Heike Kahlert

Fritz Scholz

Acid-Base

Diagrams

Springer

Contents

Introduction Literature

The Math Behind the Literature

pH-logc; Diagrams

5 18 19 19 22

Constructing pH-IogCj Diagrams

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Monobasic Acids
Dibasic Acids Tribasic Acids

25
29

Tetrabasic Acids

The

of the

Application of pH-logCj Diagrams for Graphical Estimation pH of Solutions and for the Derivation of Useful Simplified
33 36

Equations
4.1

Monobasic Acids and Their Corresponding Bases

4.1.1

Very Strong
Weak Bases

Acids and Their

Corresponding Very
36 Weak Bases 40 46

4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4

Corresponding Weak Acids and Their Corresponding Strong Bases Very Weak Acids and Their Corresponding Very
Strong
Acids and Their

Strong Bases 4.1.5

4.2

51
of the

Ranges

of

Validity

Simplified Equations

for 55

Monobasic Acids
Dibasic Acids, 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.3

Ampholytes,

and Diacidic Bases

56 56

Dibasic Acids

Simplified Equation for

Diacidic Bases

Ampholytes
Anions and Cations

62 68 72 76

Salt Solutions with

Protolyzing

4.4

Examples
4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 The

pH-logc'i Diagram

of Water

76 77 78

Acetic Acid/Acetate

Hydrogen Sulfide

ix

Contents

4.4.4 4.4.5 4.4.6 4.4.7

Phosphoric

Acid

79 80

Ascorbic Acid

Acetylsalicylic
Benzoic Acid

Acid

81

83
84 85 Acid (EDTA) 86 88

4.4.8 4.4.9
4.4.10 Literature 5

Glycine

Aspartic Ethylenediaminetetraacetic pH-logCj Diagrams Hydrochloric

Acid

The Use of

for the Construction of Titration 89

Diagrams
5.1 Titration of Acid of Various Concentrations with Sodium

5.2
5.3

Titration of Sodium

Hydroxide Solution Hydroxide Solution

91 with

Hydrochloric
93

Acid
Titration of Different Concentrations of Acetic Acid with Sodium 5.4

Hydroxide Titration of Moderately Strong Acids Having Values with Sodium Hydroxide
Titration of Sulfuric Acid Titration of Dibasic Amino Acids

94 Different

pKa
96
98 99

5.5 5.6 5.7

Comparison of the Titrations of an Acid and its Corresponding Base: (a) Ammonium Ions with Sodium Hydroxide, (b) Ammonia
with

Hydrochloric Acid

100

Titration Errors 6.1

103
103 Errors in Titrations of Acids with
14 with

Systematic Titration Errors 6.1.1 Systematic Titration

6.1.2

pA"a Values Between 0 and (e.g., NaOH) Systematic Titration Errors

Very Strong

Bases

104 of Titrations of Bases with

a

pKb
6.1.3

Values Between 0 and 14 with

Very Strong

Acid

(e.g., Hydrochloric Acid) Systematic Titration Errors of Titrations of Very Strong Acids with Very Strong Bases and Vice Versa

106
108

6.2

Random Titration Errors

110
Ill

Literature

Appendix

A: Derivation of the Exact Functions and the

Equations of the
113 135

Asymptotes
Index

for Multibasic Acids