Anda di halaman 1dari 10

Denition

Let V, W be two vector spaces over the same eld F. A mapping T : V W is


called Linear Transformation if:
T(av
1
+bv
2
) = aT(v
1
) +bT(v
2
) For all a, b F, v
1
, v
2
V
Problem - I
Separate the linear and non - linear transformations.
(1) T : R
2
R
2
x = (x
1
, x
2
) (x
1
+x
2
, x
1
x
2
)
Let v
1
, v
2
R
2
v
1
= (x
1
, y
1
), v
2
= (x
2
, y
2
) and a, b F, So
T(av
1
+bv
2
) = T[a(x
1
, y
1
) +b(x
2
, y
2
)]
= T[(ax
1
, ay
1
) + (bx
2
, by
2
)]
= T(ax
1
+bx
2
, ay
1
+by
2
)
= (ax
1
+bx
2
+ay
1
+by
2
, ax
1
+bx
2
ay
1
by
2
)
= (ax
1
+ay
1
+bx
2
+by
2
, ax
1
ay
1
+bx
2
by
2
)
= (ax
1
+ay
1
, ax
1
ay
1
) + (bx
2
+by
2
, bx
2
by
2
)
= a(x
1
+y
1
, x
1
y
1
) +b(x
2
+y
2
, x
2
y
2
)
= aT(x
1
, y
1
) +bT(x
2
, y
2
)
= aT(v
1
) +bT(v
2
)
T : R
2
R
2
is linear.
(2) T : M
nn
(R) M
nn
(R), A AA
t
Let A, B be two n n Matrices
T(A) = AA
t
, T(B) = B B
t
, Let a, b F Now
1
T(aA+bB) = (aA+bB) (aA+bB)
t
= aA+bB (aA
t
+bB
t
)
= aA+bB aA
t
bB
t
= aAaA
t
+bB bB
t
= a(AA
t
) +b(B B
t
)
= aT(A) +bT(B)
T : M
nn
(R) M
nn
(R) is Linear.
(3) T : C
R
[a, b] R, f
_
b
a
f(t)dt
Let f, g C
R
[a, b] and x, y [a, b] So
T(xf +yg) =
_
b
a
(xf(t) +yg(t))dt
=
_
b
a
xf(t)dt +
_
b
a
yg(t)dt
= x
_
b
a
f(t)dt +y
_
b
a
g(t)dt
= xT(f) +yT(g)
T : C
R
[a, b] R is Linear.
(4) T : M
nn
R, A detA
Let A, B M
nn
T(A) = detA and T(B) = detB, Let x, y R
T(xA+yB) = det(xA+yB)
= det(xA) +det(yB)
= x
n
det(A) +y
n
det(B)
= x
n
T(A) +y
n
T(B)
= xT(A) +yT(B)
2
T : M
nn
R, A detA is not Linear.
(5)T : M
nn
(R) M
nn
(R), A AB BA, where B is xed n n Matrix.
Let A, C M
nn
and x, y R
T(A) = AB BA, T(C) = CB BC, Now
T(xA+yC) = (xA+yC)B B(xA+yC)
= xAB +yCB xBAyBC
= x(AB BA) +y(CB BC)
= xT(A) +yT(B)
T : M
nn
M
nn
is Linear.
(6) T : R R, x x
2
Let x, y R and a, b Field, so
T(ax +by) = (ax +by)
2
= (ax)
2
+ (by)
2
+ 2abxy
= ax
2
+by
2
= aT(x) +bT(y)
T : R R is not Linear.
(7) T : R
2
R
2
, x = (x
1
, x
2
) (|x
1
|, 2x
1
x
2
)
Let x = (x
1
, x
2
), y = (y
1
, y
2
) R
2
T(x
1
, x
2
) = (|x
1
|, 2x
1
x
2
), T(y
1
, y
2
) = (|y
1
|, 2y
1
y
2
) let a, b Field, so
T(ax +by) = T[a(x
1
, x
2
) +b(y
1
, y
2
)]
= T[ax
1
+by
1
, ax
2
+by
2
)
= (|ax
1
+by
1
|, 2(ax
1
+by
1
) (ax
2
+by
2
)
a(|x
1
|, 2x
1
x
2
) +b(|y
1
|, 2y
1
y
2
)
= aT(x) +bT(y)
3
T : R
2
R
2
is not Linear.
(8) T : R
2
R
2
, x = (x
1
, x
2
) (x
1
x
2
, x
1
)
Let x = (x
1
, x
2
), y = (y
1
, y
2
) R
2
and a, b Field, So
T(ax +by) = T[a(x
1
, x
2
) +b(y
1
, y
2
)]
= T[ax
1
+by
1
, ax
2
+by
2
]
= [(ax
1
+by
1
)(ax
2
+by
2
), ax
1
+by
1
]
= a(x
1
x
2
, x
1
) +b(y
1
y
2
, y
1
)
= aT(x) +bT(y)
T : R
2
R
2
is not Linear.
(9) T : R
2
R
2
, x = (x
1
, x
2
) (x
1
+x
2
, x
1
+ 1)
Let x = (x
1
, x
2
), y = (y
1
, y
2
) R
2
and a, b Field, So
T(ax +by) = T[a(x
1
, x
2
) +b(y
1
, y
2
)]
= T[ax
1
+by
1
, ax
2
+by
2
]
= (ax
1
+by
1
+ax
2
+by
2
, ax
1
+by
1
+ 1)
= a(x
1
+x
2
, x
1
+ 1) +b(y
1
+y
2
, y
1
+ 1)
= aT(x) +bT(y)
T : R
2
R
2
is not linear.
(9) T : R
2
R
2
, x = (x
1
, x
2
) (x
1
+ 1, x
1
x
2
)
Let x = (x
1
, x
2
), y = (y
1
, y
2
) R
2
and a, b Field, So
T(ax +by) = T[a(x
1
, x
2
) +b(y
1
, y
2
)]
= T[ax
1
+by
1
, ax
2
+by
2
]
= (ax
1
+by
1
+ 1, (ax
1
+by
1
)(bx
2
+by
2
)
= a(x
1
+ 1, x
1
x
2
) +b(y
1
+ 1, y
1
y
2
)
= aT(x) +bT(y)
4
T : R
2
R
2
is not Linear.
Problem - II
Let T : V W be a linear map from the vector space V into the vector space
W. Then Prove the following:
(i) N
T
and R
T
are subspaces of V and W, respectively.
(ii) T is one-to-one i N
T
= {0}
Proof
(i) Let T : V W be linear transformation. Nulity or Kernal of T is dened
as:
KerT = {v V : T(v) = 0}
KerT = as 0 KerT Also KerT V . Let v
1
, v
2
KerT
T(v
1
) = 0, T(v
2
) = 0 and a, b F and consider T(av
1
+bv
2
)
T(av
1
+bv
2
) = aT(v
1
) +bT(v
2
)
= a(0) +b(0)
= 0
i.e. T(av
1
+bv
2
) = 0 av
1
+bv
2
KerT
KerT is a subspace of V .
(ii) Now we prove that ImT is a subspace of W. As T(0) = 0
ImT = as 0 ImT. Let w
1
, w
2
ImT and a, b F
v
1
, v
2
V such that T(v
1
) = w
1
, T(v
2
) = w
2
and consider T(av
1
+bv
2
)
T(av
1
+bv
2
) = aT(v
1
) +bT(v
2
)
= aw
1
+bw
2
for w
1
, w
2
ImT and a, b F we have aw
1
+bw
2
ImT
ImT is a subspace of W.
5
Problem - III
Let T : V W be a linear map, where V is a nite dimensional vector space.
then we have:
dimN
T
+dimR
T
= dimV
Case - I
If dimV = n and N
T
= V , then R
T
= {0}, so the theorem is proved in this
case.
Case - II
As V is a ninte dimensional vector space, so let dimV = n. As KerT is a sub-
space of V , so dim(KerT) n. Let dim(KerT) = m n.Let {v
1
, v
2
, ...., v
m
}
be the basis fo KerT. We extend the basis of KerT to form the bais for V . Let
{v
1
, v
2
, ....., v
m
, v
m+1
, v
m+2
, ......, v
n
} be the basis for V . We will prove that:
B = {T(v
m+1
, T(v
m+2
, ......, T(v
n
)} form the basis for R
T
.
Let u ImT, v V such that u = T(v). As v V so there exist scalars a
i
, b
j
such that:
v = a
1
v
1
+a
2
v
2
+..... +a
m
v
m
+b
m+1
v
m+1
+b
m+2
v
m+2
+........ +b
n
v
n
u = T(v)
= T(a
1
v
1
+a
2
v
2
+..... +a
m
v
m
+b
m+1
v
m+1
+b
m+2
v
m+2
+........ +b
n
v
n
)
= a
1
T(v
1
) +a
2
T(v
2
) +..... +a
m
T(v
m
) +b
m+1
T(v
m+1
) +b
m+2
T(v
m+2
) +...... +b
n
T(v
n
)
As {v
1
, v
2
, ....., v
m
} is the basis for KerT T(v
i
) = 0 i = 1, 2, ..., m
Therefore u = b
m+1
T(v
m+1
) +b
m+2
T(v
m+2
) +....... +b
n
T(v
n
)
A generates ImT. Now we prove that set A is linearly independent.
Let b
m+1
T(v
m+1)
+b
m+2
T(v
m+2
) +....... +b
n
T(v
n
) = 0
T(b
m+1
v
m+1
+b
m+2
v
m+2
+........ +b
n
v
n
) = 0
b
m+1
v
m+1
+b
m+2
v
m+2
+........ +b
n
v
n
KerT
scalars a
1
, a
2
, ......, a
m
such that
b
m+1
v
m+1
+b
m+2
v
m+2
+........ +b
n
v
n
= a
1
v
1
+a
2
v
2
+...... +a
m
v
m
a
1
v
1
+a
2
v
2
+...... +a
m
v
m
b
m+1
v
m+1
b
m+2
v
m+2
........ b
n
v
n
= 0
6
As {v
1
, v
2
, ......., v
m
, v
m+1
, v
m+2
, ......., v
n
} is the basis for V
all a
i
, b
j
= 0
vectors of set A are linearly independent.
set A form the basis for ImT. AS number of elements in set A = n m
dim(ImT) = n m = dimV dim(KerT)
dimV = dim(ImT) +dim(KerT)
Case - III
If dimN
T
= 0 i.e. N
T
= 0 and if {v
1
, v
2
, ...., v
m
, v
m+1
, ...., v
n
} is the basis for V
then it follows that the set {T(v
1
), T(v
2
), ...., T(v
m
), ..., T(v
n
)} forms the basis
for the range space R
T
and the theorem is proved in this case.
(a) Let T : V W be linear. If V = R
4
, W = R
3
, then T : V W can not be
one-to-one.
(b)If V = M
22
(R) and W = R
5
i.e. dimW > dimV , then T can not be Onto.
(c) If V = R
2
, W = R
2
such that:
T : (x
1
, x
2
) (x
1
+ 2x
2
, 0), then T is neither 1 1 nor Onto.
Since N
T
= {(x
1
, x
2
) : x
1
= 2x
2
, x
2
R} so that the dimN
T
= 1
Problem - IV
Considr the linear map T : M
nn
(R) M
nn
(R), A A A
t
. Find the null
space N
T
. What is the dimN
T
and dimR
T
?
Solution
To nd the Null space N
T
, we need to solve T(A) = A A
t
= 0 for A. If
A = [a
ij
]
nn
, then AA
t
= a
ij
a
ji
= b
ij
, so that:
AA
t
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0 b
12
b
1n
b
12
0 b
2n
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
b
1n
b
2n
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Which shows that A A
t
= 0 yields the condition a
ij
= a
ji
for each i, j, thus
N
T
is the set of all n n symmetric matrices and therefore
dimN
T
= n +
n
2
n
2
=
n(n + 1)
2
7
Since R
T
= {B M
nn
: AA
t
= B, A M
nn
(R)}, we obtain
R
T
= {
_

_
0 b
12
b
1n
b
12
0 b
2n
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
b
1n
b
2n
0
_

_
: b
ij
R}
and therefore we observe that R
T
is the set of all skew-symmetric matrices.
Thus
dimR
T
=
n
2
n
2
=
n(n1)
2
Problem - V
Determine whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your
answer.
(1) The function f(x) = (1 +
1
x
)
x
is strictly increasing and Lim
x
f(x) = e
ANS
The statement is True because for x
1
< x
2
f(x
1
) < f(x
2
)
(2) The function f : R {0, 1} dened by:
f(x) =
_
_
_
0 if x is rational
1 if x is irrational
is not injective but surjective.
ANS
The statment is True, because between 0 and 1 there are innitely many rational
and irrational numbers so the function cant be injective and it is surjective
because the range is the set {0, 1}.
(3) The function f : R R, x x
3
is one-to-one but not onto.
ANS
The statment is False, beacuse the function is denitely onto.
(4) The sine fuction f : R R, x sinx, is not one-one, but the restriction
g : [

2
,

2
] R, x sinx, is one-one and onto.
ANS
The statement is True because sine is periodic fucntion of period 2, so it cant
be one-one in case of f : R R. The restriction g is denitely one-one and
8
onto.
(5) The set of all solutions of the dierential equation:
d
2
y
dx
2
+ 4y = 0
form a vector space over R.
ANS
The statement is True.
(6) The set Q of rational numbers forms a vector space over the eld of real
numbers.
ANS
The statment is False.
(7) Span{x + 1, x + 2, x
2
1} = Span{1 +x
2
, x
2
1, 3 2x} = P
2
(x)
ANS
The statement is True because every polynomial of degree 2 can be generated
by the two given sets. For example let
x
2
+x + 1 = a(x + 1) +b(x + 2) +c(x
2
1)
x
2
+x + 1 = cx
2
+ (a +b)x + (a + 2b c)
c = 1, a +b = 1, a + 2b c = 1
Solving these equations, we get a = 0, b = 1, c = 1
So the 2
nd
degree polynomial x
2
+x+1 is generated by the set {x+1, x+2, x
2
1}.
(8) Each set of n+1 or more vectors in the vector space R
n
over R is necessarily
linearly dependent.
ANS
The statement is true because the basis for R
n
contains almost n elements and
they are linearly independent. If we include one more element to the basis, it
will no more be independent.
(10) The set {(0, 1), (i, 0)} in C
2
is linearly independent over the eld R but not
over the eld C.
ANS
The statement is True. Let a, b R and cosider a(0, 1) +b(i, 0) = 0
9
a(0, 1) +b(i, 0) = 0
(0, a) + (ib, 0) = 0
(0 +ib, a + 0) = 0
(ib, a) = (0, 0)
ib = 0, a = 0
b = 0, a = 0
{(0, 1), (i, 0)} is linearly independent over R.
Now let a +ib, c +id C and consider (a +ib)(0, 1) + (c +id)(i, 0) = 0
(a +ib)(0, 1) + (c +id)(i, 0) = 0
(0, a +ib) + (ic d, 0) = 0
(ic d, a +ib) = (0, 0)
ic d = 0, a +ib = 0
This cant be possible because c, d are not simultaneously zero similarly a, b.
So the set {(0, 1), (i, 0)} is linearly dependent over C
10

Anda mungkin juga menyukai