PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION

UNIT II DIGITAL COMMUNICATION 2 MARKS 1. What is digital !d"lati!#$

In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a digital bit stream. Digital modulation methods can be considered as digital-to-analog conversion, and the corresponding demodulation or detection as analog-to-digital conversion. 2. Gi%& th& &'()&ssi!# *!) Sha##!# li it *!) i#*!) ati!# +a(a+it,. The maximum rate at which data can be correctly communicated over a channel in presence of noise and distortion is known as its channel capacity.
C ! log" #$ % &'()

where ! is the bandwidth of the channel and &'( is the ratio of received signal power to received noise power. -. Gi%& th& &'()&ssi!# *!) .a)tl&,/s la0. I

!xt

where I information capacity #bits per second) B bandwidth #hert*) t = transmission time #seconds) 1. Gi%& th& N,2"ist *!) "lati!# *!) +ha##&l +a(a+it,. The minimum theoretical bandwidth necessary to propagate a signal is called the minimum (y+uist bandwidth or sometimes the minimum (y+uist fre+uency. Thus, *3 4 256 where fb is the bit rate in bps and ! is the ideal (y+uist bandwidth. 7. D&*i#& 3it )at& a#d 3a"d. In digital modulation, the rate of change at the input to the modulator is called the bit rate #fb) and has the unit of bits per second #bps). The rate of change at the output of the modulator is called baud. 8. What d! ,!" &a# 3, ASK 9Digital a (lit"d& !d"lati!#:$

A (lit"d&;shi*t <&,i#g #ASK) is a form of amplitude modulation that represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave.

=. Wh, ASK is +all&d as !#;!** <&,i#g$ O#;!** <&,i#g #OOK) the simplest form of amplitude-shift keying #,&-) modulation that represents digital data as the presence or absence of a carrier wave. >. D&*i#& FSK 0ith #&at diag)a .

.&-- The high fre+uency carrier signal fre+uency is changed with respect to the amplitude of digital message signal.

?. D&*i#& (&a< *)&2"&#+, d&%iati!# 9shi*t: *!) FSK.

The peak shift in the carrier fre+uency #/f) is proportional to the amplitude of the binary input signal #vm0t1), and the direction of the shift is determined by the polarity. /f 4here, 2fm 3 fs2 2fm 3 fs2 ' "

/f = fre+uency deviation #hert*) absolute difference between the mark and space fre+uencies #hert*) *!) FSK d& !d"lat!).

1@. D)a0 th& 3l!+< diag)a

.&- non coherent receiver5

.&- coherent receiver5

11. D)a0 th& 5PSK sig#al *!) *!ll!0i#g 3i#a), sig#al 1@111@1@. 12. W)it& d!0# th& ad%a#tag&s !* APSK$ 6ery good noise immunity. !andwidth is used efficiently. 7ow error probability.

1-. Wh, APSK is 3&tt&) tha# 5PSK. Due to multilevel modulation used in 89&-, it is possible to increase the bit rate to double the bit rate of !9&- without increasing the bandwidth. &o 89&- is better than !9&-. 11. What is AASK !) AAM$ The process of changing both the amplitude and phase of the carrier signal with respect to the digital message signal is called as 8,:. 17. What is +a))i&) )&+!%&),$ Carrier recovery is the process of extracting the phase coherent carrier signal from a received signal. 18. D)a0 th& +!stas l!!($

1=. 5)i&*l, &'(lai# 3a#d0idth &**i+i&#+,$ !andwidth efficiency is the ratio of transmission bit rate to minimum bandwidth re+uired for a particular modulation scheme. 1>. What is th& #&&d *!) Cl!+< )&+!%&),$ ,s with any digital system, clock synchroni*ation between the transmitter and receiver circuitry is must. !ecause of this, it is necessary to regenerate clocks at the receiver that are synchronous whose at the transmitter. 18 MARKS $. #i) Draw and explain the operations of (on-coherent and coherent .&- modulators. #;) #ii) Draw 89&- modulator and explain. Describe its !andwidth considerations. #;) ". #i) <xplain the principle of .&- transmitter and receiver. #$=) #ii) 4rite short notes on the spectrum and bandwidth of .&-. #>) ?. #i) Compare the various types of digital modulation techni+ues. #;)

#ii) <xplain the eye pattern in base band digital transmission with a neat diagram. #;) @. Describe .&- transmitter and .&- receiver. A. <xplain in detail carrier recovery with a suitable block diagram. >. <xplain on 3 off keying #BB-) or ,&-. C. #i) Describe with neat diagram, the operation of a 89&- modulator. Draw its phasor and constellation diagram. #$=) #ii) <xplain the bandwidth considerations of 89&- system. #>) ;. 4hat is carrier recoveryD Discuss how carrier recovery is achieved by the s+uaring loop and Costas loop circuits. #$>)

E. Draw the block diagram of .&- receiver and explain the operation. Determine the 5 #i) peak fre+uency deviation #ii) minimum bandwidth #iii) baud for .&- signal with a mark fre+uency of @E kF*, space fre+uency of A$ kF*, and input bit rate of " kbps. $=. Draw the block diagram of 89&- modulator and explain its operation. .or 89&modulator, construct the truth table, phasor diagram and constellation diagram. $$. 4hat is known as !inary phase shift keyingD Discuss in detail the !9&- transmitter and Geceiver and also obtain the minimum double sided (y+uist bandwidth. $". 4hat is the need for carrier GecoveryD <xplain the s+uare and Costas loop methods of carrier recovery.