SOLID WASTE
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MANAGEMENT
INDIA
S Shariq Ahmed
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The 20th Century began with a population of 2 billion which increased to 6 billion population by the end of the century. The Century also witnessed the biggest exodus of human population from Rural to Urban areas
The global urbanisation level increased from 10% to 50% during the century; The world has turned urban with more than half the population living in urban areas
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600 Million people added to the worlds urban population between 1990-2000
Close to 3 million people are added in Asia alone every month, i.e. equivalent to one new City a month Of the 21 mega cities (popln. 10 million+) in the world today, 17 are estimated to be in developing countries
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Population in and developing (lesser developed) countries to be 88% of total population by 2050 (in millions)
9300
9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 2000
Source:
8200 (88%)
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
UN Population Division; WORLD POPULATION PROSPECTS Population Reference Bureau: WORLD POPULATION DATA SHEET
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Total
1200 900 600 330 M 300 50 M (16%) 0 1947 361
Urban
1 March, 2001, 11 May, 2000, 1000 M
1350 M
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= =
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80 60 40 20 0
53
70
1951
1991
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Trend Of Urbanization
Year 1951 Year 1991 3768 Year 2001 5161 Year 2021 --
2795
62.0
217.0
285.0 550.0
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Magnitude Of Problem
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Magnitude Of Problem
Urban Local Bodies spend around Rs.500/- to Rs.1500/- per ton on solid waste management of which, 60-70% of the amount is on collection alone 20% - 30% on transportation Hardly any fund is spent on treatment and disposal of waste
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19,643 TPD
42,635.28 TPD 83,378.28 TPD
17.08%
37.07% 72.50%
If waste produced in all class-i cities is tackled, percentage of waste scientifically managed would be 72.5% of total waste.
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Generation Of MSW(MT/Y)
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Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their source: Household waste or municipal waste: includes food, paper, cardboard, plastic, textiles, leather, glass, metal, ashes, electronics waste etc. Industrial waste: includes toxic chemicals, oil, debris from construction site, packaging waste, ashes etc. Biomedical waste or hospital waste: medicine bottles, expired medicines, syringes, medical instruments such as scissors, blades etc.
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Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their source: Agriculture waste: includes pesticides, crops, water coming from the fields also consists of small amount of toxic chemicals. Nuclear waste: includes radioactive substances coming from reactors, fuel (uranium, thorium, plutonium etc). Its highly dangerous and requires proper disposal. Hazardous waste: includes toxic chemical, acids, corrosive, ignitable and reactive materials, gases etc.
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Bio-degradable can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others) Non-biodegradable cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, containers and others)
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Inert material
Recyclable materials
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Available in %
4.68 0.71 0.64 0.45 40.03 38.75
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% availability
25.2 23.4 13.08 0.58 0.66 0.70
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Storage of waste at source is lacking Domestic waste thrown on streets Trade waste on roads / streets Construction debris left unattended Bio-medical waste disposed in municipal waste stream Industrial waste disposed of in open areas
Segregation of recyclable waste at source not done Primary collection of waste not done at place of generation
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According to estimates of the Rakesh Mohan Committee total requirement for urban infrastructure development covering backlog, new investments and O&M costs for the next ten years is Rs. 2,50,000 Crores (US$ 57 Billion)
The ninth Plan proposal identifies only around Rs. 12000 Crores. With anticipated growth in Tenth plan providing additional funds of Rs.13,000 Crores, the total expected plan outlay comes to Rs. 25,000 Crores (US$ 5.7 Billion).
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Model Municipal Bye-Laws framed / circulated for benefit of ULBs for adoption
Financial Assistance by Government of India - 12th Finance Commission Grants
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Grant funds from Donor Agencies like DANIDA, DFID, CIDA, National Trust/ Missions
Every One Crore rupees spent in infrastructural provision now, saves Ten Crore on cost escalation and public health care due to deficient services later!
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Water Supply
Advance registration charges, Connection charges, Enhancement of water tariff, Water benefit tax/water tax, Betterment charges, Development charges, Utilization from other sources such as octroi, property tax, sale of plots etc. and Charges from water Kiosks Connection Charges, Sewerage Cess Tax, Conservancy Tax, Sale of Renewable waste, Sale of Sludge and Sale of Nutrient rich wastewater. Collection Charges, Cess, Sale of Renewable waste, and Fines for dumping waste.
Sewerage
Solid waste
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State-of-the-art Technologies
Efficient Project Management / Maintenance
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CENTRAL / STATE GRANTS ARE PROPOSED TO BE PROVIDED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Loan
Cities with 4 million plus population Cities with one million plus population but less than 4 million Other cities
35%
15%
50%
50%
80%
20%
10%
30%
10%
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Rehabilitate-Operate-Transfer (ROT)
Design-Build-Finance-Operate-Transfer (DBFOT)
In INDIA full blown Private Sector Participation models have not been put into place, so far
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However, the various options available, in order of increasing Private Participation in Water Supply & Sanitation Projects being taken up are:
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Successful involvement of Private Sector in Power Generation and Distribution; Largest effort in privatisation of Water utilities. Metropolitan Water Works and Sewerage System (MWSS) had covered only 67% population with intermittent water supply and 8 % with sewerage system in 1994. 56 % of 3000 mld supply was non-revenue water MWSS privatised in 1997 and split into two. Manila divided into two Zones - East and West. Two Consortia led by - BENPRES for West and AYALA for east -selected to run water works on 25 year franchise; Both Groups offered rates lower than the prevalent rate (8.78 pesos)
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Improvements in Water and Sanitation Services after Awarding the Concession in Buenos Aires
Indicator Production capacity (millions cum/ day) Population served(M) Water Sewerage Employees per 1,000 connections Response time for repairs (hours) Meters in service Before the Concession (1992) 3.4 December 1995 Percentage change (%) 27
4.3
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Reasons for success : Comprehensive and transparent bidding process - Two Envelope System Independent Regulatory Agency established by Government to monitor concessionaire, enforce the terms of contracts and regulatory specifications and levy fines where necessary Contract had provision for adjustment and re-negotiation during enforcement of concessional period (after 2 years the initial reduction of tariff partly withdrawn in view of more capital investment on system improvement, than originally estimated) Re-negotiation : transparent and stakeholders involved Tariff policy had a fixed portion to cover cost of infrastructure and a variable part proportional to consumption
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Tiruppur Water Supply and Sewerage Project Implemented through a SPV New Tiruppur Area Development Corporation (NTADC) promoted by Infrastructure Leasing & Financing Services(IL&FS) Tiruppur Exporters Association (TEA) Tamil Nadu Corporation for Industrial Infrastructure Development (TACID)
Estimated Project cost - Rs. 900 Crores at 1998 prices (Rs. 1000 crore at present). O&M contract to consortium of Mahindra & Mahindra + United Utilities International, North West Water +Bechtel Attained financial closure with 10% stake by LIC & GIC.
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Pune Water Supply and Sewerage Project Developed by Pune Municipal Corporation at a estimated project cost of Rs. 750 crores ($ 187.5 M) later revised to Rs. 392 Crores with HUDCO assistance Private Sector Participation envisaged in Construction, Operation and Maintenance, Tariff collection Financial Participation in addition to HUDCO expected from IL&FS, ICICI, HDFC, IDFC and Bank of Maharashtra Request for proposal sought Tie-ups: Anglian Water + Trafalgar House & Shirkes Binnie Black + Veatch & Thames Water + L&T Krugger + Generale Des eaux & Shanska Int. Preussag + Tata Projects Hyundai + Sundram Chemicals Hanjin + Krupp and Zoom Development Group Political Risk - work re-tendered at RfP level
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Bangalore Water Supply Project BOOT arrangement for sourcing 500 mld water. Establishment of two Tertiary Water Treatment Plants (of total 60 mld capacity) with HUDCO assistance Private Sector (Industries) to undertake laying of feeder mains envisages provision of 500 mld of water to the city on a BOT basis with estimated project cost is Rs. 800 Crores (US$ 173 M).
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Chennai Metro Water Out of 119 Sewerage Pumping Stations, Operation & Maintenance of 70 by private sector Sourcing of water in 7 wells through private sector Construction of 300 mld Water Treatment Plant by - M/s Hindustan Dorr Oliver Ltd. And O&M by M/s Richardson Cruddas New Chembarampakkam WTP of 530 mld capacity (over and above the existing 600 mld capacity) Bid documents for BOT by TCS
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Private Sector Participation on the anvil in water supply & Sanitation Nagpur - Dewas Kolhapur - Cochin Vishakhapatnam - Dharwad Goa - Alandur Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board (KUWS&DB) for Management Contract in Distribution and O&M
Towns Selected for the initiative are Mysore - Mangalore Hubli Dharwad - Gulbarga
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M/s Excel Industries Bio-degradation of solid waste in Vijayawada, Calcutta, Mumbai, Bhopal, Bangalore, Gwalior, Cochin & Calicut
M/s CELCO in Hyderabad
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Process Structuring and Stages countdown 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 Expression of Intent by Public Agencies Firming up the Project Contours (Consultants) Short-listing of Private Parties Project Description Report Pre-qualification of existing bidders Issue of Request for Proposal (RFP) Evaluation of Bids Negotiations Award of the Contract (Financial Closure) Commencement of Work
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Legal and Regulatory Framework Simplification of Legislation Techno -Legal Regime (Australian Utilities Commission, U.K. initiativesOFTEL, OFWATS) over-arching legislation in the line of Federal Law of Philippines (BOT, BOO,etc) State/City Level Regulatory Bodies in India CERC / SERC in Power Sector TRAI (set to become CCI) in Telecom / ICE sector NHAI in highways sector Need for similar regulators in Urban Infrastructure
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Users
Political Authorities
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Gujarat Infrastructure Development Act 1999 First State to formulate a separate act Draws from the experiences in Philippines Authorises the Govt./agencies to enter into concession agreements Provides a list of various forms of assistance to be provided to the developer including exemption of taxes etc.
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Infrastructure Authority
Infrastructure Authority formed under Infrastructure Development Enabling Act (IDEA), Andhra Pradesh Envisaged Roles for Infrastructure Authority: Conceptualisation of projects - Processing of the projects Mobilising public opinion - Advisory role to the government Co-ordination - Monitoring / approval of bidding Implementation of P-P-P-P - Prioritisation of projects Preparation of schedule. - Approval of TOR for consultancy Budgeting / financial allocation - Expedite clearances and permits Tariff fixing, user/abuser charges and cost recovery Model contract principles Supervision over implementation and project management Proposes a Swiss Challenge Approach for evaluating the single bid for projects brought by proprietary agencies
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Capital intensive
Scarcity of Resources
Multilateral financing Consortium/Syndication Federal Govt. Guarantee with financial support Take out financing Long Term Borrowing Securitisation of receivables Flexible financing delinking construction stage from post-construction phase Cash flow financing Tax Incentives Priority Sector Lending Sub-ordinate debt finance Firm tariff policy Escrow Accounts Power Purchase Agreements Sinking funds
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Long Term borrowing Multiple debt servicing obligations Lack of tangible assets and collateral/securi ty
Interest rate & Currency fluctuations High debt equity ratio Realization of loan amount on liquidation or default Lack of appraisal & operational skills Risk of en masse deployment
Interest Rate Swap Forward Rate Agreements Floating Interest Rates Sub-ordinate debt financing Equity infusion from strategic partners
Letters of comfort Pari passu charge on Escrow Account Bank Guarantees Joint Ventures Special Purpose Vehicles Venture Capital Funds Project Initialisation Funds
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For capital intensive projects and greenfield ventures beyond lending capacity of single financial institution Pooling of resources for funding the project. Ensures sharing of the risks involved. Needs rationalisation and standardisation of appraisal procedures, lending guidelines and legal documentation of the constituent financial institutions Need for pari passu charge on the escrow account as security to the partner institutions. Desirable to provide a single window facility based on tripartite or joint agreements with the borrowing agency.
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Takeout Financing
Transfer of Loan Accounts
Primary Lender
Partner Institution
5 years
10 years
Liabilities of primary lender on project absolved at the end of a specified period Partner institution transfers pertinent loan accounts to its own books, in lieu of an agreed fee or commitment charge. Both parties bear the project risks after the take-out based on a nonrecourse structure. Pari passu charge on the escrow account as security option.
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Sub-ordinate (mezzanine) debt financing: Internal restrictions on equity participation by financial institutions, Lower equity and hence limited debt-equity ratio of new state level bodies for infrastructure projects restrict them from market borrowing on a large scale. Funding could be considered as deemed equity for a specific period granting the bodies better financial leverage Cashflow financing: Institutional funding to be tailor-made to suit the financial requirements at various stages of the project calling for cash-flow financing.
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Securitisation of Receivables
Loan
Lending Institution
Borrower
SPV
Fees
Investors
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Securitisation of receivables
Conversion of future cash receivables into financial or debt instruments tradable in capital market Role of SPV as intermediary: assumes the entire credit risk on the securitised receivables of selected outstanding loan portfolio Insulates the lender from bankruptcy & insolvency risks repackages the receivables into pass-through certificates of manageable lots for onward trading in the secondary market. Principal and interest components of the repayments are passed on to the security owner.
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Securitisation of receivables
Merits to Investor: Continuous cash flow on Securitised instruments over the life of the loan and principal depletes over time. Advantages to Lending Institution: reduces the locking up of funds in a few projects. facilitates reduction in borrowings ensures better asset-liability management. provides efficient exit option for the financial institutions to transfer the risks of default and prepayment
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Municipal Bonds
In United States, account for nearly 70% of the capital financing for infrastructure. General Obligation Bonds (GO) Revenue Bonds Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation GO bond issue of Rs. 100 Crores Bangalore, Vijayawada and Ludhiana have already raised money through municipal bonds; Mumbai & Pune have obtained credit ratings; Kanpur Development Authority latest entrant
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Municipal Bonds
Problems faced: Since bonds can be raised over night within a short period and their utilisation may require 2-3 years, quite often, States/agencies tend to fall into the debt trap On account of the dire financial position, Credit Rating of agencies need to be enhanced to enable raising funds at lower costs.
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Governments new strategy on the anvil for ULBs : Bond Bank Varying capacity levels of ULBs in obtaining high credit rating, lower borrowing costs, optimal resource utilisation & asset management Need for financial intermediary to pool the projects of the various agencies and float a common bond on the merit of the projects setting apart a reserve fund. Bond bank could be at the national level as a special purpose vehicle or as a subsidiary of the financial institutions.
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Governments new strategy on the anvil for ULBs : Credit Line Making available requisite loan facilities for Urban Local Bodies and other agencies Challenge Fund For facilitating the States and Urban local bodies implementing the reform agenda
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PIF/PDF for creation of well structured projects Technically viable Financially feasible and bankable Environmentally sustainable
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State Level Urban Development Funds like TNUDF & MUDF in Tamilnadu Maharashtra, for facilitating private sector participation bringing in commercial orientation, improving financial management , assisting ULBs accessing capital markets. State level urban development Finance Corporations formed APUFIDCO - TUFIDCO KUDFC - KUIDFC Gujarat Municipal Finance Board Tax intercept concept introduced in Madhya Pradesh State for urban development loan servicing fund for local bodies.
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FDI in Infrastructure
Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) could be permitted through: Financial Collaborations Joint Ventures / Technical Collaborations Capital Markets via Global Depository Receipts (GDRs / Euro issues) Private Placements or Preferential Allotments In India, FDI upto 100% permitted in airports (beyond 74% with approval) and Mass Rapid Transit Systems.
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FDI in Infrastructure
FDI upto 100 % permitted in Integrated township development including housing, commercial premises, hotels, resorts City and regional urban infrastructure facilities Manufacture of building materials Development of Land with allied infrastructure as part of integrated township development Enabling guidelines required to prevent capital flight (lock in period) and regulate repatriation of profits in FDI
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The policy envisages the treatment of SEZs as priority areas in provision of infrastructure, convergence in statutory clearances, exemption from duties and levies as well as liberal regulations.
SEZs as industrial townships would need priority for integrated provision of infrastructure facilities.
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Development of Legal & Regulatory Institutional Mechanism Fiscal & Financial Framework Need for an Integrated Management of Urban Infrastructure & Intersectoral Co-ordination. Creation of a new Breed of Urban Managers sensitised and responsible for taking on the challenges in urban infrastructure. Curriculum up-gradation to provide not only technical inputs (Civil Engg.+ Transportation Engg. + Hydraulic engineering + Public Health Engineering ); but also Financial Engineering.
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Higher Investments
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Wealth from waste (processing of organic waste) Waste to compost (I) Aerobic / anaerobic composting (Ii) Vermi-composting Waste to energy (I) Refuse derived fuel (RDF) / Pelletization (II) Bio-Methanation Recycling of waste Sanitary landfilling
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Solid waste processing Barringer Labs Casella Safety-Kleen Waste Industries Waste Management Solid waste management consulting services Industrial Services of America Roy F. Weston, Inc.
(Note: Major players were largely determined by an article found at www.wasteinfo.com, http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/000119/ny_wall_st_1.html, as well as company 1998 revenues)
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Targeted Customers
Vertical Portals All industry players Waste management professionals Solid waste management equipment Local government contracts Commercial and industrial companies Homeowners associations
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Targeted Customers
Solid waste processing Environmental consulting engineering firms, hazardous and low level radioactive waste treatment/disposal companies, public utilities, industrial companies (including mining companies) and various Federal, state and local government agencies. (barringer-labs.com) Solid waste management consulting service Industrial and government Other solid waste processing firms
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WTE in India
First ambitious program to encourage WTE launched in 1995 To demonstrate that WTE is possible Long-term target of producing 1700MW of energy from priority waste streams Operated under the aegis of National BioEnergy Board (NBB), Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES) Has an elevated status due to the contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and in encouraging the integration of best practice waste collection and transfer to Energy 16 cost sharing projects ~ usage of Bio-methanation To establish a fiscal and financial regime necessary for WTE
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Potential of Power Generation in India from Waste Urban and Municipal Wastes : Industrial Wastes : (Dairy, Distillery, Press Mud, Tannery, Pulp and Paper and Food Processing Industries) TOTAL : 1000 MW 700 MW
1700 MW
Common perception WTE is most applicable to India Reduces waste by 60 - 90% Recovers resources Aids safe disposal of waste avoids pollution of land, water and air Reduces Greenhouse gases
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WTE tech introduced in India so far are NOT based on a worldwide tried and tested model Technologies like biomethanation, incineration, combustion etc have toxic byproducts that cause serious environmental problems like Acid rain, fog
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Which is an investment of Rs 8 crore per MW i.e., FOUR times cost of conventional Thermal power!!
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Capacity
14.98 MW 10.0 MW 21.0 MW
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5 MW Power Generation Project for MSW Promoter Asia Bio-Energy (A consortium of companies in Austria, Germany, Singapore and India) Technology BIMA (Biogas tech) from Austria plus some equipment from Germany Capacity 5.0 MW (nett), 5.6 MW (gross) power, 80 TPD manure Input waste About 500 TPD Project cost Rs 73 crore
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Pre-treatment: Removal of inerts / inorganic / non-biodegradable matter and homogenisation of feedstock Energy Recovery: Anaerobic Digestion / Gasification / Combustion Post-Treatment: Stabilisation of treated / processed material for final disposal / utilisation
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Methods Of Disposals
These are the following methods for disposal of the solid waste.
LAND FILLS INCINARATION BIOLOGICAL REPROCESSING RECYCLING OCEAN DUMPING PLASMA GASSIFICATION
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Land Fill
Waste is directly dumped into disused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits.
Disposed waste is compacted and covered with soil to prevent vermin and wind-blown litter. Gases generated by the decomposing waste materials are often burnt to generate power. It is generally used for domestic waste.
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Advantages
Landfill site is a cheap waste disposal option for the local council.
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Disadvantages
The site will look ugly while it is being used for landfill.
Dangerous gases are given off from landfill sites that cause local air pollution and contribute to global warming.
Local streams could become polluted with toxins seeping through the ground from the landfill site. Once the site has been filled it might not be able to be used for redevelopment as it might be too polluted.
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Incineration
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of solid waste at 1000C. Waste materials are converted into ash, flue gas, and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and gases due to organic waste. The heat generated by incineration is used to generate electric power.
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Advantages
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Disadvantages
Expensive
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Ocean Dumping
Ocean dumping is the dumping or placing of materials in the ocean, often on the continental shelf. A wide range of materials is involved, including garbage, construction and demolition debris, sewage sludge, dredge material, waste chemicals, and nuclear waste. Sometime hazardous and nuclear waste are also disposed but these are highly dangerous for aquatic life and human life also.
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Advantages
Convenient
Inexpensive
Source of nutrients for fishes and marine mammals. Vast amount of space is available. All type of wastes are disposed.
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Disadvantages
There are three main direct public health risks from ocean dumping:
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Biological Reprocessing
Materials such as plants, food scraps, and paper products can be decomposed into the organic matter. The organic matter that is produced from this type of recycling can then be used for such things as landscaping purpose or agricultural uses.
Usually this method of recycling is done by putting the materials in a container and let to stay there until it decomposes.
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Recycling
Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles, and electronics.
But recycling is not a solution to managing every kind of waste material. For many items like plastic bags, plastic wrap, yogurt cups, margarine container etc. recycling technologies are unavailable or unsafe.
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Advantages
Reduction in the release of harmful chemicals and greenhouse gases from rubbish.
Saves space required as Waste Disposal Landfill. Reduce financial expenditure in the economy.
It helps in conserving a lot of energy resources like petroleum and coal deposits.
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Process Of Recycling
COLLECTION: The first step required for recycling is collecting recyclable materials from communities. Today many major cities and larger communities offer a curbside pick up service for recyclable materials. SORTING: The second step involves processing the recyclable materials. This includes sorting the materials into groups, cleaning them and getting them ready to be sold to manufacturers who will turn the materials into new products.
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Process Of Recycling
MANUFACTURING: It is the third step in the recycling process. The collected material is sent to industries those convert them into new products. PURCHASING: The last step involves the purchasing of recycled products. When consumers purchase products that have been made with post consumer material the recycling process has been completed and then can be repeated.
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Plasma Gassification
Plasma gasification is a new garbage disposal solution using plasma technology. Uses electrical energy and the high temperatures (4000C to over 7000C) created by an plasma torches.
Almost completely breaks down the waste into syngas which are used to generate electricity.
The remaining material (slag) is used to produced material for building projects.
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What Is Plasma?
It is an ionized gas at high temperature, capable of conducting current due to free electrons. Created by applying an electric arc to a lowpressure gas.
Lightning is an example from nature.
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Plasma Torches
Consists of a tungsten rod (cathode) and a water-cooled copper (anode). Shaped in the form of a nozzle. Gas is introduced in the electrode gap and a dc arc is established between the electrodes to create plasma.
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CONVEYER SYSTEM: Garbage is loaded on the conveyer belt. Pushes into the pretreatment system by means of plunger. PRETREATMENT MECHANISM: Use to make the entire system more efficient. Use grinders or crushers to reduce the size of the pieces of waste. Plasma torch can break down the smaller pieces faster.
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Furnace
Furnaces have an airlock system to allow garbage to come in while preventing the hot gases from escaping into the atmosphere. Have multiple torches to break down all the matter into gases and slug. Also features a drainage system to tap off the slag and a vent system to vent out the gases. To withstand the intense heat, furnaces are lined with refractory material and often have a water-cooling system as well.
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Furnace
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Slug Drainage
Molten slag at the bottom of the furnace and helps in maintaining the high temperature inside the chamber. Occasionally slag must be drained from the furnace. Slag drains away from the furnace and cools in a separate chamber. Slug is also used to produce some building materials.
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Slug Drainage
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After Burning
Gases can pass through a secondary chamber where natural gas flames combust any remaining organic material in the gases. These extremely hot gases then pass through a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) system.
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After Burning
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SYNGAS: A mixture of several gases but mainly comprises hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Can be used as a fuel source. SLUG: Solid byproduct from the gasification process. The weight of the slag is about 20 percent of the weight of the original waste. The volume of the slag is about 5 percent that of the original waste volume
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Conclusion the millions of dollars in investments slated for incineration systems into waste prevention and reduction and zero waste systems that
The key to healthy communities is to redirect
maximize
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www.allied-group.co
Plot No.293,Kehar Singh Estate West end Marg, Opp.D Block Saket, Saidula Jab, New Delhi-110030 Contact No. - 011 40506600 Facsimile - 011 40506636 Website www.allied-group.co