// common data/et/ (ia the EGEE Grid infra/tructure.

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.igh 'nergy "hysics5 The CEP community 0a/ one of the t0o pilot u/er domain/ for EGEE and remain/ a major u/er of the EGEE infra/tructure, pro(iding (ital input that allo0/ EGEE to en/ure it pro(ide/ a u/er,orientated /er(ice. The original EGEE CEP community 0a/ formed from the e2periment/ of the Aarge Cadron Collider =ACC>, currently under con/truction at CE- =European Organi!ation for
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tele/cope =located in the Canary I/land/> to /tudy the origin and the propertie/ of high,energy gamma ray/. 'arth Science esearch: Earth 4cience co(er/ a large range of topic/ related to the earthE/ atmo/phere, ocean, cru/t, core and their interface/ a/ 0ell a/ other planet/E atmo/phere/ and core/. 7or in/tance, mem"er/ of the E4- ?irtual Organi/ation ha(e 0or'ed on rapid earth1ua'e analy/i/, helping the /cientific community "etter under/tand the/e de(a/tating natural di/a/ter/.

uclear -e/earch> near Gene(a, 40it!erland. The/e four e2periment/, AAICE, ATAA4, C84, and ACC", are e/timated to produce /ome %H peta"yte/ per year 0hen the collider /tart/ up in #$$G. The/e data 0ill "e managed and proce//ed u/ing the EGEE infra/tructure.Other international CEP e2periment/ are al/o ma'ing u/e of the EGEE infra/tructure, including 9a9ar =9 and 9,"ar e2periment>, CD7 =Collider Detector at 7ermila"> and DS e2periment/ u/ing particle accelerator/ in the .4A, and the BE.4 and C% e2periment/ u/ing the CE-A collider at the DE4@ la"oratory in Germany. 0iomedical !pplications: Application/ in the "iomedical field ha(e "een included in the EGEE project from the out/et and are no0 e2ploiting the infra/tructure in a /u/tained production mode. The "iomedical community "enefit/ from the Grid "y ena"ling remote colla"oration on /hared data/et/ a/ 0ell a/ carrying out high throughput calculation/. The application/ co(er the field/ of medical imaging, "ioinformatic/, and drug di/co(ery, 0ith many indi(idual application/ deployed or "eing ported to the EGEE infra/tructure. The EGEE infra/tructureE/ a"ility to perform the/e large, comple2 ta/'/ (alidate/ it/ u/e a/ a tool in the fight again/t di/ea/e/ /uch a/ malaria and a(ian flu. !stronomy 5 !strophysics applications: The t0o major ?O/ in thi/ domain, Planc' and 8AGIC, /hare pro"lem/ of computation in(ol(ing large,/cale data ac1ui/ition, /imulation, data /torage, and data retrie(al. The Planc' /atellite of the European 4pace Agency =E4A> 0ill "e launched in #$$G and aim/ to map the micro0a(e /'y 0ith an unprecedented com"ination of /'y and fre1uency co(erage, accuracy, /ta"ility and /en/iti(ity. The 8AGIC application /imulate/ the "eha(iour of air /ho0er/ in the atmo/phere, originated "y high,energy primary co/mic ray/. The/e /imulation/ are needed to analy/e the data of the 8AGIC

Geophysics: The Geophy/ic/ domain i/ clo/ely related to the Earth 4cience/ domain and /upport/ EGEODE =E2panding Geo/cience/ on Demand>, EGEEE/ fir/t indu/trial application, initiated "y the pri(ate company CGG,?erita/. It allo0/ academic re/earcher/ to u/e the companyE/ Geoclu/ter /oft0are on the EGEE infra/tructure.

Fusion !pplications: The capa"ility of Grid/ for meeting the need/ of the fu/ion community ha/ "een demon/trated. 4e(eral application/ are already running on the EGEE infra/tructure5 ma//i(e ray tracing to e/timate the trajectory of a micro0a(e "eam in pla/ma6 'inetic tran/port and optimi/ation of /pecial magnetic confinement fu/ion de(ice/ =/tellerator/>. Computational Chemistry !pplications: The initial and primary u/er in computational chemi/try i/ the GE84 a,priori molecular /imulator. 4e(eral application/ ha(e already "een ported to the Grid and ha(e "een run in production to calculate o"/er(a"le/ for chemical reaction/, /imulate the molecular dynamic/ of comple2 /y/tem/, and calculate the electronic /tructure of molecule/, molecular aggregate/, li1uid/ and /olid/. -ecent 0or' ha/ focu/ed on e2panding the num"er of /oft0are pac'age/, "oth open,/ource and commercial, a(aila"le on the grid for chemi/t/. A nota"le /ucce// 0a/ ma'ing the commercial Gau//ian /oft0are pac'age a(aila"le (ia the LGau//ianM (irtual organi!ation. Finance 5 3ultimedia applications: The/e t0o ne0e/t application domain/ are ju/t /tarting out 0ith EGEE. The multimedia domain i/ currently in te/ting through EGEEE/ GIADA Grid te/t "ed. The financial application/ in(ol(e 0or' 0ith the A"du/ 4alam International Centre for Theoretical

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Phy/ic/, 0hich i/ implementing a national Italian Grid infra/tructure for financial and economic re/earch. OI. -E7E-E CE4
T%U 9ro0ne, :.C. LGrid computing a/ applied di/tri"uted computation5 a graduate /eminar on Internet and Grid computingM, Clu/ter Computing and the Grid, #$$P. CCGrid #$$P. IEEE IntEl 4ympo/ium, %&,## April #$$P, pp #F& V #PH. T#U Ir(ing, 86 Taylor, G.6 Co"/on and P.MPlug in to Grid ComputingM, "ower and 'nergy 3agazine, IEEE, ?olume #, I//ue #, 8ar,Apr #$$P, pp P$ V PP. TFU $- "rofessional LGrid computing %$%5 0hatE/ all the fu// a"outW %, ?olume *, I//ue #, 8arch,April #$$P, pp #H V FF. TPU Dai, @.4.6 Oie, 8.6 and Poh, K.A. L-elia"ility Analy/i/ of Grid Computing 4y/tem/M Dependa"le Computing, #$$#. Proceeding/. #$$# Pacific -im International 4ympo/ium, %*,%G Dec. #$$#, pp5 &< V %$P. THU A et0or'ing Approach to Grid Computing , pp %,%$$, "y Daniel 8inoli, :ohn Jiley X 4on/. Kavita Agrawal i/ an A//i/tant Profe//or in the Department of Information Technology, Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College, Gha!ia"ad. 4he recei(ed her 8.Tech =Computer 4cience> degree from CDAC oida and 9.Tech degree from IE-T Allaha"ad. 4he 0or'ed a/ a trainee in 4T 8icroelectronic/ for * month/. Cer area/ of intere/t are -D984, 4oft0are Engineering, O"ject Oriented 4y/tem/ and Operating 4y/tem/.

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