DENT 1233 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

CHAPTER 1 : REVIEW ON BASIC LAWS

BASIC CONCEPTS

INTRO CIRCUIT ELEMENTS SYSTEM REPRESENTATION IDEAL & NON-IDEAL SOURCE BRANCH NODE LOOP

INTRO
Electric Circuit (D.C and A.C) is an interconnection of electrical components to perform certain function. Examples of electrical components are resistor, capacitor, inductor, battery, A.C source, etc.

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Active element

Voltage/current source that can deliver energy to the network Example :- generators, batteries, operational amplifiers Most important are voltage or current sources generally generate power to the circuit connected

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Independent sources

Voltage sources maintains a voltage(fixed or varying in time) which is not affected by any other quantity Current sources maintains a current(fixed or time-varying) which is unaffected by any other quantity

Dependent sources

Voltage and current sources which is their values varying with some other variables

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Dependent sources

Voltage/current varies according to other variables (current or voltage) connected in the circuit Diamond shape symbol

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Passive element

Absorb/store energy from the source Example :- resistors(R), inductors(L), capacitors(C)

SYSTEM REPRESENTATION

Electrical energy sources (active elements) deliver/provide power to the loads (passive elements) Positive current (proton) flows from positive terminal Electrical system representation conceptual, symbolic (circuit) and physical

IDEAL VOLTAGE SOURCE

An ideal source is a source that delivers a constant/ certain amount of energy. The amount of voltage/ current delivers does not change due to circuit connection An ideal voltage source delivers certain amount of voltage across its terminal independently to the current flowing through it. The amount of current delivers by the source is determine by the circuit connection

IDEAL CURRENT SOURCE

Delivers certain amount of current to any circuit connected to it. The voltage in the circuit determined by the circuit connected to it Have property such that the current deliver is independence to the voltage across its load

NON IDEAL SOURCE

In practice, usually all sources consists of internal resistance, rs

Non ideal voltage source consists of an internal resistance in series with an ideal voltage source, hence there is a voltage drop Non ideal current source consists of an internal resistance in parallel with an ideal current source, hence the current flow will be reduced

BRANCH

Any part of circuit that consist of 2 or more terminals across it Represents a single element such as a voltage source or a resistor etc

NODE

Point where two or more components (branches) are connected An area that enclose or combined more than one node called as SUPERNODE

LOOP

Any closed or complete connection of branches

BASIC LAWS

OHMS LAW KIRCHHOFFS LAWS

KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW (KVL) KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW (KCL)

OHMS LAW

Stated that,

The voltage V across a resistor is directly proportional to the current I flowing through the resistor

OHMS LAW

Example :

Find the current in the following circuit ;

KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

Stated that,

The algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path (loop) must be zero

OR The sum of all the voltage drops around a single closed path in a circuit is equal to the total source voltage in that closed path SUM OF VOLTAGE DROPS = SUM OF SOURCE VOLTAGE

KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

Example :

Find the values of vc and ve

KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW

Stated that,

The algebraic sum of the current at a node (entering or leaving) is zero

OR The sum of currents entering a node equals the sum of the currents leaving a node SUM OF CURRENT ENTER = SUM OF CURRENT LEAVE

KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW

The algebraic sum of the four currents entering the node must be zero The algebraic sum of the four currents leaving the node must be zero Sum of the currents going into a node must equal the sum of the currents leaving or going out from a node

KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW

Example :

Calculate the current I1, I2 and I3

VOLTAGE DIVIDERS

The voltage drop across any resistor or combination of resistors in a series circuit is equal to the ratio of that resistance value to the total resistance, multiplied by the source voltage

CURRENT DIVIDERS

The total current divides among parallel resistors into currents with values inversely proportional to the resistance values