Table of Contents

Preface to the Sixth Edition Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Introduction to Criminological Theory What Is Theory? Types of Criminological Theories Theories of Making and Enforcing Criminal Law Theories of Criminal and Deviant Behavior Criteria for Evaluating Theory Logical Consistency, Scope, and Parsimony Testability Empirical Validity Concepts of Causality and Determinism Quality of Empirical Tests of Theory Usefulness and Policy Implications Theory and Ideology Emphasis on Empirical Validity and Application of Theories Summary Chapter 2 Deterrence and Rational Choice Theories Classical Criminology and the Deterrence Doctrine Deterrence: Certainty, Severity, and Celerity of Punishment Severity and Fitting the Punishment to the Crime Certainty and Celerity of Punishment i

Specific and General Deterrence Modern Deterrence Theory Studies of Deterrence Objective Measures of Deterrence Perceptual Measures of Deterrence Do Criminal Sanctions Deter? Deterrence and Experiential Effects Modifications and Expansions of Deterrence Concepts Rational Choice Theory Deterrence and Expected Utility Research on Rational Choice Theory Deterrence and Criminal Justice Policy Scared Straight, Shock Incarceration, and Boot Camps Routine Activities Theory Felson and Cohen: Offenders, Targets, and Guardians Empirical Validity of Routine Activities Theory Routine Crime Prevention and Precautions Summary Chapter 3 Biological and Biosocial Theories Introduction Lombroso and Early Biological Theories Lombrosos Theory of the Born Criminal The Criminal as Biologically Inferior

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Recognizing the Inadequacies of Early Biological Theories Modern Biological and Biosocial Theories of Crime and Delinquency: Interaction of Biological and Environmental Variables Neurobiological Approaches to Crime Biochemistry: Testosterone and Criminal Aggressiveness Neurophysiology: Mental Functioning and Delinquency Neurophysiology: ANS Functioning and Arousal Genetically Transmitted Criminal Susceptibility: Behavioral and Molecular Genetics Adoption Studies Twin Studies Evolutionary Psychology and Criminality Empirical Validity of Biological Theories of Criminal Behavior Policy Implications of Biological Theories Summary Chapter 4 Psychological Theories Psychoanalytic Theory Personality Theory Personality Traits The Psychopathic Personality The Five-Factor Model Psychological Counseling in Delinquency Prevention and Treatment Wayne County Clinic

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CambridgeSomerville Youth Study Youth Consultation, Youth Board, and Maximum Benefits Projects Pilot Intensive Counseling Organization (PICO) Project Community Treatment Project: Californias I-Level Program Summary Chapter 5 Social Learning Theory Introduction Sutherlands Differential Association Theory Akerss Social Learning Theory Development of the Theory The Central Concepts and Propositions of Social Learning Theory Differential Association Definitions Differential Reinforcement Imitation The Social Learning Process: Sequence and Feedback Effects Social Structure and Social Learning Empirical Validity of Social Learning Theory Research on Relationship of Criminal and Delinquent Behavior to Social Learning Variables Research on Social Learning in the Family and Delinquency Research on Peers and Group Contexts in Crime and Delinquency Differential Peer Association Delinquent Gangs

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Selection and Socialization in Peer Association Perception and Behavior in Peer Association Research on Social Structure and Social Learning Theory Applications of Social Learning Theory in Prevention and Treatment Programs Highfields and Essexfield The Pinehills Experiment The Teaching Family Model Oregon Social Learning Center (OSLC) Andrewss Experiments and Model of Treatment and Prevention Meta-Analyses of Cognitive-Behavioral Programs Other Prevention Programs Summary Chapter 6 Social Bonding and Control Theories Introduction Early Control Theories Reisss and Nyes Theories of Internal and External Controls Recklesss Containment Theory Sykes and Matza: Techniques of Neutralization and Drift Hirschis Social Bonding Theory The Central Concepts and Propositions of Social Bonding Theory Attachment to Others Commitment Involvement Belief

Measures of Social Bonding Concepts Empirical Validity of Social Bonding Theory Gottfredson and Hirschi: Self-Control Theory Low Self-Control as the Cause of Criminal Behavior What Is the Relationship Between Self-Control Theory and Social Bonding Theory? Testability of Self-Control Theory Research Indirectly and Directly Testing Self-Control Theory Hirschis Social Bonding Modifications of Self-Control Theory Policy Implications of Control Theories Social Bonding Elements in the Social Development Model Policy Implications of Self-Control Theory Summary Chapter 7 Labeling and Reintegrative Shaming Theory Introduction Labeling as a Process of Symbolic Social Interaction The Label as an Independent Variable in Crime and Deviance Empirical Evidence on Labeling Theory Implications of Labeling Theory: Juvenile Diversion Programs Braithwaites Reintegrative Shaming Theory Reintegrative Shaming, Restorative Justice, and Faith-Based Programs Applications of Restorative Justice Theory and Philosophy of Restorative Justice: Reintegration and Rehabilitation Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Programs

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The Past and Future of Labeling Theory Summary Chapter 8 Social Disorganization Theory: Social Structure, Communities, and Crime Introduction Early Statistical Studies of Crime Social Disorganization and the Urban Ecology of Crime and Delinquency Research on Social Structure and Crime Rates Restatements and Research on Social Disorganization Theory Community Projects and Policies Based on Theories of Social Disorganization The Chicago Area Projects Other Policy Implications of Social Disorganization Theory Summary Chapter 9 Anomie and Strain Theories Introduction Classic Anomie/Strain Theories Mertons Theory of Social Structure and Anomie Cohen: Status Deprivation and the Delinquent Subculture Cloward and Ohlin: Differential Opportunity and Delinquent Subcultures Miller: Focal Concerns of Lower Class Culture Research on Classic Anomie/Strain Theories Are Crime and Delinquency Concentrated Among Lower Class and Minority Individuals? Gangs and Delinquent Subcultures

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School Dropout and Delinquency Perceived Discrepancy Between Aspirations and Expectations Contemporary Anomie/Strain Theories Messner and Rosenfelds Institutional-Anomie Theory Agnews General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency Failure to Achieve Positively Valued Goals Removal of Positively Valued Stimuli Confrontation With Negative Stimuli Programs Based on Anomie and Subcultural Theories The Boston Mid-City Project Mobilization for Youth Policy Implications of Contemporary Anomie/Strain Theories Summary Chapter 10 Conflict Theory Introduction Law Is a Type of Social Control Consensus and Functionalist Theories of Law Conflict Theory of Law and Criminal Justice Empirical Validity of Consensus and Conflict Theories of Law and Criminal Justice Research on Legislation Research on Public Opinion on Crime and Criminal Justice Research on Social Threat Research on Extralegal Variables in Criminal Justice Decision Making

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Research on Racial Profiling Conflict Theory of Criminal Behavior Empirical Validity of Conflict Theory of Criminal Behavior Policy Implications of Conflict Theory Summary Chapter 11 Marxist Theories Marxist Theory Marxist Theory of Law and Criminal Justice Instrumentalist and Structuralist Marxism Empirical Adequacy of Marxist Theory of Law and Justice Marxist Theory of Crime Bonger: Early Marxist Theory of Crime Quinney: Class, State, and Crime Modifications of Marxist Theory Is Crime the Result of a Capitalist Economy? Policy Implications of Marxist Theory Summary Chapter 12 Radical and Critical Theories Introduction Henry and Milovanovic: Constitutive Criminology Left Realism Cultural Criminology Peacemaking Criminology

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Summary Chapter 13 Feminist Theories Introduction Feminist Theories of Criminal Justice Empirical Validity of Feminist Theories of Criminal Justice Feminist Theories of Crime Womens Liberation and Female Crime Masculinity Hypothesis Opportunity Hypothesis Economic Marginalization Hypothesis Power-Control Theory Patriarchal Society and Crime Masculinities and Structured Action Gendered Pathways and Gendered Contexts Empirical Validity of Feminist Theories of Criminal Behavior Policy Implications of Feminist Theories Summary Chapter 14 Integrating Criminological Theories Theory Competition Versus Theory Integration Varieties of Theoretical Integration in Criminology Conceptual Integration Akers: Integration by Conceptual Absorption Cullen and Colvin: Social Support and Coercion

Propositional Integration Elliotts Integrative Model of Strain, Bonding, and Learning Krohns Network Analysis Thornberrys Interactional Theory Tittles Control Balance Theory Life-Course Criminology How Successful Has Theoretical Integration Been in Criminology? Summary References Author Index Subject Index

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