Wireless LAN

A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices using some wireless distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDMradio), and usually providing a connection through an access point to the wider Internet. This gives users the ability to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network. Most modern WLANs are based on IEEE 802.11 standards, marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name. Wireless LANs have become popular in the home due to ease of installation, and in commercial complexes offering wireless access to their customers; often for free. New York City, for instance, has begun a pilot program to provide city workers in all five boroughs of the city with wireless Internet access. In 1991, the IEEE 802.11 committee had just started its activities to develop a standard for wireless LANs.

Architecture
Stations
All components that can connect into a wireless medium in a network are referred to as stations. All stations are equipped with wireless network interface controllers (WNICs). Wireless stations fall into one of two categories: access points, and clients. Access points (APs), normally routers, are base stations for the wireless network. They transmit and receive radio frequencies for wireless enabled devices to communicate with. Wireless clients can be mobile devices such as laptops, personal digital assistants, IP phones and other smartphones, or fixed devices such asdesktops and workstations that are equipped with a wireless network interface.

Basic service set

The basic service set (BSS) is a set of all stations that can communicate with each other. Every BSS has an identification (ID) called the BSSID, which is the MAC address of the access point servicing the BSS. There are two types of BSS: Independent BSS (also referred to as IBSS), and infrastructure BSS. An independent BSS (IBSS) is an ad hoc network that contains no access points, which means they can not connect to any other basic service set.

Extended service set

An extended service set (ESS) is a set of connected BSSs. Access points in an ESS are connected by a distribution system. Each ESS has an ID called the SSID which is a 32-byte (maximum) character string.

Distribution system
A distribution system (DS) connects access points in an extended service set. The concept of a DS can be used to increase network coverage through roaming between cells. DS can be wired or wireless. Current wireless distribution systems are mostly based on WDS or MESH protocols, though other systems are in use.

Types of wireless LANs

The IEEE 802.11 has two basic modes of operation: ad hoc mode and infrastructure mode. In ad hoc mode, mobile units transmit directly peer-to-peer. In infrastructure mode, mobile units communicate through an access point that serves as a bridge to other networks (such as Internet or LAN).

Since wireless communication uses a more open medium for communication in comparison to wired LANs, the 802.11 designers also included encryption mechanisms: Wired Equivalent Privacy(WEP, now insecure), Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA, WPA2), to secure wireless computer networks. Many access points will also offer Wi-Fi Protected Setup, a method for quick (but now insecure) method of joining a new device to an encrypted network.

Peer-to-peer
An ad hoc network (not the same as a WiFi Direct [6] network ) is a network where stations communicate only peer to peer (P2P). There is no base and no one gives permission to talk. This is accomplished using the Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). A peer-to-peer (P2P) network allows wireless devices to directly communicate with each other. Wireless devices within range of each other can discover and communicate directly without involving central access points. This method is typically used by two computers so that they can connect to each other to form a network. If a signal strength meter is used in this situation, it may not read the strength accurately and can be misleading, because it registers the strength of the strongest signal, which may be the closest computer. IEEE 802.11 defines the physical layer (PHY) and MAC (Media Access Control) layers based on CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance). The 802.11 specification includes provisions designed to minimize collisions, because two mobile units may both be in range of a common access point, but out of range of each other.

Hidden node problem: Devices A and C are both communicating with B, but are unaware of each other

Bridge
A bridge can be used to connect networks, typically of different types. A wireless Ethernet bridge allows the connection of devices on a wired Ethernet network to a wireless network. The bridge acts as the connection point to the Wireless LAN.

Wireless distribution system

Main article: Wireless Distribution System A Wireless Distribution System enables the wireless interconnection of access points in an IEEE 802.11 network. It allows a wireless network to be expanded using multiple access points without the need for a wired backbone to link them, as is traditionally required. The notable advantage of WDS over other solutions is that it preserves the MAC addresses of client packets across links between access points. An access point can be either a main, relay or remote base station. A main base station is typically connected to the wired Ethernet. A relay base station relays data between remote base stations, wireless clients or other relay stations to either a main or another relay base station. A remote base

station accepts connections from wireless clients and passes them to relay or main stations. Connections between "clients" are made using MAC addresses rather than by specifying IP assignments. All base stations in a Wireless Distribution System must be configured to use the same radio channel, and share WEP keys or WPA keys if they are used. They can be configured to different service set identifiers. WDS also requires that every base station be configured to forward to others in the system as mentioned above. WDS may also be referred to as repeater mode because it appears to bridge and accept wireless clients at the same time (unlike traditional bridging). It should be noted, however, that throughput in this method is halved for all clients connected wirelessly. When it is difficult to connect all of the access points in a network by wires, it is also possible to put up access points as repeaters.

Roaming

Roaming among Wireless Local Area Networks

There are two definitions for wireless LAN roaming: Internal Roaming (1): The Mobile Station (MS) moves from one access point (AP) to another AP within a home network because the signal strength is too weak. An authentication server (RADIUS) performs the re-authentication of MS via 802.1x (e.g. with PEAP). The billing of QoS is in the home network. A Mobile Station roaming from one access point to another often interrupts the flow of data among the Mobile Station and an application connected to the network. The Mobile Station, for instance, periodically monitors the presence of alternative access points (ones that will provide a better connection). At some point, based on proprietary mechanisms, the Mobile Station decides to re-associate with an access point having a stronger wireless signal. The Mobile Station, however, may lose a connection with an access point before associating with another access point. In order to provide reliable connections with applications, the Mobile Station must generally include software that provides session persistence. External Roaming (2): The MS (client) moves into a WLAN of another Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP) and takes their services (Hotspot). The user can independently of his home network use another foreign network, if this is open for visitors. There must be special authentication and billing systems for mobile services in a foreign network.

Wireless access point

In computer networking, a wireless Access Point (AP) is a device that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi, or related standards. The AP usually connects to arouter (via a wired network) as a standalone device, but it can also be an integral component of the router itself.

Introduction
Prior to wireless networks, setting up a computer network in a business, home or school often required running many cables through walls and ceilings in order to deliver network access to all of the network-enabled devices in the building. With the creation of the wireless Access Point (AP), network users are now able to add devices that access the network with few or no cables. An AP normally connects directly to a wired Ethernet connection and the AP then provides wireless connections using radio frequency links for other devices to utilize that wired connection. Most APs support the connection of multiple wireless devices to one wired connection. Modern APs are built to support a standard for sending and receiving data using, these radio frequencies. Those standards, and the frequencies they use are defined by the IEEE. Most APs use IEEE 802.11 standards.

Common AP applications
A typical corporate use involves attaching several APs to a wired network and then providing wireless access to the office LAN. The wireless access points are managed by a WLAN Controller which handles automatic adjustments to RF power, channels, authentication, and security. Further, controllers can be combined to form a wireless mobility group to allow inter-controller roaming. The controllers can be part of a mobility domain to allow clients access throughout large or regional office locations. This saves the clients time and administrators overhead because it can automatically reassociate or re-authenticate. A hotspot is a common public application of APs, where wireless clients can connect to the Internet without regard for the particular networks to which they have attached for the moment. The concept has become common in large cities, where a combination of coffeehouses, libraries, as well as privately owned open access points, allow clients to stay more or less continuously connected to the Internet, while moving around. A collection of connected hotspots can be referred to as a lily pad network. APs are commonly used in home wireless networks. Home networks generally have only one AP to connect all the computers in a home. Most arewireless routers, meaning converged devices that include the AP, a router, and, often, an Ethernet switch. Many also include a broadband modem. In places where most homes have their own AP within range of the neighbours' AP, it's possible for technically savvy people to turn off their encryption and set up a wireless community network, creating an intra-city communication network although this does not negate the requirement for a wired network. An AP may also act as the network's arbitrator, negotiating when each nearby client device can transmit. However, the vast majority of currently installed IEEE 802.11 networks do not implement this, using a distributed pseudo-random algorithm called CSMA/CA instead.

Wireless access point vs. ad hoc network

Some people confuse wireless access points with wireless ad hoc networks. An ad hoc network uses a connection between two or more deviceswithout using a wireless access point: the devices communicate directly when in range. An ad hoc network is used in situations such as a quick data

exchange or a multiplayer LAN game because setup is easy and does not require an access point. Due to its peer-to-peer layout, ad hoc connections are similar to Bluetooth ones and are generally not recommended for a permanent installation. Internet access via ad hoc networks, using features like Windows' Internet Connection Sharing, may work well with a small number of devices that are close to each other, but ad hoc networks don't scale well. Internet traffic will converge to the nodes with direct internet connection, potentially congesting these nodes. For internet-enabled nodes, access points have a clear advantage, with the possibility of having multiple access points connected by a wired LAN.

Limitations
One IEEE 802.11 AP can typically communicate with 30 client systems located within a radius of [citation needed] 103 m. However, the actual range of communication can vary significantly, depending on such variables as indoor or outdoor placement, height above ground, nearby obstructions, other electronic devices that might actively interfere with the signal by broadcasting on the same frequency, type of antenna, the current weather, operating radio frequency, and the power output of devices. Network designers can extend the range of APs through the use of repeatersand reflectors, which can bounce or amplify radio signals that ordinarily would go un-received. In experimental conditions, [1] wireless networking has operated over distances of several hundred kilometers. Most jurisdictions have only a limited number of frequencies legally available for use by wireless networks. Usually, adjacent WAPs will use different frequencies (Channels) to communicate with their clients in order to avoid interference between the two nearby systems. Wireless devices can "listen" for data traffic on other frequencies, and can rapidly switch from one frequency to another to achieve better reception. However, the limited number of frequencies becomes problematic in crowded downtown areas with tall buildings using multiple WAPs. In such an environment, signal overlap becomes an issue causing interference, which results in signal droppage and data errors.

Wi-Fi - Wireless Fidelity

Definition: Wi-Fi is the industry name for wireless local area network (WLAN) communication technology related to the IEEE 802.11 family of wireless networking standards. Wi-Fi technology first became popular with 802.11b, introduced in 1999 and the first standard in that family to enjoy mainstream adoption. Today, Wi-Fi refers to any of the established standards: 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.11n 802.11ac

The Wi-Fi Alliance certifies vendor equipment to ensure 802.11 products on the market follow the various 802.11 specifications. Consumer versions of Wi-Fi products have additionally maintained backward compatibility. For example, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n equipment all can communicate with each other, and mixed Wi-Fi networks with devices running multiple of these standards are commonly referred to as "802.11b/g/n" networks. 802.11ac too communicates with each of these others. The old 802.11a technology is not compatible with these others and has fallen out of mainstream usage as a result. What is Wi-Fi Alliance?

Wi-Fi Alliance is the worldwide network of companies that brings you Wi-Fi . In 1999, several visionary companies came together to form a global non-profit association with the goal of driving the best user experience with a new wireless networking technology regardless of brand.

Useful Facts About How Wi-Fi Works

One of the world's most popular network technologies, Wi-Fi connections support millions of people in homes, businesses, and public locations around the world. But how many people know even these basic facts about how Wi-Fi works? Wireless Broadband Routers Are Also Wi-Fi Access Points An access point (AP) is a type of wireless hub useful for coordinating the network traffic of multiple clients. One reason why wireless broadband routers make home networks much easier to build, is that they function as Wi-Fi access points. Home routers perform other useful functions, too, such as running a network firewall. Wi-Fi Connections Do Not Require an Access Point Some people think they need to find a router, a public hotspot, or other kind of access point in order to set up Wi-Fi connections. Not true! Wi-Fi also supports a connection type called ad hoc mode that allows devices to network in peer-to-peer fashion. More - How To Set Up an Ad Hoc Wi-Fi Network Some Types of Wi-Fi Are Incompatible With Each Other Some believe that any Wi-Fi system can network with any other Wi-Fi system as long as all their security settings match. While it's true that 802.11n, 802.11g and 802.11b Wi-Fi standard equipment can all network together, the alternative 802.11a standard does not support cross-compatibility with any of these others. Special Wi-Fi access points that support both 802.11a and 802.11b (or higher) radios must be used to bridge the two. Other compatibility issues also can arise between Wi-Fi products from different vendors if both build their Wi-Fi equipment using non-standard proprietary extensions. Fortunately, compatibility limitations like these are not often found in practice nowadays. How old is Wi-Fi? Industry vendors created the first version of Wi-Fi (802.11) back in 1997. The market for consumer products exploded starting in 1999 when both 802.11a and 802.11b became official standards. Wi-Fi Connection Speed Varies With Distance When you join a Wi-Fi network and the access point is nearby, your device will typically connect at its maximum rated speed (e.g., 54 Mbps for most 802.11g connections). Gradually move away from the AP, though, and eventually your reported connection speed will drop to 27 Mbps, 18 Mbps, and lower. A cleverly-designed feature of Wi-Fi called dynamic rate scaling causes this phenomenon. WiFi maintains a reliable connection over longer distances when it transfers data slower, by avoiding flooding the wireless connection with data and subsequent retry requests that happen when one network client starts to fall behind on processing its messages. A Wi-Fi Network Can Span Many Miles (Kilometers), Or Just a Few Yards (Meters)

The typical range of a Wi-Fi network varies depending on the type of obstructions the radio signals encounter between connection endpoints. While 100 feet (30m) or more of range is typical, a Wi-Fi signal may fail to reach even half that distance if heavy obstructions exist on the radio signals' path. Using special Wi-Fi range extender devices, an administrator can extend the reach of their network to overcome these obstructions and expand its range manyfold in other directions. A few Wi-Fi networks spanning 125 miles (275 km) and more have even been created by network enthusiasts over the years. Wi-Fi Is Not the Only Form of Wireless Networking News articles and social sites sometimes refer to any kind of wireless network as "Wi-Fi." While Wi-Fi is extremely popular, other forms of wireless technology are in widespread use also. Smartphones, for example, commonly use a combination of Wi-Fi together with cellular Internet services based on LTE or older "3G" systems. Bluetooth wireless remains a popular way to connect phones and other mobile devices each other (or to peripherals like headsets) over shorter distances. Home automation systems employ different kinds of short-range wireless radio communications such as Insteon and ZWave.

Hotspot
Definition: A hotspot is any location where Wi-Fi network access (usually Internet access) is made publicly available. You can often find hotspots in airports, hotels, coffee shops, and other places where business people tend to congregate. Hotspots are considered a valuable productivity tool for business travelers and other frequent users of network services. Technically speaking, hotspots consist of one or several wireless access points installed inside buildngs and/or adjoining outdoor areas. These APs are typically networked to printers and/or a shared high-speed Internet connection. Some hotspots require special application software be installed on the Wi-Fi client, primarily for billing and security purposes, but others require no configuration other than knowledge of the network name (SSID). Wireless service providers like T-Mobile generally own and maintain hotspots. Hobbyists sometimes setup hotspots as well, often for non-profit purposes. The majority of hotspots require payment of hourly, daily, monthly, or other subscription fees. Hotspot providers strive to make connecting Wi-Fi clients as simple and secure as possible. However, being public, hotspots generally provide less secure Internet connections than do other wireless business networks.

SSID - Service Set Identifier

Definition: An SSID is the name of a wireless local area network (WLAN). All wireless devices on a WLAN must employ the same SSID in order to communicate with each other. The SSID on wireless clients can be set either manually, by entering the SSID into the client network settings, or automatically, by leaving the SSID unspecified or blank. A network administrator often uses a public SSID, that is set on the access point and broadcast to all wireless devices in range. Some newer wireless access points disable the automatic SSID broadcast feature in an attempt to improve network security. SSIDs are case sensitive text strings. The SSID is a sequence of alphanumeric characters (letters or numbers). SSIDs have a maximum length of 32 characters.

Kbps, Mbps, Gbps

Definition: The data rate of a computer network connection is normally measured in units of bits per second (bps). Network equipment makers typically rate their products using related, larger units of Kbps, Mbps and Gbps. one kilobit per second (Kbps) equals 1000 bits per second (bps). (Note: Kbps is sometimes also written as kbps - both carry the same meaning.) one megabit per second (Mbps) equals 1000 Kbps or one million bps. one gigabit per second (Gbps) equals 1000 Mbps or one million Kbps or one billion bps. Data rates for non-network equipment are sometimes shown in bytes per second (Bps) rather than bits per second. In those cases, one KBps equals one kilobyte per second one MBps equals one megabyte per second, and one GBps equals one gigabyte per second Finally, one kilobyte per second equals 8 kilobits per second. Also Known As: Kb/sec, Kb/s, Mb/sec, Mb/s, Gb/sec, Gb/s Examples: Old V.90 modems supported data rates up to 56 Kbps. Traditional Ethernet supported data rates up to 10 Mbps while Fast Ethernet provides 100 Mbps and Gigabit Ethernet supports 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps). Question: Why Do Wi-Fi Connection Speeds Keep Changing? Wi-Fi networks support certain maximum connection speeds (data rates) depending on their configuration. However, the maximum speed of a Wi-Fi connection can automatically change over time. Answer: This behavior is called dynamic rate scaling, a design feature of Wi-Fi networks. When a device initially connects to a network via Wi-Fi, its rated speed is calculated according to the current signal quality of the connection. The rated connection speed then automatically changes over time if necessary to maintain a reliable link between the devices. Wi-Fi dynamic rate scaling extends the range at which wireless devices can connect to each other in return for lower network performance at the longer distances. 802.11b/g/n Dynamic Rate Scaling An 802.11g Wi-Fi device in close proximity to a network router will often connect at 54 Mbps. This maximum data rate is displayed the device's wireless configuration screens. Other 802.11g devices located further away from the router, or with obstructions in between, may connect at lower rates. As these devices move further away from the router, their rated connection speeds eventually get reduced by the scaling algorithm, while devices that move closer can have speed ratings increased (up to the maximum of 54 Mbps. Wi-Fi devices have their rates scaled in pre-defined increments. For 802.11g, the defined ratings are (from highest to lowest) 54 Mbps 48 Mbps 36 Mbps 24 Mbps

18 Mbps 12 Mbps 9 Mbps 6 Mbps

Similarly, old 802.11b devices supported the following ratings 11 Mbps 5.5 Mbps 2 Mbps 1 Mbps

Controlling Dynamic Rate Scaling Factors that determine which data rate is dynamically chosen for a Wi-Fi device at any given time are: distance between the device and other Wi-Fi communication endpoints radio interference in the path of the Wi-Fi device physical obstructions in the path of the Wi-Fi device, that also interfere with signal quality the power of the device's Wi-Fi radio transmitter/receiver Wi-Fi home network equipment always utilizes rate scaling; a home network administrator cannot disable this feature.

Question: How Fast Is a Wi-Fi Network? Answer: The speed of a Wi-Fi wireless network connection depends on several factors. Theoretical vs. Actual Network Speeds Like most kinds of computer networks, Wi-Fi supports varying levels of performance depending on which technology standards it supports. Each Wi-Fi standard is rated according to its maximum theoretical network bandwidth: 802.11b offered up to 11 megabits per second (Mbps) 802.11a and 802.11g offer up to 54 Mbps 802.11n offers up to 300 Mbps

The performance of Wi-Fi networks practically never approach these theoretical maximums. 802.11b networks, for example, generally operate no faster than about 50% of theoretical peak, around 5.5 Mbps. Likewise, 802.11a and 802.11g networks generally run no faster than 20 Mbps. And even though 802.11n rates at 300 Mbps compared to wired Fast Ethernet at 100 Mbps, the Ethernet connection can often outperform 802.11n in real world usage. Factors Limiting Wi-Fi Connection Speeds The disparity between theoretical and practical Wi-Fi performance comes from network protocol overhead, radio interference, physical obstructions on the line of sight between devices, and distance between devices. In addition, as more devices communicate on the network simultaneously, its performance will also decrease. A Wi-Fi network connection operates at the highest possible speed that both devices (endpoints) can support. An 802.11g laptop connected to an 802.11n router, for example, will network at the lower speeds of 'g'. On home networks, the performance of an Internet connection is often the limiting factor in end-to-end network speed. Even though most residential networks support sharing files within the home at speeds of 20 Mbps or more, Wi-Fi clients will still connect to the Internet at the usually lower speeds supported by Internet providers.

Wi-Fi performance continues to be improved with future generations of the technology. Speeds upwards of 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps) are expected with next-generation 802.11ac.

What is the Actual Speed of an 802.11b Wi-Fi Network?

Question: What is the Actual Speed of an 802.11b Wi-Fi Network? The theoretical peak bandwidth of an 802.11b wireless connection is 11 Mbps. This is a performance number advertised on 802.11b Wi-Fi equipment, that many people equate with the expected "speed" of a network. However, this level of performance is never achieved in practice due to network overhead and other factors. So what is the actual network speed of 802.11b? Answer: The typical peak throughput (sustained data rate) of an 802.11b wireless connection under ideal conditions for end user data is roughly 4-5 Mbps. This level of performance assumes a wireless client in very close proximity (within a few meters) of the base station or other communication endpoint. Due to the distance-sensitive nature of Wi-Fi signaling, 802.11b throughput numbers will decrease the client moves further away from the base station. Why The Big Difference Between Real and Theoretical 802.11b Speeds? The large difference between theoretical and actual data rates for 802.11b is due primarily to protocol overhead. Wi-Fi generates a relatively large amount of traffic to maintain connections, coordinate the sending and acknowledgement of messages, and maintain other private state information. Throughput also decreases when interference in the 802.11b signal range (2.4 GHz) is present. Interference often causes re-transmissions due to data corruption or packet loss. What About 22 Mbps 802.11b? Some 802.11b Wi-Fi products claimed to support 22 Mbps bandwidth. Vendors created these proprietary variations of 802.11b by extending the technology by various non-standard methods. The actual throughput of 22 Mbps 802.11b networks is not double that of ordinary 802.11b network, although typical peak throughput may increase up to roughly 6-7 Mbps. 802.11b Speed - The Bottom Line While peak data rates may be achievable at times, and a few households might have upgraded to 22 Mbps gear, many 802.11b home network links typically run at 2-3 Mbps. This is faster than some types of home Internet connections, but is increasingly too slow of a speed for modern wireless networking. Finally, the perceived "speed" of a network is determined not only by available bandwidth but also by network latency.

Hz, GHz and MHz - Hertz, Gigahertz and Megahertz

Definition: In wireless communications, the term "Hz" (pronounced Hertz after the name of 19th century scientist Heinrich Hertz) refers to the transmission frequency of radio signals in cycles per second. 1 MHz (Megahertz) equals one million cycles per second, while 1 GHz (Gigahertz) equals one billion cycles per second or 1000 MHz. Bluetooth and WiFi networks signal in the ranges of 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz. These are bands of radio frequency open for public communication (i.e., unregulated) in most countries. WiMax wireless networks use a much larger range of GHz frequencies. A higher frequency such as 5 GHz requires more power to penetrate obstructions than a lower frequency like 2.4 GHz.

Is 5 GHz Wi-Fi Network Hardware Better than 2.4 GHz?

Question: Is 5 GHz Wi-Fi Network Hardware Better than 2.4 GHz? Wireless computer network equipment typically uses radio signals in either a 2.4 GHz range or a 5 GHz range. These numbers are advertised prominently on product packaging, but their meaning is often misunderstood. Is 5 GHz network hardware better than 2.4 GHz hardware just because it carries a bigger number? Answer: No. 5 GHz hardware offers a few advantages over 2.4 GHz hardware, but in practice, 2.4 GHz is usually the better choice for home and other wireless local networks. GHz and Network Speed The GHz range of a wireless radio only partially relates to the speed of a wireless network. For example, 802.11a Wi-Fi hardware runs at 5 GHz but supports the same maximum data rate of 54 Mbps as standard 802.11g network that run at 2.4 GHz. A 5 GHz network can carry more data than a 2.4 GHz network assuming the electric power to the higher frequency radios is maintained at a higher level. However, some 802.11g network products match and even exceed this potential speed advantage of 5 GHz 802.11a by utilizing a pair of radios instead of one, increasing capacity up to 108 Mbps under the right conditions. Advantage: Both GHz and Network Range The higher the frequency of a wireless signal, the shorter its range. Thus, 2.4 GHz networks cover a substantially larger range than 5 GHz wireless networks. In particular, the higher frequency wireless signals of 5 GHz networks do not penetrate solid objects nearly as well as do 2.4 GHz signals, limiting their reach inside homes. Advantage: 2.4 GHz. GHz and Network Interference You may notice your cordless phone, automatic garage door opener, or other home appliance also advertises 2.4 GHz signals on its packaging. Because this frequency range is commonly used in consumer products, it's more likely a 2.4 GHz home network will pick up interference from appliances than will a 5 GHz home network. Advantage: 5 GHz GHz and Cost Some people mistakenly believe 5 GHz network technology is newer or somehow more innovative than 2.4 GHz. In fact, both types of signaling have existed for many years and are both proven technologies. 802.11g Wi-Fi products that run at 2.4 GHz tend to cost less than 802.11a Wi-Fi products not because 802.11g is obsolete or less capable, but because 802.11g is much more popular and thus economical for manufacturers to support. Advantage: 2.4 GHz 5 GHz vs 2.4 GHz - The Bottom Line 5 GHz and 2.4 GHz are different wireless signaling frequencies that each have advantages for computer networking. Higher frequency networks are not necessarily superior to lower frequency ones, however. So-called dual band hardware combines the best of both types of hardware by integrating both types of radios into the product.

What is Dual Band Wireless Networking?

Question: What is Dual Band Wireless Networking? Answer: In Wi-Fi wireless networking, dual band is the capability to transmit on the 5 GHz band of 802.11a and also the 2.4 GHz band used by 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n. Unlike ordinary Wi-Fi equipment that only supports one signal band, dual-band gear contain two different types of wireless radios that can support connections on both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz links. Dual-band Wi-Fi is a feature of some wireless routers and network adapters. Some cellular phones also utilize a kind of dual band communications, separate from Wi-Fi. Dual Band Routers Unlike ordinary routers that only support one wireless signal band, dual-band routers contain two different types of wireless radios. When first introduced many years ago, dual-band routers supported both 802.11a and 802.11b and were designed for business networks that used a mix of both types of Wi-Fi clients. Some newer 802.11n Wi-Fi routers also allow simultaneous dual band communication with both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz clients. By supplying separate network bandwidth for each of the two types of links, these routers provide maximum flexibility in setting up a home network. For example, older 802.11b/g clients can be set to run on the 2.4 GHz side of a simultaneous dual-band router without impacting the performance of 802.11n clients running at 5 GHz. Dual Band Adapters Dual-band Wi-Fi network adapters likewise contain two wireless radios. These adapters can be configured to use either 802.11a via one radio, or the 802.11b/g/n family via the other, but not both. Using a dual-band adapter allows a device to connect to either type of Wi-Fi access point. Dual Band Phones Like dual band wireless network equipment, some cell phones also use two bands for wireless communications. So-called dual-band phones typically utilize GPRS or EDGE data services on either 0.85/0.9 GHz or 1.9 GHz radio frequencies. Unlike Wi-Fi, cellular networks sometimes support tri band (three) or quad band (four) types of transmission. Phone that support multiple bands can connect to different types of cellular networks, helpful while roaming or traveling. Cell phones do not support simultaneous dual band connections, however.

What You Should Know About a/b/g/n

In 802.11 Wi-Fi networking, a shorthand notation is often used to describe which primary communication protocols a given device supports. The common forms are: 802.11b/g - supports both 802.11b and 802.11g. Because 802.11g is backward compatible with 802.11b, all 802.11g devices are also 802.11b/g capable. The 802.11b/g designation is typically used to refer to networks containing a mix of 'b' and 'g' devices. 802.11b/g/n - supports 802.11n as well as 802.11b/g. All 802.11n devices can also function as 802.11b/g devices when running in backward compatibility mode 802.11a/b/g - supports 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g devices. Although 802.11a and 802.11g cannot be integrated together, Wi-Fi devices sometimes support both standards by integrating separate radios onto the unit. 802.11a/n - supports all of the above

Are 802.11b and 802.11g Compatible?

Question: Are 802.11b and 802.11g Compatible? Answer: The 802.11b and 802.11g Wi-Fi networking standards are generally compatible. An 802.11b router / access point will work with 802.11g network adapters and vice versa. However, a number of technical limitations affect mixed 802.11b and 802.11g networks: An 802.11b client will get no better network performance connected to an 802.11g router (access point), than it does when connected to an 802.11b router. Such a connection is limited by the speed of the 802.11b adapter. An 802.11g client will experience slower network performance connected to an 802.11b router than to an 802.11g router. Such a connection is limited by the speed of the 802.11b router. When both 802.11b and 802.11g clients are connected to an 802.11g router, the performance of the 802.11g clients can suffer. In the worst case, all 802.11g clients will slow down to have the same network speed as the 802.11b clients. More typically the 802.11g clients experience some degradation in performance, but they still perform noticeably faster than their 802.11b counterparts. The same encryption must be used on all devices on the Wi-Fi network. 802.11g devices often support more advanced encryption options than older 802.11b devices. For example, some 802.11g routers and network adapters support WPA, but many 802.11g products only support the weaker WEP. Stronger encryption options cannot be used on the 802.11g equipment if the 802.11b equipment does not support them. In summary, 802.11b and 802.11g equipment can share a Wi-Fi LAN. If set up properly, the network will function correctly and perform at reasonable speeds. Mixing 802.11b and 802.11g gear can save money on equipment upgrades in the short term. An all-802.11g network provides the best wireless performance and is a worthly long term goal for homeowners to consider.

How is Network Performance Measured?

Question: How is Network Performance Measured? Answer: Measures of computer network performance are commonly stated in units of bits per second (bps). This quantity can represent either an actual data rate or a theoretical limit to available network bandwidth. Modern networks support very large numbers of bits per second. Instead of quoting 10,000 bps or 100,000 bps, networks normally express these quantities in terms of larger quantities like kilobits, megabits and gigabits. The following equations define the mathematics behind these terms: 1 Kbps = 1 kbps = 1 kilobit per second = 1,000 bits per second 1 Mbps = 1,000 Kbps 1 Gbps = 1,000 Mbps

In networking, both "kbps" with a lowercase 'k' and "Kbps" with an uppercase 'K' can be used interchangeably. Technically, network speed can also be expressed in units of bytes per second, abbreviated as "Bps" with a capital 'B'. Use of these quantities is strongly discouraged in networking to avoid confusion with the bits per second standard: 1 KBps = 1 kBps = 1 kilobyte per second = 8,000 bits per second Finally, the conventions used for measuring the capacity of computer disks and memory might appear similar at first to those for networks. Do not confuse these conventions.

Data storage capacity is normally measured in units of kilobytes, megabytes and gigabytes. In this non-networking style of usage, 'K' represents a multiplier of 1,024 and 'k' represents a multiplier of 1,000 units of capacity. The following equations define the mathematics behind these terms: 1 KB = 1,024 bytes 1 kB = 1,000 bytes 1 MB = 1,024 KB 1 GB = 1,024 MB

Wireless Standards - 802.11a 802.11b/g/n 802.11ac

The 802.11 family explained
Home and business owners looking to buy networking gear face an array of choices. Many products conform to the 802.11a, 802.11b/g/n, and/or 802.11ac wireless standards collectively known as Wi-Fi technologies. (Bluetooth and various other wireless but not Wi-Fi technologies also exist, each designed for specific networking applications. This article describes the Wi-Fi and related technologies, comparing and contrasting them to help you make educated network building decisions. 802.11 In 1997, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) created the first WLAN standard. They called it 802.11 after the name of the group formed to oversee its development. Unfortunately, 802.11 only supported a maximum network bandwidth of 2 Mbps - too slow for most applications. For this reason, ordinary 802.11 wireless products are no longer manufactured. 802.11b IEEE expanded on the original 802.11 standard in July 1999, creating the 802.11b specification. 802.11b supports bandwidth up to 11 Mbps, comparable to traditional Ethernet. 802.11b uses the same unregulated radio signaling frequency (2.4 GHz) as the original 802.11 standard. Vendors often prefer using these frequencies to lower their production costs. Being unregulated, 802.11b gear can incur interference from microwave ovens, cordless phones, and other appliances using the same 2.4 GHz range. However, by installing 802.11b gear a reasonable distance from other appliances, interference can easily be avoided. 802.11a While 802.11b was in development, IEEE created a second extension to the original 802.11 standard called 802.11a. Because 802.11b gained in popularity much faster than did 802.11a, some folks believe that 802.11a was created after 802.11b. In fact, 802.11a was created at the same time. Due to its higher cost, 802.11a is usually found on business networks whereas 802.11b better serves the home market. 802.11a supports bandwidth up to 54 Mbps and signals in a regulated frequency spectrum around 5 GHz. This higher frequency compared to 802.11b shortens the range of 802.11a networks. The higher frequency also means 802.11a signals have more difficulty penetrating walls and other obstructions. Because 802.11a and 802.11b utilize different frequencies, the two technologies are incompatible with each other. Some vendors offer hybrid 802.11a/b network gear, but these products merely implement the two standards side by side (each connected devices must use one or the other). Pros of 802.11b - lowest cost; signal range is good and not easily obstructed Cons of 802.11b - slowest maximum speed; home appliances may interfere on the unregulated frequency band

Pros of 802.11a - fast maximum speed; regulated frequencies prevent signal interference from other devices Cons of 802.11a - highest cost; shorter range signal that is more easily obstructed

802.11g In 2002 and 2003, WLAN products supporting a newer standard called 802.11g emerged on the market. 802.11g attempts to combine the best of both 802.11a and 802.11b. 802.11g supports bandwidth up to 54 Mbps, and it uses the 2.4 Ghz frequency for greater range. 802.11g is backwards compatible with 802.11b, meaning that 802.11g access points will work with 802.11b wireless network adapters and vice versa. Pros of 802.11g - fast maximum speed; signal range is good and not easily obstructed Cons of 802.11g - costs more than 802.11b; appliances may interfere on the unregulated signal frequency

802.11n 802.11n (also sometimes known as "Wireless N") was designed to improve on 802.11g in the amount of bandwidth supported by utilizing multiple wireless signals and antennas (called MIMO technology) instead of one. Industry standards groups ratified 802.11n in 2009 with specifications providing for up to 300 Mbps of network bandwidth. 802.11n also offers somewhat better range over earlier Wi-Fi standards due to its increased signal intensity, and it is backward-compatible with 802.11b/g gear. Pros of 802.11n - fastest maximum speed and best signal range; more resistant to signal interference from outside sources Cons of 802.11n - standard is not yet finalized; costs more than 802.11g; the use of multiple signals may greatly interfere with nearby 802.11b/g based networks.

802.11ac The newest generation of Wi-Fi signaling in popular use, 802.11ac utilizes dual band wireless technology, supporting simultaneous connections on both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Wi-Fi bands. 802.11ac offers backward compatibility to 802.11b/g/n and bandwidth rated up to 1300 Mbps on the 5 GHz band plus up to 450 Mbps on 2.4 GHz. What About Bluetooth and the Rest? Aside from these four general-purpose Wi-Fi standards, several other related wireless network technologies exist. Other IEEE 802.11 working group standards like 802.11h and 802.11j are extensions or offshoots of Wi-Fi technology that each serve a very specific purpose. Bluetooth is an alternative wireless network technology that followed a different development path than the 802.11 family. Bluetooth supports a very short range (approximately 10 meters) and relatively low bandwidth (1-3 Mbps in practice) designed for low-power network devices like handhelds. The low manufacturing cost of Bluetooth hardware also appeals to industry vendors. You can readily find Bluetooth in the netowrking of PDAs or cell phones with PCs, but it is rarely used for general-purpose WLAN networking due to the range and speed considerations. WiMax also was developed separately from Wi-Fi. WiMax is designed for long-range networking (spanning miles or kilometers) as opposed to local area wireless networking.

Choosing The Best Wi-Fi Wireless Channels for Your Network

All Wi-Fi network equipment including client devices and routers communicate over specific channels. Similar to channels on a traditional television, each Wi-Fi channel is designated by a number that represents a specific radio communication frequency.

Wi-Fi devices automatically set and adjust their channel numbers as part of the communication protocol. Operating system and utility software on computers and routers keep track of Wi-Fi channel settings being used at any given time. Under normal conditions, users don't need to worry about these settings. However, users and administrators may wish to change their Wi-Fi channel numbers in certain situations. 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi Channel Numbers Wi-Fi equipment in the U.S. and North America features 11 channels on the 2.4 GHz band. Channel 1 operates at a center frequency of 2.412 GHz, channel 11 operates at 2.462 GHz, with other channels operating at frequencies in between, evenly spaced at 5 MHz (0.005 GHz) intervals. Wi-Fi gear in Europe and other parts of the world also supports channels 12 and 13 running at the next higher frequency levels 2.467 and 2.472, respectively. A few additional restrictions and allowances apply in certain countries: for example, 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi technically supports 14 channels, although channel 14 is only available for old 802.11b equipment in Japan. Because each 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi channel requires a signaling band roughly 22 MHz wide, radio frequencies of neighboring channels numbers significantly overlap each other. 5 GHz Wi-Fi Channel Numbers 5 GHz offers significantly more channels than does 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi. To avoid issues with overlapping frequencies, 5 GHz equipment restricts available channels to certain numbers within a larger range. For example, popular 5 GHz channels in many countries include 36, 40, 44, and 48 while other numbers in between are not supported. Channel 36 operates at 5.180 GHz with each channel offset by 5 MHz, so that Channel 40 operates at 5.200 GHz (20 MHz offset), and so on. The highest frequency channel (165) operates on 5.825 GHz. Equipment in Japan supports an entirely different set of Wi-Fi channels that run at lower frequencies (4.915 to 5.055 GHz) than the rest of the world. Reasons to Change Wi-Fi Channel Numbers Many home networks in the U.S. utilize routers that by default run on Wi-Fi channel 6 on the 2.4 GHz band. Neighboring wireless home networks that run over the same channel generate radio interference that can cause significant network performance slowdowns for users. Re-configuring a network to run over a different channel helps minimize these slowdowns. Some Wi-Fi gear, particularly older devices, may not support automatic channel switching. Unless the default channel of these devices happens to match up with the local network's configuration, they will be unable to connect. How To Change Wi-Fi Channel Numbers To change channels on a home wireless router, log into the router's configuration screens and look for a setting called "Channel" or "Wireless Channel." Most router screens provide a drop-down list of supported channel numbers to choose from. Most other devices on a local network will auto-detect and adjust their channel numbers to match that of the router or other wireless access point with no action needed. However, if certain devices fail to connect after changing the router's channel, visit the software configuration utility for each of those devices and make matching channel number changes there. The same configuration screens can also be checked at any future time to verify the numbers in use. Choosing The Best Wi-Fi Channel Number In many environments, Wi-Fi connections perform equally well on any channel: Sometimes the best choice is to leave the network set to defaults and not try to make any changes. Performance and reliability of connections can vary greatly across channels, however, depending on the sources of radio interference and their signal frequencies. No single channel number is inherently "best" relative to the others. For example, some users prefer to set their 2.4 GHz networks to use the lowest possible (1) or highest possible (11, or 13, depending on country) channels to avoid midrange

frequencies because some home Wi-Fi routers default to the middle channel 6. However, if neighboring networks in turn do the same thing, severe connectivity issues can result. In extreme cases, users may need to coordinate with their neighbors on the channels each will use, to keep separation between them. Some more technically-inclined users run network analyzer software to test a local area for existing wireless signals and derive a safe channel to use based on the results. The "Wifi Analyzer" (farproc.com) app for Android is a good example of such an application, which plots the results of signal sweeps on graphs and recommends appropriate channel settings at the push of a button. Different Wi-Fi analyzers also exist for other types of platforms. The "inSSIDer" (metageek.net) utility also supports related functionality and is also available on non-Android platforms. Less technical users, on the other hand, may simply try and test each channel individually and pick one that seems good; typically more than one will work equally well. Because the effects of signal interference vary over time, what appears to be the best channel one day may turn out later to not be good. Administrators should periodically monitor their environment to see if conditions have changed such that a Wi-Fi channel change is needed.

Change the Wi-Fi Channel Number to Avoid Interference

Choosing the best channel to avoid wireless radio interference
Most Wi-Fi wireless home networks transmit their signals in a narrow radio frequency range around 2.4 GHz. Various other electronic devices in a home, such as cordless phones, garage door openers, baby monitors, and microwave ovens, may also use this same frequency range. Any such device can interfere with a wireless home network, slowing down its performance and potentially breaking network connections. Likewise, the wireless networks of neighbors generally all use the same form of radio signaling. Especially in residences that share walls with each other, interference between different home networks is not uncommon. The 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi signal range is divided into a number of smaller bands or channels, similar to television channels. In most countries, Wi-Fi equipment provides a set of available channels to choose from. In the United States, for example, any of the Wi-Fi channels 1 through 11 can be chosen when setting up a wireless LAN (WLAN). Setting this Wi-Fi channel number appropriately provides one way to avoid sources of wireless interference. Many wireless products in the U.S. ship with a default Wi-Fi channel of 6. If encountering interference from other devices within the home, consider changing the channel up or down to avoid it. Note that all Wi-Fi devices on the network must use the same channel. Unlike television channels, some Wi-Fi channel numbers overlap with each other. Channel 1 uses the lowest frequency band and each subsequent channel increases the frequency slightly. Therefore, the further apart two channel numbers are, the less the degree of overlap and likelihood of interference. If encountering interference with a neighbor's WLAN, change to a distant channel. Both channels 1 and 11 do not overlap with the default channel 6; use one of these three channels for best results.

What Is the Typical Range of a Wi-Fi Network?

Question: What Is the Typical Range of a Wi-Fi Network? Answer: The range of a Wi-Fi computer network depends on the number and type of routers and/or wireless access points being used. Factors that determine a device's range are: the specific 802.11 protocol employed the overall strength of the device transmitter the nature of obstructions and interference in the surrounding area

A general rule of thumb in home networking says that 802.11b/g/n and devices support a range of up to 150 feet (46 m) indoors and 300 feet (92 m) outdoors. Another rule of thumb holds that the effective range of 802.11a is approximately one-third that of 802.11b/g/n. Both of these rough estimates represent the high end of the range seen in practice. Obstructions in home such as brick walls and metal frames or siding greatly can reduce the range of a Wi-Fi network by 25% or more. 5 GHz Wi-Fi connections like those of 802.11a are more susceptible to obstructions than more the more common 2.4 GHz connections. Interference from microwave ovens and other equipment also affects Wi-Fi network range. Because 2.4 GHz radios are commonly used in consumer gadgets, 802.11b/g/n protocols are generally more susceptible to interference inside residential buildings. Building a network with multiple wireless routers (or access points) can extend a Wi-Fi network to much longer distances. Though the cost can be high, wireless hotspots spanning several square miles (kilometers) have been built in some cities.

How Can the Range of a Wi-Fi Network Be Boosted?

Question: How Can the Range of a Wi-Fi Network Be Boosted? You can boost the signal range of a Wi-Fi computer network in several ways: Answer: reposition your router or access point (AP) to avoid obstructions and radio interference. Both reduce the range of Wi-Fi network equipment. Common sources of interference in residences include brick or plaster walls, microwave ovens, and cordless phones. Additionally, consider changing the WiFi channel number on your equipment to avoid interference. upgrade the antenna on your router or access point. Wi-Fi antennas on most wireless base stations can be removed and replaced with more powerful ones. add another access point (or router). Large residences typically require no more than two APs, whereas businesses may employ dozens of APs. In a home, this option requires connecting your primary wireless router (access point) to the second one with Ethernet cable; home wireless routers and/or APs don't normally communicate with each other directly. add a bi-directional Wi-Fi signal amplifier to wireless devices as needed. A Wi-Fi signal amplifier (sometimes called "signal booster") attaches to a router, access point or Wi-Fi client at the place where the antenna connects. Bi-directional antennas amplify the wireless signal in both transmit and receive directions. These should be used as Wi-Fi transmissions are two-way radio communications. add a Wi-Fi repeater. A wireless repeater is a stand-alone unit positioned within range of a wireless router or access point. Repeaters (sometimes called "range expanders") serve as a two-way relay station for Wi-Fi signals. Clients too far away from the original router or AP can instead associate with the same local wireless network through the repeater.

What Hardware Is Required to Build a Wireless Network?

Question: What Hardware Is Required to Build a Wireless Network? Answer: The key hardware components of a wireless computer network include adapters, routers and access points, antennas and repeaters.

Wireless Network Adapters Wireless network adapters (also known as wireless NICs or wireless network cards) are required for each device on a wireless network. All newer laptop computers incorporate wireless adapters as a built-in feature of the system. Separate add-on adapters must be purchased for older laptop PCs; these exist in either PCMCIA "credit card" or USB form factors. No wireless hardware other than adapters is required to build a small local network. However, to increase the performance of network connections, accommodate more computers, and increase the network's range, additional types of hardware can be deployed. Wireless Routers Wireless routers function comparably to traditional routers for wired Ethernet networks. One generally deploys wireless routers when building an all-wireless network from the ground up. Similar to routers, access points allow wireless networks to join an existing wired network. One typically deploys access points when growing a network that already has routers installed. In home networking, a single access point (or router) possesses sufficient range to span most residential buildings. Businesses in office buildings often must deploy multiple access points and/or routers. Wireless Antennas Access points and routers often utilize a Wi-Fi wireless antenna that significantly increase the communication range of the wireless radio signal. These antennas are optional and removable on most equipment. It's also possible to mount aftermarket add-on antennas on wireless clients to increase the range of wireless adapters. Add-ons antennas are usually not required on typical wireless networks, although it's common practice for wardrivers to use them. Wireless Repeaters A wireless repeater connects to a router or access point. Often called signal boosters or range expanders, repeaters serve as a two-way relay station for wireless radio signals, helping clients otherwise unable to receive a network's wireless signal to join.

How Many Computers Can Share One Wi-Fi Network?

Question: How Many Computers Can Share One Wi-Fi Network? Computers and other devices connect to a WiFi network via a wireless access point (or wireless router on home networks). Is there a limit for how many devices can connect to and share a WiFi network? Answer: Most WiFi wireless access points / routers claim to support up to 255 connected devices. Access points and routers support a small number (usually either 1 or 4) of wired Ethernet and the rest via wireless connections. Connecting 255 computers to a single WiFi access point, while theoretically possible, is not recommended. Performance of such a network will be very poor. Install multiple access points instead to distribute the network load. By adding more access points to the network, effectively any number of computers can be supported (though the network becomes progressively more difficult to manage). On a home network, while dozens of computers and other devices may connect to the router, the performance of a shared Internet connection will quickly degrade as more computers access the Web simultaneously.

How to Optimally Position a Wireless Access Point or Router

Maximize home network performance

The performance of a Wi-Fi home network greatly depends on signal strength of the wireless router or wireless access point (base station). If a given wireless client falls out of range of the base station signal, obviously that network connection will fail or "drop." Clients situated near the edge of the network range will likely experience intermittent dropped connections. But even when a wireless client stays within range consistently, its network performance can still be adversely affected by distance, obstructions, or interference. To position your wireless equipment for optimal network performance, follow these guidelines: First and foremost, don't settle prematurely on a location for the wireless access point or router. Experiment; try placing the device in several different promising locations. While trial-and-error may not be the most scientific way to find a good spot for your equipment, it is often the only practical way to assure the best possible Wi-Fi performance. Strive to install the wireless access point or router in a central location. If you have only one wireless client, installing the base station near this client is best. For WLANs with multiple wireless clients, find a good compromise position. Clients too far away from the base station will manage only 10% - 50% the bandwidth of clients nearby to it. You might need to sacrifice the network performance of one client for the good of the others. Next, avoid physical obstructions whenever possible. Any barriers along the "line of sight" between client and base station will degrade a Wi-Fi radio signal. Plaster or brick walls tend to have the most negative impact, but really any obstruction including cabinets or furniture will weaken the signal to some degree. Obstructions tend to reside closer to floor level; therefore, some folks prefer to install their wireless access point / router on or near the ceiling. Avoid reflective surfaces whenever possible. Some Wi-Fi signals literally bounce off of windows, mirrors, metal file cabinets and stainless steel countertops, lessening both network range and performance. Install the wireless access point or router at least 1 m (3 feet) away from other home appliances that send wireless signals in the same frequency range. Such appliances include some microwave ovens, cordless telephones, baby monitors, and home automation equipment like X-10 devices. Any appliance that transmits in the same general range as 802.11b or 802.11g (2.4 GHz) can generate interference. Likewise, install the unit away from electrical equipment that also generates interference. Avoid electric fans, other motors, and flourescent lighting. If the best location you find is only marginally acceptable, consider adjusting the base station antennas to improve performance. Antennas on wireless access points and routers can usually be rotated or otherwise re-pointed to "fine tune" Wi-Fi signalling. Follow the specific manufacturer's recommendations for best results. If using these guidelines you still cannot find a suitable location for your wireless gear, there are alternatives. You can, for example, replace and upgrade the base station antenna. You can also install a Wi-Fi repeater (often called a "range extender" or "signal booster.") Finally, in extreme cases, you may need to configure a second base station to extend the range of your WLAN.

Wi-Fi Hotspots
Finding and Using Wi-Fi Hot Spots

A Wi-Fi hotspot is a wireless access point that provides Internet access to network devices in public locations such as downtown centers, cafes, airports and hotels. Businesses and schools are increasingly using Wi-Fi hotspots for their internal (intranet) networks. Home wireless networks also use similar Wi-Fi technology.

Requirements to Use Wi-Fi Hotspots Computers (and other devices) connect to hotspots using a Wi-Fi network adapter. Newer laptop computers contain built-in adapters, but most other computers do not. Wi-Fi network adapters can be purchased and installed separately. Depending on the type of computer and personal preferences, USB, PC Card, ExpressCard, or even PCI card adapters can be used. Public Wi-Fi hotspots normally require a paid subscription. The sign-up process involves providing credit card information online or by phone and choosing a service plan. Some service providers offer plans that work at thousands of hotspots throughout the country. A few pieces of technical information are also required to access Wi-Fi hotspots. The network name (also called SSID) distinguishes hotspot networks from each other. Encryption keys (a long series of letters and numbers) scramble the network traffic to and from a hotspot; most businesses require these as well. Service providers supply this profile information for their hotspots. Finding Wi-Fi Hotspots Computers can automatically scan for hotspots within range of their wireless signal. These scans identify the network name (SSID) of the hotspot allowing the computer to initiate a connection. Instead of using a computer to find hotspots, some people prefer to use a separate gadget called a Wi-Fi finder. These small devices scan for hotspot signals similarly to computers, and many provide some indication of signal strength to help pinpoint their exact location. Before traveling to a far-away place, the location of Wi-Fi hotspots can be found using online wireless hotspot finder services. Connect To Wi-Fi Hotspots The process for connecting to a Wi-Fi hotspot works similarly on home, business and public wireless networks. With the profile (network name and encryption settings) applied on the wireless network adapter, you initiate the connection from your computer operating system (or software that was supplied with the network adapter). Paid or restricted hotspot services will require you to log in with a user name and password the first time you access the Internet. Dangers of Wi-Fi Hotspots Although few incidents of hotspot security issues are reported in the press, many people remain skeptical of their safety. Some caution is justified as a hacker with good technical skills can break into your computer through a hotspot and potentially access your personal data. Taking a few basic precautions will ensure reasonable safety when using Wi-Fi hotspots. First, research the public hotspot service providers and choose only reputable ones who use strong security settings on their networks. Next, ensure you do not accidentally connect to non-preferred hotspots by checking your computer's settings. Finally, be aware of your surroundings and watch for suspicious individuals in the vicinity who may be reading your screen or even plotting to steal your computer. Summary Wi-Fi hotspots are becoming an increasingly common form of Internet access. Connecting to a hotspot requires a wireless network adapter, knowledge of the profile information of that hotspot, and sometimes a subscription to a paid service. Computers and Wi-Fi finder gadgets both are capable of scanning the nearby area for Wi-Fi hotspots, and several online services allow you find far-away hotspot locations. Whether using a home, business or public hotspot, the connection process remains essentially the same. Likewise, as with any wireless network, security issues for Wi-Fi hotspots need to be managed.