CHAPTER 9: INTEGRATION

Learning outcomes
9.1 Indefinite integrals
(a) identify integration as the reverse of differentiation;
(b) integrate x
n
, e
x
, sin x, cos x, sec
2
x, with constant multiples, sums and differences;
(c) integrate rational functions by means of decomposition into partial fractions;
(d) use trigonometric identities to facilitate the integration of trigonometric functions;
(e) use algebraic and trigonometric substitutions to find integrals;
(f) perform integration by parts;
9.2 Definite integrals
(g) identify a definite integral as the area under a curve;
(h) use the properties of definite integrals;
(i) evaluate definite integrals;
(j) calculate the area of a region bounded by a curve (including a parametric curve) and
lines parallel to the coordinate axes or between two curves;
(k)calculate volumes of solids of revolution about one of the coordinate axes.

Indefinite integration as the reverse process of differentiation
1. If ( ( )) ( )
d
F x f x
dx
= , then ( ) ( ) f x dx F x c = +
}

Note :
a. ( ) f x dx
}
is called the integral
b. F(x) is called the integrand and
c. c is called the constant of integration
d. ( ) f x dx
}
without limits is called indefinite integrals.
e. ( )
b
a
f x dx
}
with limits is called definite integral.

Eg 1
Prove that ( ln ) ln
d
x x x x
dx
= . Hence
a. find ln x
}
dx b. evaluate
1
ln
e
x
}
dx

Eg 2
Differentiate ln(sec x + tan x). Hence
a. find sec x
}
dx b. evaluate
2
1
sec x
}
dx

Eg 3
Find
( )
2
ln( 1 )
d
x x
dx
+ + . Hence
a. find
2
1
1 x +
}
dx b. evaluate
3
2 0
3
2 1 x +
}
dx




Standard integrals of algebraic functions
1.
1
, 1
1
n
n
x
x dx c n
n
+
= + =
+
}

2.
1
( )
( ) , 1
( 1)
n
n
ax b
ax b dx c n
a n
+
+
+ = + =
+
}

3.
1
ln | | dx x c
x
= +
}

4.
1 1
ln | | dx ax b c
ax b a
= + +
+
}

Eg 4
Find a.
2
( 3 ) x x
}
dx b.
5
(3 2) x
}
dx


Eg 5
Find a.
4
1
(2 5) x
}
dx b.
3
2 1 x +
}
dx


Eg 6
Prove that
1
, 1
1
n
n
x
x dx c n
n
+
= + =
+
}



Eg7
Find a.
2
2
( ) x
x

}
dx b.
2
1
(3 )
x

}
dx

Eg 8
Find a.
1
2 3 x
}
dx b.
5
1 3x
}
dx


EXERCISE 9.1A
1. Find
a.
4
3
2
(3 1) x
}
dx b.
2
1
(3 1) (3 1)
dx
x x
}

2. Prove that
1 1
ln | | dx ax b c
ax b a
= + +
+
}










Standard integrals of exponential functions
1.
x x
e dx e c = +
}

2.
1
ax b ax b
e dx e c
a
+ +
= +
}

3.
ln
x
x
p
p dx c
p
= +
}

4.
ln
ax b
ax b
p
p dx c
a p
+
+
= +
}


Eg 9
Prove that
x x
e dx e c = +
}


Eg l0
Find a. 2
x
}
dx b.
4 1
3
x
dx

}



Eg 11
Find a.
2 3 x
e
+
}
dx b.
x
e

}
dx












Eg 12
Find a.
3 2x
e dx

}
b.
( )
2
2
3
x
e dx +
}



Eg l3 Find a.
3 2
5
x
dx

}
b.
3
( 3)
x
e dx +
}



EXERCISE 9.1B
1. Find
a.
2
( 2 )
x x
e e dx

}
b.
2 5
3
x
dx
e
}

2. Find
a.
2
(2 1)
x
dx
}
b.
2 1
1
3
x
dx
}

3. Find
a.
2 3 x
e dx
+
}
b.
1 2
4
3
x
dx

| |
|
\ .
}
















Standard integrals of logarithmic functions
1. ln x
}
dx = x ln x x + c
2. ln( ) ax b +
}
dx =
1
( ) ln( ) ax b ax b x c
a
+ + +
Eg 14
Find ( ln )
d
x x x
dx
and hence evaluate
1
ln
e
x
}
dx



Eg 15
Find a. ln(3 2) x +
}
dx b. ln(2 ) x
}
dx


Eg 16
Find a.
10
log x
}
dx b. ln(2 ) x
}
dx


EXERCISE 9.1C
1. Find a. ln 2 1 x +
}
dx b. ( )
5
ln 2 x
}
dx





Standard integrals of trigonometric functions
1. sin cos xdx x c = +
}

2. cos sin xdx x c = +
}

3.
2
sec tan xdx x c = +
}

4.
1
sin( ) cos( ) ax b dx ax b c
a
+ = + +
}

5.
1
cos( ) sin( ) ax b dx ax b c
a
+ = + +
}

6.
2
1
sec ( ) tan( ) ax b dx ax b c
a
+ = + +
}

Eg 17
Find a. sin(3 1) x +
}
dx b. cos(2 ) x
}
dx

Eg l8
Find a.
2
sec (3 2) x
}
dx b.
2
tan x
}
dx

Eg 19
Find a. 2sin cos x x
}
dx b.
2
cos (2 1) x +
}
dx

Eg 20
Find a.
2
1
sin x x
x
+
}
dx b. Find
2
(cos 2 )
x x
ec x e +
}
dx


Eg 21
a. Find 2sin3 cos x x
}
dx b. Find
2
tan (3 2) x +
}
dx


EXERCISE 9.1D
1. Find
2
2
1 1
(3sec tan ln )
cos 4
x x x
x x
+ +
}
dx
2. Find
2
(2sin cos 2cos 1)
2 2
x x
x +
}
dx
3. Prove that
1
x
}
dx = ln |x| + c
4. Find ( 2)( 3)
x x
e e +
}
dx
5. Find
2
1 1
cos 3 2 3 x x

}
dx






Integrate a rational function by means of decomposition into partial fractions
1. The rational functions are decomposed partial fractions before integrations is done
2. 'Cover-up' method is allowed.

Eg 22
Express
2
2
5 7 3
(2 3 )(1 )
x x
x x
+
+
as partial fractions. Hence, find
2
2
5 7 3
(2 3 )(1 )
x x
x x
+
+
}
dx.


Eg 23
Find
1
(2 3 )(1 ) x x + +
}
dx











Eg 24
Find
3
(2 )(1 )
x
x x +
}
dx


EXERCISE 9.1E
1. Find
1
(1 ) x x +
}
dx
2. Find
2
1
(1 ) (1 ) x x +
}
dx
3. Find
2
2
3
(1 )(1 )
x
x x x

+ +
}
dx


















Integration by simple substitution
Formula Related to
1. Algebra
a. { } ( ) '( )
n
f x f x
}
dx =
{ }
1
( )
, 1
1
n
f x
c n
n
+
+ =
+

b.
'( )
( )
f x
f x
}
dx = ln|{f(x)}| + c


1
1
n
n
x
x dx c
n
+
= +
+
}

1
x
}
dx = ln |x| + c
2. Exponential
a.
( )
'( )
f x
e f x
}
dx = e
f(x)
+ c
b.
( )
'( )
f x
p f x
}
dx =
( )
ln
f x
p
c
p
+

x
e
}
dx = e
x
+ c
x
p
}
dx =
ln
x
p
p
+ c
3. Trigonometry
a. '( ) cos( ( )) f x f x
}
dx = sin(f(x)) + c
b. '( )sin( ( )) f x f x
}
dx = cos(f(x)) + c
c.
2
'( )sec ( ( )) f x f x
}
dx = tan (f(x)) + c

cos( ) x
}
dx = sin(x) + c
sin( ) x
}
dx = - cos(x) + c
2
sec ( ) x
}
dx = tan(x) + c
Eg 25
Prove that { ( )} '( )
n
f x f x
}
dx =
1
{ ( )}
1
n
f x
n
+
+
+ c, for n 1


Eg 26
Find a.
2
2 3
x
x
}
dx b.
2
1
(ln ) x
x
}
dx

Eg 27
Find a.
3
cos x
}
dx b.
5
cos x
}
dx


Eg 28
Find a.
b.















Eg29
Find a.
2
3
1
3
x
x x
+
+
}
dx b.
sin 1
cos cos
x
x x
| |

|
\ .
}
dx

Eg 30
Find a.
cos sin
sin cos
x x
x x

+
}
dx b.
5
sin cos x x
}
dx

Eg 31
Find a.
3
2 ln x x
}
dx b.
2
1 2
x
x +
}
dx


Eg 32
Find a.
2
1
1
x
e +
}
dx b.
3
1
1
x
e

}
dx


Eg 33
Find a.
1
sec x
}
dx b.
1
sin cos x x
}
dx

Eg 34
Find a.
2
1 x
xe
+
}
dx b.
sin
cos
x
xe
}
dx



Eg 35
Find a.
2 1
5
x+
}
dx b.
cos2
5 sin2
x
x
}
dx


Eg 36
Find a.
2
sec (ln ) x
x
}
dx b.
2
1
cos 3 x x
}
dx


Eg 37
Find a. 3cos 2 tan2 ec x x
}
dx b. 5tan(2 3 ) x +
}
dx



Eg 38
Find a.
( )
11
2
2 x +
}
dx b. ln(1 2 ) x
}
dx


EXERCISE 9.1E
1. Find a.
2 3
3 x x
}
dx b.
( )
5
2 2
1 2
x x
e e x + +
}
dx
2. Find a.
1
1
x
e +
}
dx b.
1
1
x
e

+
}
dx
3. Find a.
x
x x
e
e e

+
}
dx b.
2
x
x x
e
e e

+
}
dx
4. Find a.
3
2 1 x
x e
+
}
dx b.
2 tan
sec
x
xe
}
dx
5. Find a.
x
e
x
}
dx b.
2
x
e
}
dx
6. Find
sec
sec tan
x
x xe
}
dx
7. Find a.
2
1
3
x
x
+
}
dx b.
sin
cos 5
x
x
}
dx
8. Find a. sec4 tan4 x x
}
dx b.
2
tan ( )
x x
e e
}
dx








Integration by SPECIFIC/GUIDED substitutions
Function seen Substitution
2
( )
k
ax b +
u = ax + b
u
2
= ax + b
( )
2 2
n
a x
x = a sin
x = a cos
sin cos
m n
x
if m is odd, u = cos x
if n is odd, u = sin x
( )
2 2
n
a x + , n is negative integer
x = a tan
( )
2 2
n
x a , n is negative integer
x = a sec
1
sin cos a x b x +

t = tan

x
2 2
1
sin cos a x b x +

t = tan x


Eg 39
Find
2
1
x
x +
}
dx by using substitution u
2
= x + 1

Eg 40
Find
2
1
x
x +
}
dx by using the substitution u = x + 1


Eg 42
Find
2
2
x
x +
}
dx by using substitution u
2
= x + 2

Eg 43
Find
2
1
4 9x
}
dx by using substitution x =
2
sin
3
u

Eg 44
Find
( )
3
2
2
4 x

}
dx by using substitution x = 2cos.


Eg 45
Find
3 2
sin cos x x
}
dx by using suitable substitution.


Eg 46
Find
5
sin x
}
dx by using suitable substitution.

Eg 47
Find
3
sin 2x
}
dx by using suitable substitution.






Eg 48
Find
3
sin cos x x
}
dx by using substitution u = cos x.

Eg 49
Find
2
1
4 x +
}
dx by using substitution x = 2 tan .

Eg 50
Find
2
1
4 9 x
}
dx by using substitution x =

sec .







Eg 51
Find
1
3sin x
}
dx by using substitution t = tan

x.

Eg 52
Prove that
2 2
1
a x +
}
dx =
1
1
tan
x
c
a a

| |
+
|
\ .


Eg 53
Prove that
2 2
1
a x
}
dx =
1
sin
x
c
a

| |
+
|
\ .







Exercise 9.1F
1. Find
3 2
x
x +
}
dx by using substitution u = 3x + 2.
2. Find
2 1
( 2)
x
x

}
dx by using suitable substitution.
3. Find
2
1
4 9x
}
dx by using substitution x =
2
3
cos .
4. Find
2
9 x
}
dx by using suitable substitution.
5. Find
2 3
sin cos x x
}
dx by using suitable substitution.
6. Find
3
sin cos x x
}
dx by using substation u = sin x
7. Prove that

2 2
1 1
ln
2
x a
dx C
x a a x a

= +
+
}

8. Prove that

2 2
1 1
ln
2
a x
dx C
a x a a x
+
= +

}

9. Prove that

2 2 2
1 1
ln
2
ax b
dx c
a x b ab ax b

= +
+
}

10. Prove that

2 2 2
1 1
ln
2
b ax
dx c
b a x ab b ax
+
= +

}



Integration by parts
Use for integrating product of two functions.
Use for integrating ln functions
FORMULA FOR SUBSTITUTION
dv du
u dx uv v dx
dx dx
=
} }

Note:
i. For simplifying, the choice of u follows the priority of LATE.
ii. Reverse choice of u can be used when guided or to prove identity
iii. The function
dv
dx
must be integrable. For ln function,
dv
dx
may be taken as 1.
iv. Repetitions required.






Eg 54
Find
2
ln x x
}
dx

Eg 55
Find sin x x
}
dx


Eg 56
Find
3
sin2
x
e x
}
dx


Eg 57
Find
2 x
x e
}
dx




Eg 58
Find ln3x
}
dx

Eg 59
Find
2
3 x
x e
}
dx


Exercise 9.1G
1. Find
3
ln x x
}
dx
2. Find sin
x
e x
}
dx
3. Find
4 x
x e
}
dx




















Eg 60
Evaluate
2
ln
e
e
x
}
dx

Eg 61
Evaluate
2
3 1
1
x
e

}
dx


Eg 62
Evaluate
1
3 1
0.5
ln
x
e x

}
dx



Eg 63
Evaluate
1
0.5
sin
x
e x
}
dx.

EXERCISE 9.2A
1. Evaluate
2
3
3
0
(3 2) x
}
dx
2. Evaluate
1
0
1
2 1 x +
}
dx
3. Evaluate
2
2
1
1
2
x
| |

|
\ .
}
dx
4. Evaluate
1
0
1
( 2)( 3)
x
x x
+
+ +
}
dx
5. Evaluate
1
2 4
0
x
x e
}
dx
6. Evaluate
2
0
sin x x
t
}
dx
7. Evaluate
2
2
0
sin 2
1 cos
x
x
t
+
}
dx


















APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION AREAS
1. The area bounded by the y = f(x), x = a, x = b and the x-
axis is ( )
b b
a a
ydx f x dx =
} }


2. The area bounded by x = g(y), y = c, y = d and the y-
axis is ( )
d d
c c
xdy g y dy =
} }


3. The area bounded by y
1
= f(x), y
2
= f(x), x = a, x = b and
the x-axis is
1 2
[ ] [ ( ) ( )]
b b
a a
y y dx f x g x dx =
} }


4. The area bounded by x
1
= g(y), x
2
= h(y), y = c, y = d and
the y-axis is
1 2
[ ] [ ( ) ( )]
d d
c c
x x dy g y h y dy =
} }



Eg 64
Find the area bounded by the curve y = e
x
, x + 2 = 0 and the axes.













Eg 65
Find the area bounded by the curve y = e
x
, y = 2, y = 6 and the y-axis.



Eg 66
Find the area bounded by the curve y = e
x
, x + 2 = 0, 2x + 7 = 0 and 2y = x + 6.

Eg 67
Find the area bounded by the curve y = sin (2x -

), 2y = 1 and the axes.

EXERCISE 92B
1. Find the area bounded by the curve y = ln x, x = 2, x = 5 and the x-axis.
2. Find the area bounded by the curve y = ln x, y = 2, y = 5 and the x-axis.
3. Find the area bounded by the curve y = e
2x
, y = x 2, x = 2 and the y-axis.
4. Find the area bounded by the curve y = e
-2x
, y = e
x
, y = 2 and y = 4.
5. Find the area bounded by the curve y = x 7, y = e
x
y = 2 and y = 5.








APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION VOLUMES
1. The volume generated when then region bounded by the curve
( ) y f x = , x a = , x b = and the x-axis is rotated through 360
about the x-axis is
2 2
[ ( )]
b b
a a
y dx f x dx t t =
} }


2. The volume generated when the region bounded by the curve
( ) x g y = , y c = , y d = and the y-axis is rotated through 360
about the y-axis is
2 2
[ ( )]
d d
c c
x dy g y dy t t =
} }


3. The volume generated when the region bounded by the curve
1
( ) y f x = ,
2
( ) y f x = , x a = , x b = and the x-axis is rotated
through 360 about the x-axis is
2 2 2 2
1 2
( ) {[ ( )] [ ( )] }
b b
a a
y y dx f x g x dx t t =
} }


4. The volume generated when the region bounded by the curve
1
( ) x g y = ,
2
( ) x h y = , y c = , y d = and the y-axis is rotated
through 360 about the y-axis is
2 2 2 2
1 2
( ) {[ ( )] [ ( )] }
d d
c c
x x dy g y h y dy t t =
} }



Eg 68
Find the volume generated when the region bounded by y = e
x
, the axes and x = 2 is
rotated through 360 about
a. the x-axis
b. the y-axis


Eg 69
Find the volume generated when the region bounded by y = 4x x
2
, y = x and the x-axis
is rotated through 360 about the x-axis.

Eg 70
A bowl in the shape of a hemisphere with a radius a and its rim horizontal, is filled with a
liquid to a height of h unit. Show, through integration, that the volume of the liquid in the
bowl is
2
1
(3 )
3
h a h t .


EXERCISE 9.2C
1. Find the volume generated when the region bounded by y = x
2
4x and the x-axis
is rotated through 360 about
a. x-axis
b. y-axis
2. Find the volume generated when the region bounded by y = 4x x
2
, y = x and the
x-axis is rotated through 360 about the y-axis